diff --git a/data/51/34/2D/51342DEFCAC857808B4F2CDA429EE929.xml b/data/51/34/2D/51342DEFCAC857808B4F2CDA429EE929.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..534d37346bc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/51/34/2D/51342DEFCAC857808B4F2CDA429EE929.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1966 @@ + + + +Review of the African genus Digentia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oxyinae) + + + +Author + +Oumarou Ngoute, Charly +0000-0002-1257-3573 +Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. + + + +Author + +Rowell, C. H. F. +0000-0001-6633-7536 +Zoologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland. + +text + + +Journal of Orthoptera Research + + +2025 + +2025-01-07 + + +34 + + +1 + + +11 +30 + + + +journal article +10.3897/jor.34.126949 +82C425D3-B25D-4684-8F27-03CBC07BB072 + + + + + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 1 +, +5 D +, +6 C +, +7 D +, +8 E +, +9 C, F +, +10 C, F +, +12 C, F +, +13 D +, +17 A – C +, +18 A – E +, +19 A – E +, +20 +, +Tables 3 +, +4 + + + + + +Types. +— + + + + +Holotype +: + +CAMEROON + +• +♂ +; +Division of Valée du Ntem +, +Ngutadjap +; + +7-IV-2023 + +; +C. Oumarou-Ngoute +leg.; +specimen +N ° +272023 AV +; + +MfN + + +. + +Paratype +: • +1 ♀ +; same data as holotype; +specimen +N ° +212023 AV +; + +MfN + + +. + + + + + +Other material examined. +— + + + +21 ( +13 ♂ +and +8 ♀ +): +♂ +, Ngutadjap, +CAMEROON +, +7 - IV- 2023 +, specimen N ° 262023 AV, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngutadjap, +CAMEROON +, +7 - IV- 2023 +, specimen N ° 242023 AV, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngutadjap, +CAMEROON +, +7 - IV- 2023 +, specimen N ° 232023 AV, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngutadjap, +CAMEROON +, +7 - IV- 2023 +, specimen N ° 252023 AV, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +27 - V- 2019 +, specimen N ° 2021101, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +RC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021042, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021040, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021043, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021011, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021008, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021010, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021007, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021004, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngutadjap, +CAMEROON +, +7 - IV- 2023 +, specimen N ° 222023 AV, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngutadjap, +CAMEROON +, +7 - IV- 2023 +, specimen N ° 202023 AV, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +27 - V- 2019 +, specimen N ° 2021102, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +RC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021047, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021067, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021012, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021002, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021003, Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +(Fig. +17 +). + + + + + + +Habitus of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +A. +Male, lateral view (photo from Ngoyla, Division of Haut-Nyong, Cameroon, 29. 04. 2019, ( +ONC +); +B. +Male, dorsal view (photo from Ngoyla, Division of Haut-Nyong, Cameroon, 29. 04. 2019, ( +ONC +); +C. +Female, latero-dorsal view. Photo from Ngutadjap, Division of Vallée-du-Ntem, Cameroon, 07. 04. 2023, ( +ONC +). + + + + + + +Type locality. +— + + + +CAMEROON +, Division of Vallée du Ntem, Ngutadjap. + + + + + +Etymology. +— + + + +From Latin, +viridissima +, which means “ greenest. ” Refers to the external habitus of the species, which is the greenest in the genus. + + + + + +Description. +— + + + +Male. +Body of medium size (average L = +19.61 mm +; Table +3 +), integument shiny, rugose on head, pronotum, tergites of mesothorax, metathorax, and the first abdominal tergites. + + + + + + +Measurements of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +P, length of the pronotum in the midline; L, overall length from the tip of the fastigium to the most posterior part of the genitalia measured in lateral view; +Ant +, length of antenna from the scape to the tip of antenna; +IOS +, intern ocular space measured dorsally; +E-E +, extern ocular space measured dorsally; F, maximum length of the hind femur; +FD +, depth of femur measured as the distance between the two parallel lines running through the dorsal and ventral extremities of the femur, drawn parallel to the long axis of the femur; Ta 1, Ta 2, Ta 3, lengths of each of the three hind tarsal segments; +Sp Ext +, number of external spines in the hind tibia; +Sp Int +, number of internal spines in the hind tibia. The foot formula shows relative lengths of the three tarsal segments within the total length of the foot. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Male
Length / numberPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3 +Sp Ext + +Sp Int +
+Minimum +4.0017.997.770.413.8212.032.410.620.291.282.2979
+Maximum +4.3221.049.450.514.7913.862.991.500.481.833.7189
+Average (AV) +4.2019.618.630.474.04112.612.651.240.411.583.237.59
+N +13131113131313131313131313
+Foot formula +-------38 %13 %49 %---
+Ratios +L / P +Ant +/ P + +IOS +/ P + +E-E +/ P +F / P +FD +/ P +Ta 1 / PTa 2 / PTa 3 / PTa 1-3 / P +F / +FD +Ta 1-3 / F-
+Minimum +4.271.820.100.912.880.600.250.070.320.464.500.19-
+Maximum +5.252.250.131.193.270.710.580.110.430.745.010.29-
+Average +4.672.050.110.963.000.630.470.100.380.654.770.26-
+N +131113131313131313131313-
Female
Length / numberPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3 +Sp Ext + +Sp Int +
+Minimum +4.7522.737.70.564.0613.812.901.270.421.843.6779
+Maximum +5.4725.789.450.664.6014.983.111.660.542.044.09810
+Average (AV) +4.9824.188.330.624.3714.553.031.470.471.983.917.59.5
+N +8868888888888
+Foot formula +-------37 %12 %51 %---
+Ratios +L / P +Ant +/ P + +IOS +/ P + +E-E +/ P +F / P +FD +/ P +Ta 1 / PTa 2 / PTa 3 / PTa 1-3 / P +F / +FD +Ta 1-3 / F-
+Minimum +4.341.620.120.742.740.570.260.080.360.714.620.26-
+Maximum +5.131.850.130.943.070.630.330.110.430.844.930.28-
+Average +4.861.700.120.882.970.610.290.90.400.794.800.27-
+N +868888888888-
Sexual dimorphism
LengthPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3--
+AV male / AV female +0.840.811.040.750.930.870.870.840.880.800.83--
+Divided by 0.84 +1.000.971.230.891.101.031.041.011.050.950.98--
+ + + +Head +. + +Antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together (average +Ant +/ P = +2.05 mm +); fastigium of vertex short, about twice as wide as long, pentagonal, slightly oblique and rugose, frontal ridge well developed; eyes oval, protuberant; interocular space (average +IOS += +0.47 mm +) slightly wider than antennae scape, with a weak medial furrow. + + + +Thorax +. + +Pronotum cylindrical, lateral carinae absent, medial carinae weak; midline of the disc crossed by three deep transverse sulci, the space between the sulci 2 and 3 slightly wider than metazona; metazona short, about one-fourth of the length of prozona; posterior margin of metazona concave, notched in the midline; anterior margin of pronotum rounded slightly or not at all notched in the midline (Fig. +5 D +); prosternal process conical, pointed; mesosternal space about 2 times longer than wide, lobe rounded; metasternal space open, less than half the width of the mesosternal space. Tegmina extremely reduced, minute, narrow, and straight, reaching or slightly exceeding the posterior margin of mesosternal segment (Fig. +7 D +); hind femur slender; lower genicular lobe pointed; hind tibia slender, slightly expanded apically (Fig. +8 E +), seven to eight external tibial spines, external apical spine of the tibia present, nine internal tibial spines (Table +3 +); internal spurs larger than external spurs. + + + +Abdomen +. + +Tympanum wide, rounded; the tip of abdomen curved upward. Last abdominal tergite divided in the midline, furcula blunt, with rounded and upwardly inflated margins either side of the midline; supa-anal plate triangular in dorsal view, somewhat elongated distally, with a rounded tip, weak medial longitudinal groove proximally, bounded posteriorly by a very weak transverse ridge that extends across the width of the plate. Cercus flat, compressed laterally, inwardly curved, excised apically, slightly shorter than the subgenital plate (Figs +9 C, F +, +10 C, F +); subgenital plate conical with rounded upwardly directed apex. + + + +Phallic complex +. + +Phallic complex (Fig. +18 A – D +) of medium size. Bridge of epiphallus not divided, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin almost straight; outer lophi long, slender, conical, upward curved with rounded tip; inner lophi wide rounded; anterior processes slender, incurved; “ oval ” sclerite almost oval, elongated, with rounded tips (Fig. +19 A – E +). Cingular apodemes slender elongated with rounded apex, rami rounded not fused ventrally (Fig. +18 C, D +); ventrolateral sclerite laterally flat, tapered towards the tips (Fig. +18 E +). Valvular plate robust, celliform, wide in dorsal view with three lobes, the anterior lobe blunt, the posterior edge slightly upturned. Endophallus apically robust and wide; endophallic apodemes slightly slender, lobiform; gonopore process slender, pointed (Fig. +19 F, G +). Well-developed endophallic flexure, terminating in an endophallic process abutting the ventral aedeagal sclerite (Fig. +20 +) that constitutes the apical valve. Ventral aedeagal sclerite robust, wide, with rounded apex. + + + + + + +Phallus and ventrolateral sclerite of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +A. +Photo of the phallus complex with epiphallus, dorsal view; +B. +Photo of the phallus complex with epiphallus, lateral view; +C. +Drawing of all the phallus complex, dorsal view; +D. +Drawing of all the phallus complex, lateral view; +E. +Drawing of the ventrolateral sclerite ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm. + + + + + + + +Epiphallus and endophallus of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +A. +Photo of epiphallus, axial view without coloration; +B. +Photo of epiphallus, dorsal view; +C. +Photo of epiphallus, oblique; +D. +Drawing of epiphallus, dorsal view; +E. +Drawing of epiphallus, axial view; +F. +Drawing of endophallus lateral view; +G. +Drawing of endophallus ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm. + + + +Female. +In general, similar to the male. Female particularities: medium size (average L = +24.18 mm +) (Table +3 +). Tip of abdomen not curved upward; last abdominal tergite without inflated margins; supra-anal plate triangular with rounded apex; cercus conical, incurved, with acute apex, reaching or slightly exceeding the supra-anal plate (Fig. +12 C, F +). Dorsal ovipositor valves slightly incurved, smooth, with rounded apex; ventral ovipositor valves wide basally with rounded corner or lobe, strongly incurved in the middle, straight apically, with rounded apex; egg guide straight, pointed, about one-third of the length of ventral ovipositor valves (Fig. +13 D +). + + + +Sexual dimorphism +. + +The antennae of + +D. viridissima + +are longer in male than in female ( +Ant +male / +Ant +female = 1.04, and 1.23 after normalization) (Table +3 +). The male interocular spaces are narrower ( + +IOS + +male / +IOS +female = 0.75, and 0.89 after normalization) than the female ones (Table +3 +). The ratios of the other body dimensions are closely similar in both sexes (Table +3 +). + + + +Coloration +. + +Male and female (Fig. +17 +). Body multicolored, predominantly green-yellow. Scape and pedicel of antennae green, flagellum green basally and green-brown apically. Fastigium of vertex green or green-yellow; vertex green or green-yellow with black longitudinal bands either side of the midline extending onto the pronotum, the mesothorax, metathorax, and up to the fifth abdominal segment, reaching the last segment in some females. Eyes blackish in life, fading to brown when dried; frons green or green-yellow, the lower half more yellowish or with yellow spots which extending posteriorly across the genae as a yellow subocular stripe, forming two yellow patches on the ventral margin of the pronotal lobes (Fig. +6 C +) and extending rearwards to the mesothoracic and the metathoracic pleura. Distal part of clypeus and labrum green, green-yellow, or yellowish, apical part brown; mandibles and palps green, green-yellow or yellowish. Pronotal disc multicolored, predominantly green or green-yellow with two lateral black stripes that extend dorsally onto the mesothoracic and metathoracic tergites; prothoracic sternum green, mesothoracic and metathoracic sterna red; hind femur predominantly green, upper internal area and medial external area green, basal external area, basal internal area and medial internal area yellowish distally but greenish proximally; genicular lobes black; tibia green-blue, tibial spines green with black tips; tarsi green. Abdominal tergites green or green-yellow with two black longitudinal bands either side of the midline, reaching the last segment in some females; supra-anal plate and cercus green, ovipositor valves green, subgenital plate red. + + + + + +Distribution. +— + + + +CAMEROON +, Division of “ Haut-Nyong ”, Ngoyla: + +2°17'44"N +, +14°13'57"E + +, altitude +510 m +; + +2°16'21"N +, +14°16'27"E + +, altitude +505 m +; + +2°21'13"N +, +14°15'20"E + +, altitude + +498 m +. + +Division of “ Valée du Ntem ”, Ngutadjap: + +2°42'N +, +11°03'E + +, altitude +560 m +; ( + +ONC + +) (Fig. +1 +). + + + + + +Habitat. +— + + + + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +and + +D. fasciata + +live in humid forest, particularly where it is swampy. In the two reported localities, Ngoyla and Ngutadjap, of the south +Cameroon +plateau, the species shares its habitat with another Oxyine, + +Pterotiltus +sp. + +, and several Catantopines, +Gemenata opilionoides +, + +Pteropera +spp. + +At Ngutadjap, the most abundant plant species were undergrowth taxa such as ferns and herbs (Table +4 +). Among these, + +Pteridium aquilinum + +( +Dennstaedtiaceae +) covers more than 75 % of the total surface of the site, + +Palisota hirsuta + +( +Commelinaceae +) covers 25–50 %, and the +Marantaceae +species, such as + +Marantochloa conferta +, +Afrocalanthea rhizantha + +, and + +Hypselodelphys +sp. + +, cover 5–25 % of the total surface (Table +4 +). The site also has trees and shrubs. The shrub + +Leea guineensis + +( +Leeaceae +) covers between 25–50 %, and + +Eremospatha macrocarpa + +( +Arecaceae +) and + +Raphia farinifera + +( +Arecaceae +) cover 5–25 % of the site. + +Alchornea floribunda + +( +Euphorbiaceae +) and + +Tabernaemontana brachyantha + +( +Apocynaceae +) cover less than 5 %, and + +Artabotrys insignis var. batesii + +( +Annonaceae +), + +Dicranolepis buchholzii + +(Thylemeleaceae), + +Bertiera elabensis + +( +Rubiaceae +), + +Guarea glomerulata + +( +Meliaceae +), + +Musanga cecropioides + +( +Cecropiaceae +), and + +Voacanga +sp. + +( +Apocynaceae +) are weakly represented (Table +4 +). The other uncommon tree species include + +Alstonia boonei + +( +Apocynaceae +), + +Strombosia pustulata + +( +Olacaceae +), + +Pentaclethra macrophylla + +( +Fabaceae +- Caesalpinioideae), + +Leptonychia +sp. + +( +Sterculiaceae +), and +Calpocalix brevibracteatus +( +Fabaceae +- Mimosoideae) (Table +4 +). The + +Digentia + +and + +Pterotiltus +species + +were usually collected on ferns, but we did not observed + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +or + +D. fasciata + +feeding on a particular plant. This is likely because the rarity of specimens of these species in the field led us to quickly capture the few seen without taking time to observe their behavior on the host plant. + + + + + + +Photo of the phallus of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +showing flexure. The ectophallic membrane, epiphallus, and ventrolateral sclerite have been removed. The posterior edge of the cingular ramus has been torn off, revealing the endophallic flexure and its endophallic process abutting the ventral aedeagal sclerite. Scale bar: 1 mm. + + + + + + + +Plant species composition in the habitat of + +Digentia fasciata + +and + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +at Ngutadjap in Cameroon. 5, coverage> 75 % of the referenced surface; 4, coverage between 75–50 %; 3, coverage between 50–25 %; 2, coverage between 25–5 %; 1, coverage <5 %; +, few individuals, very low coverage. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FamilyGenusSpeciesType of plantIndex of Abundance
+ +Apocynaceae + + +Alstonia + +Alstonia boonei +Tree1
+Tabernaemontana + +Tabernaemontana brachyantha +Shrub1
+Voacanga + +Voacanga sp. +Shrub+
+ +Araceae + + +Nephthytis + +Nephthytis afzelii +Herb+
+Rhektophyllum + +Rhektophyllum camerounense +Herb+
+Epipremnum + +Epipremnum pinnatum +Herb+
+ +Dennstaedtiaceae + + +Lonchitis + +Lonchitis sp. +Fern+
+Pteridium + +Pteridium aquilinum +Fern5
+Blotiella + +Blotiella currorii +Fern2
+ +Marantaceae + + +Marantochloa + +Marantochloa conferta +Herb2
AfrocalantheaAfrocalanthea rhizanthaHerb2
+Hypselodelphys + +Hypselodelphys sp. +Herb2
+ +Menispermaceae + + +Jateorhiza + +Jateorhiza macrantha +Liana+
+Triclisia + +Triclisia dictyophylla +Liana+
+ +Arecaceae + + +Eremospatha + +Eremospatha macrocarpa +Shrub2
+Raphia + +Raphia farinifera +Shrub2
+ +Aspleniaceae + + +Asplenium + +Asplenium currori +Fern+
+ +Asplenium +sp. + +Fern+
+ +Leeaceae + + +Leea + +Leea guineensis +Shrub3
+ +Euphorbiaceae + + +Alchornea + +Alchornea floribunda +Shrub1
+ +Olacaceae + + +Strombosia + +Strombosia pustulata +Tree1
+ +Commelinaceae + + +Palisota + +Palisota hirsuta +Herb3
+ +Phyllanthaceae + + +Phyllanthus + +Phyllanthus amarus +Herb+
+Thymeleaceae + +Dicranolepis + +Dicranolepis buchholzii +Fern1
+ +Fabaceae +- Caesalpinioideae + + +Pentaclethra + +Pentaclethra macrophylla +Tree+
+ +Zingiberaceae + + +Aframomum + +Aframomum augustifolium +Herb+
+ +Davalliaceae + + +Nephrolepis + +Nephrolepis biserrata +Fern+
+Lomariopsisdaceae + +Lomariopsis + +Lomariopsis hederacea +Fern+
+ +Annonaceae + + + +Artabotrys + + + +Artabotrys insignis var. batesii + +Shrub+
+ +Sterculiaceae + + +Leptonychia + +Leptonychia sp. +Tree+
+ +Balsaminaceae + + +Impatiens + +Impatiens niamniamensis +Herb+
+ +Fabaceae +- Mimosoideae + +CalpocalixCalpocalix brevibracteatusTree+
+ +Dichapetalaceae + + +Dichapetalum + +Dichapetalum umbellatum +Liana+
+ +Rubiaceae + + +Bertiera + +Bertiera elabensis +Shrub+
+ +Meliaceae + + +Guarea + +Guarea glomerulata +Shrub+
+ +Cecropiaceae + + +Musanga + +Musanga cecropioides +Shrub+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/9C/61/71/9C61710C853957C8867B66F7B4D49B5A.xml b/data/9C/61/71/9C61710C853957C8867B66F7B4D49B5A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9232fd25787 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/9C/61/71/9C61710C853957C8867B66F7B4D49B5A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ + + + +Review of the African genus Digentia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oxyinae) + + + +Author + +Oumarou Ngoute, Charly +0000-0002-1257-3573 +Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. + + + +Author + +Rowell, C. H. F. +0000-0001-6633-7536 +Zoologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland. + +text + + +Journal of Orthoptera Research + + +2025 + +2025-01-07 + + +34 + + +1 + + +11 +30 + + + +journal article +10.3897/jor.34.126949 +82C425D3-B25D-4684-8F27-03CBC07BB072 + + + + +Genus + +Digentia +Stål, 1878 + + + + + + += + + +Genditia + +Bolívar +, 1911 + + + +(syn. + +Hollis, 1975 + +). + + + + += + + +Oxya punctatissima +Stål, 1875 + + +(syn. + + +Bolívar +, 1905 + + +) + + + + + + +Type species. +— + + + + +Digentia punctatissima +( +Stål, 1875 +) + +( + +NHRS + +Stockholm +). + + + + + +Subsequent literature. +— + + + +Stål 1875: 5 +: 47; + +Bolívar +1905: 1 + +: 229; + +Bolívar +1911: 55 + +: 301; + +Bolívar +1918: 34 + +: 23; +Ramme 1929: 15 +: 323; +Dirsh 1952: 46 +: 268; +Johnston 1956: 256 +; +Kevan 1956: 18 +: 960; +Jago 1964: 8 +: 190; +Dirsh 1965: 237 +; +Dirsh 1970: 120–122 +; +Johnston 1968: 174 +; +Hollis 1975: 31 +: 223; +Otte 1995: 4 +: 129; +Yin et al. 1996: 235 +; +Mestre and Chiffaud 2006: 122 +. + + + + + +Revised description of the genus. +— + + + +Our description differs somewhat from that of +Hollis (1975) +who wrote, “ epiphallus with incompletely divided bridge and without ancorae. ” Our specimens of + +Digentia fasciata + +and + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +have undivided bridges. + + +Head conical; fastigium rounded and pentagonal from above, wider than long, with or without median longitudinal carinula; frontal ridge sulcate, complete to clypeus; lateral facial keels complete. Eyes moderately bulbous. Antenna longer than combined lengths of head and pronotum. Prosternal process simple, conical with subacute apex. Dorsum of pronotum rugulose and coarsely pitted, rounded or weakly flattened; medial carina weak, lateral carinae absent; mesosternal interspace about as wide as long; disc of pronotum crossed by three deep transverse sulci, the space between sulci 2 and 3 narrower or slightly wider than metazona; posterior margin of metazona rounded slightly or not at all, notched in the midline (Fig. +5 A, B +) or concave and notched in the midline (Fig. +5 C, D +). Tegmina and hind wings very reduced, the former being either minute and not extending beyond mesonotum or scale-like and extending to the first abdominal tergite. All known species are either brachypterous or severely brachypterous. Lower genicular lobe of hind femur spined; hind tibia weakly or moderately expanded in apical part and with acute dorsal margins apically; external apical spine of hind tibia present. In male hind margin of 10 +th +abdominal tergite with a weak furcula, or if without, then margin expanded dorso-laterally to form upturned lobes. + + + +Phallic complex +. + +Epiphallus with bridge incompletely divided or undivided, without ancorae but with well-developed anterior processes. Outer lophi long and tapering, the tips curved; inner lophi shorter, lobiform; “ oval ” sclerites present, roughly oblong in shape. Unitary ventrolateral sclerite present, extending around the ventral surface of the phallus in the ectophallic membrane, the ends terminating near the proximal ends of the cingular apodemes. Cingular apodemes and zygoma formed in part as sclerotizations in the ectophallic membrane. Rami of cingulum well developed, encircling the endophallus, meeting but not fused together in the ventral midline. Posterior edge of zygoma fused with arch sclerite forming a saddle-shaped valvular plate ( +Hollis 1971 +) with an upturned posterior margin. Endophallus with divergent apodemes proximally, gonopore process robust and bar shaped; long flexures at the distal end of the endophallic plates, ending in rounded endophallic processes that are attached to the robust ventral aedeagal sclerites that form the apical valves. Female ovipositor valves long, slender, smooth or evenly and weakly serrate in apical half. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BE/DE/7D/BEDE7D294B9D55DC82B17956865A648F.xml b/data/BE/DE/7D/BEDE7D294B9D55DC82B17956865A648F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..bfde9d503be --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BE/DE/7D/BEDE7D294B9D55DC82B17956865A648F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1056 @@ + + + +Review of the African genus Digentia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oxyinae) + + + +Author + +Oumarou Ngoute, Charly +0000-0002-1257-3573 +Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. + + + +Author + +Rowell, C. H. F. +0000-0001-6633-7536 +Zoologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland. + +text + + +Journal of Orthoptera Research + + +2025 + +2025-01-07 + + +34 + + +1 + + +11 +30 + + + +journal article +10.3897/jor.34.126949 +82C425D3-B25D-4684-8F27-03CBC07BB072 + + + + + +Digentia fasciata +Ramme 1929 + + + + + +Figs 1 +, +5 C +, +7 C +, +8 D +, +9 B, E +, +10 B, G +, +12 B, E +, +13 C +, +14 A, B +, +15 A, I +, +Tables 2 +, +4 + + + + + +Type material. +— + + + + +Holotype +: + +CAMEROON + +• +♂ +; +Lolodorf +; +L Conradt S +leg.; +DORSA BA 000033 S 01 C + +. + +Allotype +: + +CAMEROON + +• +♀ +; +Yaoundé +; +V Carnap S +leg.; +DORSA BA 000033 S 02 +; + +MfN + +. [not examined] + + + + + + +Examined material. +— + + + +7 ( +4 ♂ +and +3 ♀ +): +♂ +, Mbalmayo, +CAMEROON +, +15 - I- 1974 +, specimen N ° 74012, T. E. Rowell leg., N. Jago ID., + +RC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021012, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021013, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♂ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021015, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Mbalmayo, +CAMEROON +, +15 - I- 1974 +, specimen N ° 74011, T. E. Rowell leg., + +RC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021016, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; +♀ +, Ngoyla, +CAMEROON +, +IV- 2021 +, specimen N ° 2021017, C. Oumarou-Ngoute leg., + +ONC + +; (Fig. +14 +). We were unfortunately unable to borrow the types from Berlin. + + + + + + +Habitus of + +Digentia fasciata + +. +A. +Male (photo from Zamakoe, Division of Nyong et So’o, Cameroon, 29. 07. 2017, ( +ONC +); +B. +Female (photo from Ongot, Division of Méfou-et-Akono, Cameroon, 25. 10. 2017, ( +ONC +). + + + + + + +Redescription. +— + + + +The original description of +Ramme 1929 +of this species is very short; the English version is “ Fastigium somewhat longer than broad, rounded in front. Antennae 1.25 × the head and pronotum together, apically somewhat thickened. Anal segment with produced and raised edges. Supra-anal plate narrow, tongue-shaped, basally expanded, with shallow longitudinal medial groove. Cercus tapers to a long spike. Female also corresponds to this. ” We give here a more extended description. + + +Male. +Body of medium size (average L = +17.98 mm +; Table +2 +), integument shiny, rugose on head, pronotum, tergites of mesothorax and metathorax, and the first abdominal tergites. + + + + + + +Measurements of + +Digentia fasciata + +. P, length of the pronotum in the midline; L, overall length from the tip of the fastigium to the most posterior part of the genitalia measured in lateral view; +Ant +, length of antenna from the scape to the tip of antenna; +IOS +, intern ocular space measured dorsally; +E-E +, extern ocular space measured dorsally; F, maximum length of the hind femur; +FD +, depth of femur measured as the distance between the two parallel lines running through the dorsal and ventral extremities of the femur, drawn parallel to the long axis of the femur; Ta 1, Ta 2, Ta 3, lengths of each of the three hind tarsal segments; +Sp Ext +, number of external spines in the hind tibia; +Sp Int +, number of internal spines in the hind tibia. The foot formula shows relative lengths of the three tarsal segments within the total length of the foot. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Male
Length / numberPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3 +Sp Ext + +Sp Int +
+Minimum +3.3716.326.720.33.5411.042.331.080.431.533.1479
+Maximum +3.9119.258.760.473.8511.832.511.360.491.713.27810
+Average (AV) +3.7117.987.740.383.6811.452.411.210.471.613.287.59.5
+N +4424433333333
+Foot formula +-------37 %14 %49 %---
+Ratios +L / P +Ant +/ P + +IOS +/ P + +E-E +/ P +F / P +FD +/ P +Ta 1 / PTa 2 / PTa 3 / PTa 1-3 / P +F / +FD +Ta 1-3 / F-
+Minimum +4.171.990.090.952.990.640.450.130.420.634.570.28-
+Maximum +5.082.290.121.053.280.690.540.130.460.694.950.30-
+Average +4.702.140.100.993.150.660.500.130.440.654.750.29-
+N +424433333333-
Female
Length / numberPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3 +Sp Ext + +Sp Int +
+Minimum +4.3522.719.930.494.2413.422.891.550.521.864.0879
+Maximum +4.6923.4510.320.634.4415.262.951.700.572.104.2279
+Average (AV) +4.5623.1810.170.574.3314.342.921.640.551.964.1479
+N +3333333333333
+Foot formula +-------40 %13 %47 %---
+Ratios +L / P +Ant +/ P + +IOS +/ P + +E-E +/ P +F / P +FD +/ P +Ta 1 / PTa 2 / PTa 3 / PTa 1-3 / P +F / +FD +Ta 1-3 / F-
+Minimum +4.902.200.110.933.090.620.350.110.400.884.550.27-
+Maximum +5.392.280.130.973.250.680.370.130.480.975.210.31-
+Average +5.092.230.120.953.150.640.360.120.430.914.910.29-
+N +333333333333-
Sexual dimorphism
LengthPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3--
+AV male / AV female +0.810.780.760.670.850.800.820.740.850.820.79--
+Divided by 0.81 +1.000.960.940.821.050.991.020.911.051.020.98--
+ + + +Head +. + +Antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together (average +Ant +/ P = 2.14); fastigium of vertex short, about twice as wide as long, pentagonal, slightly oblique and rugose, frontal ridge well developed. Eyes oval, protuberant; interocular space (average +IOS += +0.38 mm +) slightly wider than antennae scape, with weak medial furrow. + + + +Thorax +. + +Pronotum cylindrical, lateral carinae absent, medial carinae weak; midline of the disc crossed by three deep transverse sulci, space between sulci 2 and 3 slightly wider than metazona; metazona short, about one-fourth of the length of prozona; posterior margin of metazona concave, notched in the midline. Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, very slightly notched in the midline (Fig. +5 C +); prosternal process conical, pointed; mesosternal space about 2 times longer than wide, lobe rounded; metasternal space open, less than half the width of the mesosternal space. Tegmina extremely reduced, minute, narrow, and lobiform, reaching or slightly exceeding the posterior margin of mesothoracic segment (Fig. +7 C +); hind femur slender; lower genicular lobe pointed; hind tibia slender, not expanded apically (Fig. +8 D +). Seven to eight external tibial spines, external apical spine of the tibia present, nine to ten internal tibial spines (Table +2 +); internal spurs larger than external spurs. + + + +Abdomen +. + +Tympanum wide, rounded; the tip of abdomen curved upward; last abdominal tergite divided in the midline, furcula lobiform, with rounded and upwardly inflated margins or lobes either side of the midline. Supra-anal plate triangular in dorsal view, somewhat elongated distally with a rounded tip. Well-defined medial longitudinal groove proximal, bounded posteriorly by transverse ridge that extends across width of the plate; cercus flat, compressed laterally, inwardly curved, pointed with acute tip very slightly excised, reaching or slightly exceeding the tip of subgenital plate dorsally (Figs +9 B, E +, +10 B, G +); subgenital plate conical with rounded upwardly directed apex. + + + +Phallic complex +. + +Phallic complex (Fig. +15 A – C +) of small size for the genus. Epiphallus small in the genus, bridge not divided, anterior margin slightly concave, notched in the middle, posterior margin almost straight; outer lophi conical, slender, upwardly curved with rounded tip; inner lophi almost rounded; anterior processes slender, incurved; oval sclerite elongated with rounded tips (Fig. +15 D – G +). Cingular apodemes slender, elongated, with rounded apex, somewhat acute dorsally, rami rounded not fused ventrally; ventrolateral sclerite laterally flat, tapered toward the tips. Endophallus small and slender; valvular plate with three lobes, the middle lobe blunt; ventral aedeagal sclerite narrow, long with rounded apex; endophallus apodeme wide lobiform; gonopore process elongated with slightly wide and rounded apex (Fig. +15 H, I +). + + + + + + +Phallus of + +Digentia fasciata + +. +A, B. +Photo of the phallus complex with epiphallus, dorsal view ( +A +not colored, +B +colored); +C. +Photo of the phallus complex without epiphallus, lateral view; +D. +Photo of epiphallus, dorsal view; +E. +Drawing of epiphallus, dorsal view; +F. +Photo of epiphallus, axial view; +G. +Drawing of epiphallus, axial view; +H. +Endophallus lateral view; +I. +Endophallus ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm. + + + +Female. +In general, similar to the male. Female particularities: medium size (average L = +23.18 mm +) (Table +2 +). Tip of abdomen not curved upward; last abdominal tergite without inflated margins or lobes; supra-anal plate triangular with rounded apex; cercus conical with acute apex, straight, reaching or slightly exceeding the tip of the supra-anal plate (Fig. +12 B, E +); dorsal ovipositor valves straight, smooth, with rounded apex; ventral ovipositor valves wide basally with rounded corner or lobe, incurved in the middle and straight apically with rounded apex; egg guide straight, pointed, about 1 / 3 the length of ventral ovipositor valves (Fig. +13 C +). + + + +Sexual dimorphism +. + +In + +D. fasciata +, +Ant + +male / +Ant +female is 0.76 and 0.94 after normalization (Table +2 +). The male antennae are slightly shorter than the female antennae (differs from + +D. rufogeniculata + +). Moreover, male interocular spaces are more narrow (0.82) than in female (Table +2 +). After normalization, the ratios of the other body dimensions are closely similar in both sexes (Table +2 +). + + + +Coloration +. + +The description given here differs somewhat from that of +Ramme 1929 +, probably because we describe fresh materials, while Ramme described dried specimens from the +Berlin +Museum ( + +MfN + +). + + +Male and female +. (Fig. +14 +) Body multicolored, predominantly green-yellow ( +Ramme 1929 +described as yellow-brown); fastigium of vertex olive-yellow; vertex olive-yellow with black or green-black longitudinal bands either side of the midline extending onto pronotum, mesothorax, metathorax, and up to the fifth abdominal segment, or reaching the last segment in some specimens. Eyes blackish in life, fading to brown when dried; frons and genae olive-yellow (dirty olive for Ramme), the olive-yellow band continues laterally forming two patches on the pronotal lobes (Fig. +6 B +) and extending rearwards to the mesothoracic and the metathoracic pleura; distal part of clypeus and labrum olive-yellow, apical part brown; mandibles brown, and palps green-olive, scape and pedicel of antennae green, flagellum green-brown or black. Pronotal disc multicolored, predominantly olive-yellow with a medial black or green-black stripe, and two more lateral black stripes that extend dorsally onto the mesothoracic and metathoracic tergites; transverse sulci of the pronotum black; prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic sterna red. Middle legs dirty olive, hind femur predominantly green, upper internal area and medial external area green, basal external area, basal internal area and medial internal area red distally but greenish proximally; upper genicular lobes black, basal lobe green-yellow; tibia green blue (Ramme described as olive-green), tibial spines green-yellow with black tips; tarsi green-yellow or olive. Abdominal tergites olive-yellow with a medial black or green-black band, and two more lateral bands reaching the last segment in some specimens; supra-anal plate and cercus olive-green, ovipositor valves olive-green; sub-genital plate and abdominal sterna red. + + + + + +Distribution. +— + + + +CAMEROON +: Lolodorf ( + +4°7'51"N +, +10°38'30"E + +), L. Conradt S leg.; Mbalmayo ( + +4°38'3"N +, +11°25'35"E + +) – ( + +RC + +); Ngoyla ( + +3°39'35"N +, +13°56'11"E + +) – ( + +ONC + +); Ongot ( + +3°51'28"N +, +11°23'59"E + +) – ( + +ONC + +); Zamakoe ( + +3°20'17"N +, +11°19'8"E + +) – ( + +ONC + +); Ngutadjap ( + +2°42'N +, +11°03'E + +) – ( + +ONC + +). +Ramme (1929) +also refers to a female from the region of Ouesso, Congo Republic ( + +1°36'38"N +, +16°3'5"E + +) (Fig. +1 +). + + + + + +Habitat. +— + + + +At Ngutadjap and Ngoyla, we found + +Digentia fasciata + +in the same habitat as + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +We describe this habitat below (Table +4 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/C1/9D/73/C19D73AE893F5B2793E5D81BD6D8E6A9.xml b/data/C1/9D/73/C19D73AE893F5B2793E5D81BD6D8E6A9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..850b20ba3af --- /dev/null +++ b/data/C1/9D/73/C19D73AE893F5B2793E5D81BD6D8E6A9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ + + + +Review of the African genus Digentia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oxyinae) + + + +Author + +Oumarou Ngoute, Charly +0000-0002-1257-3573 +Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. + + + +Author + +Rowell, C. H. F. +0000-0001-6633-7536 +Zoologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland. + +text + + +Journal of Orthoptera Research + + +2025 + +2025-01-07 + + +34 + + +1 + + +11 +30 + + + +journal article +10.3897/jor.34.126949 +82C425D3-B25D-4684-8F27-03CBC07BB072 + + + + + +Digentia punctatissima +( +Stål, 1875 +) + + + + + +Figs 1 +, +2 +, +3 +, +6 A +, +10 E + + + + + += + + +Oxya punctatissima +Stål, 1875 + + +(syn. + + +Bolívar +, 1905 + + +) + + + + + + +Type material. +— + + + + +Holotype +: +♂ +; +Africa +, +West-Central Tropical Africa +; + +NHRS + +Stockholm. + + + + + + +Material examined. +— + + + +We studied the existing documents and images of the species: the original description of + +Oxya punctatissima + +by +Stål 1875 +, and that of + +Digentia punctatissima + +by +Ramme 1929 +; Daniel Otte’s photograph of the +holotype +(Fig. +2 +) (from +Cigliano et al. 2023 +), and the epiphallus of the +holotype +drawn (Fig. +3 +) by Hollis ( +Hollis 1975 +figured the epiphalli of + +D. punctatissima + +and + +D. rufogeniculata + +but did not describe them). + + + + + + +Habitus of + +Digentia punctatissima + +. Daniel Otte’s photograph of the holotype in the +Orthoptera +Species File, +Cigliano et al. (2023) +. + + + + + + + +Epiphallus of + +Digentia punctatissima +( +Hollis 1975 +) + +. Scale bar: 1 mm. + + + + + + +Description. +— + + + +(derived from +Stål 1875 +and +Ramme 1929 +). Male and female: Body of medium size (L: male = +18.6 mm +, female = +23.8 mm +); fastigium about as long as wide, trapezoid in front; antennae broken. Pronotal disc, metanotum, and abdominal terga, especially the basal ones, finely rugose, pronotal lobes very shiny; prozona of the pronotum somewhat inflated upwards; hind tibia with tipped spines. Posterior margins of the tenth abdominal tergite produced laterally into lobes and curved upwards (see fig. 39 of +Ramme 1929 +, our Fig. +10 A +); supra-anal plate apically somewhat produced, tongue shaped, with a weak basal longitudinal furrow; cerci flat or compressed, wide, finely rugose, ventrally produced and pointed, dorsally with a sharp corner (see fig. 39 of +Ramme 1929 +, our Fig. +10 A, E +). + + + +Phallic complex +. + +Epiphallus (fig. 3, from +Hollis 1975 +) with wide bridge, slightly but incompletely divided medially, anterior margin incurved, posterior margin straight; a pair of large subconical outer lophi with tip rounded and curved upward and characteristic wide medial furrow; inner lophi weak, lobiform; anterior processes strongly developed and incurved. + + + +Coloration +. + +The coloration of the female (fig. 2. Daniel Otte’s photograph, in +Cigliano et al. 2023 +) is based on a specimen that is nearly 200 years old; all other species of the genus are basically green, suggesting that + +D. punctatissima + +was also. Antennae (broken) black; frons and genae yellow-brown, the former tinted olive above the clypeus; shiny black band behind the eyes that runs over the pronotal lobes then narrowing over the thoracic pleura and the first 2 / 3 of the abdominal tergites; the yellow-brown part of the genae continues rearwards over the pronotal lobes but is interrupted by a triangular black mark that joins dorsally with the pronotal black band (Fig. +6 A +); rear of head dirty olive-green. Pronotal lobes very shiny; pronotal disc, metanotum, thoracic pleura, and abdominal tergites dirty olive-green. Sulci on pronotal disc black, on the lobes, only the middle sulcus is filled with black; small dark yellow spot at the front of the black band across the lobes. Underside of thorax and abdomen dark red; front and middle legs dirty olive, yellowish basally; hind femur dark olive, ventral carina yellowish, knee region black, hind tibia blackish-olive with dirty yellow, black spines; hind tarsi light-brown. + + + +Dimensions +. + +P: male = +4 mm +, female = +5.6 mm +; L: male = +18.6 mm +, female = +23.8 mm +; F: male = +12.2 mm +, female = +16.2 mm +; EL: male = +10.8 mm +, female = +14.1 mm +(from +Ramme 1929 +). + + + + + +Distribution. +— + + + +In the original description of + +D. punctatissima +, +Stål (1875) + +gives “ Africa occidentalis ” as provenance. +Cigliano et al. (2023) +shows a distribution map that seems to indicate that the species is found in +Equatorial Guinea +, +DR Congo +, +Congo Republic +, +Central African Republic +, +Gabon +, and +Cameroon +, but gives no specific localities or references. +Johnston (1956) +also cites +Equatorial Guinea +and +DR Congo +without specific localities. The +Equatorial Guinea +locality is from +Ramme’s 1929 +description of the male +allotype +: Rio San Benito, +Rio Muni +. We know of no Cameroonian specimen (Fig. +1 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/C1/F2/32/C1F23218EC0A5EE3844BBAAA2C4208B8.xml b/data/C1/F2/32/C1F23218EC0A5EE3844BBAAA2C4208B8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2c805e9ec0d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/C1/F2/32/C1F23218EC0A5EE3844BBAAA2C4208B8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1390 @@ + + + +Review of the African genus Digentia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oxyinae) + + + +Author + +Oumarou Ngoute, Charly +0000-0002-1257-3573 +Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. + + + +Author + +Rowell, C. H. F. +0000-0001-6633-7536 +Zoologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland. + +text + + +Journal of Orthoptera Research + + +2025 + +2025-01-07 + + +34 + + +1 + + +11 +30 + + + +journal article +10.3897/jor.34.126949 +82C425D3-B25D-4684-8F27-03CBC07BB072 + + + + + +Digentia rufogeniculata +( + +Bolívar +, 1911 + +) + + + + + +Figs 1 +, +4 A – E +, +5 B +, +7 B +, +8 C +, +9 A, D +, +10 A, D +, +11 A – I +, +12 A, D +, +13 B +, +Table 1 + + + + + += + + +Genditia rufogeniculata + + +Bolívar +, 1911 + + +(syn. + +Hollis, 1975 + +) + + + + + + +Type material. +— + + + + +Holotype +: + +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO + +• +♀ +; +Africa, West-Central Tropical Africa, Zaire +; +Le Marinel +leg.; MRAC Tervuren +KMMA +; + +RMCA +ENT 000045089–400 D + +. [examined]. + + + + + + +Additional material examined. +— + + + +8 ( +4 ♂ +and +4 ♀ +) non-type specimens, caught subsequent to the original description (Fig. +4 +). +♂ +, Fandria, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° 6852 H, R. P. Hulstaert leg., +RMCA +; +♂ +, Ubangi Binga, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° 6853, Dr J. Brédo leg., +RMCA +; +♂ +, Bumbuli, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° 1635 CC, Dr J. Brédo leg., +RMCA +; +♂ +, +Equateur +: Bokuma, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° 6852 M, R. P. Hulstaert leg., +RMCA +; +♀ +, Oshwe, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° 1635 A, Dr J. Maes leg., +RMCA +; +♀ +, Oshwe, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° 1635 U, Dr J. Maes leg., +RMCA +; +♀ +, Mondombe, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° +X 1912 +, R. Mayné leg., +RMCA +; +♀ +, Bambesa, +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO +, specimen N ° +VIII 1934 +, Dr J. Brédo leg., +RMCA +. + + + + + + +Some studied specimens of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +. +A. +Holotype, female, lateral view; +B. +Holotype’s labels; +C. +Non-type, male, dorsal view; +D. +Non-type, male, lateral view; +E. +Non-type, female, lateral view. + + + + + + +Redescription. +— + + + +The previous descriptions ( + +Bolívar +1911 + +and +Ramme 1929 +) of the species are noticeably short and mainly based on coloration. We provide here a more detailed description. + + +Male. +Body of medium size (average L = +23.56 mm +; Table +1 +), integument shiny, smooth on genae, head dorsally slightly rugose; pronotum, tergites of mesothorax, metathorax, and the first abdominal tergites rugose. + + + + + + +Measurements of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +. P, length of the pronotum in the midline; L, overall length from the tip of the fastigium to the most posterior part of the genitalia, measured in lateral view; +Ant +, length of antenna from the scape to the tip of antenna; +IOS +, intern ocular space measured dorsally; +E-E +, extern ocular space measured dorsally; F, maximum length of the hind femur; +FD +, depth of femur measured as the distance between the two parallel lines running through the dorsal and ventral extremities of the femur, drawn parallel to the long axis of the femur; Ta 1, Ta 2, Ta 3, lengths of each of the three hind tarsal segments; +Sp Ext +, number of external spines in the hind tibia; +Sp Int +, number of internal spines in the hind tibia. The foot formula shows relative lengths of the three tarsal segments within the total length of the foot. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Male
Length / numberPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3 +Sp Ext + +Sp Int +
+Minimum +4.6220.4411.960.584.3315.172.881.490.592.034.5189
+Maximum +6.0926.2212.920.784.9816.583.292.090.692.665.16910
+Average (AV) +5.1423.5612.540.714.5815.783.131.810.652.314.778.59.5
+N +4444444444444
+Foot formula +-------38 %14 %48 %---
+Ratios +L / P +Ant +/ P + +IOS +/ P + +E-E +/ P +F / P +FD +/ P +Ta 1 / PTa 2 / PTa 3 / PTa 1-3 / P +F / +FD +Ta 1-3 / F-
+Minimum +4.212.470.130.822.720.530.320.110.400.854.780.29-
+Maximum +5.232.800.160.943.390.680.380.140.581.045.270.31-
+Average +4.692.610.140.903.100.620.350.130.450.935.050.30-
+N +434444444444-
Female
Length / numberPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3 +Sp Ext + +Sp Int +
+Minimum +5.5125.0510.190.704.8916.933.191.870.702.525.1089
+Maximum +6.1027.6512.650.955.3818.713.782.500.862.635.75910
+Average (AV) +5.8826.5311.420.865.1118.023.512.140.742.555.458.59.5
+N +5525555444444
+Foot formula +-------39 %14 %47 %---
+Ratios +L / P +Ant +/ P + +IOS +/ P + +E-E +/ P +F / P +FD +/ P +Ta 1 / PTa 2 / PTa 3 / PTa 1-3 / P +F / +FD +Ta 1-3 / F-
+Minimum +4.331.850.120.832.940.550.320.110.420.894.590.30-
+Maximum +4.592.070.160.903.150.690.410.140.460.995.650.32-
+Average +4.511.960.150.873.070.600.370.130.440.935.150.31-
+N +525555444444-
Sexual dimorphism
LengthPL +Ant + +IOS + +E-E +F +FD +Ta 1Ta 2Ta 3Ta 1 + 2 + 3--
+AV male / AV female +0.870.891.100.830.900.880.890.840.880.900.88--
+Divided by 0.87 +1.011.021.260.951.031.011.020.971.011.041.01--
+ + + +Head +. + +Head thick; antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together (average +Ant +/ P = 2.61); fastigium of vertex short, about twice as wide as long, pentagonal, slightly concave and rugose, frontal ridge well developed; eyes oval, protuberant; interocular space (average +IOS += +0.71 mm +) slightly wider than antennae scape with weak medial furrow. + + + +Thorax +. + +Pronotum cylindrical, lateral and medial carinae absent; midline of the disc crossed by three deep transverse sulci, the space between sulci 2 and 3 narrower than metazona; metazona short, about one-half of the length of prozona; anterior and posterior margin of pronotum rounded very slightly or not at all notched in the midline (Fig. +5 B +); prosternal process long, thin, and pointed; mesosternal space about 2 times longer than wide, lobe rounded; metasternal space open, wider than the half width of the mesosternal space. Tegmina reaching or exceeding the anterior margin of the first abdominal segment, the base not narrowed, apex rounded, strongly veined with reticulation, coarsely areolate (Fig. +7 B +); hind femur slightly robust; lower genicular lobe pointed; hind tibia wide apically (Fig. +8 C +), eight to nine external tibial spines, external apical spine of the tibia present, nine to ten internal tibial spines (Table +1 +); internal spurs larger than external spurs. + + + + + + +Pronotum, dorsal view, of the + +Digentia +species + +showing sulci. +A. + +Digentia karnyi + +; +B. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +; +C. + +Digentia fasciata + +; +D. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +Images are under 12 × magnification. + + + + + + + +Pronotum, lateral view, of the + +Digentia +species + +showing pattern of coloration. +A. + +Digentia punctatissima + +(from +Ramme 1929 +); +B. + +Digentia fasciata + +(from +Ramme 1929 +); +C. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +Scale bar: 1 cm. + + + + + + + +Tegmina, lateral view, of the + +Digentia +species. +A. + + +Digentia karnyi + +; +B. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +; +C. + +Digentia fasciata + +; +D. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +Images under 50 × magnification. + + + + + + + +Female terminalia of + +Digentia karnyi + +and apical parts of the tibia of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, + +Digentia fasciata + +, and + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +A. +Female terminalia of + +Digentia karnyi + +, lateral view; +B. +Female terminalia of + +Digentia karnyi + +, dorsal view; +C. +Tibia of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +; +D. +Tibia of + +Digentia fasciata + +; +E. +Tibia of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +The tibia of + +karnyi + +is missing from the unique holotype and so cannot be figured. +Ramme (1929) +wrote that it was less expanded than that of + +rufogeniculata + +. Images under 12 × magnification. + + + + +Abdomen +. + +Tympanum wide, oval; the tip of abdomen curved upward; last abdominal tergite divided in the midline (Fig. +9 D +), furcula blunt, with rounded and slightly upwardly inflated margins either side of the midline; supra-anal plate triangular in dorsal view, somewhat elongated distally, with a rounded tip; medial longitudinal groove proximal, bounded posteriorly by transverse ridge that extends across the width of the plate; cercus flat, compressed laterally, inwardly curved, apically forked, longer than the supra-anal plate (Figs +9 A, D +, +10 D +); subgenital plate conical with rounded upwardly directed apex. + + + + + + +Male terminalia of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, + +Digentia fasciata + +, and + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +A. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, lateral view; +D. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, dorsal view; +B. + +Digentia fasciata + +, lateral view; +E. + +Digentia fasciata + +, dorsal view; +C. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +, lateral view; +F. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +, dorsal view. Images under 12 × magnification. + + + + + + + +Drawings of the male terminalia of the + +Digentia species + +showing different degrees of excision in the cerci tips. +A. + +Digentia punctatissima + +terminalia (from +Ramme 1929 +); +B. + +Digentia fasciata + +terminalia (from +Ramme 1929 +); +C. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +terminalia; +D. +Cercus tip of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +; +E. +Cercus tip of + +Digentia punctatissima + +; +F. +Cercus tip of + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +; +G. +Cercus tip of + +Digentia fasciata + +. Drawings of the terminalia are at 25 × magnification, that of the cerci tips at 50 ×. Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + +Phallic complex +. + +Phallic complex (Fig. +11 A, B +) of medium size. Epiphallus quite robust, bridge wide, not divided, anterior margin and posterior margin convex; a pair of conical and upwardly curved outer lophi, tips acute and slightly incurved; inner lophi weak, lobiform; anterior processes robust, not incurved; oval sclerite wide, subconical (Fig. +11 C – G +). Endophallus slender; cingular apodemes in ectophallus slender, elongated with rounded apex, rami rounded not fused ventrally; ventrolateral sclerite laterally flat, tapered towards the tips ventrally, somewhat triangular; valvular plate with three lobes; ventral aedeagal sclerite slender, short with rounded apex; endophallus apodeme wide, lobiform; gonopore process elongated with slightly wide and rounded apex (Fig. +11 H, I +). + + + + + + +Phallus of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +. +A. +Photo of the phallus complex without epiphallus, dorsal view; +B. +Photo of the phallus complex without epiphallus, lateral view; +C. +Photo of epiphallus, dorsal view; +D. +Drawing of epiphallus, dorsal view; +E. +The same view of epiphallus by +Hollis 1975 +(without oval sclerites); +F. +Photo of epiphallus, axial view; +G. +Drawing of epiphallus, axial view; +H. +Endophallus lateral view; +I. +Endophallus ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm. + + + +Female. +In general, similar to the male. Female particularities: medium size (average L = +26.53 mm +). Tip of abdomen only slightly or not at all curved upwards; last abdominal tergite very slightly or not at all inflated into lobes; supra-anal plate triangular with rounded apex; cercus conical with acute apex, curved outwards, reaching or exceeding the tip of the supra-anal plate (Fig. +12 A, D +); dorsal ovipositor valves long, slightly incurved, smooth, with rounded apex; ventral ovipositor valve wide basally, with rounded corner or lobe, slightly incurved in the middle, apically straight, with rounded apex; egg guide straight, pointed, about the half of the length of ventral ovipositor valves (Fig. +13 B +). + + + + + + +Female terminalia of + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, + +Digentia fasciata + +, and + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +A. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, lateral view; +B. + +Digentia fasciata + +, lateral view; +C. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +, lateral view; +D. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +, dorsal view; +E. + +Digentia fasciata + +, dorsal view; +F. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +, dorsal view. Images under 12 × magnification. + + + + + + + +Egg guide of the + +Digentia +species. +A. + + +Digentia karnyi + +; +B. + +Digentia rufogeniculata + +; +C. + +Digentia fasciata + +; +D. + +Digentia viridissima + +sp. nov. +Images under 12 × magnification. + + + + +Sexual dimorphism +. + +Ant +male / +Ant +female is 1.10; after normalization, the male antennae are 1.26 times longer than the female antennae (Table +1 +). The male interocular space is also slightly narrower (0.95) (Table +1 +). After normalization, the ratios of the other body dimensions of + +D. rufogeniculata + +are closely similar in both sexes. For this species, the foot formula is practically identical in the two sexes; the second tarsal segment is very short (14 % of the foot) as is typical for non-arboreal grasshoppers (Table +1 +). + + + +Coloration +. + +This is in comparison to Ramme’s description; when we studied the specimens, they were older and drier than when Ramme described them. + + +Male and female. +(Fig. +4 +) Body multicolored, predominantly olive-green (olive-brown for Ramme). Scape and pedicel olive-green and flagellum blackish; fastigium of vertex olive-green; vertex olive-green; eyes brown (dried); frons olive or ochraceous; clypeus, labrum and palps olive-green. Pronotal disc, mesothoracic and metathoracic tergites olive-green, sulci of pronotum black; prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic sterna olive-green, olive or ochraceous; middle legs olive-green or olive; hind femur predominantly greenish, olive-green or olive (olive-brown or olive for Ramme); when greenish, inner side olive (blueish olive for Ramme). Knee reddish or brownish, with upper genicular lobe blackish; hind tibia green-blue; tarsi dirty olive. Abdominal tergites, supra-anal plate and cercus, ovipositor valves greenish; sub-genital plate olive or ochraceous. + + + + + +Distribution. +— + + + +Democratic Republic of Congo +( +RD Congo +), Le Marinel leg.; Mondombe ( + +9°12'7"N +, +22°48'4"E + +) – +DR Congo +, R. Mayné leg.; Bumbuli ( + +2°24'32"N +, +20°31'19"E + +) – +DR Congo +, Dr J. Brédo leg.; Oshwe ( + +2°23'51"N +, +19°26'11"E + +) – +DR Congo +Dr J. Maes leg.; Fandria ( + +6°7'2"N +, +18°59'43"E + +) – +DR Congo +, R. P. Hulstaert leg.; Ubangi Binga ( + +2°28'54"N +, +20°25'57"E + +) – RD +Congo +, Dr J. Brédo leg.; Bambesa ( + +3°26'50"N +, +18°51'46"E + +) – +DR Congo +, Dr J. Brédo leg.; +Equateur +: Bokuma ( + +3°25'15"N +, +27°54'21"E + +) – RD +Congo +, R. P. Hulstaert leg.; Tsluapa: Boende ( + +07°28'11"N +, +20°50'20"E + +) – +DR Congo +, R. P. Wynants leg.; +Equateur +: Bokuma ( + +3°25'15"N +, +27°54'21"E + +) – +DR Congo +, Rév. P. Lootens leg. (Fig. +1 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/DE/73/11/DE7311D8AD45580E86D915DB57A60993.xml b/data/DE/73/11/DE7311D8AD45580E86D915DB57A60993.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..569e24229a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DE/73/11/DE7311D8AD45580E86D915DB57A60993.xml @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ + + + +Review of the African genus Digentia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oxyinae) + + + +Author + +Oumarou Ngoute, Charly +0000-0002-1257-3573 +Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. + + + +Author + +Rowell, C. H. F. +0000-0001-6633-7536 +Zoologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland. + +text + + +Journal of Orthoptera Research + + +2025 + +2025-01-07 + + +34 + + +1 + + +11 +30 + + + +journal article +10.3897/jor.34.126949 +82C425D3-B25D-4684-8F27-03CBC07BB072 + + + + + +Digentia karnyi +Ramme 1929 + + + + + +Figs 1 +, +5 A +, +6 B +, +7 A +, +8 A, B +, +13 A +, +16 A – C + + + + + +Type material. +— + + + + +Holotype +: + +DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO + +• +♀ +; +Africa, West-Central Tropical Africa, Zaire +, +Tolo +; +L. Conradt S. +leg.; MRAC Tervuren +KMMA +; +DORSA BA 000033 S 01 +. [examined] + + + + + + +Redescription. +— + + + +We give a more extended description of the type but have retained some sentences of +Ramme 1929 +and +Hollis 1975 +that are important in the comparison between + +D. rufogeniculata + +and this species. + + +Male. +Unknown; male specimens have never been reported. + + +Female. +Body of medium size (L = +27.72 mm +), integument shiny, genae and rear of head smooth except for two rows of spots arising from the fastigial ridges. Frons coarsely wrinkled, pronotum, tergites of mesothorax and metathorax, and the first abdominal tergites rugose. + + + +Head +. + +Head thick (antennae missing); fastigium of vertex short, about twice as wide as long, pentagonal, slightly concave and rugose, frontal ridge well developed. Eyes oval, protuberant; interocular space slightly wider than antennae scape with a weak medial furrow. + + + +Thorax +. + +Pronotum cylindrical, lateral and medial carinae absent; midline of the disc crossed by three deep transverse sulci, the space between the sulci 2 and 3 narrower than metazona; metazona short, about one-half of the length of prozona; anterior and posterior margin of metazona rounded, slightly notched in the midline (Fig. +5 A +); prosternal process rather long, thin, pointed; mesosternal space about 2 times longer than wide, lobe rounded; metasternal space open, wider than the half of the mesosternal space. Tegmina long, oval, strongly veined with reticulation, coarsely areolate, reaching a little beyond the first abdominal segment (Fig. +7 A +) ( +Hollis 1975 +says that the female tegmina of + +D. karnyi + +appear narrower than in + +D. rufogeniculata + +). Hind femur slender; hind tibia wide in the apical half, relatively massive ( +Ramme 1929 +says that this species differs from + +D. rufogeniculata + +in having the hind tibia less wide apically). Hind tibia and tarsi are now missing. + + + +Abdomen +. + +Tympanum wide, oval; the tip of abdomen slightly curved upward; last abdominal tergite divided in the midline, lacking upwardly inflated margins or lobes either side of the midline. Supra-anal plate triangular in dorsal view, with a rounded tip, weak medial longitudinal groove proximally, bounded posteriorly by a very weak transverse ridge that extends across the width of the plate ( +Hollis 1975 +says that the posterior margin of the subgenital plate of + +D. karnyi + +is more sharply triangular than in + +D. rufogeniculata + +and the ventral concavity is more rounded in + +D. karnyi + +). Cercus conical, slightly shorter or reaching the supra-anal plate (Fig. +8 A, B +); dorsal ovipositor valves long, slightly incurved, smooth, slender, with rounded apex; ventral ovipositor valves basally with wide oval corner or lobe, slightly incurved in the middle and straight apically with rounded tip; egg guide acute pointed, one-half the length of the ventral ovipositor valves (Fig. +13 A +). + + + +Dimensions +. + +Female. P = +5.76 mm +; L = +27.72 mm +; +IOS += +0.86 mm +; +E-E += +5.19 mm +. + + + +Coloration +. + +When we examined the type specimen, it was already in a bad state: antennae and hind femur broken, discolored, almost brown in many parts. However, it seems to have been multicolored with a pale green-yellow dominance (Fig. +16 +). +Ramme 1929 +described it as dirty olive yellow; eyes black-brown; frons paler brown, front edge of the elytra narrowly brown, hind edge pale faded brown; front and middle legs dirty brown, hind femur pure red brown, knee blood red, basal half of tibia brown, apical half darker with some olive spots, tarsi brown. + + + + + + +Holotype of + +Digentia karnyi + +. +A. +Holotype, lateral view; +B. +Holotype, dorsal view; +C. +Holotype’s labels. + + + + + + +Distribution. +— + + + +Tolo ( + +2°53'57"N +, +18°33'5"E + +) – +DR Congo +, Dr J. Maes leg. (Fig. +1 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file