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<mods:title id="8444F573313720710CD9EECDDE42AEED">Convergent evolution of aquatic foraging in a new genus and species (Rodentia: Muridae) from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="D5E54D0DFFA4FFD9DCEBFBB5282B894B" ID-CoL="63XDZ" authority="Rowe &amp; Achmadi &amp; Esselstyn, 2014" authorityName="Rowe &amp; Achmadi &amp; Esselstyn" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,261,1088,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Waiomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DCEBFBB5282B894B" bold="true" box="[151,261,1088,1114]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">Waiomys</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="3BA257E7FFA4FFD9DD77FBB428A5894A" box="[267,395,1089,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DCEBFB72281C89B1" bold="true" box="[151,306,1159,1184]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="CD5E882CFFA4FFD9DCEBFB7229FC89B1" box="[151,210,1159,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">Type</typeStatus>
species.
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<taxonomicName id="D5E54D0DFFA4FFD9DD45FB7D2B2089B1" ID-CoL="5BTH7" authorityName="Rowe &amp; Achmadi &amp; Esselstyn" authorityYear="2014" box="[313,526,1160,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Waiomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mamasae">
<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DD45FB7D2B2089B1" box="[313,526,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">Waiomys mamasae</emphasis>
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, the new species described below.
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<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DCBBFB59286E89D4" bold="true" box="[199,320,1196,1221]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A genus of rodent in the family
<taxonomicName id="D5E54D0DFFA4FFD9DEBDFB592A0F89D4" box="[705,801,1196,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
, subfamily
<taxonomicName id="D5E54D0DFFA4FFD9DFD4FB592D2889D4" box="[936,1030,1196,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Murinae">Murinae</taxonomicName>
that possesses soft, fine, extremely dense grey-brown dorsal fur; similarly textured pale grey ventral fur; small eyes; short ears almost entirely covered dorsally by fur; long tail with white ventral vibrissae; broad, dorso-ventrally flattened muzzle; moderately dense facial vibrissae; long hindfeet that lack webbing or stiff hairs; one white spot ca.
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in diameter on each side of the rump; absence of hypothenar pad on hindfoot; presence of large thenar pad on the lateral margin of the hindfoot; three molars in both maxillary and mandibular tooth rows; narrow incisors with pale orange enamel; absence of a masseteric process; large ovate infraorbital foramen; and large foramen magnum. Phylogenetic analyses place the genus in a clade containing the
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shrew rats
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<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DEAAFA522A5E88D1" box="[726,880,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">Melasmothrix</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DFD9FA522D6088D1" box="[933,1102,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">Paucidentomys</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="8ADE2A0BFFA4FFD9D821FA522D9288D1" box="[1117,1212,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1923,1945]" captionTargetBox="[269,1339,208,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-65@4.[249,1344,187,1926]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic position of Waiomys mamasae in Murinae, inferred with Bayesian analysis of a partitioned concatenation of 4 nuclear loci and 1 mitochondrial locus. Nodes supported by&gt;95% Bayesian posterior probability and&gt;90% maximum likelihood bootstrap value are marked with black circles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919532/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">Figure 3</figureCitation>
).
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<subSubSection id="5AFF6505FFA4FFD9DCBBFA392D8F8B3C" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="125A368EFFA4FFD9DCBBFA392D8F8B3C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1159,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">
<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DCBBFA39286088F4" bold="true" box="[199,334,1484,1509]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The generic name combines the Mamasa Toraja (
<bibRefCitation id="76744B7FFFA4FFD9DFF1FA392D0688F4" author="Gordon, R. G." box="[909,1064,1484,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" refId="ref10476" refString="Gordon, R. G. (2005) Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Online Version). Dallas, Texas. Available from: https: // www. ethnologue. com (28 February 2014)." type="url" year="2005">Gordon 2005</bibRefCitation>
) word ‘wai’ (water; pronounced ‘why’) with the Greek ‘
<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DDD8FA0428FE8B19" box="[420,464,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">mys</emphasis>
’ (mouse) in reference to the semi-aquatic lifestyle of the animal and in recognition of the local Mamasan people who call the animal ‘water rat’ in their language, Mamasa Toraja.
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<paragraph id="125A368EFFA4FFD9DCBBF9C22DE08B41" blockId="5.[151,1436,1159,1616]" box="[199,1230,1591,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="546">
<emphasis id="2091EA9CFFA4FFD9DCBBF9C228778B41" bold="true" box="[199,345,1591,1616]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="546" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
The same as for the only know species in the genus, which is described below.
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<heading id="4912946B4F549D3AFE17FB93FCA3BA1D" box="[446,877,1125,1149]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F549D3AFE17FB93FCA3BA1D" ID-CoL="6KZ5D" authority="Kramp, 1932" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[446,877,1125,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFE17FB93FD06BA1D" bold="true" box="[446,712,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F549D3AFD79FB93FCA3BA1D" author="Kramp PL" box="[720,877,1125,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref7522" refString="Kramp PL. 1932. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Hydroids. Meddelelser om GrOnland 79 (1): 1 - 86, Figures 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5AFF708C4F549D3AFD87FB73FCCABAFD" box="[558,772,1157,1181]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" type="description">
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFD87FB73FCCABAFD" blockId="4.[138,1101,1125,1245]" box="[558,772,1157,1181]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
(
<figureCitation id="8ADE3F824F549D3AFD9FFB73FD59BAFD" box="[566,663,1157,1181]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[138,198,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[9,1179,135,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[143,1180,133,1573]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Halisiphonia arctica Kramp, 1932. (A) Hydrotheca, lateral view; (B) portion of a colony; (C) hydrothecal diaphragm; (D) base of hydrotheca showing desmocytes; (E) gonothecae, lateral view. Scale bars: 200 Mm (A); 1.0 mm (B); 25 Mm (C); 100 Mm (D); 500 Mm (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4581815/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Figure 1</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="5F6716BC4F549D3AFD01FB73FD35BAFD" box="[680,763,1157,1181]" captionStart="Table I" captionStartId="5.[125,179,995,1014]" captionText="Table I. Morphometric data of the holotype specimen of Halisiphonia arctica." pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Table I</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5AFF708C4F549D3AFF23FB53FC77BABD" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFF23FB53FC77BABD" blockId="4.[138,1101,1125,1245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F549D3AFF23FB53FD87BADD" ID-CoL="6KZ5D" authority="Kramp 1932, p 37" authorityName="Kramp" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1932" box="[138,585,1189,1213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFF23FB53FEA8BADD" box="[138,358,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F549D3AFED9FB53FDC7BADD" author="Kramp PL" box="[368,521,1189,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref7522" refString="Kramp PL. 1932. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Hydroids. Meddelelser om GrOnland 79 (1): 1 - 86, Figures 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp 1932</bibRefCitation>
, p 37
</taxonomicName>
, Figures 17–20, 31;
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F549D3AFC90FB53FC1CBADD" author="Kramp PL" box="[825,978,1189,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref7631" refString="Kramp PL. 1963. Summary of the zoological results of the '' Godthaab' ' expedition: 1928. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland 81: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1963">Kramp 1963</bibRefCitation>
, p 53, 106 (incorrectly assigned as ‘‘n. sp.’’);
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F549D3AFD91FB33FD3BBABD" author="Schuchert P" box="[568,757,1221,1245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" pagination="1 - 184" refId="ref8267" refString="Schuchert P. 2001. Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience 53: 1 - 184, Figures 1 - 138, Appendices 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert 2001</bibRefCitation>
, p 61, Figure 47.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5AFF708C4F549D39FF23FAFEFC4BBABC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1052" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFF23FAFEFE96BB40" blockId="4.[138,344,1288,1312]" box="[138,344,1288,1312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFF23FAFEFE96BB40" box="[138,344,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFF23FACEFF39BB10" blockId="4.[138,1185,1336,1392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
<materialsCitation id="A28D295A4F549D3AFF23FACEFF39BB10" collectionCode="ZMUC" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F549D3AFF23FACEFF34BB30" box="[138,250,1336,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F549D3AFEADFACEFD4DBB30" authority="Kramp, 1932" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[260,643,1336,1360]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFEADFACEFE10BB30" box="[260,478,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F549D3AFE4CFACEFD4DBB30" author="Kramp PL" box="[485,643,1336,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref7522" refString="Kramp PL. 1932. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Hydroids. Meddelelser om GrOnland 79 (1): 1 - 86, Figures 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, colony with gonothecae in alcohol (
<collectionCode id="74F4BBC24F549D3AFB8AFACEFBB3BB30" box="[1059,1149,1336,1360]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">ZMUC</collectionCode>
no number).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFF23FA6DFED8BBD2" blockId="4.[138,278,1434,1458]" box="[138,278,1434,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFF23FA6DFED8BBD2" box="[138,278,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Type locality</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFF23FA3CFCF5B862" blockId="4.[138,1185,1482,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
<materialsCitation id="A28D295A4F549D3AFF23FA3CFCF9B862" collectingDate="1928-08-23" country="Greenland" elevation="1200" location="Baffin Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" specimenCount="1">
<location id="173A75DC4F549D3AFF23FA3CFEC4BB82" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A4C92114F549D39FE17FB93FC4BBABC:173A75DC4F549D3AFF23FA3CFEC4BB82" box="[138,266,1482,1506]" country="Greenland" name="Baffin Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Baffin Bay</location>
(
<collectingCountry id="6AF263974F549D3AFEB6FA3CFE6FBB82" box="[287,417,1482,1506]" name="Greenland" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Greenland</collectingCountry>
), 74
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFE70FA3CFE2DBB82" bold="true" box="[473,483,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">°</emphasis>
419N, 70
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFDFBFA3CFD92BB82" bold="true" box="[594,604,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">°</emphasis>
309E,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F549D3AFD03FA3CFCCDBB82" box="[682,771,1482,1506]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" unit="m" value="1200.0">
<elevation id="99C8C4344F549D3AFD03FA3CFCCDBB82" box="[682,771,1482,1506]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="665B05C74F549D3AFCBFFA3CFC10BB82" box="[790,990,1482,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" value="1928-08-23">
<collectingDate id="761FFC2F4F549D3AFCBFFA3CFC10BB82" box="[790,990,1482,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" value="1928-08-23">23 August 1928</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectedFrom id="A1F960FA4F549D3AFC59FA3CFE6EB862" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
on
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F549D3AFBB2FA3CFE6EB862" authority="Bonnevie, 1898" authorityName="Bonnevie" authorityYear="1898" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planum">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFBB2FA3CFF12B862" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Eudendrium planum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F549D3AFF4CFA1CFE6EB862" author="Bonnevie K" box="[229,416,1514,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" pagination="465 - 495" refId="ref7280" refString="Bonnevie K. 1898. Zur Systematik der Hydroiden. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 63: 465 - 495, Plates 25 - 27." type="journal article" year="1898">Bonnevie, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
, ‘‘Godthaab’’ Expedition Sta. 135
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3AFF23F9DBFE4EB825" blockId="4.[138,384,1581,1605]" box="[138,384,1581,1605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFF23F9DBFE4EB825" box="[138,384,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
Description of
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F549D3AFE81F9DBFE4EB825" box="[296,384,1581,1605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F549D3BFF23F9ABFC00BCE7" blockId="4.[138,1185,1629,1685]" lastBlockId="5.[125,1172,137,939]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1050" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">
Colony stolonal, creeping on hydrocaulus of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F549D3AFD0BF9ABFC4CB815" authorityName="Bonnevie" authorityYear="1898" box="[674,898,1629,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planum">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F549D3AFD0BF9ABFC4CB815" box="[674,898,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1049">Eudendrium planum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Stolonal hydrorhiza—a network of branching and anastomosing tubes of thin perisarc—giving rise to numerous pedicellate hydrothecae and five gonothecae. Pedicels smooth, with three to six complete basal annuli,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFEBCFF5FFE75BEA1" box="[277,443,169,193]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.605" metricValueMax="4.85" metricValueMin="0.36" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="2.605" valueMax="4.85" valueMin="0.36">0.36–4.85 mm</quantity>
long, almost cylindrical throughout (
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFCCAFF5FFBC5BEA1" box="[867,1035,169,193]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.115" valueMax="0.13" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.13 mm</quantity>
wide where walls are parallel), slightly and progressively widening to base of hydrothecae, merging into it almost imperceptibly. Hydrothecae deep conical to almost cylindrical,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFC1AFF1CFB97BF62" box="[947,1113,234,258]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="11.299999999999999" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.8999999999999999" valueMax="1.13" valueMin="0.67">0.67–1.13 mm</quantity>
high (from diaphragm up to distal renovation),
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFDC9FEFCFCC8BF42" box="[608,774,266,290]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.17" valueMax="0.23" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.23 mm</quantity>
wide at diaphragm,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFC47FEFCFB5ABF42" box="[1006,1172,266,290]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.285" valueMax="0.38" valueMin="0.19">0.19–0.38 mm</quantity>
wide at aperture, with straight and smooth walls (sometimes with inconspicuous undulations) and thin perisarc; margin entire, slightly flaring, with up to 13 renovations; aperture perpendicular to long axis of hydrotheca. Diaphragm membranous, transversal; desmocytes small (ca 4 Mm in diameter) and inconspicuous, irregularly distributed or forming one or two transversal rows above diaphragm. Hydranths
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFC0EFE5AFB80BFA4" box="[935,1102,428,452]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.25" valueMin="0.15">0.15–0.25 mm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFFD4FE3BFEEABF85" box="[125,292,461,485]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.16">0.16–0.22 mm</quantity>
wide at base of tentacles, with 12–16 tentacles, hypostome conical. Retracted hydranths lying over diaphragm. Hydranth regenerations leaving marks outside (margin renovations) and inside the hydrotheca; new diaphragm formed above the preceding one resulting in a fine thickened line around inner side of hydrotheca and corresponding cycles of desmocytes (not always seen); previous diaphragm may disappear. Hydranth base may be marked with several slight constrictions at the place of older diaphragms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F559D39FF31FD66FC45BF60" blockId="5.[125,1172,137,939]" lastBlockId="7.[125,1173,136,383]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1052" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
Gonothecae spatulate, rounded basally, truncated apically, a narrow transverse slit as superior aperture, arising singly from hydrorhiza on short, annulated pedicels (two to three rings). Pedicel
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFE99FD26FE19BC88" box="[304,471,720,744]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.115" valueMax="0.13" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.13 mm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFD8CFD26FD03BC88" box="[549,717,720,744]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.115" valueMax="0.13" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.13 mm</quantity>
wide. Gonotheca
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFC01FD26FB9EBC88" box="[936,1104,720,744]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.96" metricValueMax="3.42" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="2.96" valueMax="3.42" valueMin="2.5">2.50–3.42 mm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFFD4FD07FEEBBD69" box="[125,293,753,777]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5899999999999999" metricValueMax="1.73" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="1.5899999999999999" valueMax="1.73" valueMin="1.45">1.45–1.73 mm</quantity>
wide at aperture,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F559D3BFE54FD07FD6BBD69" box="[509,677,753,777]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" unit="mm" value="0.465" valueMax="0.53" valueMin="0.4">0.40–0.53 mm</quantity>
wide at base. Two gonothecae containing medusa buds, clearly seen through the fine and transparent gonothecal perisarc. Each gonotheca with two buds in a row, occupying only a fraction of gonothecal inner space; distal bud larger and more developed, with recognizable tentacles, manubrium, and umbrella. Umbrella twice as high as wide, mesoglea thin; manubrium tubular, reaching about halfway to bell margin. In both gonothecae, buds enclosed by a mantle. Peduncle uniting blastostyle to stem coenosarc broken in both cases. Apparently four tentacles with large bulbs. No nematocysts on the exumbrella or on the mantle. Neither radial canal (at higher magnification, 400X) nor sensorial structures (ocelli, statocysts) seen. Absence of gonads indicating that buds possibly represent immature medusae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="469A738F4F559D3BFFD4FC15FC9EBD96" box="[125,848,995,1014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<paragraph id="125A23074F559D3BFFD4FC15FC9EBD96" blockId="5.[125,848,995,1014]" box="[125,848,995,1014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
Table I. Morphometric data of the holotype specimen of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F559D3BFD33FC15FC84BD96" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[666,842,995,1014]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F559D3BFD33FC15FC84BD96" box="[666,842,995,1014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="125A23074F559D3BFCE8FBE1FBF2B8E0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<table id="60E5D1A74F5562C1FFD4FBE0FBF2B8E0" box="[125,1084,1046,1664]" colsContinueIn="8.[138,1102,196,628]" gridcols="2" gridrows="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FBE0FBF2BA4A" box="[125,1084,1046,1066]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<th id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FBE0FBF2BA4A" box="[125,1084,1046,1066]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
Mean¡SD (range) (
<emphasis id="2091FF154F559D3BFBADFBE1FBC1BA4A" box="[1028,1039,1047,1066]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">n</emphasis>
)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FBC9FBF2BA32" box="[125,1084,1087,1106]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FBC9FE31BA32" box="[125,511,1087,1106]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Diameter of hydrorhiza (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FBC9FBF2BA32" box="[797,1084,1087,1106]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.09–0.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FBAFFBF2BA0D" box="[125,1084,1113,1133]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FBAFFE31BA0D" box="[125,511,1113,1133]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Diameter of pedicel base (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FBAFFBF2BA0D" box="[797,1084,1113,1133]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.11¡0.01 (0.10–0.12) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FB85FBF2BAE7" box="[125,1084,1139,1159]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FB85FE31BAE7" box="[125,511,1139,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Diameter of pedicel distal (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FB85FBF2BAE7" box="[797,1084,1139,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.12¡0.01 (0.11–0.13) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FB78FBF2BAC1" box="[125,1084,1166,1185]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FB78FE31BAC1" box="[125,511,1166,1185]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Number of annulations</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FB78FBF2BAC1" box="[797,1084,1166,1185]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">3–6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FB5EFBF2BADC" box="[125,1084,1192,1212]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FB5EFE31BADC" box="[125,511,1192,1212]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of pedicel (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FB5EFBF2BADC" box="[797,1084,1192,1212]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">1.91¡1.49 (0.36–4.85) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FB35FBF2BAB7" box="[125,1084,1219,1239]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FB35FE31BAB7" box="[125,511,1219,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Diameter at diaphragm (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FB35FBF2BAB7" box="[797,1084,1219,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.18¡0.03 (0.11–0.23) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FB2BFBF2BA91" box="[125,1084,1245,1265]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FB2BFE31BA91" box="[125,511,1245,1265]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of hydrothecae (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FB2BFBF2BA91" box="[797,1084,1245,1265]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.93¡0.17 (0.67–1.13) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FB0EFBF2BB6C" box="[125,1084,1272,1292]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FB0EFE31BB6C" box="[125,511,1272,1292]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Diameter at aperture (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FB0EFBF2BB6C" box="[797,1084,1272,1292]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.30¡0.06 (0.19–0.38) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FAE5FBF2BB46" box="[125,1084,1299,1318]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FAE5FE31BB46" box="[125,511,1299,1318]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Number of renovations</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FAE5FBF2BB46" box="[797,1084,1299,1318]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0–13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FADBFBF2BB21" box="[125,1084,1325,1345]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FADBFE31BB21" box="[125,511,1325,1345]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of hydranth (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FADBFBF2BB21" box="[797,1084,1325,1345]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.19¡0.03 (0.15–0.25) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FABEFBF2BB3C" box="[125,1084,1352,1372]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FABEFE31BB3C" box="[125,511,1352,1372]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Width of hydranth (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FABEFBF2BB3C" box="[797,1084,1352,1372]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.20¡0.02 (0.16–0.22) (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FA95FBF2BB16" box="[125,1084,1379,1398]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FA95FE31BB16" box="[125,511,1379,1398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Number of tentacles</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FA95FBF2BB16" box="[797,1084,1379,1398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">12–16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FA8BFBF2BBF1" box="[125,1084,1405,1425]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FA8BFE31BBF1" box="[125,511,1405,1425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of gonotheca pedicel (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FA8BFBF2BBF1" box="[797,1084,1405,1425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.12¡0.01 (0.10–0.13) (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FA61FBF2BBCB" box="[125,1084,1431,1451]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FA61FE31BBCB" box="[125,511,1431,1451]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Width of gonotheca pedicel (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FA61FBF2BBCB" box="[797,1084,1431,1451]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.12¡0.01 (0.10–0.13) (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FA44FBF2BBA6" box="[125,1084,1458,1478]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FA44FE31BBA6" box="[125,511,1458,1478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of gonotheca (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FA44FBF2BBA6" box="[797,1084,1458,1478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">3.06¡0.37 (2.50–3.42) (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FA3BFBF2BB81" box="[125,1084,1485,1505]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FA3BFE31BB81" box="[125,511,1485,1505]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Width of gonotheca (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FA3BFBF2BB81" box="[797,1084,1485,1505]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.46¡0.05 (0.40–0.53) (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4FA1EFBF2BB9B" box="[125,1084,1512,1531]" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4FA1EFE31BB9B" box="[125,511,1512,1531]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of medusa bud (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4FA1EFBF2BB9B" box="[797,1084,1512,1531]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">1.32 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4F9F4FBF2B875" box="[125,1084,1538,1557]" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4F9F4FE31B875" box="[125,511,1538,1557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Width of medusa bud (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4F9F4FBF2B875" box="[797,1084,1538,1557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.65 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4F9EBFBF2B850" box="[125,1084,1565,1584]" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4F9EBFE31B850" box="[125,511,1565,1584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Length of manubrium (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4F9EBFBF2B850" box="[797,1084,1565,1584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.50 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4F9CEFBF2B82B" box="[125,1084,1592,1611]" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4F9CEFE31B82B" box="[125,511,1592,1611]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Width of manubrium (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4F9CEFBF2B82B" box="[797,1084,1592,1611]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">0.12 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4F9A7FBF2B805" box="[125,1084,1617,1637]" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4F9A7FE31B805" box="[125,511,1617,1637]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Heterotrichous microbasic mastigophores</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4F9A7FBF2B805" box="[797,1084,1617,1637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">7.40¡0.46X2.30¡0.35 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5562C1FFD4F99AFBF2B8E0" box="[125,1084,1644,1664]" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FFD4F99AFE31B8E0" box="[125,511,1644,1664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">Heterotrichous?macrobasic euryteles</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5562C1FCB4F99AFBF2B8E0" box="[797,1084,1644,1664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="1050">11.35¡0.71X4.90¡0.39 (10)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="469A738F4F569D38FF23F9BFFD91B8F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4581815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4581815/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1051" startId="6.[138,198,1609,1628]" targetBox="[9,1179,135,1573]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="125A23074F569D38FF23F9BFFD91B8F2" blockId="6.[138,1185,1609,1682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1051">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F569D38FF41F9BFFDD4B83C" authority="Kramp, 1932" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[232,538,1609,1628]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="1051" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F569D38FF41F9BFFE58B83C" box="[232,406,1609,1628]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1051">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F569D38FE32F9BFFDD4B83C" author="Kramp PL" box="[411,538,1609,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1051" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref7522" refString="Kramp PL. 1932. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Hydroids. Meddelelser om GrOnland 79 (1): 1 - 86, Figures 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Hydrotheca, lateral view; (B) portion of a colony; (C) hydrothecal diaphragm; (D) base of hydrotheca showing desmocytes; (E) gonothecae, lateral view. Scale bars: 200 Mm (A); 1.0 mm (B); 25 Mm (C); 100 Mm (D); 500 Mm (E).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FF31FEFEFE41BF1F" blockId="7.[125,1173,136,383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Nematocysts of two categories. Heterotrichous microbasic mastigophores (seen discharged), 7.0–8.0X2.0–3.0 Mm, rice grain-shaped, common, ratio shaft/capsule51:1. Heterotrichous?macrobasic euryteles (not seen discharged), 10.0–12.5X4.0–5.5 Mm, bean-shaped, common.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4FE5CFF12BFA2" blockId="7.[125,1173,426,1135]" box="[125,220,426,450]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FE5CFF12BFA2" box="[125,220,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4FE2FFB5ABC51" blockId="7.[125,1173,426,1135]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FFD4FE2FFEAFBF91" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[125,353,473,497]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FE2FFEAFBF91" box="[125,353,473,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been recorded again since its original description from
<collectingCountry id="6AF263974F579D39FFD4FE0FFF32BC71" box="[125,252,505,529]" name="Greenland" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Greenland</collectingCountry>
. The species was considered similar to
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FD13FE0CFCACBC71" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[698,866,505,529]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalotheca">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FD13FE0CFCACBC71" box="[698,866,505,529]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. megalotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FC23FE0FFB96BC71" author="Schuchert P" box="[906,1112,505,529]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 184" refId="ref8267" refString="Schuchert P. 2001. Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience 53: 1 - 184, Figures 1 - 138, Appendices 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, who notes that the only difference between them is the more elongate hydrotheca of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FBB7FDECFB42BC51" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[1054,1164,537,561]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FBB7FDECFB42BC51" box="[1054,1164,537,561]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FF31FDCFFD3DBD30" blockId="7.[125,1173,426,1135]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
However, concerning gross morphology,
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FDD8FDCCFD10BC31" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[625,734,569,593]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FDD8FDCCFD10BC31" box="[625,734,569,593]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of two characters: everted margin and annulated pedicels.
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FBA0FDAFFECEBCF1" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalotheca">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FBA0FDAFFECEBCF1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia megalotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FEEFFD8FFE67BCF0" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[326,425,633,656]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FEEFFD8FFE67BCF0" box="[326,425,633,656]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have everted margins but both lack annuli in their pedicels.
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FFD4FD6FFE96BCD1" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[125,344,665,689]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FD6FFE96BCD1" box="[125,344,665,689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FE46FD6FFDB5BCD1" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[495,635,665,689]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FE46FD6FFDB5BCD1" box="[495,635,665,689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which it shares the presence of annuli in the pedicel, by having everted hydrothecal margin.
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FD6EFD4FFC6CBCB1" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[711,930,697,721]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FD6EFD4FFC6CBCB1" box="[711,930,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also shows twice (up to 13) as many renovations as
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FE7EFD2FFDACBC90" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[471,610,728,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FE7EFD2FFDACBC90" box="[471,610,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(up to six) and
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FCBEFD2FFCBABC90" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[791,884,729,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FCBEFD2FFCBABC90" box="[791,884,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(up to six), although this may be a variable character. The process of hydranth regeneration of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FC05FD0FFBD4BD70" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[940,1050,760,784]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FC05FD0FFBD4BD70" box="[940,1050,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves the scars of the old diaphragms, as described and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FC8DFCEEFC0ABD50" author="Kramp PL" box="[804,964,792,816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref7522" refString="Kramp PL. 1932. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Hydroids. Meddelelser om GrOnland 79 (1): 1 - 86, Figures 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp (1932</bibRefCitation>
, p 39, Figures 18– 20), a unique feature among the species of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FF31FCAEFB5ABA0F" blockId="7.[125,1173,426,1135]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
The medusa of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FEFCFCAFFE0BBD10" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[341,453,856,880]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FEFCFCAFFE0BBD10" box="[341,453,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously reported by
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FCBDFCAEFC15BD10" author="Schuchert P" box="[788,987,856,880]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 184" refId="ref8267" refString="Schuchert P. 2001. Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience 53: 1 - 184, Figures 1 - 138, Appendices 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert (2001</bibRefCitation>
, p 61) from the
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F579D39FFD4FC8EFF2BBDF0" box="[125,229,888,912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, the same material being described here. Besides the presence of medusae suggesting affinities with
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FE09FC6EFD07BDD0" authority="(Schuchert 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Schuchert" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[416,713,920,944]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FE09FC6EFE3FBDD0" box="[416,497,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Hebella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FDA8FC6EFD71BDD0" author="Schuchert P" box="[513,703,920,944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 184" refId="ref8267" refString="Schuchert P. 2001. Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience 53: 1 - 184, Figures 1 - 138, Appendices 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the morphology of the medusa buds of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FFD4FC4EFF3EBDB0" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1932" box="[125,240,952,976]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arctica">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FC4EFF3EBDB0" box="[125,240,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">H. arctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in some aspects (umbrella tall, four tentacles with large bulbs, manubrium cylindrical) comparable to the newly liberated medusae of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FC92FC21FB5ABD8F" authority="(Bale, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[827,1172,983,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FC92FC21FC3BBD8F" box="[827,1013,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Hebella scandens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FBA1FC21FB45BD8F" author="Bale WM" box="[1032,1163,983,1007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="745 - 799" refId="ref7099" refString="Bale WM. 1888. On some new and rare Hydroida in the Australian Museum collection. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) 3: 745 - 799, Plates 12 - 21." type="journal article" year="1888">Bale, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FF1AFC01FE39BA6F" authority="Millard, 1957" authorityName="Millard" authorityYear="1957" box="[179,503,1015,1039]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="furax">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FF1AFC01FE86BA6F" box="[179,328,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Hebella furax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FEFAFC01FE39BA6F" author="Millard NAH" box="[339,503,1015,1039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="173 - 243" refId="ref7974" refString="Millard NAH. 1957. The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of South African Museum 43: 173 - 243." type="journal article" year="1957">Millard, 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FD90FC01FC4DBA6F" author="Andrade LP de &amp; Migotto AE" box="[569,899,1015,1039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="35 - 36" refId="ref7049" refString="Andrade LP de, Migotto AE. 1997. Is there a link between Hebella hydroids (Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae) and Staurodiscus medusae (Hydrozoa, Laodiceidae)? Resumos Expandidos do VII COLACMAR-Congresso Latino-Americano sobre Ciencias do Mar, Santos, SP 1: 35 - 36." type="journal article" year="1997">Andrade and Migotto 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FC3BFC01FF75BA4F" author="Migotto AE &amp; Andrade LP de" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1871 - 1888" refId="ref7932" refString="Migotto AE, Andrade LP de. 2000. The life cycle of Hebella furax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): a link between a lafoeid hydroid and a laodiceid medusa. Journal of Natural History 34: 1871 - 1888." type="journal article" year="2000">Migotto and Andrade 2000</bibRefCitation>
, respectively), indicates affinities between
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FD06FBE1FCF4BA4F" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[687,826,1047,1071]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FD06FBE1FCF4BA4F" box="[687,826,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FCD1FBE1FC07BA4F" baseAuthorityName="Schuchert" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[888,969,1047,1071]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Hebella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FCD1FBE1FC07BA4F" box="[888,969,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Hebella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, once this stage becomes better known, there could be a drastic modification on the classification of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FF35FBA1FEE6BA0F" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[156,296,1111,1135]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FF35FBA1FEE6BA0F" box="[156,296,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the genus might even fall into synonymy with a medusa-based genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4FB62FF33BACC" blockId="7.[125,253,1172,1196]" box="[125,253,1172,1196]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FB62FF33BACC" box="[125,253,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4FB32FC4BBABC" blockId="7.[125,901,1220,1244]" box="[125,901,1220,1244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
The species is only known for
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, at the depth of
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

358
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@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
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<heading id="4912946B4F579D39FE36FAF2FCBCBB7C" box="[415,882,1284,1308]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FE36FAF2FD02BB7C" bold="true" box="[415,716,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia galatheae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FD7CFAF2FCBCBB7C" author="Kramp PL" box="[725,882,1284,1308]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7606" refString="Kramp PL. 1956. Hydroids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 17 - 20, Figures 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1956">Kramp, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="8ADE3F824F579D39FDBDFAD2FD40BB5C" box="[532,654,1316,1340]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[125,185,1257,1276]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,133,1221]" captionTargetId="figure-143@9.[125,1172,133,1221]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. (A–C) Halisiphonia megalotheca Allman, 1888: (A) gonotheca (left) and hydrotheca, lateral view; (B) base of hydrotheca; (C) base of hydrotheca showing desmocytes; (D) Halisiphonia galatheae Kramp, 1956: gonotheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 800 Mm (A); 500 Mm (B); 25 Mm (C); 450 Mm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4581819/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
; Table II)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5AFF708C4F579D39FFD4FAB5FDFABB1B" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4FAB5FDFABB1B" blockId="7.[125,1086,1284,1403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FFD4FAB5FD99BB3B" ID-CoL="6KYTF" authority="Kramp 1956, p 17" authorityName="Kramp" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1956" box="[125,599,1347,1371]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FAB5FEB6BB3B" box="[125,376,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia galatheae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FE28FAB5FDD4BB3B" author="Kramp PL" box="[385,538,1347,1371]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7606" refString="Kramp PL. 1956. Hydroids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 17 - 20, Figures 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1956">Kramp 1956</bibRefCitation>
, p 17
</taxonomicName>
–18,
<figureCitation id="8ADE3F824F579D39FD3AFAB5FD3DBB3B" box="[659,755,1347,1371]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="13.[125,185,1141,1160]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,133,1105]" captionTargetId="figure-146@13.[125,1172,133,1105]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 3. Halisiphonia nana Stechow, 1921. (A) Hydrothecae, lateral view; (B) portion of a colony; (C) terminal part of hydrotheca with renovations; (D) base of hydrotheca, showing diaphragm. Scale bars: 250 Mm (A); 125 Mm (B); 100 Mm (C); 25 Mm (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4581821/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Figure 3</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FCAAFAB5FC61BB3B" author="Vervoort W" box="[771,943,1347,1371]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="97 - 173" refId="ref8508" refString="Vervoort W. 1966. Bathyal and abyssal hydroids. Galathea Report 8: 97 - 173." type="book chapter" year="1966">Vervoort 1966</bibRefCitation>
, p 121–122, Figures 22, 23;
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, p 48.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4FA56FE82BBD8" box="[125,332,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4FA26FEDFB868" blockId="7.[125,1172,1488,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<materialsCitation id="A28D295A4F579D39FFD4FA26FEDFB868" collectionCode="ZMUC" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F579D39FFD4FA26FF23BB88" box="[125,237,1488,1512]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F579D39FF51FA26FD59BB88" authority="Kramp, 1956" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[248,663,1488,1512]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FF51FA26FE3FBB88" box="[248,497,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Halisiphonia galatheae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F579D39FE51FA26FD59BB88" author="Kramp PL" box="[504,663,1488,1512]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7606" refString="Kramp PL. 1956. Hydroids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 17 - 20, Figures 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1956">Kramp, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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; colony with gonothecae in alcohol (
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no number).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D39FFD4F9D8FEC6B825" blockId="7.[125,264,1581,1605]" box="[125,264,1581,1605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FFD4F9D8FEC6B825" box="[125,264,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">Type locality</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F579D36FFD4F9ABFE4EBCA9" blockId="7.[125,1172,1629,1685]" lastBlockId="8.[138,1185,689,1239]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1053" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">
<materialsCitation id="A28D295A4F579D36FFD4F9ABFE4EBCA9" collectingDate="1952-02-14" country="New Zealand" elevation="8255" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1053" location="Kermadec Trench" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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(north of
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), 35
<emphasis id="2091FF154F579D39FD7FF9ABFD2EB815" bold="true" box="[726,736,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052">°</emphasis>
169S, 178
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409W,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F579D39FC16F9ABFBAFB815" box="[959,1121,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.254999999999999" metricValueMax="8.3" metricValueMin="8.209999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" unit="m" value="8255.0" valueMax="8300.0" valueMin="8210.0">
<elevation id="99C8C4344F579D39FC16F9ABFBAFB815" box="[959,1121,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.254999999999999" metricValueMax="8.3" metricValueMin="8.209999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" unit="m" value="8255.0" valueMax="8300.0" valueMin="8210.0">8210–8300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="665B05C74F579D39FBDEF9ABFEE3B8F5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" value="1952-02-14">
<collectingDate id="761FFC2F4F579D39FBDEF9ABFEE3B8F5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1052" value="1952-02-14">14 February 1952</collectingDate>
</date>
, on rock (bottom grey clay with pumice), ‘‘Galathea’’ Expedition Sta. 649.
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FF23FD47FE4EBCA9" box="[138,384,689,713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
Description of
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F589D36FE81FD47FE4EBCA9" box="[296,384,689,713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="469A738F4F589D36FF23FF67FCB3BEC4" box="[138,893,145,164]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D36FF23FF67FCB3BEC4" blockId="8.[138,893,145,164]" box="[138,893,145,164]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
Table II. Morphometric data of the holotype specimen of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F589D36FD06FF67FCB8BEC4" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[687,886,145,164]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FD06FF67FCB8BEC4" box="[687,886,145,164]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Halisiphonia galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D36FCF5FF33FB82BC14" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<table id="60E5D1A74F5862C1FF23FF32FB80BC14" box="[138,1102,196,628]" colsContinueFrom="5.[125,1084,1046,1664]" gridcols="2" gridrows="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FF32FB80BEB8" box="[138,1102,196,216]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<th id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FF32FB80BEB8" box="[138,1102,196,216]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
Mean¡SD (range) (
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FBB6FF33FBE4BEB8" box="[1055,1066,197,216]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">n</emphasis>
)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FF1BFB80BF60" box="[138,1102,237,256]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FF1BFDDABF60" box="[138,532,237,256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Diameter of hydrorhiza (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFF1BFB80BF60" box="[834,1102,237,256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0.12–0.16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FEF0FB80BF7A" box="[138,1102,262,282]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FEF0FDDABF7A" box="[138,532,262,282]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Diameter of pedicel base (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFEF0FB80BF7A" box="[834,1102,262,282]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0.12¡0.02 (0.10–0.16) (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FED7FB80BF55" box="[138,1102,289,309]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FED7FDDABF55" box="[138,532,289,309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Diameter of pedicel distal (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFED7FB80BF55" box="[834,1102,289,309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0.12¡0.02 (0.10–0.16) (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FECAFB80BF2F" box="[138,1102,316,335]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FECAFDDABF2F" box="[138,532,316,335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Number of annulations</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFECAFB80BF2F" box="[834,1102,316,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">2–6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FEA0FB80BF0A" box="[138,1102,342,362]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FEA0FDDABF0A" box="[138,532,342,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Length of pedicel (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFEA0FB80BF0A" box="[834,1102,342,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">5.84¡2.16 (3.96–11.00) (9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FE87FB80BFE5" box="[138,1102,369,389]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FE87FDDABFE5" box="[138,532,369,389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Diameter at diaphragm (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFE87FB80BFE5" box="[834,1102,369,389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0.25¡0.07 (0.16–0.36) (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FE7DFB80BFFF" box="[138,1102,395,415]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FE7DFDDABFFF" box="[138,532,395,415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Length of hydrothecae (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFE7DFB80BFFF" box="[834,1102,395,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0.94¡0.18 (0.70–1.20) (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FE50FB80BFDA" box="[138,1102,422,442]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FE50FDDABFDA" box="[138,532,422,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Diameter at aperture (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFE50FB80BFDA" box="[834,1102,422,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0.58¡0.19 (0.28–0.80) (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FE37FB80BFB4" box="[138,1102,449,468]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FE37FDDABFB4" box="[138,532,449,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Number of renovations</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFE37FB80BFB4" box="[834,1102,449,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">0–6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FE2AFB80BF8F" box="[138,1102,476,495]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FE2AFDDABF8F" box="[138,532,476,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Length of gonotheca pedicel (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFE2AFB80BF8F" box="[834,1102,476,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">(0.40–0.50) (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FE00FB80BC69" box="[138,1102,502,521]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FE00FDDABC69" box="[138,532,502,521]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Width of gonotheca pedicel (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFE00FB80BC69" box="[834,1102,502,521]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">(0.10–0.14) (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FDE7FB80BC44" box="[138,1102,529,548]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FDE7FDDABC44" box="[138,532,529,548]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Length of gonotheca (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFDE7FB80BC44" box="[834,1102,529,548]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">(1.80–2.04) (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FDDDFB80BC5E" box="[138,1102,555,574]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FDDDFDDABC5E" box="[138,532,555,574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Width of gonotheca at aperture (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFDDDFB80BC5E" box="[834,1102,555,574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">(1.44–1.48) (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FDB0FB80BC39" box="[138,1102,582,601]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FDB0FDDABC39" box="[138,532,582,601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Width of gonotheca at base (mm)</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFDB0FB80BC39" box="[834,1102,582,601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">(0.16–0.26) (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ACD521454F5862C1FF23FD96FB80BC14" box="[138,1102,608,628]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FF23FD96FDDABC14" box="[138,532,608,628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Heterotrichous?microbasic mastigophores</td>
<td id="EF0448394F5862C1FCEBFD96FB80BC14" box="[834,1102,608,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">9.56¡0.42X2.38¡0.44 (8)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D36FF23FD16FC4EBA77" blockId="8.[138,1185,689,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
Colony stolonal, with many hydrothecae and two gonothecae arising from hydrorhiza. Hydrorhiza
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FEB2FCF6FE0DBD78" box="[283,451,768,792]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.14" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.12">0.12–0.16 mm</quantity>
wide, forming a sparse network of branching tubes of thin perisarc. Pedicel straight, cylindrical, elongated, 3.96–11.00 mm long,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FC1CFCD6FB92BD58" box="[949,1116,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.13" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.16 mm</quantity>
wide, smooth but with two to six complete basal annuli; slightly and progressively widening to base of hydrotheca, merging into it almost imperceptibly. Hydrotheca deep conical,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FF23FC76FEFCBDF8" box="[138,306,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.7">0.70–1.20 mm</quantity>
high (from diaphragm up to distal renovation),
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FC3BFC76FBF7BDF8" box="[914,1081,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.5999999999999996" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.26" valueMax="0.36" valueMin="0.16">0.16–0.36 mm</quantity>
wide at diaphragm,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FEB2FC56FE0DBDD8" box="[283,451,928,952]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.54" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.28">0.28–0.80 mm</quantity>
wide at aperture, with straight and smooth walls, and thin perisarc; margin entire, not flaring, with up to six renovations; aperture perpendicular to long axis of hydrotheca. Diaphragm membraneous, transversal, not conspicuous and sometimes lacking; desmocytes not seen. Hydranths not present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D36FF0CFBE9FBCBBAF7" blockId="8.[138,1185,689,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
Gonothecae spatulate, laterally compressed, rounded basally, truncated apically, with a narrow transverse slit as superior aperture, arising singly from hydrorhiza on short, annulated pedicels. Pedicel
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FE72FBA9FD4CBA17" box="[475,642,1119,1143]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.40–0.50 mm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FD7CFBA9FCB3BA17" box="[725,893,1119,1143]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.12" valueMax="0.14" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.14 mm</quantity>
wide. Gonotheca
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FBC9FBA9FF3EBAF7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" metricValueMax="2.04" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="1.92" valueMax="2.04" valueMin="1.8">1.80– 2.04 mm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FE95FB89FE2ABAF7" box="[316,484,1151,1175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" metricValueMax="1.48" metricValueMin="1.44" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="1.46" valueMax="1.48" valueMin="1.44">1.44–1.48 mm</quantity>
wide at aperture,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FD15FB89FCADBAF7" box="[700,867,1151,1175]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="0.21" valueMax="0.26" valueMin="0.16">0.16–0.26 mm</quantity>
wide at base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D36FF0CFB69FCB3BAB7" blockId="8.[138,1185,689,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Nematocysts of one category, heterotrichous?microbasic mastigophores (not seen discharged), 9.0–10.0X2.0–3.0 Mm, rice grain-shaped, common.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D36FF23FAF8FF27BB46" blockId="8.[138,233,1294,1318]" box="[138,233,1294,1318]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FF23FAF8FF27BB46" box="[138,233,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F589D37FF23FAC8FC81B8F5" blockId="8.[138,1185,1342,1685]" lastBlockId="9.[125,1173,1373,1685]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1054" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F589D36FF23FAC8FE85BB36" author="Kramp PL" box="[138,331,1342,1366]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7606" refString="Kramp PL. 1956. Hydroids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 17 - 20, Figures 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1956">Kramp’s (1956)</bibRefCitation>
description of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F589D36FDAEFAC9FD56BB36" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[519,664,1342,1366]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FDAEFAC9FD56BB36" box="[519,664,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is brief, particularly with regard to colony dimensions; the range of variation or average values of important characters are not given.
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F589D36FF23FA88FEE2BBF6" author="Kramp PL" box="[138,300,1406,1430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7606" refString="Kramp PL. 1956. Hydroids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 17 - 20, Figures 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1956">Kramp (1956</bibRefCitation>
, p 17–18) did not recognize gonothecae in the
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F589D36FCE4FA88FC7FBBF6" box="[845,945,1406,1430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and overlooked that the hydrothecal pedicels are annulated at their bases. He reported pedicels much longer (
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FF3AFA48FF28BBB6" box="[147,230,1470,1494]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
) than those found by us (
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F589D36FDB5FA48FDBFBBB6" box="[540,625,1470,1494]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
), but the other measurements given by him are within the range of variation we obtained, except the width of the pedicel, which is slightly thinner than the ones we measured. Nonetheless,
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F589D36FD5EFA08FC46B875" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[759,904,1533,1557]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FD5EFA08FC46B875" box="[759,904,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a well-characterized species due to the straight hydrothecal margin (not everted) and longer pedicels.
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F589D36FB9EF9EBFE8EB835" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort (1987</bibRefCitation>
, p 34) regarded
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F589D36FE54F9C8FD47B835" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[509,649,1597,1621]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FE54F9C8FD47B835" box="[509,649,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F589D36FCDBF9C8FBD5B835" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[882,1051,1597,1621]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalotheca">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FCDBF9C8FBD5B835" box="[882,1051,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">H. megalotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, due to the existence of intermediate specimens, regarding the pedicel length, and the similarity of their gonothecae. Contrary to their argument,
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F589D36FDC3F988FD39B8F5" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[618,759,1661,1685]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F589D36FDC3F988FD39B8F5" box="[618,759,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1053">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have much longer and more slender pedicels than those studied by them or by previous authors (
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FC9BFAABFB9EBB15" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" box="[818,1104,1373,1397]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort 1987</bibRefCitation>
, p 33, Table 4). Moreover, the demarcation between pedicel and hydrotheca in
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FC40FA8BFBB6BBF5" box="[1001,1144,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. galatheae</emphasis>
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is indistinct, whereas in the
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of
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FDECFA68FD3FBBD5" box="[581,753,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. megalotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hydrotheca and pedicel are clearly distinct. The illustrations of material identified as
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FD6DFA48FCA3BBB5" box="[708,877,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. megalotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FC30FA4BFB80BBB5" author="Vervoort W" box="[921,1102,1469,1493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref8526" refString="Vervoort W. 1972. Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen 120: 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1972">Vervoort (1972</bibRefCitation>
, p 60, Figure 17a) and
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FEEDFA2BFDBBBB95" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" box="[324,629,1501,1525]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort (1987</bibRefCitation>
, p 31, Figure 6a, b) are also distinct from
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F599D37FBDFFA2BFF2DB875" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FBDFFA2BFF2DB875" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. galatheae</emphasis>
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in this aspect. On the contrary,
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FDCAFA08FD3FB875" box="[611,753,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FC21FA0BFBF1B875" author="Vervoort W" box="[904,1087,1533,1557]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="97 - 173" refId="ref8508" refString="Vervoort W. 1966. Bathyal and abyssal hydroids. Galathea Report 8: 97 - 173." type="book chapter" year="1966">Vervoort (1966</bibRefCitation>
, p 122, Figure 24), later considered as
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FE46F9E8FD54B855" box="[495,666,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. megalotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FD62F9EBFBCAB855" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" box="[715,1028,1565,1589]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, agrees well with the
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of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F599D37FEDCF9C8FDCDB835" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[373,515,1597,1621]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FEDCF9C8FDCDB835" box="[373,515,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having comparable long pedicels and straight margins. The type specimens of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F599D37FE20F9A8FDDBB815" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[393,533,1629,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FE20F9A8FDDBB815" box="[393,533,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. galatheae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F599D37FDE6F9A8FD39B815" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[591,759,1629,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalotheca">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FDE6F9A8FD39B815" box="[591,759,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">H. megalotheca</emphasis>
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also differ in the presence of annuli on the pedicel and non-flaring hydrothecal rim of the former.
</paragraph>
<caption id="469A738F4F599D37FFD4FB1FFC6EBB51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4581819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4581819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4581819/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" startId="9.[125,185,1257,1276]" targetBox="[125,1172,133,1221]" targetPageId="9">
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Figure 2. (A–C)
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F599D37FE88FB1FFD43BA9C" authority="Allman, 1888" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[289,653,1257,1276]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="megalotheca">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FE88FB1FFDCFBA9C" box="[289,513,1257,1276]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">Halisiphonia megalotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FDA0FB1FFD43BA9C" author="Allman GJ" box="[521,653,1257,1276]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref6973" refString="Allman GJ. 1888. Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part II-the Tubulariinae, Corymorphinae, Campanulariinae, Sertulariinae, and Thalamophora. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 23 (70): i-xix, 1 - 90, Plates 1 - 40." type="book chapter" year="1888">Allman, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: (A) gonotheca (left) and hydrotheca, lateral view; (B) base of hydrotheca; (C) base of hydrotheca showing desmocytes; (D)
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F599D37FC9FFAF2FB5FBB77" authority="Kramp, 1956" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1956" box="[822,1169,1284,1303]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="galatheae">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F599D37FC9FFAF2FBCFBB77" box="[822,1025,1284,1303]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054">Halisiphonia galatheae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F599D37FBA5FAF2FB5FBB77" author="Kramp PL" box="[1036,1169,1284,1303]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1054" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7606" refString="Kramp PL. 1956. Hydroids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report 2: 17 - 20, Figures 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1956">Kramp, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: gonotheca, lateral view. Scale bars: 800 Mm (A); 500 Mm (B); 25 Mm (C); 450 Mm (D).
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F5A9D34FF23FF7EFEC5BEC0" box="[138,267,136,160]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1055">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F5A9D34FF23FF4EFB6FBE90" blockId="10.[138,1185,184,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1055">
The species is known from north of
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(
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) and Celebes Sea (
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), at depths varying from 4940 (
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) to
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(
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).
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FE36FC52FD14BDDC" bold="true" box="[415,730,932,956]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Halisiphonia spongicola</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF23FC33FE45BDBD" box="[138,395,965,989]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Halisiphonia spongicola</emphasis>
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, p 77
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–78, Plate 4 Figure 9;
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, p 40–41;
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F5E9D30FF0CFC13FEF0BD9D" author="Kramp PL" box="[165,318,997,1021]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" pagination="121 - 127" refId="ref7578" refString="Kramp PL. 1951. Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa. Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, 1947 - 1948 10: 121 - 127, Plate 1." type="journal article" year="1951">Kramp 1951</bibRefCitation>
, p 123;
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F5E9D30FE32FC13FD75BD9D" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" box="[411,699,997,1021]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort 1987</bibRefCitation>
, p 34.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5AFF708C4F5E9D30FF23FBDEFCCFB8F5" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="125A23074F5E9D30FF23FBDEFEE6BA5F" blockId="14.[138,296,1063,1087]" box="[138,296,1063,1087]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF23FBDEFEE6BA5F" box="[138,296,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F5E9D30FF23FBDEFF0EBA5F" box="[138,192,1064,1087]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Type</typeStatus>
specimen
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F5E9D30FF23FBAEFD63BAD0" blockId="14.[138,1185,1112,1200]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F5E9D30FF23FBAEFE76BA10" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" box="[138,440,1112,1136]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort (1987)</bibRefCitation>
made no remarks on the
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F5E9D30FD48FBAEFCDCBA10" box="[737,786,1112,1136]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">type</typeStatus>
series of the species. The material is not in the museum collections that we consulted and in which it could have been deposited. We believe the
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F5E9D30FE69FB6EFE3FBAD0" box="[448,497,1176,1200]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">type</typeStatus>
material is lost.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F5E9D30FF23FB2DFED8BA92" blockId="14.[138,278,1242,1266]" box="[138,278,1242,1266]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF23FB2DFED8BA92" box="[138,278,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F5E9D30FF23FB2DFF0EBA92" box="[138,192,1243,1266]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F5E9D30FF23FAFDFB9FBB02" blockId="14.[138,1185,1290,1378]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<materialsCitation id="A28D295A4F5E9D30FF23FAFDFB82BB02" country="Christmas Island" county="Yokohama" elevation="4206" location="Original" municipality="northwestern Pacific" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="173A75DC4F5E9D30FF23FAFDFF27BB43" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A4C92114F5E9D30FE36FC52FCCFB8F5:173A75DC4F5E9D30FF23FAFDFF27BB43" box="[138,233,1291,1315]" country="Christmas Island" county="Yokohama" municipality="northwestern Pacific" name="Original" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Original</location>
data are ‘‘
<location id="173A75DC4F5E9D30FECEFAFDFE3BBB43" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A4C92114F5E9D30FE36FC52FCCFB8F5:173A75DC4F5E9D30FECEFAFDFE3BBB43" box="[359,501,1291,1315]" country="Christmas Island" county="Yokohama" municipality="northwestern Pacific" name="Challenger'" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Challenger’</location>
’ Sta. 241,
<collectingMunicipality id="F23EB97D4F5E9D30FDD3FAFDFCA0BB43" box="[634,878,1291,1315]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">northwestern Pacific</collectingMunicipality>
, off
<collectingCounty id="FB3B5B8B4F5E9D30FC0FFAFDFBE9BB43" box="[934,1063,1291,1315]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Yokohama</collectingCounty>
, 35
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FBFBFAFDFB92BB43" bold="true" box="[1106,1116,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">°</emphasis>
419N, 157
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF1FFADCFF0EBB22" bold="true" box="[182,192,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">°</emphasis>
429E,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F5E9D30FEB8FADDFEA4BB23" box="[273,362,1323,1347]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.206" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" unit="m" value="4206.0">
<elevation id="99C8C4344F5E9D30FEB8FADDFEA4BB23" box="[273,362,1323,1347]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.206" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" unit="m" value="4206.0">4206 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, and ‘‘Challenger’’ Sta. 272, ESE of
<collectingCountry id="6AF263974F5E9D30FCFCFADDFBE8BB23" box="[853,1062,1323,1347]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
, 03
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FBF0FADCFBADBB22" bold="true" box="[1113,1123,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">°</emphasis>
489S, 152
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF1FFABCFF0EBB02" bold="true" box="[182,192,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">°</emphasis>
569W,
<quantity id="D51D8EE24F5E9D30FEBBFABCFEA5BB02" box="[274,363,1354,1378]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.755" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" unit="m" value="4755.0">
<elevation id="99C8C4344F5E9D30FEBBFABCFEA5BB02" box="[274,363,1354,1378]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.755" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" unit="m" value="4755.0">4755 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, both on keratose sponges (see
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F5E9D30FD49FABCFBCFBB02" author="Rees WJ &amp; Vervoort W" box="[736,1025,1354,1378]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref8223" refString="Rees WJ, Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees and Vervoort 1987</bibRefCitation>
, p 34)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F5E9D30FF23FA7BFF27BBC5" blockId="14.[138,233,1421,1445]" box="[138,233,1421,1445]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF23FA7BFF27BBC5" box="[138,233,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="125A23074F5E9D30FF23FA48FCCFB8F5" blockId="14.[138,1185,1470,1685]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F5E9D30FF23FA48FE41BBB6" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1889" box="[138,399,1470,1494]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spongicola">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FF23FA48FE41BBB6" box="[138,399,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Halisiphonia spongicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other species of
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F5E9D30FC8BFA48FC63BBB6" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[802,941,1470,1494]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FC8BFA48FC63BBB6" box="[802,941,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Halisiphonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the shape of the gonothecae, ‘‘not compressed or spatuliform, with a slit-shaped opening; their transverse section and the distal opening are circular’’ (
<bibRefCitation id="76745EF64F5E9D30FD36FA0BFC89B875" author="Haeckel E" box="[671,839,1533,1557]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref7461" refString="Haeckel E. 1889. Report on the deep-sea Keratosa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology 32: 1 - 92, Plates 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1889">Haeckel 1889</bibRefCitation>
, p 77, Plate 4 Figure 9). The frontal outline of the gonotheca, however, appears similar to those of the other
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F5E9D30FBBCF9EBFB6EB855" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[1045,1184,1565,1589]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FBBCF9EBFB6EB855" box="[1045,1184,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Halisiphonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Because the
<typeStatus id="CD5E9DA54F5E9D30FED2F9CBFE62B835" box="[379,428,1597,1621]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">type</typeStatus>
material is likely lost and its original description does not include crucial details, we presently consider
<taxonomicName id="D5E558844F5E9D30FDF4F9ABFCAAB815" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1889" box="[605,868,1629,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" genus="Halisiphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spongicola">
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FDF4F9ABFCAAB815" box="[605,868,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">Halisiphonia spongicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<emphasis id="2091FF154F5E9D30FC30F9ABFB91B815" box="[921,1119,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1059">species inquirenda</emphasis>
, and suspect that it could even belong to a different genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>