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<document id="6B3623466500BF71BD9A4C44E836F929" ID-CLB-Dataset="33823" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.537.6025" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fb75e0de-659c-4ee0-a601-b5ce44712cbe" ID-PMC="PMC4714044" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-537-1" ID-PubMed="26798234" ID-ZooBank="69EB93DFE3CF4B50BE4B6F997AEDB51C" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-537-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 537" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the genus Muricea Lamouroux, 1821 (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the eastern Pacific. Part I: Eumuricea Verrill, 1869 revisited" checkinTime="1451243713599" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Breedy, Odalisca &amp; Guzman, Hector M." docDate="2015" docId="47CF00273AF24A543F61A7932B73AF1C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 537: 1-32" docOrigin="ZooKeys 537" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.537.6025" docTitle="Muricea squarrosa Verrill 1869" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="3D1FFF860733FFCABE7D827EFF9E5C16" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Muricea Lamouroux, 1821 (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the eastern Pacific. Part I: Eumuricea Verrill, 1869 revisited" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1701374384108" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D22740C24A8AA60094E6563451731FA3">A revision of the genus Muricea Lamouroux, 1821 (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the eastern Pacific. Part I: Eumuricea Verrill, 1869 revisited</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A14E22BEBFE7DD5124B1A198FAE4323">Breedy, Odalisca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="505DEBEC7B6AA413F85F383EC9A09581">Guzman, Hector M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="47CF00273AF24A543F61A7932B73AF1C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127895655" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:47CF00273AF24A543F61A7932B73AF1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/47CF00273AF24A543F61A7932B73AF1C" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="2FF1964E22A778B1EC24B5DE250C8DD0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="FE9CF6D014EEB69711C74F124B080E9B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Taxon classification Animalia Alcyonacea Plexauridae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="22550F649A3BB31CBAA8FA0640C948B0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1FEED92257E34BF20BBEEF9EE87C4111" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="22C9575E307FD05FC15D9BA0C99789C5" ID-CoL="44MST" authority="Verrill, 1869" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1869" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa">Muricea squarrosa Verrill, 1869</taxonomicName>
Figures 6, 7, 8
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60255C4A732D0FF81B4E97EB523CC1BC" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A79B6BE5DE20951E8A350A3E244674C5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="03C8E4A2D753D55F4C226DE67A1E2227" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea (Eumuricea) squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa" subGenus="Eumuricea">
<pageBreakToken id="BD816181E8AE6EDAA1A562D5705CB482" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Muricea</pageBreakToken>
(Eumuricea) squarrosa
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869a: 423-424.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BFB29F6A0CD82DB6FEB682330BDDCA1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="3A28B47DCE4AF0F296187073F34ACC7F" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Eumuricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumuricea squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa">Eumuricea squarrosa</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="A90BFB5041DBB093B416DB1D8CC97C2C" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1924: 159.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51C78F39D72BD58452EE3DDA2D565DEE" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="C4A7CE93FDC95B8B1F9C6011F7DBBF6B" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa">Muricea squarrosa</taxonomicName>
Harden, 1979: 159-160.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E66FF360D7A97C0A2F280DCFE7011E07" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1B9E3710E7ECFD6ECD3F8A3D4261E44B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE1F696085DA15241A887F7D846A68EB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Lectotype (here designated): YPM 1561a, dry (with sponge), Pearl Islands,
<normalizedToken id="0325BAD534E057DFB803E793492BE043" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, F.H. Bradley, 1866, no further data; YPM 1563 [fragment of lectotype, possible figured specimen (
<bibRefCitation id="7181BD1B9B3D227AB6C3C56096FEDEDF" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="418 - 518" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, Number 6: Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1869 a">Verrill 1869a</bibRefCitation>
)]. Paralectotypes: MCZ 4975; MCZ 7017; USNM 33592 (YPM 1561); YPM 1561b-d, YPM 566, data as for the lectotype. YPM 1636 (previously identified as
<taxonomicName id="9AA8165430EAE212EF0352DD37979FE0" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Eumuricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumuricea hispida" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hispida">Eumuricea hispida</taxonomicName>
), ethanol preserved, Pearl Islands, F.H. Bradley, 1866, no further data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3A46E7421053F22A884079262C7FDEA8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="42AF5EE522F534AE3677081598E34DA2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Other material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63505BEDE367AF3FB321C455F18D53D9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
COSTA RICA: UCR 587, dry, Pitaya Beach, Guanacaste, Pacific coast, Costa Rica, 20-23 m, J.
<normalizedToken id="A25EF612BC7297EBEFDBAC3FE7D686CC" originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
, 16 June, 1991; UCR 1742, ethanol preserved,
<pageBreakToken id="0E7A7CEA5F9B8D66600FCF9641A0D610" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Bajo</pageBreakToken>
Negro, Marino Ballena National Park, 25 m, O. Breedy,13 April 2008; UCR 2261, ethanol preserved, Isla Larga Oeste, Manuel Antonio National Park, 19 m, O. Breedy and H. Guzman, 6 February 2012; UCR 2262, ethanol preserved, Isla Larga, Manuel Antonio National Park, 25 m, O. Breedy and H. Guzman, 7 February 2012; UCR 2396, ethanol preserved, Marino Ballena National Park, 25 m, O. Breedy, 27 April 2002; UCR 2410; 2414, ethanol preserved, La Danta, Santa Elena Bay, 35 m, O. Breedy and Minor Lara, 10 August 2014; UCR 2418-2419, ethanol preserved, Bajo Mixta, Golfo Dulce, 21 m, O. Breedy and H. Guzman, 7 February 2009 ECUADOR: IIN 25, dry, Bajo Lunes, Reserva de
<normalizedToken id="C92C12DBAA44265034C08425F3CC9407" originalValue="Producción">Produccion</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6D903147E3F92EBA9B59390F4DD2795A" originalValue="Faunística">Faunistica</normalizedToken>
Marino Costera Puntilla de Santa Elena, 18 m, P.
<normalizedToken id="762A80D888BAE74FA7BCAB0D68075C9B" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
, F. Rivera, R. Nabot and O. Breedy, 21 July 2010; IIN 47, dry, Gigima, Reserva de
<normalizedToken id="7DCDC534B5335DD9224B32318DA7CDE1" originalValue="Producción">Produccion</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="887679B2636C3F27405B11F84640CF29" originalValue="Faunística">Faunistica</normalizedToken>
Marino Costera Puntilla de Santa Elena, 14 m, P.
<normalizedToken id="6C4FED6B88C73A7F264291B6CBED5853" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
, F. Rivera, R. Nabot and O. Breedy, 22 July 2010.
<normalizedToken id="BD15C24BF8A8746454525492B6AB0EDC" originalValue="PANAMÁ">PANAMA</normalizedToken>
: STRI 561, 563, 569-571, ethanol preserved, Islas Viudas,
<normalizedToken id="0558ECEAD3F3A33298204FA330BCBEFA" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf,
<normalizedToken id="94307A9188FABD8FFB8E1E0CC783E617" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, 20 m, H. Guzman, 18 April 2003; STRI 867-868, ethanol preserve, Achotines,
<normalizedToken id="D79D8450E736438A016079A5C27182B8" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
Gulf, 10 m, H. Guzman, 5 May 2004; STRI 575A, ethanol preserved, Isla Saboga, 1-5 m, H. Guzman, 14 December 2001.
<normalizedToken id="3E2B145EA40980D1F2756A17CC910309" originalValue="PERÚ">PERU</normalizedToken>
: UPCH-CZA 280, 284, 291, 296, 298, 302, 411, dry, Canoas de Punta Sal, Tumbes, 10-13 m, Y. Hooker, 2 July 2011; UPCH-CZA 410, Cabo Blanco, Piura, 10-13 m, Y. Hooker, 13 August 2012.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B347ACCB3184A9743C571970B33011CC" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="C27E41140F7AECA6974596FD5CDD0AF3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFE655188B4D3882B840D3F5EE8FE736" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The lectotype is a 14 cm tall and 12 cm wide colony, flabellate, spreading in one plane. It has a sponge attached to the main branches (Fig. 6A). The branching
<pageBreakToken id="00F3AB3AF0F3B2897C8B46524E5D3038" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">is</pageBreakToken>
mostly dichotomous. A short stem, 0.4 cm long, 60 mm diameter, arises from an irregular holdfast, 23 mm in diameter, covered by a layer of coenenchyme, but deprived of calyces. The stem subdivides in two main branches that produce secondary branches
<pageBreakToken id="F9DC9D3075E48B1B2BEC0D7476963581" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">subdividing</pageBreakToken>
up to 3 times. All branches are about the same in diameter, 40-80 mm (including calyces), with tapered ends. The branches are separated at distances of 0.5-6 cm and spread at small angles and bend upwards in a curve. The branchlets are situated almost perpendicular to the main branch. Undivided terminal branches are up to 40 mm long. The axes are brown at the base, and lighter at the branchlets. The calyces are all around the branches, close together, about 14 calyces/cm. They are mostly directed perpendicular to the branches, but also incline upwards at small angles (Fig. 6B). They are tubular and elongated, up to 2.6 mm long and up to 1.75 mm wide with clavate tips, between the larger calyces there are a number of smaller ones (Fig. 6B). The remains of the polyps are at the summit of the tubular calyces, the apertures are covered by anthocodial sclerites. The coenenchyme has a few layers of sclerites and is basically composed of the same types as the calyx spindles. They are straight or with a slight curvature. They are mostly acute, but can have one end blunt or lobed. They are unilateral spinous with the inner side with complex warts, crowded together so much that their processes anastomose, while on the outer side there are less and sparse spines. Some calycular spindles are club-like with warty elongated handles, straight or curved, and various types of head arrangement, from few conical spines to sharp and long spines crowding the upper part or along the outer side of the sclerite; they have stout terminal spikes (Fig. 7A). The spindles reach up to 1.3 mm long and 0.23 mm wide (Fig. 7A),
<bibRefCitation id="3A15E44C2A0C98AD053805CD25EA072D" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="418 - 518" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, Number 6: Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1869 a">Verrill (1869a)</bibRefCitation>
reported spindles
<pageBreakToken id="F92B42C45B71603C43C15A0B32BFC263" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">up</pageBreakToken>
to 1.8 mm long. They are of a dull yellow to a light brownish colour. The axial sheath is composed of whitish and colourless, tuberculate spindles, 0.14-0.30 mm long and 0.03-0.075 mm wide (Fig. 7C) and irregular forms with- the same range of size, and immature forms 0.06-0.07 mm long and 0.015-0.02 mm wide. The anthocodial sclerites are of a pale yellow colour to colourless, mostly club-like as described for the calycular spindles, but shorter (Fig. 7B). The colour of the colony light brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="550757055D6E64049EA9FACA929E2890" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="A28F2208E49FD181831BA5CD66D1BA68" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Figure 6.
<taxonomicName id="71B309A36868E7A98A6565B49F1FCFA5" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa">Muricea squarrosa</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869a YPM 1561a. A Colony B Detail of branches C Sclerites, light micrograph.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D55C9545B537E8EAA57CBAB980E506C9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="861C321EB2ADF2F03B6C8113747DA1E5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Figure 7.
<taxonomicName id="D6407B086A25923F0CC6AAF2BFCC7BA7" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa">Muricea squarrosa</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869a YPM 1561a. A Calycular and coenenchymal spindles B Anthocodial sclerites C Axial sheath spindles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4D504ED53A4C8886BB6C9C18B36FDF4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="variability">
<paragraph id="D07D6C4F80F5FBE081FE7999A6F886AF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Variability.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE121B7DB389D6F10A9DEA83431E1745" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The other material examined is very consistent with the lectotype, variation is basically in the number of branches and size of the colonies. The largest colony measured was a specimen from
<normalizedToken id="57BB60FA6E332C8E898DD299D460C3CC" originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
reaching 35 cm tall and 30 cm wide (Fig. 8C, in situ). The colony branching is abundant in some colonies (Fig. 8C, D). The colour of the colonies when alive is reddish brown (Fig. 8
<normalizedToken id="A3BA6D54411AA77A9CF0001CCC7C2964" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
). This colour fades in dry or ethanol preserved colonies. Fresh collected colonies turn the alcohol into a dark brownish colour. The polyps are pale yellow to whitish (Fig. 8
<normalizedToken id="60CCE3084E2980DB453829AFF022FCDA" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C3F2A606CD3152B70913D6FA986DA8E1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="2866F5ADA8F9356621B9874679E9788E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Figure 8.
<taxonomicName id="8CC4CBF2B1023726B57B02E3E26EB7EA" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricea squarrosa" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squarrosa">Muricea squarrosa</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869a. In situ colonies,
<normalizedToken id="881A30141927A2949D3551ECD2781140" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
Canoas de Punta Sal, Tumbes,
<normalizedToken id="6E4C201C8B5F0C43120834B562ED5CF2" originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
. Photograph by Yuri Hooker D Reserva de
<normalizedToken id="E822D9CDEEB7D5937BCE13F9CB8B1F69" originalValue="Producción">Produccion</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0773454B2371A5D0F72B8A0ABA6260D4" originalValue="Faunística">Faunistica</normalizedToken>
Marino Costera Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Photograph by Fernando Rivera.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="24972AA41382CFB2CB33452340E3CD67" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7197E85E44F6059FDE7B5405CD311723" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="991723A1EBE833C51312A9EFD0C08FEA" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<normalizedToken id="518D24A2018D79BD80C3CA66271DC471" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
: Gulf of
<normalizedToken id="8FF9673616CBD0B4938EFA13E5B9E6A7" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
, Pearl Islands, 10-20 m. Costa Rica: Nicoya Gulf, Santa Elena Peninsula, Marino Ballena National Park, Golfo Dulce, from 25-40 m. Colombia:
<normalizedToken id="CB2E5585ADC14ADAE9BE93685ABEC0AC" originalValue="Málaga">Malaga</normalizedToken>
Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="7BED73BFCA1E75A26A75FA84E01214B0" author="Prahl, H von" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="13 - 33" title="Octocorales (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae y Plexauridae) de aguas someras del Pacifico colombiano." volume="34" year="1986">Prahl et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
, specimens in CRBMco). Ecuador: Puntilla de Santa Elena, Salinas 18-20 m.
<normalizedToken id="00347C47405633052E0F66944DD17583" originalValue="Perú">Peru</normalizedToken>
: Cabo Blanco, Canoas de Punta Sal, 10-13 m deep. Nicaragua: La Flor, Hueco de Diego, South Pacific, 2-5 m. The species has a wide bathymetric range from 2 m to 40 m, the deepest range being found in Costa Rica.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2B6A30A27784101316C8109425F316D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="D00EFC7C60ECF8D686D061F97C42E3F0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C3B9B70732B1E50744ACB13268F017E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
This species was described by
<bibRefCitation id="1B26464CB1E7393AD9E07AF1624B782C" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="418 - 518" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, Number 6: Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1869 a">Verrill (1869a)</bibRefCitation>
with specimens from Pearl Islands without a holotype designation and appropriate illustrations. We designate YPM 1561a as the lectotype of
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to establish the identity of this species and avoid future misinterpretation.
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The main difference to separate this species from
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and
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is that the calyces are shorter and more distantly placed. Other differences were discussed above (under
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India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity,
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="north" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="56" value="28.615557">28°36'56&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="95" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="95.88917">95°53'21&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 700 m, 12-25.v.2012, L.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dembický">Dembicky</normalizedToken>
(ZFMK, 9). Laos: Vientiane, Phou Kou Khouei, 800 m, 12-13.iv.1965, J.L. Gressitt (BPBM, 1). Vietnam: Cao Bang, Phia Oac hotel,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="37.702" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.628366">22°37.702'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="54.5467" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="105.90911">105°54.5467'E</geoCoordinate>
, 847 m, 10-17.iv.2014, VN1, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex in flight (MSUC, 2). NE region, Hanoi, Ba Vi Nat. Park, 16-18.vi.2016,
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="04.821" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="21.08035">21°04.821'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="22.034" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="105.36723">105°22.034'E</geoCoordinate>
, G.S. Powell (MSUC, 1); as previous except: VQG Ba Vi, 400 m, 2.vi.2001 (MSUC, 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
5.0-5.5 mm long (mean = 5.34 mm; n = 5); 1.83-2.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc short; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin strongly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate with a median row of long erect hair-like setae, clearly distinct from the ground vestiture; pronotal disc glabrous, shiny, sparsely punctate; and typically bicolored pronotum with apical 1/2 black and basal 1/2 orange.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eggers" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus ater" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cnestus ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. improcerus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="improcerus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. improcerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. mutilatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mutilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. testudo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="testudo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. testudo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bangladesh, China (Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Polyphagous (
<bibRefCitation author="Beeson, CFC" journalOrPublisher="Government of India, New Delhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B35" refString="Beeson, CFC, 1961. The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries. (2nd edn.). Government of India, New Delhi" title="The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries. (2 nd edn.)." year="1961">Beeson 1961</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="17F63AB19DA215C95766D1566A42AC2B">Two new species of Pseudoscopelus (Teleostei: Chiasmodontidae), with a new diagnosis for the genus.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="225FC983B7C84CD1589C5D25B900B943">Marcelo R. S. Melo</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="47CFF8659A766A41AFD144E692EE69E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6243401" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100121778" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6243401" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:47CFF8659A766A41AFD144E692EE69E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/47CFF8659A766A41AFD144E692EE69E5" lastPageNumber="33" pageNumber="33">
<subSubSection id="E88F57A8D55DF2374801C6134ADB6093" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D94E3EF538DB7D426F5F82F4DB678CD7">
[[
<taxonomicName id="82B2F4B382DB3F7F6A4044F2A8989F4E" ID-CoL="73HD" ID-ENA="1306755" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
Pseudoscopelus
<normalizedToken id="E089226EA36B75C40F31605C419EA02E" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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]]
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<subSubSection id="8CB8B9B493F0718CD13032A7A1EE902A" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A8041CF99564B4140E39EF2027E84B0B" pageNumber="33">
Four genera are currently recognized in Chiasmodontidae, one of the few families of bathy- and mesopelagic fishes in the large actinopterygian order Perciformes (Nelson, 2006):
<taxonomicName id="BDA77159C2AC4DB05F2B3F13CE1C80FC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B9543C54-6827-40B2-8D80-EED6C11FB344" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Chiasmodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Chiasmodon Johnson 1864:408" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chiasmodon Johnson</taxonomicName>
(1864);
<taxonomicName id="FEBF3E632402F64DE5FE7A68741DDB89" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
Pseudoscopelus
<normalizedToken id="728DC0C9B077942FD7507DB343E6A354" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
(1892);
<taxonomicName id="F88B950BEA7C25DDBC3E62B280D77B7F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CBDF8830-9BA7-4116-81E6-11C317AFC452" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Dysalotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Dysalotus MacGilchrist 1905:268" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dysalotus MacGilchrist</taxonomicName>
(1905); and
<taxonomicName id="39569F1204914448299DA04C4D4807C8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:10B4DB64-6B5C-448A-9FF0-523395D70A67" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Kali" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Kali Lloyd 1909:154" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Kali Lloyd</taxonomicName>
(1909).
<taxonomicName id="E36953C7BAFAB219E97E56F633A99255" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
is the most species rich genus with 15 nominal species, 12 of which are valid (Table 1). Most of these species have light organs, which are restricted to
<taxonomicName id="D0ACC9904F8BAD42D409CE958039063F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
within the family. The genus has a worldwide distribution, being found in all major ocean basins, even off Antarctica, but is absent from the Mediterranean and Red Seas. In the present study, two new species of
<taxonomicName id="F1DF34D25491F7BBD4AC6AD2B857D3C4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
are described,
<taxonomicName id="1CCBB55833BFCC72D89E9ADFBC5D933A" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lavenbergi">P. lavenbergi</taxonomicName>
from the eastern Pacific, and
<taxonomicName id="1A5699B69E3D3576A3B589B461157BA8" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bothrorrhinos">P. bothrorrhinos</taxonomicName>
from the western Pacific and Indian Oceans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="915F7DA052C87849C89393BF8DC30220" pageNumber="33">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="AB74E832E6DD8D794122C7062BBD36C4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
was initially diagnosed by
<normalizedToken id="905B4F2D8003D85A6467F2BD749FB485" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
(1892) based on the presence of lines of mucous pores [sic] along the body. This definition had been followed by subsequent authors (e.g., Tanaka, 1908; Norman, 1929), until Beebe’s (1932) discovery that instead of mucous pits, the lines over the body of
<taxonomicName id="1572A429AA26940036AD0B556C0B3890" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
were actually formed by photophores that produce a clear, bright light. Since Beebe’s work, the genus has been defined by the presence of discrete photophores along the body (e.g., Mooi and Paxton, 2001; Nelson, 2006). In 1974, Lavenberg revised the genus
<taxonomicName id="3DD7D0BAB803AA6750F9E7F792043675" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
for his PhD; he considered six species to be valid and listed six other new taxa, but never published his results according to the ICZN (1999) rules. The most recent works have been published by Prokofiev and Kukuev (2005, 2006a, b, c) who described four new species; two of which,
<taxonomicName id="6879C6885AA7EAD6DCE09E7C1AD6FDFF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0A87D071-7FCE-4735-A63E-28D84313C501" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus aphos Prokofiev &amp; Kukuev 2005" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aphos">P. aphos</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="48E608615D0CD46A61A402CF399B47C0" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parini">P. parini</taxonomicName>
, totally lack discrete photophores. Prokofiev and Kukuev (2006c), however, still regarded the presence of photophores as a generic character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07FED134B0BB69E45FAD0ECE4A4A3D50" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="29713E09388FC39EF7563795E8625242" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
is diagnosed herein by two synapomorphies, present in all species. Using this as the diagnosis would also include
<taxonomicName id="13171FEEFE8654BB1808F5423F2382CE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:86B3784A-A207-483D-8652-DB48465F86B3" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Myersiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Myersiscus Fowler 1934:361" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myersiscus Fowler</taxonomicName>
(1934), which was erected during the description of
<taxonomicName id="53135ACDC1A3188BF4AE022E2061CD2C" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusifrons">P. obtusifrons</taxonomicName>
and was then considered a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="01D8F64408EF1D1DBA801698AEE6FAA4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55535F07-62E9-4F6D-B657-E2A1C6E9463F" family="Chiasmodontidae" genus="Pseudoscopelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pseudoscopelus Lütken 1892:285" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoscopelus</taxonomicName>
exclusively because of the presence of photophores (Mooi and Paxton, 2001; Prokofiev and Kukuev, 2005, 2006c).
</paragraph>
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