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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8030" ID-PMC="PMC4822061" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--8030" ID-PubMed="27099561" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e8030" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="Harmoniamanillana (Mulsant), a new addition to Indian Coccinellidae, with changes in synonymy" checkinTime="1553126323628" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Poorani, J. &amp; Booth, Roger G" docDate="2016" docId="9AB8946104CDF32443E4FA64584AA6B4" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e8030" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8030" docTitle="Harmonia manillana Mulsant 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="8030" masterDocId="4E30652EDF31C54BFFBFFFABEA503B35" masterDocTitle="Harmoniamanillana (Mulsant), a new addition to Indian Coccinellidae, with changes in synonymy" masterLastPageNumber="8030" masterPageNumber="8030" pageNumber="8030" updateTime="1668123661930" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Harmoniamanillana (Mulsant), a new addition to Indian Coccinellidae, with changes in synonymy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Poorani, J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Booth, Roger G</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AB8946104CDF32443E4FA64584AA6B4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9AB8946104CDF32443E4FA64584AA6B4" lastPageNumber="8030" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName authority="Mulsant, 1866" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1866" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia manillana" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manillana">Harmonia manillana (Mulsant, 1866)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Caria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caria manillana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manillana">Caria manillana</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Mulsant, E." journalOrPublisher="Mem. L'Acad. Imp. Lyon, Cl. Sci., LMem. L'Acad. Imp. Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 112" title="Monographie des Coccinellides" volume="15" year="1866">Mulsant 1866</bibRefCitation>
: 170 (Type locality: 'Manilla', Philippines; Lectotype, UCCC).-
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="193 - 205" title="Materialien zur kenntnis der Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). III" volume="20" year="1962">Bielawski 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 197.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14 (lectotype designation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis atrocincta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrocincta">Leis atrocincta</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Mulsant, E." journalOrPublisher="Mem. L'Acad. Imp. Lyon, Cl. Sci., LMem. L'Acad. Imp. Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 112" title="Monographie des Coccinellides" volume="15" year="1866">Mulsant 1866</bibRefCitation>
: 175 (Type locality: 'Manilla', MNHUB).-
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 120 (as var.
<taxonomicName lsidName="atrocincta var. atrocincta" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="variety" species="atrocincta" variety="atrocincta">atrocincta</taxonomicName>
).-
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Neda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neda paulinae" order="Neuroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulinae">Neda paulinae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Mulsant, E." journalOrPublisher="Mem. L'Acad. Imp. Lyon, Cl. Sci., LMem. L'Acad. Imp. Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 112" title="Monographie des Coccinellides" volume="15" year="1866">Mulsant 1866</bibRefCitation>
: 203 (Type material:?MNHUB).-
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 120 (as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Caria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caria paulinae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulinae">Caria paulinae</taxonomicName>
).-
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="193 - 205" title="Materialien zur kenntnis der Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). III" volume="20" year="1962">Bielawski 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 197.-
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 486.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14.-
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis dunlopi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dunlopi">Leis dunlopi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 121 (Type locality:
<normalizedToken originalValue="“India”">&quot;India&quot;</normalizedToken>
; Lectotype, UCCC).-
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 486.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14 (lectotype designation).-
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 7. New Synonym.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis cerasicolor" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cerasicolor">Leis cerasicolor</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 121 (Holotype, UCCC).-
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 486.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14.-
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis aterrima" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aterrima">Leis aterrima</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 121 (Holotype, UCCC).-
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 486.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14.-
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis papuensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papuensis">Leis papuensis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 121 (Lectotype, UCCC).-
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 486.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14 (lectotype designation).-
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis papuensis var. suffusa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="papuensis" variety="suffusa">Leis papuensis var. suffusa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 121 (Lectotype, UCCC).-
<bibRefCitation author="Korschefsky, R." journalOrPublisher="W. Junk, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932</bibRefCitation>
: 275.-
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 14 (lectotype designation). Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2014-11-11" collectingMethod="Yellow pan trap" collectionCode="NBAIR" country="India" location="Pasighat College of Horticulture &amp; Forestry" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Male</specimenType>
; lifeStage:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Adult</specimenType>
; preparations: Male genitalia; Taxon: scientificName: Harmoniamanillana (Mulsant); kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Coleoptera; family: Coccinellidae; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: continent: Asia; country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">India</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Arunachal Pradesh; municipality: Pasighat; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AB8946104CDF32443E4FA64584AA6B4:F23F0C30C09C9D4235EDA520A99B3C0A" country="India" name="Pasighat College of Horticulture &amp; Forestry" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Pasighat College of Horticulture &amp; Forestry</location>
; verbatimLocality: College of Horticulture &amp; Forestry; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">J Poorani</determinerName>
; Event: samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Yellow pan trap</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate value="2014-11-11">2014-11-11</collectingDate>
/17; year: 2014; month: November; Record Level: institutionID: ICAR-NBAIR; institutionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">NBAIR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Length: 6.5 mm. Form (Fig. 1a) hemipherical, strongly convex, dorsum glabrous except head with silvery white hairs around clypeal margin. Dorsal side bright reddish-testaceous, pronotum with a median black macula on posterior margin above scutellum, elytra with 11 black spots, spots on each elytron arranged in a 1-2-2-1/2 pattern, one below anterior margin, two transverse spots arranged just above midline (one lateral and one discal), the second pair positioned around apical third and smaller than the first pair of spots, the last spot sutural and reaching apex; ventral side reddish testaceous except metaventrite medially blackish. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 1b) incomplete with a semi-circular associate line, ventrite 5 apically shallowly emarginate, ventrite 6 slightly more deeply emarginate. Male genitalia (Fig. 1c, d, e, f) with penis guide of tegmen in ventral view (Fig. 1d) basally broadest, progressively narrowed towards a tubularly produced apex, shorter than parameres; parameres with lateral and inner margins covered with dense pubescence. Penis (Fig. 1e, f) with a prominent, stout capsule, penis apex (Fig. 1f) as illustrated. (This description is based on the single specimen examined from India.)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia manillana" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manillana">Harmonia manillana</taxonomicName>
is externally highly variable and
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="193 - 205" title="Materialien zur kenntnis der Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). III" volume="20" year="1962">Bielawski (1962)</bibRefCitation>
described the nominate form in detail and illustrated the male and female genitalia. In the sole Indian male examined here and the specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
from Malaysia at BMNH, on each elytron the spots are characteristically arranged in a 1-2-2-1/2 pattern and the pronotum has a larger median spot. The male genitalia in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
are diagnostic. The male genitalia of the Indian specimen fully match the illustrations given by
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="193 - 205" title="Materialien zur kenntnis der Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). III" volume="20" year="1962">Bielawski (1962)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
The nominate form of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia dunlopi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dunlopi">Harmonia dunlopi</taxonomicName>
is very similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
and likely to be confused with it as observed by
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="193 - 205" title="Materialien zur kenntnis der Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). III" volume="20" year="1962">Bielawski (1962)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch (1874)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
as having a 1-2-1-1 elytral pattern and observed that an additional sutural spot was present in some specimens. The lone Indian specimen appears to have this extra spot observed by Crotch. The illustration given by
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
also shows a tiny extra spot next to suture in the third row, which corresponds to the Indian specimen. The only specimen of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
examined by JP in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, was collected in &quot;Haruhasa Mt. Sambawa&quot; (Indonesia) and identified by A.P. Kapur as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis dunlopi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dunlopi">Leis dunlopi</taxonomicName>
var. nov. (compared with type) (Fig. 2). This specimen was much larger with smaller elytral spots compared to the present example. Further specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
from &quot;Haruhasa, Mt. Sambawa&quot; in BMNH were also determined by A.P. Kapur as
<taxonomicName lsidName="dunlopi var. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="variety" species="dunlopi" variety="dunlopi">dunlopi</taxonomicName>
var. nov. and are from the same series as the specimen shown in Fig. 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia dimidiata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">Harmonia dimidiata</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 3a) is orange-yellow to bright red with a pair of black spots on pronotum, often fused into a single marking with a median emargination and 13 black spots on elytra arranged in a 1-3-2-1/2 pattern. The pronotal spots and apical elytral spot are sometimes absent in some examples (Figs 3a, 4a, d). The elytral color pattern is variable with the spots enlarged (Fig. 4c) or posterior two-thirds of elytra black and anterior portion yellowish, with the humeral black spots present (Fig. 4d) or absent. The abdominal postcoxal lines are incomplete with an associate line as in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
. The metaventrite in the Indian specimen of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
is almost black, whereas in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
, the ventral side is reddish testaceous. The male genitalia (Fig. 3b) in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
are superficially similar to those of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
, but the penis guide is distinctly more elongate and narrower than that in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
with a rounded apical projection and the penis capsule is elongate with a much longer and narrower outer arm. The parameres in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
are stouter and shorter and rather abruptly narrowed in the apical third whereas in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
, parameres are more or less uniformly wide throughout and apically truncate. The spermatheca and the infundibulum in
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
are illustrated in Fig. 3b. The spermatheca of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
illustrated by
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="193 - 205" title="Materialien zur kenntnis der Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). III" volume="20" year="1962">Bielawski (1962)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
appears to be different from that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
and clearly shows a basal constricted projection of the cornu though the infundibulum appears to be similar in both species.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia dimidiata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">Harmonia dimidiata</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in north, northwestern and northeastern India and several other South and southeast Asian countries in the Oriental region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
India: Arunachal Pradesh (new record); Philippines; Malaysia; Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="conservation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Conservation</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia manillana" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manillana">Harmonia manillana</taxonomicName>
appears to be extremely rare in India. Discovery of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
from India is important as it could be taken as a confirmation of the type locality of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
(synonymized here with the former). This is the first record of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
from mainland India and its absence in Indian and international collections is an indication that it is probably a very rare species and it probably needs to be listed as such in Indian faunal lists. It is worth noting that this was the only specimen collected along with several specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
from the same locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" type="taxon discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
Two species,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia decussata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decussata">Harmonia decussata</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 161) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. flavomarginata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="flavomarginata">H. flavomarginata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="119 - 128" title="Coleoptera from Southeast Asia arranged by M. Chujo (VII). Coccinellid-beetle from E. Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet-Nam, S. Korea and Is. Ambon, with descriptions of 4 new species and 33 figures" volume="9" year="1968">Bielawski (1968)</bibRefCitation>
, are wrongly synonymized with
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, and are valid names.
<bibRefCitation author="Coutanceau, J." journalOrPublisher="Harmonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="4 - 16" title="Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (ColeopteraCoccinellidae)" volume="1" year="2008">Coutanceau (2008)</bibRefCitation>
appears to have followed Iablokoff-Khnzorian in his checklist of world species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harmonia</taxonomicName>
, where both are listed as synonyms of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch (1874)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Callineda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callineda decussata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decussata">Callineda decussata</taxonomicName>
from various localities and the syntype series in UCCC and BMNH is very mixed, but none is
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
. The lectotype of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. decussata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="decussata">C. decussata</taxonomicName>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, is here confirmed as a valid species,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia decussata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decussata">Harmonia decussata</taxonomicName>
(Crotch, 1874) (stat. rev.). This lectotype was examined by RGB in 1989 and found to represent the same species that
<bibRefCitation author="Bielawski, R." journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="119 - 128" title="Coleoptera from Southeast Asia arranged by M. Chujo (VII). Coccinellid-beetle from E. Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet-Nam, S. Korea and Is. Ambon, with descriptions of 4 new species and 33 figures" volume="9" year="1968">Bielawski (1968)</bibRefCitation>
described as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia flavomarginata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavomarginata">Harmonia flavomarginata</taxonomicName>
(syn. nov.). This also appears to be the same species that
<bibRefCitation author="Chazeau, J." journalOrPublisher="Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie)" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="157 - 168" title="Complements aux Coccinellini de Nouvelle-Guinee (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)" volume="11" year="1989">Chazeau (1989)</bibRefCitation>
described as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harmonia incognita" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognita">Harmonia incognita</taxonomicName>
, but a formal synonymy of the latter must await further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch (1874)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis suffusa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suffusa">Leis suffusa</taxonomicName>
as a variety of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. papuensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="papuensis">L. papuensis</taxonomicName>
(now a synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
) and
<bibRefCitation author="Korschefsky, R." journalOrPublisher="W. Junk, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II" year="1932">Korschefsky (1932)</bibRefCitation>
listed it as an aberration of
<taxonomicName aberration="papuensis" lsidName="papuensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="aberration" species="papuensis">papuensis</taxonomicName>
in his catalogue.
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
designated a lectotype for
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. suffusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="suffusa">L. suffusa</taxonomicName>
and mentioned that it appeared to be a synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
though it was not formally designated so by
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
. We formally synonymize
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. suffusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="suffusa">L. suffusa</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
here (syn. nov.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<bibRefCitation author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." journalOrPublisher="Boubee, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="Les Coccinelles, Coleopteres - Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des Regions Palearctique et Orientale" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
described both
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
with rather inadequate / poor illustrations. He illustrated the adult and the female genitalia of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
and indicated that it could be probably synonymous with
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dimidiata" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dimidiata">H. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
. He also mentioned that the specimen he examined from the Crotch Collection at the University of Cambridge (UCCC) was a holotype. However,
<bibRefCitation author="Crotch, G. R." journalOrPublisher="E. W. Janson, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" title="A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellidae" year="1874">Crotch (1874)</bibRefCitation>
clearly mentioned about additional specimens.
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
also noted this when he designated a lectotype from Crotch's material at UCCC.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="8030">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Crotch’s">Crotch's</normalizedToken>
original description of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Leis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leis dunlopi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dunlopi">Leis dunlopi</taxonomicName>
listed material from India (Dublin, B.M.).
<bibRefCitation author="Gordon, R. D." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" pagination="1 - 46" title="A catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="1987">Gordon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
noted the locality datum on the Lectotype as India. However, the specimen in BMNH, a paralectotype, bearing
<normalizedToken originalValue="Crotch’s">Crotch's</normalizedToken>
name label in his own handwriting &quot;Dunlopi ns&quot; is from the Philippines and not India, and this specimen has the color pattern as shown in Fig. 1a.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Crotch’s">Crotch's</normalizedToken>
Lectotype was examined by RGB in 1988/89 and the paralectotype was examined again during the preparation of this paper, enabling the synonymy of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. dunlopi" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="dunlopi">H. dunlopi</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. manillana" pageId="0" pageNumber="8030" rank="species" species="manillana">H. manillana</taxonomicName>
to be confirmed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.53698" ID-GBIF-Dataset="592c05fe-195b-4f92-bf9f-7558e8c47aea" ID-PMC="PMC7423777" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-955-147" ID-Pensoft-UUID="16D7FE18B32C50A9A52DD5878E721BA0" ID-PubMed="32855596" ID-ZooBank="F4FE792E3A5D46EE9FA29DE55C37A53B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-955-147" checkinTime="1596691583710" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kanavalova, Liliana, Kubik, Stepan &amp; Bartak, Miroslav" docDate="2020" docId="9AB8B72032A75BDA86643DD4E5DF952A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 955: 147-158" docOrigin="ZooKeys 955" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.53698" docTitle="Atelestus pulicarius" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="16D7FE18B32C50A9A52DD5878E721BA0" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="16D7FE18B32C50A9A52DD5878E721BA0" masterDocTitle="Two new West Palaearctic species of Atelestus Walker (Diptera, Atelestidae) and new distributional records of the family" masterLastPageNumber="158" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1668169194795" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kanavalova, Liliana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-8265</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kubik, Stepan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bartak, Miroslav</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="166096010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9AB8B72032A75BDA86643DD4E5DF952A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9AB8B72032A75BDA86643DD4E5DF952A" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName LSID="9AB8B720-32A7-5BDA-8664-3DD4E5DF952A" authority="(Fallen, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Fallén" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Insecta" family="Atelestidae" genus="Atelestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atelestus pulicarius" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
Atelestus pulicarius (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fallén">Fallen</normalizedToken>
, 1816)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
4 ♂, 4 ♀, Turkey: 13km NE of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Muğla">Mugla</normalizedToken>
, pine wood + pasture, 1100-1300 m,
<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="37.25">37°15'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="28.5">28°30'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Barták">Bartak</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kubík">Kubik</normalizedToken>
, 2.-3.v.2016.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">First record from Turkey.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1181-167" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7284D377F64253E0AF69CFBDBF89912A" ID-ZooBank="E38531F280734B9EA3ECE05D03865AF5" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1181-167" checkinTime="1696562467154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cherneva, Irina, Ellison, Christina I., Zattara, Eduardo E., Norenburg, Jon L., Schwartz, Megan L., Junoy, Juan &amp; Maslakova, Svetlana A." docDate="2023" docId="9AB8EB2C6870520A9D4892D62F3DD9FC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1181: 167-200" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1181" docPubDate="2023-10-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521" docTitle="Tetranemertes pastafariensis Cherneva &amp; Ellison &amp; Zattara &amp; Norenburg &amp; Schwartz &amp; Junoy &amp; Maslakova 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6AB9E252-93B8-4EB7-8C8B-72E5902D3A9E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="7284D377F64253E0AF69CFBDBF89912A" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="7284D377F64253E0AF69CFBDBF89912A" masterDocTitle="Seven new species of Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992 (Monostilifera, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from the Caribbean Sea, western Pacific, and Arabian Sea, and revision of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="200" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1696562769381" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0D1AC49C09AB5D774FABA6767B39D14F">Seven new species of Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992 (Monostilifera, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from the Caribbean Sea, western Pacific, and Arabian Sea, and revision of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="94EF9B206BA0C295C9D7C7743FA554F5">Cherneva, Irina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4B860375A7609B83D970665A4C699CC9">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="62BB422333890CFB6B58105ED6692B61">Ellison, Christina I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="12597771C48A7C1EE94B2B96BB1D8885" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-386X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="94BC89427121A07F4A9B2CC84D2C63AD">Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Biology Department, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B40D4190A699C29C7F76C72482B4AF7D">Zattara, Eduardo E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2D7B7E524B1213DE294926512847D6EF">Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas, Bariloche, Argentina &amp; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AE11CE773FFE3E23BA8E6C45982246E8">Norenburg, Jon L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C32E3A4EB09F09D287A40D8BDDC50C29">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9A8D1C0383B8DDE9444E2E587D05E177">Schwartz, Megan L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="ACA67607B32C49C41DFC4AB445B9DC6E" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-2838</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="056EC4A5E296186BFA4CC3D511C91E07">School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="60DFD20884E7F8E80D20C2769CF69EF6">Junoy, Juan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="ABD0A817EB75AA81370BB921EE2E0E0E" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6125-558X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="1942BEA4681628EECFBACA0E87868935">Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C2B08F2DB8F801ECEE7EDE7D217BC36F">Maslakova, Svetlana A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="25058A2BB9509079B7939C250F3780D4">Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Biology Department, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="602496A436A7B1C714017B8298E29422" type="email">svetlana@uoregon.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="7F3B11712F5B12971E6A85B3323646D0">2023</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="C3C5CAA226684982C5DDF775651AAD9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="FDA951E6FC10E7C671E235D28F307A50" LSID="https://zoobank.org/6AB9E252-93B8-4EB7-8C8B-72E5902D3A9E" authority="Cherneva &amp; Ellison &amp; Zattara &amp; Norenburg &amp; Schwartz &amp; Junoy &amp; Maslakova, 2023" authorityName="Cherneva &amp; Ellison &amp; Zattara &amp; Norenburg &amp; Schwartz &amp; Junoy &amp; Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes pastafariensis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="pastafariensis" status="sp. nov.">Tetranemertes pastafariensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9C6253F650B1A4CD38C0AA6E1F70A12F" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="F63AB4C861887DD60C257D837FF1061D" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<figureCitation id="48491463EEAACB446FA915AE7AF30D74" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="13523A9E1EEFBF7240E912C14052424D" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="12C72483DC91ACF96635604723656BAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A728414BD932E2CDB647CB47D80E1F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<materialsCitation id="C360ED54A704AEE1037454788B1E000A" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" location="Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. Anterior" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
Type material is deposited with the
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Smithsonian
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National Museum of Natural History. Anterior
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ends are preserved for histology and posterior - in 95% ethanol:
<typeStatus id="DE01010E6F3A46D655288B8583A84AB5">holotype</typeStatus>
CB055_18_04 (USNM 1618675),
<typeStatus id="BDF64B0EDCACEA9C6576A2525D69FC0C">paratype</typeStatus>
CB055_18_06 (USNM 1618676). See Table
<tableCitation id="912D11F1CF1E66CF38C4B2D6D9DB59C8" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Examined specimens of Tetranemertes species. USNM - National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution, USA), FLMNH - Florida Museum of Natural History (University of Florida, USA). OIMB - Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (University of Oregon, USA). MCZ-IZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Invertebrate Zoology (Harvard University, USA). MNCN - Museo National de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, Spain). N / A - not available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70230C9428E27A83DE03D347E034A6DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="70230C9428E27A83DE03D347E034A6DE">1</tableCitation>
for
<typeStatus id="F162156FEC352E74A6205D6ED386395F" isOtherTypeStatus="true">additional specimens</typeStatus>
, accession numbers, and Table
<tableCitation id="AB155A21B5B230D9368BAB1CA42E9DC7" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Collecting information for Tetranemertes specimens." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EFD9BD4EFD87DD577897ACBFCB395DA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="EFD9BD4EFD87DD577897ACBFCB395DA1">2</tableCitation>
for collecting information
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="745451DC0402E70BBD9BAFCFC9606DD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D7761496033CB7488C936C2D3E06002C" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="046AF3BC0BAB1593966E4F5E46D503B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="6A289F92B902C3DB0193AC17931B1999" authorityName="Cherneva &amp; Ellison &amp; Zattara &amp; Norenburg &amp; Schwartz &amp; Junoy &amp; Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes pastafariensis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="pastafariensis">
<emphasis id="1F8239ECB8E8401DE63705C30F478EFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Tetranemertes pastafariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. differs from all other described species of this genus, except
<taxonomicName id="590B5E72CD4E72DE83FD3D4CDC74E74A" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. ocelata" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="ocelata">
<emphasis id="CF49DCFC51C91AC4ED51FC5381A004C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">T. ocelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by uniformly pale yellow to orangish yellow body color. It differs from
<taxonomicName id="5A4970BEDB0DE1EF8B01EE915D3C4837" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. ocelata" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="ocelata">
<emphasis id="6A12A03AF6B1A58FA16871F0BC23A78C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">T. ocelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having smaller ocelli. Easily differentiated from other species with DNA sequence data (Table
<tableCitation id="701B1E77189AC207A7F83CE01337AD8A" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Averaged Jukes-Cantor distances for all possible pairwise intraspecific (diagonal, bold) and interspecific (above diagonal) comparisons of Cytochrome Oxidase I sequences of Tetranemertes species. Assignments based on morphological species hypotheses. The asterisk (*) marks species represented by sequence data for only one individual." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/58E99FAB63AB7F3998541470CC3D62A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="58E99FAB63AB7F3998541470CC3D62A8">5</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4D94F36A6E876A1E5F0BB0DDFC0D1600" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="description">
<paragraph id="B81A4011C4F3FCD8A450F8823A5AE610" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C8236E8473128A052169F9010CA4FAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="2ADD996B71882105972EE526F24E0BDA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="83EC0C4FF0D3A97281D012CD7218FF00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">External appearance of live specimens</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Long, thin, thread-like body can stretch more than 10 cm in length and is up to 0.5 mm wide at the head; body up to 1 mm wide. Body rounded or slightly compressed in cross-section. The caudal end is rounded. Body color is uniform orangish yellow, paler towards the anterior end (Fig.
<figureCitation id="644B9DFAD5EB7DD90B6D01E7BA5A71D3" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">6A, B</figureCitation>
). Blood is colorless.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9EAD67A773FE223E1FAAB818907784B1" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="7F6803C420DB335AB7C4E1859ACF4F70" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="837B5D6CD38B09BC8E506D863FFA6FC0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3C16A1052FDEDB481FE0C3489DEA9D25" authorityName="Cherneva &amp; Ellison &amp; Zattara &amp; Norenburg &amp; Schwartz &amp; Junoy &amp; Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes pastafariensis" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="pastafariensis">
<emphasis id="FCDEBB83B236E56A2E0C6383BCA34A7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Tetranemertes pastafariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis id="DF31E6AFED3AB01B597210617A765ADA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A</emphasis>
external appearance in life of individual CB055_18_04
<emphasis id="3973DADBB5B50A0C7C0B88CCC51150A4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B</emphasis>
anterior end in ventral view of individual CB055_18_06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf)
<emphasis id="E1D9776C5DB18CB4FCAFB6B072C9302F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">C</emphasis>
stylets of individual CB055_18_08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets
<emphasis id="470FD3577863B3022DFC2694BEBB34DF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">D</emphasis>
head of individual CBdT0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis id="C8F1132D41D799105D1BEDC23A808D26" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis id="32A1738B6DFCE2E59298C88C5115125B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B, D</emphasis>
); 25
<normalizedToken id="18492BC104023F07530E3998F9E066A1" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="7CDBF2347D6EB17C2C83AE1E264D7E28" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">C</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6237BBDB5F88FD9193AE25725F4D23D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">When placed in a dish, often forms a writhing tangle. When mechanically disturbed it contracts into a knot, and secretes transparent sticky mucus. Moves by ciliary gliding, often with the anterior end of the head raised from the surface, the inflection point coinciding with the lateral indentation of the anterior cephalic furrow. The head region anterior to the anterior furrow is less contractile, causing an obvious discontinuity in width when the anterior end of the animal is contracted. Regeneration ability not known.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="213F89D5E55E570A03FDC039A0E80E9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">The head is somewhat triangular, spear-shaped, resembling head of a snake. The anterior part of the head is demarcated from the body by both width and an anterior ventrolateral cephalic furrow. The body is dorso-ventrally flattened in front of the anterior cephalic furrow; and thicker posterior to it, with a dorsal bulge corresponding to the brain. The cerebral ganglia, tinged pale pinkish orange, are visible through the body wall. The anterior margin of the head is bluntly pointed, slightly indented by the rhynchostomopore.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A26C88288DA256FD9E0A21DF98ED6A30" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
Cerebral organ furrows are fused ventrally forming a single cephalic furrow (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1A7631B67D9609A6BEB1E20037BF449F" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">6B</figureCitation>
, arrowhead). The cephalic furrow wraps around the lateral sides of head, and is barely visible from the dorsal side as a pair of lateral indentations. On the ventral side it forms a shallow anteriorly-pointed
<normalizedToken id="E096873A9520512DE20498D42B6D1F37" originalValue="“V”">&quot;V&quot;</normalizedToken>
anterior to cerebral ganglia. Posterior cephalic furrow is lacking. Mouth and rhynchopore are combined into a single anterior ventral rhynchostomopore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BA1CD7C0F8634CFE7296ADD57C10D79" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
Ocelli (20-40) are arranged in four longitudinal rows, two on each side of the head (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7AD1DD223B7BA67256C6ADC17068B02B" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">6B</figureCitation>
), reaching to posterior margin of cerebral ganglia (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A79FDA4D4318A6AED59928571B11CB71" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">6D</figureCitation>
), black in transmitted light. The medial rows are not visible from the ventral side. Cerebral organs present, clearly visible in specimens compressed under a cover slide (Fig.
<figureCitation id="98C8157975D13F4415703F601FD752AE" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">6D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1892664E96F44A3C7CFD64577918D961" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="CF11A2A96B2E20652725D4DF3C5AE420" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="C2707ED837844FD05EB1041B9FC2DDBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Rhynchocoel and proboscis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Rhynchocoel does not exceed 1/3 of body length. The proboscis is transparent, with two distinctive regions separated by a proboscis bulb. The anterior region is much shorter than the posterior, and the bulb has a length to width ratio of ~ 1. Proboscis armed with a single central stylet and two pouches, each holding two or three accessory stylets. The central stylet shaft is straight with spiral grooves. The stylet basis is rod-shaped, with a width to length ratio of ~ 1:4 to 1:5, with characteristic shallow fork posteriorly (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A7948EC087F1F97EE4F4E73F6356BA80" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Tetranemertes pastafariensis sp. nov. A external appearance in life of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 04 B anterior end in ventral view of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 06 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead, cf) C stylets of individual CB 055 _ 18 _ 08 showing a posteriorly bilobed basis and sculpted stylets D head of individual CBdT 0059 compressed under a glass slide showing number and distribution of eyes, as well as cerebral organs (arrowheads) and pinkish cerebral ganglia. Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, co - cerebral organ. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B, D); 25 μm (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916926" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">6C</figureCitation>
). One individual had a cylindrical basis with rounded posterior (not shown). Stylet to basis length ratio is ~ 1:1 (
<emphasis id="77C69CE5681654DAE0137000BDABE6B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">n</emphasis>
= 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F245719454B95EBA640478B48BCBD8D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="EADE71A290F7E9022775473DEC6482E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="88E8317D3666171D1C3195279E9AEA7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Reproduction</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
No data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E455368F4B93D2F550ABBC7574FD60B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="C0ACA6206895ED0FB6D04219ED8E3040" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="80108E3CF59969F02A43781987CD19EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Free living, marine benthic species, inhabiting shallow coral reef rubble (1-7 m depth). Tends to stretch in the crannies of the substratum.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CABCCA53DBACF616569C5AC9C22FA373" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D193428E942398F1EC601DA5C08A100E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="84A26A12DF6086CFE9BA15BC7D4FD4D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
Currently only known from Bocas del Toro,
<normalizedToken id="4A12B07AB4B1ED8AE29558F349969E71" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="90BE6DA70FDF60A69A34D0AB0F977ED1" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="79997989C2C2481156F0309500634BBF" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFF0DA501343ED0FFF2856B1E19E295B" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">The species is named after its resemblance to the Flying Spaghetti Monster, the deity of the Pastafarian religion.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>