From 0fae6f0c1631f711e1d29a0b3dfe7bb59d449fe8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 12:17:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-11-04 12:10:48 --- .../87/2B0487A23171FFE7FF142247FF17F8BB.xml | 467 ++++++++++++++++++ .../87/2B0487A23175FFE5FF142037FE7FFE80.xml | 442 +++++++++++++++++ .../87/2B0487A2317BFFE1FF1422D6FC59FE14.xml | 345 +++++++++++++ .../87/2B0487A2317CFFE8FF142572FD28F8D0.xml | 76 +++ .../87/2B0487A2317EFFEFFF1423BFFBCBFE30.xml | 95 ++-- .../87/2B0487A2317FFFEBFF14268EFC61F898.xml | 77 +++ .../74/47DB744268B8A933E96B0E25EFDCE569.xml | 120 ++--- .../20/9A0F20E522445CE19CFDB2E174E22807.xml | 144 +++--- .../D9/F3C4D982A5B4F601A9EC02B86DA0DF16.xml | 142 +++--- .../3D/FCF83D66EDB9B019FD6D95A3F50F4C1D.xml | 116 ++--- 10 files changed, 1717 insertions(+), 307 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23171FFE7FF142247FF17F8BB.xml create mode 100644 data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23175FFE5FF142037FE7FFE80.xml create mode 100644 data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317BFFE1FF1422D6FC59FE14.xml create mode 100644 data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317CFFE8FF142572FD28F8D0.xml create mode 100644 data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317FFFEBFF14268EFC61F898.xml diff --git a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23171FFE7FF142247FF17F8BB.xml b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23171FFE7FF142247FF17F8BB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..55626f2d6c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23171FFE7FF142247FF17F8BB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,467 @@ + + + +On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin + + + +Author + +Morozov, Grigori +Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia + + + +Author + +Strelkova, Natalia +Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-29 + + +5529 + + +3 + + +532 +550 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 +1175-5326 +14022853 +13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D + + + + + + + +Grantia asconoides +( +Breitfuss, 1896 +) + + + + + + + +Synonyms and citations: + +Sycetta asconoides + +( +Breitfuss 1896 +, +1898a +, +1911 +; +Koltun 1964 +). + +Grantia asconoides + +( +Breitfuss 1932 +; +Burton 1963 +; +Tendal 1970 +(?)) + + + + +Previous records: +Barents Sea ( +Breitfuss 1896 +), Volokovaya fjord ( +Breitfuss 1911 +), north and south off Spitsbergen, north off Franz Joseph Land ( +Koltun 1964 +) + + + + +Material examined: + +Barents Sea, “ +Andrei Pervozvannyi +” 1899, st. 124 ( +69.2166N +, +33.5333E +), + +297–313 m + +, Petersen trawl, +1 specimen +, +ZISP 10189 + +; + +st. 108 ( +71.18N +, +30.47E +), + +322 m + +, otter trawl, +1 specimen +, +ZISP 13320 + +. + +“ +Andrei Pervozvannyi +” 1901, st. 631 ( +69.8666N +, +37.9666E +), + +142 m + +, otter trawl, +1 specimen +, +ZISP 13321 + +. + +Polar Basin, “ +Lena +” 1957, st. 18 ( +80.00N +, +10.00E +), + +550 m + +, +1 specimen +, +ZISP 10191 + +. + + + +Barents Sea, +PINRO +trawl survey 2003, st. unknown ( +69.9968N +, +35.9596E +), + +142 m + +, temperature 2.98 °C, salinity 34.872 psu, +1 specimen +, KFU-LH-2/039 + +. + + + + +Description: +Morphology and anatomy +. Sponge stipitate, with well-developed peduncle supporting an elongated, spindle-shaped body that terminates above in a single osculum surrounded by a short fringe ( +Fig 9A +). The surface appears to be perforated in a sieve-like manner by the incurrent canals that are evenly distributed. Aquiferous system syconoid. Colour light yellowish (in ethanol). + + +Skeleton +( +Fig 9C +). Atrial skeleton comprises tetractines with their basal actines oriented tangentially and the apical actine projecting into the atrium. + +Subatrial skeleton composed of sagittal triactines, with their paired actines supporting the atrial wall, and the unpaired one directed towards the cortex. +Articulated tubar skeleton comprises the same kind of triactines as the subatrial one, with long unpaired actine pointing towards the cortex. + +Cortical skeleton comprises several rows of subregular to sagittal triactines, with basal actines oriented tangentially and the unpaired actines directed basipetally ( +Fig 9B +). + +Trichoxeas arranged radially within the walls, but without protruding beyond the surface. +In the peduncle long unpaired actines of large triactines oriented basipetally. Small diactines scattered amongst them, but never protruding beyond the surface. + +Spicules +from the head. Trichoxeas large, with two unequal ends—one slightly fusiform and the other sharply pointed. Size: around 300 × 1 µm, often broken, similar to the small ones from the peduncle, but often longer ( +Fig 9D +). + + +Subatrial and tubar triactines sagittal with ~ 180° angle between the straight paired actines ( +Figs 9E–E + +1 + +). Size: paired—33–76.7–100 × 3.3–5.2–7.5 µm (n = 50), unpaired—63.8–160.6–217× 4–5.2–6.2 µm (n = 50). + + +Cortical triactines subregular to sagittal with stout, conical actines ( +Figs 9F–F + +1 + +). Size: paired—47.6–85.9–137 × 5–7.2–10.7 µm (n = 50), unpaired—75.7–158.5–266.8 × 5.5–7.6–10.3 µm (n = 50). + + +Atrial tetractines subregular with straight, sharply pointed basal actines (fig. 9G) and with the unpaired actine always longer than the paired ones ( +p value +<0.05). Size: paired—76–114.5–136 × 4.2–5.7–7.6 µm (n = 30), unpaired—126–179–229.6 × 5–6.5–9 µm (n = 30), apical—97.5–139.6–197 × 3.9–5.2–8.2 µm (n = 15). + + +Spicules +from the peduncle. Trichoxeas small, similar to larger ones from the head. Size: 74–111.8–145.7 × 1–1.7–2.2 µm (n = 20). Triactines sagittal, with very short and stout paired actines, and long unpaired actine (fig. 9H). Size: paired—64.5–97.9–124.3 × 5.8–9.7–13.6 µm (n = 40), unpaired—210–366.8–485.9 × 6.7–9.7–13.75 µm (n = 40). + + + + +Remarks: +Dendy and Row (1913) +re-examined the +type +slides of + +S +. +asconoides + +and noted that Breitfuss had overlooked cortical triactines in his material. In specimens examined in this study, including the +type +specimen slides, we also found tangentially placed cortical triactines, whose occurrence, together with well-defined incurrent canals ( +Rapp 2015 +), places the species in the genus + +Grantia + +. + + + +FIGURE 9. + +Grantia asconoides + +, specimen KFU-LH-2/039. +A. +Habitus. +B. +Detail of the outer surface with cortical triactines visible, both in the head and peduncle. +C. +Cross-section thru the main body. +D. +Trichoxea. + +E–E +1 +. + +Subatrial and tubar triactines. + +F–F +1 +. + +Cortical triactines. +G. +Tetractine. +H. +Triactine from peduncle. Abbreviations: atr = apical actines of trtractines pointing into the atrium; cch = tubar triactines arranged radially, with long unpaired actine pointing towards the cortex.; cx = cortex. + + + +There is much confusion surrounding + +Grantia phillipsi +Lambe, 1900 + +, reported from around +Greenland +, and + +G. asconoides +( +Breitfuss, 1896 +) + +, originally described from the north off +Norway +and later reported by +Koltun (1964) +from +Svalbard +and from the east off +Greenland +. The history of these confusions has recently been reviewed by +Rapp (2015) +. As the author noted, “ +the only clear difference +[between these sponges] + +is the presence of slender trichoxea in +G. phillipsi +, especially in the peduncle + +”, and “[Breitfuss] +did not examine the composition of spicules in the peduncle, and he might have missed the trichoxea of the head +”, and the “ + +presence of trichoxeas in +G. asconoides +would indicate that the species are synonymous, with +G. phillipsi +being a junior synonym of +G. asconoides + +”. + + +We +re-examined +Breitfuss’s +type +specimen slides of + +G. asconoides + +in the +Zoological Institute +, +St. Petersburg. Unfortunately +, spicules appear to have dissolved over time in the spicule slide, but the histological sections of the head have remained and, as far as the skeleton architecture and overall complement of spicules are concerned, the +type +specimen is very similar to our specimens collected close to the +type +locality, +Murman Coast +( +Fig 10 +). +All +individuals analysed in this study proved to have trichoxeas both in the head and peduncle. +The +same was true for the re-examined +Koltun’s +specimen collected north off +Svalbard +, +ZISP 10191 +. + + + +FIGURE 10. +Distribution of + +Grantia phillipsi + +and + +G. asconoides + +in the North Atlantic and Arctic. Abbreviations: purple color = specimens of + +G. phillipsi + +analysed by +Rapp (2015) +; orange color = specimens of + +G. asconoides + +analysed in this study; star = type locality; question mark = inaccurate findings of + +G. asconoides + +. + + + +However, it remains extremely doubtful whether + +Grantia phillipsi + +and + +G. asconoides + +are synonyms. For Greenlandic and Icelandic specimens of + +Grantia phillipsi +, +Rapp (2015) + +reported tripodic atrial tetractines, with all basal rays having the same length. In specimens analysed in this study, both from +Svalbard +and the Murman coast, tetractines are distinctively subregular ( +Fig 9G +), with the unpaired actine on average 1.5 times longer than the paired ones ( +p -value +<0.05). Unfortunately, we could not obtain Rapp’s specimens for examination. Until this is done, the name + +G. phillipsi + +should be retained. + + +If the records of + +Grantia phillipsi + +and + +G. asconoides + +are considered together, the geographic distribution of these two sponges is almost continuous in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region ( +Fig 10 +): from Franz Josef Land and +Svalbard +it extends to Kola Peninsula, and further along the shores of +Norway +to the west across Greenland-Iceland-Faroe ridge to +Greenland +, skirting eastern and northern shores of the latter. Also, if + +G. phillipsi + +and + +G. asconoides + +are not synonyms, they are sympatric species, whose distribution is overlapped along the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe ridge. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23175FFE5FF142037FE7FFE80.xml b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23175FFE5FF142037FE7FFE80.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5b2094bb07b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A23175FFE5FF142037FE7FFE80.xml @@ -0,0 +1,442 @@ + + + +On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin + + + +Author + +Morozov, Grigori +Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia + + + +Author + +Strelkova, Natalia +Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-29 + + +5529 + + +3 + + +532 +550 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 +1175-5326 +14022853 +13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D + + + + + + + +Grantia arctica +( +Haeckel, 1872 +) + + + + + + + +Synonyms and citations: + +Sycandra arctica +( +Haeckel 1872 +) + +. + +Sycon protectum + +( +Lambe 1896 +, +1900 +). + +Grantia arctica + +(Breitfuss 1898; +Rapp 2015 +and references therein). + +Sycon arcticum +( +Burton 1963 +) + +. + + + + +Previous records: +Greenland +and Spitsbergen ( +Haeckel 1872 +), Baffin Bay and Davis Strait ( +Lambe 1896 +, +1900 +), Kola Peninsula (Breitfuss 1898, 1911). + + + + +Material examined: + +Barents Sea, 2003 ( +68.4245N +, +39.3997E +), +73 m +, temperature 4.48 °C, salinity 34.263 psu, +1 specimen +, KFU-LH-2/036. + + +Barents Sea, Murman Coast, + +15 Dec. 1987 + +, +1 specimen +, +ZISP 10188 + +. + + + +Franz Josef Land +, +Hayes Island +, + +3 m + +, + +12 Oct. 1982 + +, leg. +Pushkin +, box corer ( + +0.1 m + +2 +), +1 specimen +, +ZISP 10187 + +. + + + + +Description: +Morphology and anatomy +. Sponge egg shaped ( +Fig 6A–B +), around +1.5 cm +height, broader in the middle, tapering toward the round base. Colour light yellow in alcohol. Single apical osculum surrounded by a very long fringe of diactines (up to +5 mm +). The surface is optically smooth, slightly shaggy to the touch. It is perforated with minute pores, openings of the incurrent canals, at right intervals, giving the surface a very characteristic pattern ( +Fig 6C +). Aquiferous system syconoid. Choanocyte chambers fused in their entire length. The distal end of each chamber decorated with tufts of diactines. + + +Skeleton. +Atrial skeleton very thick and comprising sagittal tetractines arranged in several rows, with their basal actines lying tangentially and the apical actine projecting into the atrium. + + +Tubar skeleton articulate, consisting of triactines arranged around choanocyte chambers, with their unpaired actines oriented toward the cortex ( +Fig 6D +). + + +Cortical skeleton comprises sagittal triactines, with the unpaired actine bent at a 90 +o +angle near its base. These spicules are found in groups arranged around the openings of the incurrent canals so that the bent unpaired actines are directed towards the centre of the opening ( +Fig 6E +). Cortical tufts are composed of diactines and the unpaired actine of triactines. + +Diactines are not found exclusively in the cortex, but obliquely cross one-third to half of the choanosome. +Trichoxeas and small diactines are found scattered through the surface of cortex. + +Spicules +from the main body. Cortical diactines, small, with one lanceolated tip and another sharply pointed ( +Figs 7A–A + +1 + +). Size: 165–200.9–252.2 × 2.5–4–4.8 µm (n = 20). + + +Cortical diactines large, with one tip fusiform and slightly rounded, and the other sharply pointed ( +Fig 7B +). Size: 296–2000 8–20.8 µm (n = 10), often broken. + + +Cortical trichoxeas ( +Fig 7C +), quite long, up to 700 × 2 µm, maybe longer, often broken. + + +Subatrial and tubar triactines with stout, conical, sometimes slightly sinuous actines, varying from ‘ +T +-’ ( +Fig 7D +) to ‘ +Y-shaped +’ ( +Figs 7E, F +). Size: paired—64.8–102–134.4 × 9.35–13–16.5 µm (n = 50), unpaired—74–151–248 × 6.5–12–15.5 µm (n = 50). + + + +FIGURE 6. + +Grantia arctica + +. +A–B. +Habitus of specimens KFU-LH-2/036 and ZISP 10187, respectively. +C. +Detail of the outer surface with incurrent canals visible at right intervals. +D–E. +Cross sections. Abbreviations: ic = cortical triactines arranged around the incurrent canal; dt = tufts of diactines in the distal end of choanocyte chambers; cs = cortex; ttr = tubar triactines within the walls of choanocyte chambers. + + + +Cortical triactines sagittal, with straight, sharply pointed paired actines, and unpaired actine often bent at 90 degrees angle near the base ( +Figs 7G–G + +1 + +). Size: 74.9–93–114.3 × 7.8–9.7–11.8 µm (n = 30). + + +Atrial tetractines sagittal ( +Fig 7H +) with undulating paired actines, often having rounded tips. Unpaired actine straight, short-pointed. Apical actine stocky, cone-shaped. Size: paired—109.3–164–266 × 7–10.9–15.5 µm (n = 30), unpaired—96.6–217–301 × 7.2–11.8–15.5 µm (n = 30), apical—56.8–102–150 × 9.7–14.5–20.1 µm (n = 15). + + +Spicules +from the fringe. Diactines very long, up to +5 mm +length and 8.5–15.5 µm thick, with one sharplypointed tip and the other lanceolated. Short spines present near the lanceolated tip ( +Figs 8D–D + +3 + +). + + +Triactines sagittal of two different kinds. Triactines small with unproportionally large paired actines ( +Fig 8A +), and short, slender unpaired actine. Size: paired—121–278–462 × 3.9–6.5–9.3 µm (n = 20); unpaired 72.8–130–261 × 2–3.7–5.4 µm (n = 20). Triactines large, regular (figs. 8B–C). Size: paired—144–212–339 × 9–11–13.5 µm (n = 10); unpaired—47–188–284 × 8.2–12–14.9 µm (n = 10). + + + + +FIGURE 7. + +Grantia arctica + +, spicules from the main body. + +A–A +1 +. + +Cortical diactines small, lanceolated. +B. +Cortical diactines large. +C. +Trichoxea. +D. +Subatrial triactines. +E–F. +Tubar triactines. + +G–G +1 +. + +Cortical triactines. +H. +Atrial tetractine. + + + + +FIGURE 8. + +Grantia arctica + +, spicules from the fringe. +A. +Triactine with unproportionally large paired actines. +B–C. +Triactines regular. + +D–D +3 +. + +Diactines. + + + + +Remarks: + +Sycon protectum +( +Lambe, 1896 +) + +, a species widely distributed in Canadian waters with a “ +grantioid condition of the skeleton +” ( +Burton 1963 +, p. 414), has been proven to be a junior synonym of the Arctic sponge + +Grantia arctica +( +Haeckel, 1872 +) + +, as recently shown by +Rapp (2015) +, who analysed samples from around +Greenland +, including a +type +specimen of + +S. protectum + +. + + + +Grantia arctica + +is an egg-shaped sponge, attached by its broadly rounded base and with a large osculum at the upper end surmounted by a fringe of long diactines. This species has a very rough surface owing to the prominent large spicules of the cortex. This latter feature was repeatedly stressed by other Arctic spongiologists ( +Fristedt 1887 +; +Levinsen 1887 +; +Lambe 1896 +, +1900 +; +Breitfuss 1898a +) and is clearly seen in the figures provided by +Rapp (2015 +, Fig 31a). + + +Our specimens bear many characters in common with + +G. arctica + +when it comes to spicules and skeletal structure. However, our samples, both from Kola peninsula and Franz Josef Land, differ in overall appearance: dermal diactines are much shorter and do not protrude far beyond the cortex; as a result, the outer surface seems to be smooth ( +Figs 6A, B +). Another clear difference is the presence of +two types +of cortical diactines in our specimens: long, fusiform diactines with two slightly different tips (388–2000 × 8–20 µm), and small diactines with one lanceolated tip and the other sharply pointed (165–252.2 × 4 µm). In + +G. arctica +, + +on the contrary, cortical diactines are distinctively larger and of +one type +only, 1450–3200 × 19 µm ( +Rapp 2015 +). However, small lanceolated diactines might have been previously overlooked. + + +Atrial tetractines in + +G. arctica +s. str. + +have very short, almost reduced, stout and cone-shaped apical actines, 12–27 × 8.5 µm; paired actines are straight. In our specimens the apical actine is much larger, 56.8–102–150 × 9.7–14.5–20.1 µm and paired actines are slightly, but characteristically undulated. + + +From Rapp’s description of + +G. arctica + +, it is obvious that he did not examine the composition of spicules of the oscular fringe in detail. The long oscular fringe diactines of our specimens bear small spines near the lanceolated tip ( +Fig. 8D + +2 +–D + + +3 + +). These spines are only barely visible under a light microscope and might have been overlooked in + +G. arctica + + +s. str +. + +Finally, we found additional spicule +types +in the oscular fringe: triactines with unproportionally long paired actines ( +Fig 8A +) and large sagittal triactines ( +Fig 8B, C +). + + +The aforementioned differences can hardly confirm that our samples comprise a new species, unless the +holotype +of + +G. arctica + +is analysed. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317BFFE1FF1422D6FC59FE14.xml b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317BFFE1FF1422D6FC59FE14.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..609dd5222d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317BFFE1FF1422D6FC59FE14.xml @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ + + + +On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin + + + +Author + +Morozov, Grigori +Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia + + + +Author + +Strelkova, Natalia +Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-29 + + +5529 + + +3 + + +532 +550 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 +1175-5326 +14022853 +13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D + + + + + + + +Sycandra utriculus +( +Schmidt, 1869 +) + + + + + + + +Synonyms and citations: + +Sycandra utriculus + +( +Haeckel 1872 +; +Fristedt 1887 +; +Burton 1963 +; +Rapp 2015 +). + +Grantia utriculus + +(Breitfuss 1898; +Lundbeck 1909 +). + + + + +Previous records: +West +Greenland +( +Schmidt 1869 +; +Haeckel 1872 +), East +Greenland +and +Jan Mayen +( +Lundbeck 1909 +), southern Barents Sea (Breitfuss 1898, 1911), +Svalbard +and Novaya Zemlya archipelagos ( +Fristedt 1887 +). + + + + +Material examined: + +Spitsbergen, Kongsfjorden, Kapp Mitra, st. 9 ( +79.1N +, +11.13E +), + +5 m + +, + +2 Sep. 1996 + +, leg. +A. Voronkov +, diving collection (frame + pump), +2 specimens +, +ZISP 13317 + +; + +Kapp Guissez, st. 47 ( +79.03N +, +11.62E +), + +5 m + +, + +28 Aug. 1998 + +, leg. +A. Voronkov +, diving collection (frame + pump), +2 specimens +, +ZISP 13318 + +; + +st. 6 ( +79.03N +, +11.37E +), + +5 m + +, + +30 Aug. 1996 + +, leg. +A. Voronkov +, diving collection (frame + pump), +3 specimens +, +ZISP 13319 + +. + + + + +Description: +Morphology and anatomy +. Sponge tubular, compressed laterally, about +2 cm +height, narrows towards the base which closely embraces the substrate ( +Fig 5A–A + +2 + +). Colour dark brown in alcohol. Surface velvety. Texture soft and delicate. Single osculum (either naked or fringed) at the summit. Aquiferous system syconoid. Choanocyte chambers fused in their entire length. + + +Skeleton. +In the atrial cavity there is an additional tissue network, sometimes quite extensive, supported by bundles of small diactines. + +Atrial skeleton comprises sagittal tetractines with their basal actines lying tangentially and the apical actine projecting into the atrium. +Subatrial skeleton composed of sagittal triactines arranged in several rows with paired actines supporting the atrial skeleton, and unpaired one pointing towards the cortex. +Tubar skeleton composed of subregular triactines, with the unpaired actine, which is frequently longer than the paired ones, pointing towards the outer surface. +Distal cones decorated with trichoxeas and sickle-shaped diactines protruding through the external surface. In the examined specimens diactines were found exclusively in the distal cones. + +Spicules +. Atrial diactines with one tip fusiform and the other lanceolated. Small spines present near the lanceolated tip ( +Figs 5B–B + +2 + +). Size: 137–235.8–356 × 3.7–6–8.9 µm (n = 20). + + +Distal cone diactines, with one fusiform tip, the other curved, sickle-shaped ( +Figs 5C–C + +3 + +). These spicules are often bent and relatively short. Size: 83–231–564 × 6.8–10.8–15 (n = 50) µm. + +Trichoxeas with unequal tips—one slightly fusiform, the other sharply pointed. + +Subatrial triactines sagittal, with a wide angle between the paired actines and straight unpaired actine ( +Figs 5D–D + +1 + +). Size: paired—48.3–80–105.8 × 5.9–7.4–9.7 µm (n = 50); unpaired—75.7–128.4–164.4 × 5.3–7.9–10.5 µm (n = 50). + + +Tubar triactines subregular, “ +Y-shaped +” ( +Figs 5E–E + +1 + +). Size: paired—69.6–99–142.4 × 6–7.9–10.3 µm (n = 50); unpaired—61.5–127.4–208 × 6.7–8.6–11 µm (n = 50). + + +Atrial tetractines parasagittal, subregular, with straight, cylindrical basal actines, paired actines forming a “ +U +”. The apical actine is often much thicker and longer than the basal ones ( +Figs 5F–F + +1 + +). Size: paired—89–119–163.7 × 3.8–7.2–9 µm (n = 20); unpaired—159–193.5–224 × 7–8.1–9 µm (n = 20); apical—128–238–335 × 8.7–11.3–14 µm (n = 20). + + + + +Remarks: +The species was found during expeditions of the Norwegian Polar Institute (1996, 1998) to Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, and was originally assigned to + +S. utriculus + +by V.M. Koltun. As mentioned earlier, the description of + +S. utriculus + +given by +Rapp (2015) +can be considered as a description of + + +S. utriculus +sensu + +stricto + +. Our specimens from Spitsbergen definitely bear many similarities with + +S. utriculus sensu +Rapp (2015) + +, but they differ slightly in the complement of spicules. + + + +FIGURE 5. + +Sycandra utriculus + +. + +A–A +2 +. + +Habitus of specimens ZISP 13317 and ZISP 13318, respectively. + +B–B +1 +. + +Atrial diactines. + +B +2 +. + +Spines near lanceolated tip of the atrial diactine. + +C–C +3 +. + +Distal cone diactines. + +D–D +1 +. + +Subatrial triactines. + +E–E +1 +. + +Tubar triactines. + +F–F +1 +. + +Atrial tetractines. Abbreviations: p = paired actine; u = unpaired actine; a = apical actine. + + + +In + +Sycandra utriculus sensu +Rapp (2015) + +there are +two types +of diactines, whose size ranges do not overlap: long and relatively thin diactines (~330–572 × 7.3 µm) and small (~50–100 × 12 µm), stout, sickle-shaped diactines found in the distal end of the chambers. In the specimens from Spitsbergen there is only +one type +of diactine, gradually varying from very stout and characteristically curved and sickle-shaped, to relatively long and thin, rarely almost straight. However, all intermediate shapes between these two extremes can be found ( +Figs 5C–C + +3 + +). The size variation of diactines in our specimens (~83–564 × 10.8 µm) also fall within Rapp’s measurements. Thus, afore mentioned differences can be assigned to the regional trait variation. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317CFFE8FF142572FD28F8D0.xml b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317CFFE8FF142572FD28F8D0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a4cdc0864bf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317CFFE8FF142572FD28F8D0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ + + + +On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin + + + +Author + +Morozov, Grigori +Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia + + + +Author + +Strelkova, Natalia +Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-29 + + +5529 + + +3 + + +532 +550 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 +1175-5326 +14022853 +13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D + + + + + + +Subclass +CALCARONEA Bidder, 1898 + + + + + + +“ +Calcarea +with diactines and/or sagittal triactines and tetractines, rarely also with regular spicules. In addition to the free spicules, there can be a non-spicular basal calcareous skeleton in which basal spicules are cemented together or completely embedded in an enveloping calcareous cement. In ontogeny, the first spicules to be produced are diactines in the settled larva. Choanocytes are apinucleate and the basal system of the flagellum is adjacent to the apical region of the nucleus” ( + +Borojević +et al. +2000 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317EFFEFFF1423BFFBCBFE30.xml b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317EFFEFFF1423BFFBCBFE30.xml index 1b9a9a614a4..6e76ec81de3 100644 --- a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317EFFEFFF1423BFFBCBFE30.xml +++ b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317EFFEFFF1423BFFBCBFE30.xml @@ -1,52 +1,52 @@ - - - -On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin + + + +On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin - - -Author + + +Author -Morozov, Grigori -Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia +Morozov, Grigori +Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia - - -Author + + +Author -Strelkova, Natalia -Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia +Strelkova, Natalia +Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-10-29 + +2024 + +2024-10-29 - -5529 + +5529 - -3 + +3 - -532 -550 + +532 +550 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 -1175-5326 -14022853 -13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 +1175-5326 +14022853 +13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D @@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ The species is named in honour of Dr Hans Tore Rapp (1972–2020), whose deep re Material examined: - + Holotype -. Barents Sea, -PINRO -trawl survey 2003, st. 46 ( +. +Barents Sea +, PINRO trawl survey 2003, st. 46 ( 68.9721N , 37.9826E @@ -85,15 +85,17 @@ trawl survey 2003, st. 46 ( , temperature 7 °C, salinity 34.02 psu, 1 specimen -, KFU-LH-2/022. +, +KFU-LH-2/022 +. - + Paratype -. Barents Sea, -PINRO -trawl survey 2003, st. 47 ( +. +Barents Sea +, PINRO trawl survey 2003, st. 47 ( 69.4883N , 37.9818E @@ -103,7 +105,8 @@ trawl survey 2003, st. 47 ( , temperature 1.98 °C, salinity 34.529 psu, 1 specimen -, KFU-LH-2/043 +, +KFU-LH-2/043 . diff --git a/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317FFFEBFF14268EFC61F898.xml b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317FFFEBFF14268EFC61F898.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8b00ea15877 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2B/04/87/2B0487A2317FFFEBFF14268EFC61F898.xml @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ + + + +On some Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from the Barents Sea and adjacent Polar Basin + + + +Author + +Morozov, Grigori +Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia + + + +Author + +Strelkova, Natalia +Polar branch of VNIRO (« PINRO » named after N. M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-29 + + +5529 + + +3 + + +532 +550 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5529.3.6 +1175-5326 +14022853 +13B0E278-C561-48CB-8125-73DDF1F5986D + + + + + + +Family + +GRANTIIDAE +Dendy, 1892 + + + + + + + +“Leucosoleniida in which there is always a cortex, supported by a skeleton of tangential spicules that can be diactines, triactines, tetractines, or any combination of them. The aquiferous system is either syconoid with radial and elongate choanocyte chambers, or sylleibid or leuconoid with elongate or spherical, scattered choanocyte chambers. The inhalant and exhalant aquiferous systems are always fully developed. The choanoskeleton is articulate, tubular in syconoid species, and contains few to several rows of triactines and/or tetractines, or is, in leuconoid species, arranged without apparent order. In the latter case, the choanoskeleton always preserves traces of the radial organization, particularly at the level of the subatrial triactines and/or tetractines. The atrial skeleton consisting of tangential triactines and/or tetractines is well-developed” ( + +Borojević +et al. +2000 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/47/DB/74/47DB744268B8A933E96B0E25EFDCE569.xml b/data/47/DB/74/47DB744268B8A933E96B0E25EFDCE569.xml index dd2649ed7c8..12c2cf1f224 100644 --- a/data/47/DB/74/47DB744268B8A933E96B0E25EFDCE569.xml +++ b/data/47/DB/74/47DB744268B8A933E96B0E25EFDCE569.xml @@ -1,100 +1,100 @@ - - - -The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia + + + +The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia - - -Author + + +Author -Feuillet, Christian -Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA -feuillec@si.edu +Feuillet, Christian +Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA +feuillec@si.edu -text - - -PhytoKeys +text + + +PhytoKeys - -2013 - -2013-05-17 + +2013 + +2013-05-17 - -23 + +23 - -19 -24 + +19 +24 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -1314-2003-23-19 -4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE -576235 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 +1314-2003-23-19 +4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE +576235 - - - -2 + + + +2 . -Firensia fusca Raf., Cordiaceae +Firensia fusca Raf., Cordiaceae - - -Cordia collococca + + +Cordia collococca L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 274. 1762. Lectotype (designated by -Miller 1988 +Miller 1988 , -1999 +1999 ): Jamaica. -P. Browne s.n +P. Browne s.n . (hololectotype LINN, Savage Catalog number 253.8[scan!]) - -Firensia fusca + +Firensia fusca Raf., Sylva Tellur. 40. 1838; illegitimate renaming. Type: Based on - -Cordia collococca + +Cordia collococca L. - -Lithocardium collococca + +Lithocardium collococca (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 438. 1891. Type: Based on - -Cordia collococca + +Cordia collococca L. - -Gerascanthus collococcus + +Gerascanthus collococcus (L.) Borhidi, Acta Bot. Hung. 34(3-4): 399. 1988. Type: Based on - -Cordia collococca + +Cordia collococca L. - -Notes. - + +Notes. + The hololectotype of - -Cordia collococca + +Cordia collococca can be seen at [herb. LINN scan!; http://www.linnean-online.org/view/plants_alpha/cordia_callococca.html; accessed 22.01.2013]. - + For other synonyms, see -Feuillet (2012 +Feuillet (2012 : 160). diff --git a/data/9A/0F/20/9A0F20E522445CE19CFDB2E174E22807.xml b/data/9A/0F/20/9A0F20E522445CE19CFDB2E174E22807.xml index 35ee0f05484..6cd651dd992 100644 --- a/data/9A/0F/20/9A0F20E522445CE19CFDB2E174E22807.xml +++ b/data/9A/0F/20/9A0F20E522445CE19CFDB2E174E22807.xml @@ -1,124 +1,124 @@ - - - -The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia + + + +The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia - - -Author + + +Author -Feuillet, Christian -Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA -feuillec@si.edu +Feuillet, Christian +Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA +feuillec@si.edu -text - - -PhytoKeys +text + + +PhytoKeys - -2013 - -2013-05-17 + +2013 + +2013-05-17 - -23 + +23 - -19 -24 + +19 +24 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -1314-2003-23-19 -4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE -576235 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 +1314-2003-23-19 +4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE +576235 - - - + + + 3. -Firensia hirsuta (Willd.) Raf., Cordiaceae +Firensia hirsuta (Willd.) Raf., Cordiaceae - - -Cordia nodosa + + +Cordia nodosa Lam., Tab. Encycl. 1: 422. 1792. Type: -Aublet (1775) +Aublet (1775) Hist. Pl. Guiane 3: pl. 86. - -Cordia collococca + +Cordia collococca sensu J.B. Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 219; & 3: pl. 86. 1775; non L. 1757. (= - -Cordia nodosa + +Cordia nodosa Lam.) - -Cordia hirsuta + +Cordia hirsuta Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 5 [as -"4" +"4" ] 1(2): 1076. 1798. Type: Based on - -Cordia nodosa + +Cordia nodosa Lam. - -Firensia hirsuta + +Firensia hirsuta (Willd.) Raf., Sylva Tellur. 40. 1838. Type: Based on - -Cordia nodosa + +Cordia nodosa Lam. - -Lithocardium nodosum + +Lithocardium nodosum (Lam.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 977. 1891. Type: Based on - -Cordia nodosa + +Cordia nodosa Lam. - -Notes. - + +Notes. + Sometimes the collection from French Guiana-J.B. Aublet s.n. (BM [scan!], LINN SM-374.5 [microfiche!], P-Rousseau 5: 181! [acquired by P only in 1953])-is cited as the type of - -Cordia nodosa + +Cordia nodosa and - -Cordia hirsuta + +Cordia hirsuta . In fact it is unlikely that -Lamarck (1792 +Lamarck (1792 , 1, 2(1): 422) or -Willdenow (1798 +Willdenow (1798 , 1(2): 1076) saw a specimen as they only cited Aublet plate 86. -Aublet s.n. can be seen at http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000906214 - - -Cordia hirsuta +Aublet s.n. can be seen at http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000906214 + + +Cordia hirsuta Fresen. 1857 is different from - -Cordia hirsuta + +Cordia hirsuta Willd. 1798. - + For other synonyms, see -Johnston (1935 +Johnston (1935 : 13-14). diff --git a/data/F3/C4/D9/F3C4D982A5B4F601A9EC02B86DA0DF16.xml b/data/F3/C4/D9/F3C4D982A5B4F601A9EC02B86DA0DF16.xml index 8dc0a4c0035..3643ef284cf 100644 --- a/data/F3/C4/D9/F3C4D982A5B4F601A9EC02B86DA0DF16.xml +++ b/data/F3/C4/D9/F3C4D982A5B4F601A9EC02B86DA0DF16.xml @@ -1,121 +1,121 @@ - - - -The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia + + + +The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia - - -Author + + +Author -Feuillet, Christian -Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA -feuillec@si.edu +Feuillet, Christian +Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA +feuillec@si.edu -text - - -PhytoKeys +text + + +PhytoKeys - -2013 - -2013-05-17 + +2013 + +2013-05-17 - -23 + +23 - -19 -24 + +19 +24 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -1314-2003-23-19 -4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE -576235 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 +1314-2003-23-19 +4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE +576235 - - - + + + 1. -Cordia flavescens Aubl., Lauraceae +Cordia flavescens Aubl., Lauraceae - - -Ocotea commutata + + +Ocotea commutata (Nees) Mez, Jahrb. -Koenigl +Koenigl . Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 327. 1889. Type: Based on - -Oreodaphne commutata + +Oreodaphne commutata Nees - -Cordia flavescens + +Cordia flavescens Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 226; 3: t. 89. 1775; not - -Ocotea flavescens + +Ocotea flavescens Rusby 1920. Type: French Guiana. -J.B. Aublet s.n +J.B. Aublet s.n . [specimens without the - -Cordia + +Cordia flowers](lectotype here designated BM [BM-000993950; scan!]; isotypes LINN [SM 374.6], S [04-2350; scan!]) - -Cordia sarmentosa + +Cordia sarmentosa Lam., Tab. Encycl. -Method +Method . 1: 422. 1791; illegitimate renaming. Type: Based on - -Cordia flavescens + +Cordia flavescens Aubl. - -Oreodaphne commutata + +Oreodaphne commutata Nees, Syst. Laur. 428. 1836. Type: French Guiana. -J. Martin s.n +J. Martin s.n . (holotype B "ex P" [photos neg. F-3643, MO!, US!; scan!]; isotypes B [2 sheets, scans!], K, P! [2 sheets, scans!] and as " -Martin 20 +Martin 20 " P! [scan!] - -Lithocardium flavescens + +Lithocardium flavescens (Aubl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977. 1891. Type: Based on - -Cordia flavescens + +Cordia flavescens Aubl. - -Gerascanthus flavescens + +Gerascanthus flavescens (Aubl.) Borhidi, Acta Bot. Hung. 34(3-4): 400. 1988. Type: Based on - -Cordia flavescens + +Cordia flavescens Aubl. - -Note. - + +Note. + The holotype of - -Oreodaphne commutata + +Oreodaphne commutata can be seen at http://ww2.bgbm.org/herbarium/view_large.cfm?SpecimenPK=47688&idThumb=253360&SpecimenSequenz=1&loan=0, and the Paris isotypes at http://coldb.mnhn.fr/colweb/request.do?requestaction=exec; the lectotype of - -Cordia flavescens + +Cordia flavescens at http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000993950, and its Stockholm isotype at http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/s04-2350?history=true. diff --git a/data/FC/F8/3D/FCF83D66EDB9B019FD6D95A3F50F4C1D.xml b/data/FC/F8/3D/FCF83D66EDB9B019FD6D95A3F50F4C1D.xml index 22a12ee173b..c6d38033788 100644 --- a/data/FC/F8/3D/FCF83D66EDB9B019FD6D95A3F50F4C1D.xml +++ b/data/FC/F8/3D/FCF83D66EDB9B019FD6D95A3F50F4C1D.xml @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ - - - -The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia + + + +The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia - - -Author + + +Author -Feuillet, Christian -Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA -feuillec@si.edu +Feuillet, Christian +Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA +feuillec@si.edu -text - - -PhytoKeys +text + + +PhytoKeys - -2013 - -2013-05-17 + +2013 + +2013-05-17 - -23 + +23 - -19 -24 + +19 +24 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 -1314-2003-23-19 -4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE -576235 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4827 +1314-2003-23-19 +4A27FFC2555DFF91FF9CEC52FFB4FFBE +576235 - - - + + + 4. -Firensia lutea Raf., Combretaceae +Firensia lutea Raf., Combretaceae - - -Buchenavia tetraphylla + + +Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) R.A. Howard, J. Arnold Arbor. 64(2): 266. 1983. Type: Based on - -Cordia tetraphylla + +Cordia tetraphylla Aubl. - -Cordia tetraphylla + +Cordia tetraphylla Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 224; 3: t. 88. 1775. Lectotype (designated by -Howard 1983 +Howard 1983 : 266): Plate, Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: pl. 88, excl. f. 1-3 (1775). - -Firensia lutea + +Firensia lutea Raf., Sylva Tellur. 40. 1838; illegitimate renaming. Type: Based on - -Cordia tetraphylla + +Cordia tetraphylla Aubl. - -Lithocardium tetraphyllum + +Lithocardium tetraphyllum (Aubl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 977. 1891. Type: Based on - -Cordia tetraphylla + +Cordia tetraphylla Aubl. - -Gerascanthus tetraphyllus + +Gerascanthus tetraphyllus (Aubl.) Borhidi, Acta Bot. Hung. 34(3-4): 402. 1988. Type: Based on - -Cordia tetraphylla + +Cordia tetraphylla Aubl. - -Note. - + +Note. + For other synonyms, see -Acevedo and Strong (2012 +Acevedo and Strong (2012 : 229).