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<document id="BD2AD216A544325E71150859AB571463" ID-ISSN="0036-3375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15535980" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1748438376605" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Kwet, Axel, Maneyro, Raúl, Zillikens, Anne &amp; Mebs, Dietrich" docDate="2005" docId="03D087E5FFB78459FF65FEB9FBD0913C" docLanguage="en" docName="Salamandra.41.1.2.3-20.pdf" docOrigin="Salamandra 41 (1 / 2)" docTitle="Melanophryniscus dorsalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFE9FF9DFFB18451FFEDFF95FFC99767" masterDocTitle="Advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and M. montevidensis (PHILIPPI, 1902), two parapatric species from southern Brazil and Uruguay, with comments on morphological variation in the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group (Anura: Bufonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="3" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1748438788669" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1A9DF87092EFF8D2944AC812CD29DD0C">Advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and M. montevidensis (PHILIPPI, 1902), two parapatric species from southern Brazil and Uruguay, with comments on morphological variation in the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group (Anura: Bufonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3A47DCD57A4D4B6347197521F0C11AF5">Zillikens, Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9695A8F4323F2AD006D0838557A7CBF4">Mebs, Dietrich</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C3636578FFB78457FF65FEB9FE169624" box="[136,479,300,323]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB78457FF65FEB9FE169624" blockId="6.[99,577,183,1614]" box="[136,479,300,323]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">
In
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FF40FEB9FE119624" ID-CoL="3Z9LM" authority="(MERTENS, 1933)" baseAuthorityName="MERTENS" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[173,472,300,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FF40FEB9FE119624" box="[173,472,300,323]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Melanophryniscus dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB78457FE03FEB9FE6F9221" blockId="6.[99,577,183,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">
A type calls had a variable duration of about 1-4 s, whereas B type calls were shorter on average lasting between 0.6 and 2.6 s (
<tableCitation id="C6FB0348FFB78457FE47FE11FE3496FC" box="[426,509,388,411]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="5.[121,161,814,835]" captionTargetBox="[121,1108,189,784]" captionTargetId="graphics-509@5.[121,1110,179,787]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Tab.1. Callcharacteristics of Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Laguna, SantaCatarina (20 °C; singlemale, n=3) and Torres, Rio Grande do Sul (21 °C; two males, n=7), Brazil;M. montevidensis from La Paloma, Uruguay (24 °C; two males, n=14); M. atroluteus from São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul (21.5 °C; two males, n=10)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF06667BFFB48454FF94FCBBFE4394F4" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF06667BFFB48454FF94FCBBFE4394F4">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FDE6FE11FF6396DF" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[241,952,181,634]" captionTargetId="figure-167@2.[238,953,181,635]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Audiospectrograms (above) and oscillograms (below) of the advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis; (A) Laguna, Santa Catarina; (B) Torres, Rio Grande do Sul; (C, D) Melanophryniscus montevidensis,La Paloma, Uruguay." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FF57FE34FECB96DF" box="[186,258,417,440]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,1555,1576]" captionTargetBox="[245,953,1115,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-170@2.[239,954,1115,1535]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2. Two pulses of type A call (audiospectrogram above, oscillogram below) of (A) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Laguna; (B) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Torres; (C) Melanophryniscus montevidensis, La Paloma; (D) Melanophryniscus atroluteus,Ausentes, Brazil; (E) Melanophryniscus stelzneri,Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">2A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FEFFFE34FE9396DF" box="[274,346,417,440]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[121,156,598,619]" captionTargetBox="[268,975,186,579]" captionTargetId="figure-250@3.[260,975,183,580]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.3. Eight pulses of type B call (audiospectrogram above, oscillogram below) of (A) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Laguna; (B) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Torres; (C) Melanophryniscus montevidensis, La Paloma; (D) Melanophryniscus atroluteus,Ausentes, Brazil; (E) Melanophryniscus stelzneri, Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">3A, B</figureCitation>
). The dominant frequency range in both call types was between 2.3 and 3.2 kHz presenting weak harmonic frequency bands between 4.9 and 6.0 kHz and between 7.8 and 8.4 kHz. Type A consisted of 6-20 unpulsed notes, each lasting 20-65 ms with time intervals of 80-170 ms (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FF86FDFAFF2395E1" box="[107,234,623,646]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,1555,1576]" captionTargetBox="[245,953,1115,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-170@2.[239,954,1115,1535]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2. Two pulses of type A call (audiospectrogram above, oscillogram below) of (A) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Laguna; (B) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Torres; (C) Melanophryniscus montevidensis, La Paloma; (D) Melanophryniscus atroluteus,Ausentes, Brazil; (E) Melanophryniscus stelzneri,Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). Sometimes small groups of 5- 7 pulses were separated by 0.5-1 s lasting intervals (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FF22FD3CFEEC95A7" box="[207,293,681,704]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[241,952,181,634]" captionTargetId="figure-167@2.[238,953,181,635]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Audiospectrograms (above) and oscillograms (below) of the advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis; (A) Laguna, Santa Catarina; (B) Torres, Rio Grande do Sul; (C, D) Melanophryniscus montevidensis,La Paloma, Uruguay." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Type B consisted of 50- 180 pulses, each pulse with a duration of 7- 9.5 ms being separated by time intervals of 6.5-7.5 ms (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FF33FC94FE91947F" box="[222,344,769,792]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[121,156,598,619]" captionTargetBox="[268,975,186,579]" captionTargetId="figure-250@3.[260,975,183,580]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.3. Eight pulses of type B call (audiospectrogram above, oscillogram below) of (A) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Laguna; (B) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Torres; (C) Melanophryniscus montevidensis, La Paloma; (D) Melanophryniscus atroluteus,Ausentes, Brazil; (E) Melanophryniscus stelzneri, Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). The pulse rates were 4-7 pulses per s for type A and 60-80 pulses per s for type B (air temperature 20-21 °C). The call of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FF30FCCFFE519416" box="[221,408,858,881]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FF30FCCFFE519416" box="[221,408,858,881]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6FB0348FFB78457FE44FCCCFE359417" box="[425,508,857,880]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="5.[121,161,814,835]" captionTargetBox="[121,1108,189,784]" captionTargetId="graphics-509@5.[121,1110,179,787]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Tab.1. Callcharacteristics of Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Laguna, SantaCatarina (20 °C; singlemale, n=3) and Torres, Rio Grande do Sul (21 °C; two males, n=7), Brazil;M. montevidensis from La Paloma, Uruguay (24 °C; two males, n=14); M. atroluteus from São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul (21.5 °C; two males, n=10)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF06667BFFB48454FF94FCBBFE4394F4" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF06667BFFB48454FF94FCBBFE4394F4">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FDE6FCCCFF6E94E9" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[241,952,181,634]" captionTargetId="figure-167@2.[238,953,181,635]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Audiospectrograms (above) and oscillograms (below) of the advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis; (A) Laguna, Santa Catarina; (B) Torres, Rio Grande do Sul; (C, D) Melanophryniscus montevidensis,La Paloma, Uruguay." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FF5BFCE2FF1194E9" box="[182,216,887,910]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,1555,1576]" captionTargetBox="[245,953,1115,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-170@2.[239,954,1115,1535]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2. Two pulses of type A call (audiospectrogram above, oscillogram below) of (A) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Laguna; (B) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Torres; (C) Melanophryniscus montevidensis, La Paloma; (D) Melanophryniscus atroluteus,Ausentes, Brazil; (E) Melanophryniscus stelzneri,Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">2C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FF0BFCE2FECF94E9" box="[230,262,887,910]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[121,156,598,619]" captionTargetBox="[268,975,186,579]" captionTargetId="figure-250@3.[260,975,183,580]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.3. Eight pulses of type B call (audiospectrogram above, oscillogram below) of (A) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Laguna; (B) Melanophryniscus dorsalis, Torres; (C) Melanophryniscus montevidensis, La Paloma; (D) Melanophryniscus atroluteus,Ausentes, Brazil; (E) Melanophryniscus stelzneri, Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">3C</figureCitation>
) differed in its higher pulse rates (type A with 8-10 pulses per s, type B with 85-95 pulses per s) and shorter pulse duration and pulse intervals. Parts of these differences may be explained by the higher air temperature (24 °C) in the recording of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FDCEFB9FFF329359" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FDCEFB9FFF329359" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but the call of this species presented also on average a lower dominant frequency (2.1-2.8 kHz versus 2.3-3.2 kHz in
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FF8EFBEAFF1493F1" box="[99,221,1151,1174]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FF8EFBEAFF1493F1" box="[99,221,1151,1174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In both species, certain specimens were able to change their calling frequency by up to 800 Hz within 100 ms. This considerable frequency modulation was observed especially in the B type call (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FE08FB61FDFE926C" box="[485,567,1268,1291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[99,134,657,678]" captionTargetBox="[241,952,181,634]" captionTargetId="figure-167@2.[238,953,181,635]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Audiospectrograms (above) and oscillograms (below) of the advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis; (A) Laguna, Santa Catarina; (B) Torres, Rio Grande do Sul; (C, D) Melanophryniscus montevidensis,La Paloma, Uruguay." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
) and led to broadly overlapping spectral parameters between the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB78457FF65FAD9FD329577" blockId="6.[99,577,183,1614]" lastBlockId="6.[613,1091,183,528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">
We recorded calling males of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FE08FAD9FEFA92E6" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FE08FAD9FEFA92E6" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Melanophryniscus dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FE8AFAFFFDEA92E6" box="[359,547,1386,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FE8AFAFFFDEA92E6" box="[359,547,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in October and November. The habitats were similar in both species consisting of grassland or low dune vegetation on sandy soil in the coastal zones near the Atlantic Ocean. Males called from morning through afternoon and early night partially submerged in small temporary ponds. In a moist meadow in La Paloma, Uruguay, we observed many
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FBCEFF22FD34978C" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FBCEFF22FD34978C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being active in plain sunshine. In Torres, Brazil, we heard about 20 males of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FD28FE9AFC899641" box="[709,832,271,294]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FD28FE9AFC899641" box="[709,832,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
calling in the afternoon and we observed an amplectant pair which attached a clutch with 20-30 eggs to an aquatic plant, about five centimeters below the water surface (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FCC2FE11FCBB96FC" box="[815,882,388,411]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[121,156,1590,1611]" captionTargetBox="[121,597,1140,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-300@3.[121,597,1140,1563]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4. Amplectant pair ofMelanophryniscus dorsalis. Photo: A. KWET." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). In the laboratory, this pair spawned additional small clutches with a total amount of 105 black eggs, of 1.2- 1.4 mm in diameter, which did not develop into tadpoles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB78457FD38FDC4FC1195E1" blockId="6.[717,984,593,646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D08E819FFFB78457FD38FDC4FC1195E1" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" reason="4">Inter- and intraspecific morphological variation</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB78456FD88FD3CFF0692B7" blockId="6.[613,1091,681,1614]" lastBlockId="7.[121,599,1407,1635]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">
Regarding the dorsal body pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FBEDFD3FFC9C95B9" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FBEDFD3FFC9C95B9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Melanophryniscus dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FC79FD52FD49959C" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FC79FD52FD49959C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we found considerable variation within both species. In a series of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FC66FC97FBCC947E" box="[907,1029,770,793]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FC66FC97FBCC947E" box="[907,1029,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Torres (MCP 233-266), 28 out of 36 specimens exhibited a complete or partly interrupted red middorsal line, whereas the remaining specimens presented only a trace of this stripe between and behind the eyes, or above the anus (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FD35FC24FCEE94AF" box="[728,807,945,968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[99,134,1094,1115]" captionTargetBox="[98,576,181,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-64@4.[98,576,485,780]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 5. Variation in dorsal body pattern in living Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Brazil. (A) male with distinct red middorsal line from Torres, Rio Grande do Sul; (B) two males from Torres with weak middorsal line; (C) male with distinct middorsal linefrom Laguna, Santa Catarina.Photos:A. KWET." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
A-C). In a second series collected recently (MCP 6524-28), only one of the five specimens had a distinct middorsal line. The great variation in dorsal pattern is further expressed by several
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FC40FBB2FBEC9359" box="[941,1061,1063,1086]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FC40FBB2FBEC9359" box="[941,1061,1063,1086]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the MCN collection presenting yellow spots on their flanks (e. g., MCN 12588). Such lateral blotches are typical for
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FC56FBEAFD6193D4" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FC56FBEAFD6193D4" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which, on the other hand, never show a red middorsal line (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FCA6FB2CFC5C93B7" box="[843,917,1209,1232]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[121,156,1155,1176]" captionTargetBox="[121,599,181,1130]" captionTargetId="figure-47@7.[121,599,507,824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Variation in dorsal body pattern in living Melanophryniscus montevidensisfrom La Paloma, Uruguay. Specimen with (A) numerous yellow lateral spots; (B) few lateral spots; (C) without lateral spots. Photos:A. KWET." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
A-C). However, we also collected many
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FC6DFB42FB8B9389" box="[896,1090,1239,1262]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FC6DFB42FB8B9389" box="[896,1090,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with no lateral blotches at all, although the uniformly black dorsal pattern is considered to be the main character for the identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FD6DFAD9FCC49204" baseAuthorityName="KWET &amp; MIRANDA" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[640,781,1356,1379]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atroluteus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FD6DFAD9FCC49204" box="[640,781,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. atroluteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB78457FCF7FAD9FC5A9204" box="[794,915,1356,1379]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[99,134,974,995]" captionTargetBox="[98,1088,181,949]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.9. Melanophryniscus atroluteus from the Brazilian Araucaria plateau:(A) dorsal surface; (B)ventral surface.Photos:A.KWET. Specimen from São Borja, near the type locality:(C) dorsal surface;(D) ventral surface. Photos: M. D I-BERNARDO." pageId="6" pageNumber="9">Figs. 9A, C</figureCitation>
; see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFE84B02FFB78457FC1EFAD9FD7292E7" author="LANGONE, J. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref8174" refString="LANGONE, J. A. (1994): Ranas y sapos del Uruguay (Reconocimiento y aspectos biologicos). - Museo D. A. Larranaga, Montevideo, Serie de Divulgacion, 5: 1-123." type="journal article" year="1994">
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1994
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE84B02FFB78457FD28FAFCFD3692E7" author="LANGONE, J. A." box="[709,767,1385,1408]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8216" refString="LANGONE, J. A. (2002): Melanophryniscus, interesantes sapitos uruguayos. - Doc. Divulgacion Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Antropol., 4: 1-13." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
). Sixteen out of 25 individuals (64 %) of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB78457FD35FA12FC5F92F9" box="[728,918,1415,1438]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB78457FD35FA12FC5F92F9" box="[728,918,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="9">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in La Paloma, Uruguay (ZVCB 10625-10639, SMNS 11807-11816), were uniformely black on dorsum. This was also the case in 25 % of the specimens from Perla de Rocha, 50 km NE from La Paloma (ZVCB 10432- 10443), in 70 % of the specimens from Coronilla (ZVCB 11019-11035), and in 13 % of those from Cabo Polonio (ZVCB 10994- 11016).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF06667BFFB68456FF94FB16FE6C9264" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" startId="7.[121,156,1155,1176]" targetBox="[121,599,181,1130]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB68456FF94FB16FE6C9264" blockId="7.[121,599,1155,1283]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 7. Variation in dorsal body pattern in living
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB68456FF94FB0BFE7C93D4" box="[121,437,1182,1203]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB68456FF94FB0BFE7C93D4" box="[121,437,1182,1203]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">Melanophryniscus montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from La Paloma, Uruguay. Specimen with (A) numerous yellow lateral spots; (B) few lateral spots; (C) without lateral spots. Photos: A.
<smallCapsWord id="8D20A02FFFB68456FE85FB7BFE579265" baselines="1278,1278" box="[360,414,1262,1283]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Kwet" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">KWET</smallCapsWord>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB68459FF72FA42FE1992E9" blockId="7.[121,599,1407,1635]" lastBlockId="8.[99,576,1164,1627]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">
In both
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB68456FF02FA42FEAE9289" box="[239,359,1495,1518]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB68456FF02FA42FEAE9289" box="[239,359,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB68456FE77FA42FD9D9289" box="[410,596,1495,1518]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB68456FE77FA42FD9D9289" box="[410,596,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the ventral pattern varies considerably. Living specimens show a conspicuous pattern of symmetrically arranged red, orange-red or yellow blotches on black ground. In preservative, this colouration fades to a pale brown within some days. In living
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB68456FC59FF41FBF8978C" box="[948,1073,212,235]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB68456FC59FF41FBF8978C" box="[948,1073,212,235]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all blotches are bright red, but never orange or yellow (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB68456FD3EFE9AFCD49641" box="[723,797,271,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[613,648,1483,1504]" captionTargetBox="[612,1090,519,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-108@4.[612,1088,858,1191]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 6. Variation in ventral body pattern in living Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Torres, Rio Grande doSul.(A) male with predominantelyblack colouration; (B) male with predominantely red colouration; (C) series of five specimens. Photos:A. KWET." pageId="7" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
A-C), whereas the ventral colouration of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB68456FCE4FEB9FC039624" box="[777,970,300,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB68456FCE4FEB9FC039624" box="[777,970,300,323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies from orange-red on the posterior half of belly and thighs, to orange or yellow on the anterior half of the belly and the throat (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB98459FE55FB19FDC893C4" box="[440,513,1164,1187]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[633,668,1510,1531]" captionTargetBox="[635,1113,514,1485]" captionTargetId="figure-88@7.[635,1113,851,1181]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Variation in ventral body pattern in living Melanophryniscus montevidensis from La Paloma, Uruguay. (A), (B) specimens with many ventral spots; (C) specimen with only a few ventral spots. Photos: A. K WET." pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A-C). Due to this colouration,
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FE85FB3FFDEB93A6" box="[360,546,1194,1217]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FE85FB3FFDEB93A6" box="[360,546,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is locally named “Sapito Bandera Española” (Spanish flag toadlet). There is also a considerable variation regarding size and shape of these blotches. In both species, most individuals are predominantly black on belly and throat, while in some specimens the red colouration predominates (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB98459FE80FAE2FE0A92E9" box="[365,451,1399,1422]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[613,648,1483,1504]" captionTargetBox="[612,1090,519,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-108@4.[612,1088,858,1191]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 6. Variation in ventral body pattern in living Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Torres, Rio Grande doSul.(A) male with predominantelyblack colouration; (B) male with predominantely red colouration; (C) series of five specimens. Photos:A. KWET." pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF06667BFFB68456FD94FA73FCEC9101" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" startId="7.[633,668,1510,1531]" targetBox="[635,1113,514,1485]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB68456FD94FA73FCEC9101" blockId="7.[633,1112,1510,1638]" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 8. Variation in ventral body pattern in living
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB68456FD94F994FC7C9171" box="[633,949,1537,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB68456FD94F994FC7C9171" box="[633,949,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="10">Melanophryniscus montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from La Paloma, Uruguay. (A), (B) specimens with many ventral spots; (C) specimen with only a few ventral spots. Photos: A. K WET.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF06667BFFB98459FF8EFC5BFE62937F" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" startId="8.[99,134,974,995]" targetBox="[98,1088,181,949]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB98459FF8EFC5BFE62937F" blockId="8.[99,1091,974,1048]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 9.
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FF4EFC5BFE709484" baseAuthorityName="KWET &amp; MIRANDA" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[163,441,974,995]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atroluteus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FF4EFC5BFE709484" box="[163,441,974,995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Melanophryniscus atroluteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Brazilian
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FD80FC5BFD199484" box="[621,720,974,995]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FD80FC5BFD199484" box="[621,720,974,995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Araucaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plateau: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface. Photos: A.
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. Specimen from São Borja, near the type locality: (C) dorsal surface; (D) ventral surface. Photos: M. D
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.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB98459FF65FA01FBD0913C" blockId="8.[99,576,1164,1627]" lastBlockId="8.[613,1091,1164,1627]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">
The ventral colouration of living
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FE08FA01FF6B92AE" baseAuthorityName="KWET &amp; MIRANDA" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atroluteus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FE08FA01FF6B92AE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">M. atroluteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Brazilian type-locality in western Rio Grande do Sul and from Uruguay and Argentina is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FE3DFA79FF719146" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FE3DFA79FF719146" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consisting of red, orange and yellow spots (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB98459FF4BF9B2FF319159" box="[166,248,1575,1598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[99,134,974,995]" captionTargetBox="[98,1088,181,949]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.9. Melanophryniscus atroluteus from the Brazilian Araucaria plateau:(A) dorsal surface; (B)ventral surface.Photos:A.KWET. Specimen from São Borja, near the type locality:(C) dorsal surface;(D) ventral surface. Photos: M. D I-BERNARDO." pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
), but specimens from the
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FDEDF9B2FF52913C" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FDEDF9B2FF52913C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Araucaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plateau of Rio Grande do Sul (São José dos Ausentes) are almost exclusively red with yellow colouration only on throat (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB98459FBFAFB3CFD4193B9" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[99,134,974,995]" captionTargetBox="[98,1088,181,949]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.9. Melanophryniscus atroluteus from the Brazilian Araucaria plateau:(A) dorsal surface; (B)ventral surface.Photos:A.KWET. Specimen from São Borja, near the type locality:(C) dorsal surface;(D) ventral surface. Photos: M. D I-BERNARDO." pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
). Additionally, there are differences when comparing the snout-vent length of adult specimens from the
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FCD0FA97FC63927E" box="[829,938,1282,1305]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FCD0FA97FC63927E" box="[829,938,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">Araucaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plateau (SVL in males about 25 mm, in females 28 mm;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE84B02FFB98459FD88FAA9FC919234" author="KWET, A. &amp; T. MIRANDA" box="[613,856,1340,1363]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref8136" refString="KWET, A. &amp; T. MIRANDA (2001): Zur Biologie und Taxonomie der Schwarzkrote Melanophryniscus atroluteus (MIRANDA-RIBEIRO, 1925). - Herpetofauna, 23 (134): 19-27." type="journal article" year="2001">
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&amp;
<smallCapsWord id="8D20A02FFFB98459FD53FAA9FCD49236" baselines="1357,1357" box="[702,797,1340,1363]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Miranda" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">MIRANDA</smallCapsWord>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
) with that of individuals from western Rio Grande do Sul, Argentina and Uruguay (SVL in males between 19 and 21 mm, in females between 22 and 25 mm;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE84B02FFB98459FD75FA24FCFA92AF" author="LANGONE, J. A." box="[664,819,1457,1480]" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref8174" refString="LANGONE, J. A. (1994): Ranas y sapos del Uruguay (Reconocimiento y aspectos biologicos). - Museo D. A. Larranaga, Montevideo, Serie de Divulgacion, 5: 1-123." type="journal article" year="1994">
<smallCapsWord id="8D20A02FFFB98459FD75FA24FD3C92A0" baselines="1474,1475" box="[664,757,1457,1480]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Langone" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">LANGONE</smallCapsWord>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
). For
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FC86FA27FC2992AE" box="[875,992,1458,1481]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FC86FA27FC2992AE" box="[875,992,1458,1481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">M. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, our own measurements revealed a SVL of 20-25 mm in males and 24-27 mm in females, for
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FBCEFA79FD349146" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FBCEFA79FD349146" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">M. montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
20-23 mm in males and 22-27 mm in females, and for
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB98459FC85F9B2FC309159" baseAuthorityName="KWET &amp; MIRANDA" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[872,1017,1575,1598]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atroluteus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB98459FC85F9B2FC309159" box="[872,1017,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="11">M. atroluteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
18-24 mm in males and 22-26 mm in females.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="C55582CBE50B2F66B654E2236ADA6FEB" ID-ISSN="0036-3375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15535980" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1748438376605" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Kwet, Axel, Maneyro, Raúl, Zillikens, Anne &amp; Mebs, Dietrich" docDate="2005" docId="03D087E5FFB88458FEF2FF2AFB9E9176" docLanguage="en" docName="Salamandra.41.1.2.3-20.pdf" docOrigin="Salamandra 41 (1 / 2)" docTitle="Melanophryniscus stelzneri" docType="key" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFE9FF9DFFB18451FFEDFF95FFC99767" masterDocTitle="Advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and M. montevidensis (PHILIPPI, 1902), two parapatric species from southern Brazil and Uruguay, with comments on morphological variation in the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group (Anura: Bufonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="3" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1748438788669" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1C07B65E0D2523C95B8B535D4042F8E3">Advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and M. montevidensis (PHILIPPI, 1902), two parapatric species from southern Brazil and Uruguay, with comments on morphological variation in the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group (Anura: Bufonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F11C056D049A7D16FEB4FB2A96241729">Kwet, Axel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="10EA182BA127FDF0E02D1A21FC2D97CE">Maneyro, Raúl</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4F6713553C724273AC94E8531FC31EDE">Zillikens, Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="73147697CD5DD19C4D985123B2FB8624">Mebs, Dietrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7157776CD9A38B455962D2CB965CF0C1">Salamandra</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3DF1AE503156890CA898828DE9378627">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3BCA1910E07F9B20230EEAEE0B9FB3C5">2005-05-20</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FEF2FF2AFC7897B1" blockId="9.[287,945,191,214]" box="[287,945,191,214]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
Key to the species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FDD2FF2AFCA097B1" ID-CoL="3Z9M8" box="[575,873,191,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stelzneri">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FDD2FF2AFCA097B1" box="[575,873,191,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus stelzneri</emphasis>
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group
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3636578FFB88458FF94FF6BFB9E9176" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" type="key">
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FF6BFB9E9670" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" box="[121,1111,254,279]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FF6BFB9E9670" box="[121,1111,254,279]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FF6BFF689671" bold="true" box="[121,161,254,278]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">1 a.</emphasis>
Dorsum uniformly brown. ................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FCF9FF6AFB9E9670" authorityName="BALDO &amp; BASSO" authorityYear="2004" box="[788,1111,255,279]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="krauczuki">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FCF9FF6AFB9E9670" bold="true" box="[788,1111,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus krauczuki</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FEB1FB9F965B" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" box="[121,1110,292,316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FEB1FB9F965B" box="[121,1110,292,316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FEB1FF6D965B" bold="true" box="[121,164,292,316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">1 b.</emphasis>
Dorsum black. ..................................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FBA4FEB1FB9F965B" bold="true" box="[1097,1110,292,316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">2</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FEDCFB9F9619" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FEDCFB9F9619" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FEDCFF689606" bold="true" box="[121,161,329,353]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">2 a.</emphasis>
Dorsum black with many small and/or few large yellow spots; at least one pair of yellow blotches on the suprascapular region............................................................
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FBA4FEF3FB9F9619" bold="true" box="[1097,1110,358,382]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">3</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FE19FB9F96B9" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FE19FB9F96B9" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FE19FF6F96C3" bold="true" box="[121,166,396,420]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">2 b.</emphasis>
Dorsum uniformly black or with red middorsal line, without yellow spots on middorsum or suprascapular region (however, yellow blotches may be present laterally). ..........................................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FBA4FE53FB9F96B9" bold="true" box="[1097,1110,454,478]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">6</emphasis>
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<keyStep id="308D2E56FFB88458FF94FE79FB9F95F9" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FE79FB93953B" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FE79FB93953B" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FE79FF689563" bold="true" box="[121,161,492,516]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">3 a.</emphasis>
One yellow stripe between the eyes or 2-3 large yellow blotches forming a distinct interocular band. Dorsal and ventral surfaces with large and small, irregularly formed, yellow spots, sometimes with a black center (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FD14FDB2FC4E9559" box="[761,903,551,574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[121,156,1251,1272]" captionTargetBox="[121,1111,190,1228]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. Melanophryniscus klappenbachi (without locality; specimen from pet trade):(A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface.Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus (without locality;specimen from pet trade):(C) dorsal surface; (D) ventral surface.Photos:T. E ISENBERG. Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularisfrom Argentina: (E) dorsal surface; (F) ventral surface. Photos: D. BALDO." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Figs. 10A, B</figureCitation>
). ....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FD01FDD1FB93953B" authorityName="PRIGIONI &amp; L ANGONE" authorityYear="2000" box="[748,1114,580,604]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klappenbachi">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FD01FDD1FB93953B" bold="true" box="[748,1114,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus klappenbachi</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FDFCFB9F95F9" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FDFCFB9F95F9" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FDFCFF6D95E6" bold="true" box="[121,164,617,641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">3 b.</emphasis>
Without distinct yellow interocular band. Dorsal surface with numerous small, or few mid-sized yellow spots without black center. ....................................................
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FBA4FD13FB9F95F9" bold="true" box="[1097,1110,646,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">4</emphasis>
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<keyStep id="308D2E56FFB88458FF94FD39FB9F943B" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FD39FB9E9598" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FD39FB9E9598" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FD39FF6F95A3" bold="true" box="[121,166,684,708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">4 a.</emphasis>
Dorsum and venter with numerous small, irregularly arranged yellow spots; yellow blotches on suprascapular region not enlarged (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FCCCFD5CFC739587" box="[801,954,713,736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[121,156,1251,1272]" captionTargetBox="[121,1111,190,1228]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. Melanophryniscus klappenbachi (without locality; specimen from pet trade):(A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface.Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus (without locality;specimen from pet trade):(C) dorsal surface; (D) ventral surface.Photos:T. E ISENBERG. Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularisfrom Argentina: (E) dorsal surface; (F) ventral surface. Photos: D. BALDO." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Figs. 10C, D</figureCitation>
). Skin densely granular..........................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FD1CFD72FB9E9598" baseAuthorityName="Mertens" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[753,1111,743,767]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvoguttatus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FD1CFD72FB9E9598" bold="true" box="[753,1111,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FC9CFB9F943B" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FC9CFB9F943B" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FC9CFF6F9446" bold="true" box="[121,166,777,801]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">4 b.</emphasis>
Dorsum and venter with larger, symmetrically arranged blotches; at least one pair of distinct yellow blotches on suprascapular region. Skin scarcely granular or nearly smooth. ............................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FBA4FCD1FB9F943B" bold="true" box="[1097,1110,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">5</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
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<keyStep id="308D2E56FFB88458FF94FCFCFB9E937B" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FCFCFB9E94DB" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FCFCFB9E94DB" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FCFCFF6D94E6" bold="true" box="[121,164,873,897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">5 a.</emphasis>
Dorsal surface uniformely black with a pair of distinct large, copper-coloured blotches on suprascapular region (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FDC8FC12FD7994F9" box="[549,688,903,926]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[121,156,1251,1272]" captionTargetBox="[121,1111,190,1228]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. Melanophryniscus klappenbachi (without locality; specimen from pet trade):(A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface.Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus (without locality;specimen from pet trade):(C) dorsal surface; (D) ventral surface.Photos:T. E ISENBERG. Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularisfrom Argentina: (E) dorsal surface; (F) ventral surface. Photos: D. BALDO." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Figs. 10E, F</figureCitation>
). ..............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FD29FC31FB9E94DB" authorityName="CESPEDEZ &amp; A LVAREZ" authorityYear="2000" box="[708,1111,932,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cupreuscapularis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FD29FC31FB9E94DB" bold="true" box="[708,1111,932,956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FC5CFB9E937B" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FC5CFB9E937B" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FC5CFF689486" bold="true" box="[121,161,969,993]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">5 b.</emphasis>
Dorsal surface black with two large yellow blotches on suprascapular region and additional smaller and larger yellow spots on dorsum (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FCEBFC72FC9E9499" box="[774,855,999,1022]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[99,134,582,603]" captionTargetBox="[98,1088,181,558]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 11. Melanophryniscus stelzneri from Argentina: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface. Photos: B. SCHLUMPBERGER." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). .............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FCCAFB91FB9E937B" box="[807,1111,1028,1052]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stelzneri">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FCCAFB91FB9E937B" bold="true" box="[807,1111,1028,1052]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus stelzneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<keyStep id="308D2E56FFB88458FF94FBBCFB9F9236" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FBBCFB9093B3" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FBBCFB9093B3" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FBBCFF689326" bold="true" box="[121,161,1065,1089]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">6 a.</emphasis>
Dorsum usually with a distinct red (brown in preservative) middorsal line which is rarely absent but often interrupted or present only as a small trace behind the eyes and/or above anus. Without yellow lateral blotches and yellow line on posterior region of arms (sometimes there are few reddish spots). Ventral surface with red (not orange or yellow) blotches (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FD98FB0AFD0B93D1" box="[629,706,1183,1206]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[99,134,1094,1115]" captionTargetBox="[98,576,181,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-64@4.[98,576,485,780]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 5. Variation in dorsal body pattern in living Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Brazil. (A) male with distinct red middorsal line from Torres, Rio Grande do Sul; (B) two males from Torres with weak middorsal line; (C) male with distinct middorsal linefrom Laguna, Santa Catarina.Photos:A. KWET." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FD22FB0AFD1693D1" box="[719,735,1183,1206]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[613,648,1483,1504]" captionTargetBox="[612,1090,519,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-108@4.[612,1088,858,1191]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 6. Variation in ventral body pattern in living Melanophryniscus dorsalis from Torres, Rio Grande doSul.(A) male with predominantelyblack colouration; (B) male with predominantely red colouration; (C) series of five specimens. Photos:A. KWET." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">6</figureCitation>
). ..............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FCC1FB29FB9093B3" box="[812,1113,1212,1236]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FCC1FB29FB9093B3" bold="true" box="[812,1113,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FB74FB9F9236" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FB74FB9F9236" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FB74FF6F939E" bold="true" box="[121,166,1249,1273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">6 b.</emphasis>
Dorsum without red middorsal line; uniformly black, with or without yellow lateral spots. Distinct yellow stripe on posterior region of the arms. Ventral surface black, with red, orange and yellow spots (yellow colouration at least present on throat). ...........................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FBA4FAACFB9F9236" bold="true" box="[1097,1110,1337,1361]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">7</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FACBFB9392D6" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FACBFB9392D6" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FACBFF6D9211" bold="true" box="[121,164,1374,1398]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">7 a.</emphasis>
Dorsum uniformly black, without yellow lateral blotches (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FCC8FACAFCA19211" box="[805,872,1375,1398]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[99,134,974,995]" captionTargetBox="[98,1088,181,949]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.9. Melanophryniscus atroluteus from the Brazilian Araucaria plateau:(A) dorsal surface; (B)ventral surface.Photos:A.KWET. Specimen from São Borja, near the type locality:(C) dorsal surface;(D) ventral surface. Photos: M. D I-BERNARDO." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Skin texture warty and granular. Distribution in rocky habitats; does not occurr in sandy areas on the coast.............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FCF9FA0CFB9392D6" baseAuthorityName="KWET &amp; MIRANDA" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[788,1114,1433,1457]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atroluteus">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FCF9FA0CFB9392D6" bold="true" box="[788,1114,1433,1457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus atroluteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC636F3FFB88458FF94FA2BFB9E9176" blockId="9.[121,1114,254,1553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="308895C6FFB88458FF94FA2BFB9E9176" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FF94FA2BFF6D92B1" bold="true" box="[121,164,1470,1494]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">7 b.</emphasis>
Dorsum usually with yellow lateral spots (
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FD9AFA2AFD0D92B1" box="[631,708,1471,1494]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[121,156,1155,1176]" captionTargetBox="[121,599,181,1130]" captionTargetId="figure-47@7.[121,599,507,824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Variation in dorsal body pattern in living Melanophryniscus montevidensisfrom La Paloma, Uruguay. Specimen with (A) numerous yellow lateral spots; (B) few lateral spots; (C) without lateral spots. Photos:A. KWET." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13422A76FFB88458FD3CFA2AFD1692B1" box="[721,735,1471,1494]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[633,668,1510,1531]" captionTargetBox="[635,1113,514,1485]" captionTargetId="figure-88@7.[635,1113,851,1181]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Variation in ventral body pattern in living Melanophryniscus montevidensis from La Paloma, Uruguay. (A), (B) specimens with many ventral spots; (C) specimen with only a few ventral spots. Photos: A. K WET." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">8</figureCitation>
), but sometimes uniformly black. Skin texture less granular. Exclusively in sandy habitats on the coast. ...................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C794D70FFB88458FD0AFA6CFB9E9176" box="[743,1111,1529,1553]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Melanophryniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montevidensis">
<emphasis id="B90DEAE1FFB88458FD0AFA6CFB9E9176" bold="true" box="[743,1111,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Melanophryniscus montevidensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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