From 17610f85b4884c0a5c15f91a34a86efef614377d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2025 16:33:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-02-07 16:26:20 --- .../CA/03C3CA408701FFDD97A8F9E5BD7C18E7.xml | 70 +- .../CA/03C3CA408707FFDB97A8FB63BEA21B47.xml | 70 +- .../05/66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.xml | 1391 +++++++++++++++++ .../7B/E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.xml | 1192 ++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 2653 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/66/AC/05/66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.xml create mode 100644 data/E4/7B/7B/E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.xml diff --git a/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408701FFDD97A8F9E5BD7C18E7.xml b/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408701FFDD97A8F9E5BD7C18E7.xml index 6f5a08faba2..a46af811ce3 100644 --- a/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408701FFDD97A8F9E5BD7C18E7.xml +++ b/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408701FFDD97A8F9E5BD7C18E7.xml @@ -1,53 +1,53 @@ - - - -Climbing plants of a fragmented area of lowland Atlantic Forest, Igarassu, Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil) + + + +Climbing plants of a fragmented area of lowland Atlantic Forest, Igarassu, Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil) - - -Author + + +Author -Araújo, Diogo -Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; e-mail: diogoambientais @ yahoo. com. br +Araújo, Diogo +Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; e-mail: diogoambientais @ yahoo. com. br - - -Author + + +Author -Alves, Marccus -Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. +Alves, Marccus +Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. -text - - -Phytotaxa +text + + +Phytotaxa - -2010 - -2010-08-31 + +2010 + +2010-08-31 - -8 + +8 - -1 -24 + +1 +24 -journal article -6329 -10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.1 -e93422d0-36c7-49d8-9b25-7bf984cd5bb5 -1179-3163 -4893863 +journal article +6329 +10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.1 +e93422d0-36c7-49d8-9b25-7bf984cd5bb5 +1179-3163 +4893863 - + 84. - + Gouania virgata Reissek diff --git a/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408707FFDB97A8FB63BEA21B47.xml b/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408707FFDB97A8FB63BEA21B47.xml index 21689ad4d0c..c2d9e936860 100644 --- a/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408707FFDB97A8FB63BEA21B47.xml +++ b/data/03/C3/CA/03C3CA408707FFDB97A8FB63BEA21B47.xml @@ -1,53 +1,53 @@ - - - -Climbing plants of a fragmented area of lowland Atlantic Forest, Igarassu, Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil) + + + +Climbing plants of a fragmented area of lowland Atlantic Forest, Igarassu, Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil) - - -Author + + +Author -Araújo, Diogo -Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; e-mail: diogoambientais @ yahoo. com. br +Araújo, Diogo +Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; e-mail: diogoambientais @ yahoo. com. br - - -Author + + +Author -Alves, Marccus -Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. +Alves, Marccus +Dept. Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. -text - - -Phytotaxa +text + + +Phytotaxa - -2010 - -2010-08-31 + +2010 + +2010-08-31 - -8 + +8 - -1 -24 + +1 +24 -journal article -6329 -10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.1 -e93422d0-36c7-49d8-9b25-7bf984cd5bb5 -1179-3163 -4893863 +journal article +6329 +10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.1 +e93422d0-36c7-49d8-9b25-7bf984cd5bb5 +1179-3163 +4893863 - + 56. - + Machaerium aculeatum Raddi diff --git a/data/66/AC/05/66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.xml b/data/66/AC/05/66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d493f8c8b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/66/AC/05/66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1391 @@ + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species + + + +Author + +Pansarin, Emerson R. +0000-0002-0355-8363 +Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Posadas, Argentina + +text + + +Plant Ecology and Evolution + + +2025 + +2025-02-07 + + +158 + + +1 + + +53 +62 + + + +journal article +10.5091/plecevo.134103 + + + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana +Kraenzl. + + + + + +Figs 1 +, +3 +, +Table 1 + + + + +Type. + + + +BRAZIL +• +Matto Grosso +, +near Palmeiras +; + +15°58’14”S +, +55°32’10”W + +; + +24 Dec. 1893 + +; + +C. A. M. Lindman +2481 + +; +holotype +: S [ +S 08-5056 +]; +isotypes +: S [ +S 08-5055 +, +S-R-6327 +] + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Epiphytic +herbs +, long scandent. +Roots +axillary, one per node; aerial roots +1.5–2.5 mm +diam., velamenous, glabrous, simple, whitish to greenish; storage roots up to +5 mm +diam., branching, white. +Stem +climbing, sinuous, cylindrical, fleshy, glabrous, green to yellowish green; internodes 40–90 × +5–9 mm +. +Leaves +7–16 × +3.5–6 cm +, alternate, distichous, elliptic to lanceolate, rarely ovate, symmetric or asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, green to yellowish green, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, pseudopetiolate; pseudopetiole concave, +4–8 mm +long. +Inflorescence +2–3 cm +long, apical, racemose, pending, with up to 13 flowers opening in succession; 1 flower opening each morning; bracts 5–16 × +3–11 mm +, progressively smaller toward the apex, alternate, triangular to ovate, coriaceous, concave, patent, apex acute, sometimes leafy. +Flowers +resupinate, pedicellate, with an abscission layer between perianth and ovary; pedicel with ovary 2.4–2.8 × +0.3–0.34 cm +, straight to incurved, calyculate, cylindrical in transverse section, white along the pedicel and green along the ovary; calycule green, persistent. +Sepals +6.3–6.8 × +0.9–1.1 cm +, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, internally pale yellow, externally yellow, apex obtuse, margin entire, slightly reflexed; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. +Petals +6–6.2 × +1.8–2 cm +, free, obelliptic to spatulate, asymmetric, membranous, apex acute, slightly reflexed, yellow, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally arranged keel. +Labellum +3 - lobed, 6.1–6.4 × +3.5–3.8 cm +, unguiculate, tubular, yellow, whitish in the basal portion, inner surface with longitudinal prominent stripes converging in four triangular protuberances and in a cluster of the digitiform secretory trichomes at the entrance of the nectar chamber; central crest (nectar guide) ca +5 mm +wide, with longitudinal yellow strips near the apex, and with a channel-like depression ca +2 mm +wide (concave) just below the anther and stigma; labellum margins fused from the base to ca ¾ of the column length forming a tubular nectar chamber; nectar chamber +2.2–2.4 cm +long; lateral lobes obliquely rounded, margins undulate; apical lobe emarginated, reflexed, margin undulate. +Column +4.1–4.3 × +0.35–0.38 cm +, semi-cylindrical, slender, base attenuate, dilated towards the apex, with white-hyaline hairs close to the stigma, apex with two projections (wings) facing downwards; anther 4–4.2 × +3.7–4 mm +, rhomboid, yellowish, versatile; rostellum 4–4.2 × +3.5–3.8 mm +, trapezoidal, white. +Fruits +5.4–6.7 × +1.1–2 cm +, linear to clavate, strait to incurved, cylindrical to subcylindrical in transverse section, fleshy, dehiscent, opening in two valves, green when immature, yellowish when mature. +Seeds +ca +0.5 mm +, ovate, crustose, black. + + + + + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana +Kraenzl. +A. +Detail + +of a flowering plant. +B. +Flower in diagonal view. +C. +Flower in lateral view. +D. +Flower in front view. +E. +Dissected perianth. Note the nectar chamber (arrow). +F. +Detail of the adaxial surface of a petal showing the longitudinal keel. +G. +Detail of the labellum in upper view. +H. +Detail of the apex of the labellum of a flower showing the longitudinal cavity. +I. +Detail of the labellum showing the central labellar crest. +J. +Pedicel, ovary, labellum, and column in lateral view. +K. +Pedicel, ovary, labellum, and column in dorsal view. +L. +Pedicel, ovary, and column in lateral view. +M. +Pedicel, ovary, and column in ventral view. +N. +Apex of the column: in lateral view with an articulated anther (above), and in ventral view with an articulated and disarticulated anther (below). Note the lateral wings (arrowheads). +O. +Mature fruit in lateral view. +P. +Transversal section of a mature fruit. Based on VAN 034 ( +LBMBP +). + + + + + +Distribution and ecology. + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +occurs in open forests of the Amazonia, Cerrado, and Pantanal Biomes (Fig. +3 +). + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +has an epiphytic habit, rooting on the trunk and leaves of palm trees of the genera + +Acrocomia +Mart. + +, + +Attalea +Kunth. + +, and + +Mauritia + +L. f. ( +Barberena et al. 2019 +; Table +1 +). The elevation is from +100 to 500 m +a. s. l. Flowers open in the morning hours and each flower lasts ca 12 hours. In a study involving populations from +Maranhão State +( +Brazil +), it was found that the flowers of + +V. lindmaniana + +(as + +V. palmarum + +) offer nectar as a reward which is stored in the nectar chamber. + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +has a mechanism of facultative self-pollination. Its flowers are chasmogamous and pollinated by hummingbirds but in the absence of biotic pollination, flowers self-pollinate ( +Pansarin and Ferreira 2022 +). + + + + + + +Comparison of the morphological features between + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +and + +V. palmarum + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Characteristic +V. lindmaniana + +V. palmarum +
BiomeAmazonia, Cerrado, PantanalAtlantic Forest, Caatinga
Host palms + +Acrocomia + +, + +Attalea + +, + +Mauritia + +Elaeis +, + +Syagrus + +
Internode size (cm)40–90 × 5–925–50 × 2.5–5
Leaf size (cm)7–16 × 3.5–63.5–8.5 × 2–4
Pseudopetiole length (mm)4–83–5
Sepal size (cm)6.3–6.8 × 0.9–1.14.7–5.1 × 0.9–1.1
Petal size (cm)6–6.2 × 1.8–24.8–5.1 × 1.2–1.4
Labellum size (cm)6.1–6.4 × 3.5–3.85.1–5.3 × 3.9–4.1
Nectar chamber length (cm)2.2–2.41.3–1.6
Number of protuberances of the nectary entranceFourTwo
Shape and width of the nectar guide (below the anther)Concave; ca 2 mmConvex; ca 4 mm
Column length (cm)4.1–4.33.4–3.6
Column wing orientationFacing downwardsFacing upwards
Fruit size (cm)5.4–6.7 × 1.1–25.4–6.7 × 1.1–2
Fruit shape in transversal sectionRoundedDiamond-shaped
+ + + + +Phenology. + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +blooms from December to January. The fruits ripen between July and August. + + + + +Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment. + + +Endangered: +EN +B 2 a (ii, iii). + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +is a rarely collected species currently known to grow in the Amazonian Rainforest and Cerrado of South America. The extent of occurrence ( +EOO +) is estimated to be +5,310,777 km +2 +, which falls within the limits for Least Concern ( +LC +), according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and guidelines. The area of occupancy ( +AOO +) is estimated to be +108 km +2 +(cell width of +2 km +), which falls within the limits for Endangered ( +EN +) under criterion B 2 (area of occupancy). Considering that the Amazon Rainforest and especially the Brazilian Cerrado have been reduced to scattered fragments due to extensive human occupation, I project a continuing decline in (ii) area of occupancy and (iii) extent and / or quality of the habitat of + +V. lindmaniana + +. Based on these threats, + +V. lindmaniana + +is assessed as Endangered. + + + + +Additional material examined. + + + +BOLIVIA +– + +Beni + +• +Tumi Chucua +, + +30 km +S of Riberalta + +, +flood plain forest +, +Vaca Diez +; + +11°07’59”S +, +66°09’59”W + +; + +210 m + +; + +29 Sep. 1981 + +; + +J. C. Solomon +6503 + +; +MO + +. – + + +Pando + +• +Frederico Román +, +on the west bank of the Madeira River +, + +ca +1 km +south of + +Cachuela Las Pedritas +; + +09°57’13”S +, +65°20’13”W + +; + +20 Jul. 2002 + +; + +J. Urrelo +et al. 501 + +; +V + +. – + + +Santa Cruz + +• +San Jose de Campamento +, a + +3 km +sobre el caminho hacia + +San Roque +, +José Miguel de Velasco +; + +15°09’20”S +, +60°59’29”W + +; + +9 May 1996 + +; + +R. Guillén +4343 + +; +NY + +• + +Velasco +, +Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado +, + +500 m +al S de la comunidade Florida hacia el Campamento Toledo + +; + +14°33’00”S +, +60°49’00”W + +; + +2 Dec. 1994 + +; + +R. Guillén +& +R. A. Medina Guillén Villarroel +2701 + +; +MO + +• + +Velasco +, +Reserva Ecológica El Refúgio +, + +a +300 m +al SO de campamento, em la pampa de las islas + +; + +14°47’09”S +, +61°03’14”W + +; + +150 m + +; + +21 Jan. 1995 + +; + +R. Guillén +& +R. A. Medina Guillén Villarroel +2944 + +; +MO + +. + + + +BRAZIL +– + +Amazonas + +• +Manaus +, +Ramal Vale do Novo Amanhecer +, +ao lado do sítio Toc +; + +02°27’00”S +, +60°06’00”W + +; + +12 Oct. 2014 + +; + +A. H. Krahl +471 + +; +INPA + +• + +Manaus +, +Reserva Florestal Ducke +, +Manaus-Itacoatiara +, km 26; + +02°52’59”S +, +59°58’00”W + +; + +29 Jun. 1994 + +; + +J. E. L. S. Ribeiro +1333 + +; +NY + +. – + + +Goiás + +• +Colinas do Sul +, +Estrada de acesso ao rio Preto +, +km 1, a partir da entrada da fazenda Vale das Araras, Mata de galeria perturbada, com alta presença de babaçu, Relevo suave ondulado, Solo areno-argiloso +, +Área de influência da futura Hidrelétrica de Cana Brava +; + +13°44’22”S +, +48°07’42”W + +; + +310 m + +; + +G. Pereira-Silva +et al. 5573 + +; +BHCB + +• + +Uruaçu +, +Reservatório em formação do AHE Serra da Mesa +, +Originalmente mata ciliar alterada +; + +14°31’28”S +, +49°08’26”W + +; + +15 Oct. 2007 + +; + +S. P. Cordovil-Silva +& +J. B. Pereira +705 + +; +BHCB + +. – + + +Maranhão + +• +Estreito +, +Canteiro de obras do UHE Estreito (próximo ao porto da balsa) +; + +06°33’38”S +, +47°27’03”W + +; + +150 m + +; + +11 Mar. 2007 + +; + +G. Pereira-Silva +11374 + +; +CEN + +• + +Passagem Franca +, + +a +24 km +de Buriti Bravo + +, à + +esquerda no Café Buriti mais +22 km +do posto fiscal, à direita mais +60 km + +; + +06°20’59”S +, +43°31’59”W + +; + +270 m + +; + +24 Nov. 1993 + +; + +R. F. Vieira +et al. 1545 + +; +BHCB + +• + +São Luís +, +Araçagy +, +Base do Cabral +; + +02°28’30”S +, +44°12’53”W + +; + +11 Apr. 1988 + +; + +R. Nina +98 + +; +SLUI + +• + +São Luís +, +UFMA, campus Dom Delgado +, +em frente ao centro pedagógico Paulo Freire +; + +02°33’43”S +, +44°18’37”W + +; + +20 Aug. 2019 + +; + +K. N. Santos +122 + +; +SLUI + +. – + + +Mato Grosso + +• +Cáceres +; + +16°04’14”S +, +57°40’44”W + +; + +Aug. 2003 + +; + +M. A. Carniello +55 + +; +HRCB + +• + +Cocalinho +; + +14°23’49”S +, +50°59’44”W + +; + +1 Jan. 1997 + +; + +A. F. Rozza +et al. 490 + +; +ESA + +• + +Barra dos Bugres +; + +15°04’22”S +, +57°10’51”W + +; + +20 Jun. 2012 + +; +s. col. +; +HCF +[ +HCF 10838 +] + +. – + + +Mato Grosso do Sul + +• +Aquidauana +; + +20°28’15”S +, +55°47’13”W + +; + +8 Dec. 2001 + +; + +M. A. Assis +1521 + +; +HRCB + +• + +Corumbá +, +Passo do Lontra +; + +19°34’35”S +, +57°01’05”W + +; + +106 m + +; + +30 Jul. 2007 + +; + +M. G. Caxambú +1598 + +; +HCF + +• + +Corumbá +, +Morro na margem da Baía Mandiré +; + +19°00’33”S +, +57°39’11”W + +; + +18 Oct. 2002 + +; + +G. A. Damasceno Júnior +et al. 2533 + +; +HUFU + +• + +Balneário Iracema +, +Região de A. Maria Coelho +; + +19°00’33”S +, +57°39’11”W + +; + +21 Nov. 2004 + +; + +D. P. Rodriguez +& +H. Baracat +s. n. + +; +UPCB +[ +UPCB 104531 +] + +• + +Ladário +, +Fazenda Vale do Paraíso +; + +19°00’16”S +, +57°36’06”W + +; + +110 m + +; + +28 Oct. 2004 + +; + +E. R. Macedo +et al. 5 + +; +MBM + +. – + + +Pará + +• +Breves +; + +01°40’55”S +, +50°28’49”W + +; + +17 Jul. 1950 + +; + +G. A. Black +& +R. L. Fróes +10036 + +; +IAN + +• + +Melgaço +, +Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã +, +rio Curuá-grande, margem esquerda +; + +01°48’15”S +, +50°42’43”W + +; + +29 Nov. 2010 + +; + +A. K. Koch +& +C. Souza +347 + +; +IAN + +. – + + +Rondônia + +• +Guajará-Mirim +, + +23 km +de centro de Guajará-Mirim + +, +Colônia do Yata +; + +10°46’58”S +, +65°20’21”W + +; + +15 Oct. 1990 + +; + +L. B. Bianchetti +1092 + +; +HUEFS + +• + +Porto Velho +, nas margens da BR- 364; + +08°45’42”S +, +63°54’14”W + +; + +100 m + +; + +19 Aug. 2022 + +; + +M. Figueira +1876 + +; +CEN + +. – + + +Tocantins + +• +Paranã +, +Canteiro de obras do UHE São Salvador (área do bota-fora) +; + +12°36’55”S +, +47°52’59”W + +; + +260 m + +; + +19 Jun. 2006 + +; + +G. Pereira-Silva +10786 + +; +CEN + +• + +Paranã +; + +12°52’34”S +, +48°10’41”W + +; + +E. R. Santos +et al. 1094 + +; +HUTO + +. + + + +GUYANA +– + +Essequibo + +• +South Rupununi Savanna +, +Kidekperdana Creek +, + +8 km +SE of Aishalton + +, +Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo +; + +02°25’11”N +, +59°10’12”W + +; + +26 Nov. 1993 + +; + +T. W. Henkel +3510 + +; +NY + +. + + + +PERU +– + +Madre de Dios + +• +Cusco Amazónico Lodge +, +Río Madre de Dios +, +Lago Sandobal +, + +10 km +NE of Puerto Maldonado + +, +Tambopata +; + +12°34’59”S +, +69°02’59”W + +; + +200 m + +; + +Jun. 1990 + +; + +P. Núñez +& +V. Núñez Vargas +12287 + +; +MO + +. + + + +VENEZUELA +– + +Bolivar + +• +Bolivar +; + +12 Jan. 1961 + +; + +J. A. Steyermark +88386 + +; +UB + +. + + + + +Notes. + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +was described based on a specimen collected by Carl A. M. Lindman ( +Lindman 2481 +(S )) in the municipality of Palmeiras, in the current state of +Mato Grosso do Sul +. The region is located in the Pantanal Biome. For a long time, this species has been considered as an obscure taxon endemic to +Brazil +( +BFG 2018 +). However, several characteristics such as the epiphytic habit, the colour of the flowers, and the absence of a penicillate callus have been used to consider this taxon as conspecific with + +V. palmarum + +(e. g. +Soto Arenas and Cribb 2010 +). Here, + +V. lindmaniana + +is presented as a taxon clearly distinct from + +V. palmarum + +, being recognized by several vegetative and floral characteristics. According to the infrageneric classification of +Soto Arenas and Cribb (2010) +, + +V. lindmaniana + +is a member of the + +V. palmarum + +group. + + + + +Morphological affinities. + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana + +is easily recognized from other Neotropical species by its epiphytic habit on palms, by its terminal and pendant inflorescences, by its yellow flowers much smaller than those of + +V. pompona + +, by the absence of a penicillate callus on the labellum, and by its dehiscent and scentless fruits. The species is closely related to + +V. palmarum + +, however, + +V. lindmaniana + +is clearly distinguishable by its distribution across the Pantanal, Cerrado, and Amazonia Biomes, by its larger flowers and leaves, the presence of a nectar guide with a channel-like depression just below the anther and stigma, and the larger fruits, which are rounded in transversal section (Table +1 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E4/7B/7B/E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.xml b/data/E4/7B/7B/E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1b394f6c616 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E4/7B/7B/E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1192 @@ + + + +Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species + + + +Author + +Pansarin, Emerson R. +0000-0002-0355-8363 +Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Posadas, Argentina + +text + + +Plant Ecology and Evolution + + +2025 + +2025-02-07 + + +158 + + +1 + + +53 +62 + + + +journal article +10.5091/plecevo.134103 + + + + + +Vanilla palmarum +(Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. + + + + + +Figs 2 +, +3 +, +Table 1 + + + + + + + +Epidendrum palmarum +Salzm. ex Lindl. + + + + + + + + +Vanilla palmarum var. grandifolia +Cogn. + + + + + + + +Type. + + + +BRAZIL +• +Bahia +, s. loc.; s. d.; + +P. Salzmann +s. n. + +; +isotypes +: K [ +K 000293255 +], MPU [ +MPU 013457 +, +MPU 018359 +, +MPU 018360 +], G [ +G 00190804 +, +G 00190913 +] + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Epiphytic +herbs +, long scandent. +Roots +axillary, one per node; aerial roots +1–1.5 mm +diam., velamenous, glabrous, simple, whitish to creamy; storage roots up to +4 mm +diam., branching, white. +Stem +climbing, sinuous, cylindrical, fleshy, glabrous, glaucous to green with whitish dots; internodes 25–50 × +2.5–5 mm +. +Leaves +3.5–8.5 × +2–4 cm +, alternate, distichous, elliptic to ovate, symmetric or asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, glaucous to yellowish green, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, pseudopetiolate; pseudopetiole concave, +3–5 mm +long. +Inflorescence +1.8–2.5 cm +long, apical, racemose, pending, with up to 10 flowers opening in succession; 1 flower opening each morning; bracts 5–15 × +3–8 mm +, progressively smaller toward the apex, alternate, triangular to elliptic, coriaceous, concave, patent, apex acute, sometimes leafy. +Flowers +resupinate, pedicellate, with an abscission layer between perianth and ovary; pedicel with ovary 2.3–2.6 × +0.4–0.6 cm +, straight to incurved, calyculate, subcylindrical in transverse section, white along the pedicel and green along the ovary. +Sepals +4.7–5.1 × +0.9–1.1 cm +, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, internally pale yellow, externally yellow, apex obtuse, margin entire, reflexed at apex; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. +Petals +4.8–5.1 × +1.2–1.4 cm +, free, spatulate, asymmetric, membranous, apex acute, slightly reflexed, yellow, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally arranged keel. +Labellum +1 - lobed to slightly 3 - lobed, 5.1–5.3 × +3.9–4.1 cm +, unguiculate, tubular, yellow, whitish in the basal portion, inner surface with longitudinal prominent stripes converging in two triangular protuberances and in a cluster of the digitiform secretory trichomes at the entrance of the nectar chamber; central crest (nectar guide) ca +5 mm +wide near the apex, and with an elevation ca +4 mm +wide (convex) just below the anther and stigma; labellum margins fused from the base to ca ¾ of the column length forming a tubular nectar chamber; nectar chamber +1.3–1.6 cm +long; lateral lobes obliquely rounded, margins undulate; apical lobe emarginated, reflexed, margin undulate. +Column +3.4–3.6 × +0.34–0.37 cm +, semi-cylindrical, slender, base attenuate, dilated towards the apex, with white-hyaline hairs close to the stigma, apex with two lateral projections (wings) facing upward; anther 3.6–3.9 × +3.5–3.8 mm +, rhomboid, yellowish, versatile; rostellum 3.8–4 × +3.5–3.8 mm +, trapezoidal, white. +Fruits +4.4–6.5 × +0.8–1.4 cm +, linear, incurved, diamond-shaped in transverse section, fleshy, dehiscent, opening in two valves, green when immature, yellowish when mature. +Seeds +ca +0.5 mm +, crustose, ovate, black. + + + + + + + +Vanilla palmarum +(Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. +A. +Detail + +of a flowering plant. +B. +Flower in diagonal view. +C. +Flower in lateral view. +D. +Flower in front view. +E. +Dissected perianth. Note the nectar chamber (arrow). +F. +Detail of the adaxial surface of a petal showing the longitudinal keel. +G. +Labellum in upper view. +H. +Detail of the apex of the labellum of a flower showing the longitudinal keel. +I. +Detail of the labellum showing the central labellar crest. +J. +Pedicel, ovary, labellum, and column in lateral view. +K. +Pedicel, ovary, labellum, and column in dorsal view. +L. +Pedicel, ovary, and column in lateral view. +M. +Apex of the column: in lateral view with an articulated anther (above), in lateral view with the anther removed (mid), and in ventral view with an articulated anther (below). Note the lateral wings (arrowheads). +N. +Anther in ventral view (above) and dorsal view (below). +O. +Mature fruit in lateral view. +P. +Transversal section of a mature fruit. Based on VAN 113 ( +LBMBP +). + + + + + +Distribution and ecology. + + + +Vanilla palmarum + +is a Brazilian endemic species widely distributed in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest Biomes, occurring in open forests of north-eastern +Brazil +(Fig. +3 +). + +Vanilla palmarum + +has an epiphytic habit, rooting on the trunk of several palm species of the genera + +Elaeis +Jacq. + +and + +Syagrus +Mart. + +( +Barberena et al. 2019 +; Table +1 +). The elevation is from +212 to 1123 m +a. s. l. Flowers open in morning hours and each flower lasts ca 12 hours. As in + +V. lindmaniana +( +Pansarin and Ferreira 2022 +) + +, the flowers of + +V. palmarum + +offer nectar as a reward which is stored in the nectar chamber. Flowers of + +V. palmarum + +also shows a mechanism of facultative self-pollination. Its flowers are chasmogamous but in the absence of biotic pollination, flowers self-pollinate (Emerson Pansarin unpubl. data). Although + +V. lindmaniana + +is pollinated by hummingbirds ( +Pansarin and Ferreira 2022 +), the flowers of + +V. palmarum + +do not appear to be adapted for avian pollination as their central crest (nectar guide) is convex. In + +V. lindmaniana + +, the labellum shows a channel-like depression of ca +2 mm +wide, whose function is to guide the hummingbird’s bill to the entrance of the nectar chamber ( +Pansarin and Ferreira 2022 +). + + + + + + +Occurrence map of + +Vanilla lindmaniana +Kraenzl. + +and + +Vanilla palmarum +(Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. + + + + + + +Phenology. + + + +Vanilla palmarum + +blooms from December to February. The fruits ripen between July and September. + + + + +Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment. + + +Endangered: +EN +B 2 a (ii, iii). + +Vanilla palmarum + +is a rarely collected species currently known from the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga Biomes of +Brazil +. The extent of occurrence ( +EOO +) is estimated to be +657,099 km +2 +, which falls within the limits for Least Concern ( +LC +), according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and guidelines. The area of occupancy ( +AOO +) is estimated to be +108 km +2 +(cell width of +2 km +), which falls within the limits for Endangered ( +EN +) under criterion B 2 (area of occupancy). Considering that both the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga Biomes have been reduced to scattered fragments due to extensive human occupation, we project a continuing decline in (ii) area of occupancy and (iii) extent and / or quality of the habitat of + +V. palmarum + +. Based on these threats, + +V. palmarum + +is assessed as Endangered ( +EN +). + + + + +Additional material examined. + + + +BRAZIL +– + +Alagoas + +• +Maceió +, +Serra da Saudinha +, +Fazenda Cela +; + +10°05’37”S +, +36°11’28”W + +; + +13 Jan. 2008 + +; + +Chagas-Mota +243 + +; +MAC + +. – + + +Bahia + +• +Amargosa +, +Recôncavo Sul +, +entrada da porteira da Fazenda Acaju +; + +11°01’00”S +, +39°36’00”W + +; + +27 May 2005 + +; + +M. A. Costa +& +M. L. Guedes +14 + +; +ALCB + +• + +Boa Nova +, +Parque Nacional de Boa Nova +, setor central, +Fazenda Alvorada +, +Lajedo dos Beija-flores +; + +14°21’45”S +, +40°12’27”W + +; + +1215 m + +; + +2 Mar. 2013 + +; + +L. Y. S Aona +2149 + +; +HUEFS + +• + +Caetité +, +Coleta arredores da área de preservação da Indústria Nucleares do Brasil - INB, Áreas 1 - Margem direita da Reserva Próximo a Lagoa, 2 - Barragem Wilson Gouveia, 3 +- “ +Mulungu +”; + +14°04’09”S +, +42°28’29”W + +; + +26 Sep. 2009 + +; + +J. L. Paixão +1552 + +; +HUEFS + +• + +Cravolândia +, +Sudoeste +, +Assentamento Palestina +; + +13°23’25”S +, +39°49’13”W + +; + +14 Aug. 2001 + +; + +L. de J. Alves +et al. 354 + +; +ALCB + +• + +Feira de Santana +, +Campus da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana +; + +12°12’01”S +, +38°58’18”W + +; + +5 Apr. 2018 + +; + +M. F. Alves +& +J. L. Mayer +5 + +; +UEC + +• + +Campus da UEFS +, +Atrás do Centro Administrativo +; + +12°12’05”S +, +38°58’05”W + +; + +6 Oct. 1997 + +; + +I. F. Castro +et al. 31167 + +; +UB + +• + +Itatim +, +Morro do Agenor +; + +12°42’42”S +, +39°41’53”W + +; + +26 Nov. 1995 + +; + +F. França +1465 + +; +HUEFS + +• + +Itatim +, +Fazenda na base do morro das Tocas +; + +12°42’42”S +, +39°41’53”W + +; + +282 m + +; + +31 Aug. 2003 + +; + +T. B. Cavalcanti +3190 + +; +CEN + +• + +Jacobina +, +Paraíso +, +Fazenda Exú +; + +11°10’50”S +, +40°31’05”W + +; + +11 Aug. 2006 + +; +s. col. 11223 +; +EAN +[ +EAN 21562 +] + +• + +Saubara +; + +12°44’15”S +, +38°46’07”W + +; + +15 Aug. 2017 + +; + +K. Martins +& +A. Figueiredo +13 + +; +HST + +• + +Jacobina +, +Piemonte da Diamantina +, +Arredores do Povoado de Tamanco +; + +11°10’50”S +, +40°31’05”W + +; + +28 Apr. 2012 + +; + +T. L. Vieira +et al. 91 + +; +ALCB + +• + +Lajedinho +, +Chapada Diamantina +; + +12°21’20”S +, +40°54’20”W + +; + +23 Aug. 2014 + +; + +G. S. Silva +et al. 633 + +; +HUESB + +• + +Milagres +, +Serra do Jatobá +; + +12°52’11”S +, +39°51’32”W + +; + +21 May 2021 + +; + +L. Y. S. Aona +5955 + +; +HURB + +• + +Retirolândia +, +Fazenda Piabas, próximo ao riacho +; + +11°29’41”S +, +39°25’32”W + +; + +212 m + +; + +1 Nov. 1999 + +; + +R. P. Oliveira +308 + +; +HUEFS + +• + +Salvador +, +Região Metropolitana de Salvador +, +Ilha de Maré +, +Povoado de Bananeiras +; + +12°44’58”S +, +38°31’42”W + +; + +12 Jun. 2011 + +; + +M. L. Guedes +et al. 18375 + +; +ALCB + +• + +Sento Sé +, +Parque Nacional Boqueirão da Onça +, +Entrada para Alegre +, +Vindo do Povoado Almas +; + +09°44’45”S +, +41°53’06”W + +; + +1123 m + +; + +4 Sep. 2013 + +; + +D. S. Fernandes +86 + +; +HVASF + +• + +Valente +, + +Mata nativa, localizada a +4 km +do centro + +, +sentido a saída para Retirolândia +; + +11°26’29”S +, +39°27’18”W + +; + +326 m + +; + +10 Jun. 2017 + +; + +M. R. L. Constantino +33 + +; +MBML + +• + +Umburanas +, PNBO, +Umburanas +; + +723 m + +; + +22 Sep. 2006 + +; + +J. A. Siqueira Filho +1799 + +; +HVASF + +• + +Wagner +, +Mata ciliar do rio Tijuco +; + +12°13’32”S +, +41°15’24”W + +; + +17 Nov. 2018 + +; + +E. B. Lopes +& +M. L. Guedes +71 + +; +ALCB + +. – + + +Ceará + +• +Viçosa do Ceará +; + +03°33’43”S +, +41°05’31”W + +; + +29 Dec. 2005 + +; + +A. S. F. Castro +1661 + +; +EAC + +. – + + +Minas Gerais + +• +Salto da Divisa +, +Fazenda Santana +; + +16°04’16”S +, +40°03’19”W + +; + +137 m + +; + +20 Feb. 2003 + +; + +J. A. Lombardi +et al. 5105 + +; +BHCB + +. – + + +Paraíba + +• +Barra de Camaratuba +, +Estrada Rural +; + +06°36’37”S +, +35°05’58”W + +; + +42 m + +; + +17 Jul. 2014 + +; + +J. M. P. Cordeiro +et al. 269 + +; +EAN + +. – + + +Pernambuco + +• +Arcoverde +, +Descobrimento +, +Assentamento Serrote Redondo +, +Corredor Ecológico Ramal do Agreste e Pacuera Ipojuca +; + +08°21’12”S +, +36°57’38”W + +; + +947 m + +; + +5 Aug. 2019 + +; + +A. P. Fontana +& +J. M. dos Santos +10946 + +; +HRSN + +• + +Buíque +, +Catimbau, trilha das torres +; + +08°37’00”S +, +37°10’00”W + +; + +17 Oct. 1994 + +; + +E. Menezes +16 + +; +K +[ +K 000293254 +] + +. – + + +Sergipe + +• +Lagarto +, +Povoado Brejo +; + +10°55’02”S +, +37°38’59”W + +; + +24 Aug. 2009 + +; + +L. A. S. Santos +& +F. B. Suzart +1 + +; +ASE + +. + + + + +Notes. + + + +Vanilla palmarum + +was described based on specimens collected in the state of +Bahia +, north-eastern +Brazil +. + +Vanilla palmarum + +has been assumed to be a widely distributed species, from +Cuba +to south-eastern +Brazil +. However, according to the data presented here, this taxon is endemic to +Brazil +, occurring in areas in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest Biomes. The hypothesis of the occurrence of + +V. palmarum + +in +Cuba +requires careful further investigation. Two + +Vanilla + +names were described based on plant material collected in +Cuba +, namely + +V. savannarum +Britton + +and + +V. lutea +C. H. Wright ex Griseb. Although + +both taxa were synonymized under + +V. palmarum + +, they appear to be more closely related to + +V. lindmaniana + +. In addition, even though + +V. lindmaniana + +was published later than + +V. lutea + +, the latter is not a validly published name (e. g. +BFG 2018 +). + +Vanilla savannarum + +was published later than + +V. lindmaniana + +, and therefore would be a synonym of this species. However, until fresh material is available for analysis, it seems to be prudent not to consider + +V. savannarum + +as a synonym of + +V. lindmaniana + +or + +V. palmarum + +. According to the infrageneric classification of +Soto Arenas and Cribb (2010) +, + +V. palmarum + +is a member of the + +V. palmarum + +group. + + + + +Morphological affinities. + + + +Vanilla palmarum + +is easily recognized from other Neotropical species by its epiphytic habit on palm trees, by its terminal and pendant inflorescences, by its yellow flowers, by the absence of a penicillate callus on the labellum, and by its dehiscent and scentless fruits. Although closely related to + +V. lindmaniana + +, + +V. palmarum + +is easily distinguishable from it by its distribution in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga Biomes, by its smaller vegetative and floral structures, the presence of a convex central crest (nectar guide) just below the anther and stigma, and the smaller fruits, which are diamond-shaped in transversal section (Table +1 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file