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<document id="335E112A073A7F8656554999BBD7D0FA" ID-CLB-Dataset="304345" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e179142a-e547-4a6f-8868-44e8acf536a9" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7918830" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1683700829780" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gonzaga, Diego Rafael, Liebsch, Dieter & Engels, Mathias Erich" docDate="2023" docId="03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.597.1.8.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 597 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.8" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Arrojadoa flava Gonzaga & Engels 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="78" masterDocId="FF8A890BFFCFFFBCFFC9FF9EFFB4FFAF" masterDocTitle="Arrojadoa flava (Cactaceae, Cactoideae), a new yellow flowered species from the Brazilian flora" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="73" pageNumber="74" updateTime="1728312457416" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:mods id="92E24B88D7FCD8429009B43BEDACFE49" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E9F027B75612678023F6231A16AD9DC9">
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<mods:title id="C9F906A2DB2CB479F96D641A5A412C58">Arrojadoa flava (Cactaceae, Cactoideae), a new yellow flowered species from the Brazilian flora</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F22B80F57252A781D646806572F9BD90" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="96A556A322D6F75C3CDDD10CBBD7B251">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D18F4BFC3860CD3CE4335CA0B49EF127">Gonzaga, Diego Rafael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9CF3082078EBB1D2B03A698F4A9D9A65" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2030-6413</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="31EE3AD12D96BED0FBC8C43BE4C32FC8">Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Curadoria de Coleções Vivas, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1008, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22470 - 180.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CA8BA29D1B3FB7F629A388FB8735C78C" type="email">diego.gonzaga@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0E0C2775C7A48EE4D6BA4D52F63F5C66" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="74D8F68A861A905DCC0E00017DF8CFEC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C7D89AC251F5A146205991184049F85A">Liebsch, Dieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="227A1CFC089D3A64ED4222F5A43C9AA1" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3978-1313</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="85402FDBB1387C5E41FF76E6344C2DAB">Arauka Ambiental, Rua Tenente Ricardo Kirch 188, Jardim das Américas, Paraná, Brazil, 81530 - 120.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="65F20D2273CCEA1E0CCFCE4FCFEEC8F1" type="email">dieterliebsch@yahoo.com.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="90D51246D679C3A803A192E499B9D63E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F74F269C63DB8A0326123C4DEFD43C81">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B4915901974083C7EEAB97BCA73092C0">Engels, Mathias Erich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AFC047A484D7A2A586ADBC0E0A1C66CF" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4332-5166</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A700DD64B691E221BD443C16B2660154">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Cx. P. 19031, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 81530 - 900.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E33CF9273416A6624B2D83CF07E8733" type="email">mathiasengels@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="788FABA6C4E2697F5A21432D9D877508">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="C7AF6C200EFF1C303D6818EE5DE6D65A">
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<mods:date id="1E666CB37335C035C2CC483129C4561D">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7610A2FFD660064C589A23C8EA8D25BF">2023-05-10</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="BABD630D5311468378FEE644BD4F8F67" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8F5258E04544ECD777342910A75AC313">597</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="26CD1DBA60B75B1C0BD0793DBBE0D47A">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D753CD51CBB022C8A90E21CEC12664FC">73</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="6356EE1AEE822BC682BA3606289CE70D">79</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="93AA01A47C6E72DA85727A9CDBD4F7AB">
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<mods:url id="AD8FCDD2BDAB60A6E8E5EDF1F00392D0">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.8</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="49A9FC63EFAA1E49558960BC88CF75F7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CFBD14F4C6CA0B5232AD2B3201139DFA" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.597.1.8</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7DD4F8169A186086FF7176798DD7D5B1" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B37E4BEB10B6DF85B090B897AC17BAC6" type="Zenodo-Dep">7918830</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13899209" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13899209" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
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<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFBDFF41FC69FD09FBA2" box="[136,701,1015,1038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFBDFF41FC69FD09FBA2" blockId="1.[136,1451,1015,1110]" box="[136,701,1015,1038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFF41FC69FE54FBA1" ID-CoL="BRHX9" authority="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[136,480,1015,1038]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF41FC69FE90FBA2" bold="true" box="[136,292,1015,1037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
Gonzaga & Engels
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFE2FFC66FD9BFBA2" box="[486,559,1016,1037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D210CFFCEFFBDFE2FFC66FD9BFBA2" box="[486,559,1016,1037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13215CE0FFCEFFBDFDF2FC66FD05FBA2" box="[571,689,1016,1038]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[136,229,2028,2050]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,229,1738,1760]" captionStartId-2="4.[136,229,1754,1776]" captionTargetBox-0="[244,1344,190,2004]" captionTargetBox-1="[250,1337,190,1714]" captionTargetBox-2="[244,1343,190,1730]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@2.[243,1344,190,2004]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@3.[250,1337,190,1714]" captionTargetId-2="figure-25@4.[244,1343,190,1730]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Types of Arrojadoa flava. A. Holotype (Engels & Liebsch 9.900 [RB840645]). B–D. Paratype (Engels & Liebsch 10.000 [RB840.646]). Courtesy of the RB Herbarium." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Arrojadoa flava. A. Habit. B.Areole with spines in detail. C. Floral buds. D. Flower in lateral view. E. View of flower interior. F. Flower in frontal view. G. Immature fruit in external view. H. Immature fruit in internal view. I. Mature fruit in external view. J. Mature fruit in internal view. Photos by M.E. Engels." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Arrojadoa flava. A–E. Habit and environments. F. Flowers detail. G. Flowers, immature and mature fruits. Photos by M.E.Engels from type population." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7918832" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7918834" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7918836" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7918832/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7918834/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7918836/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFBDFF41FB82FD88FBFA" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFBDFF41FB82FD88FBFA" blockId="1.[136,1451,1015,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B724A38FFCEFFBDFF41FB82FE22FBF9" collectingDate="2022-09-07" collectionCode="RB" collectorName="Engels & Liebsch." country="Brazil" county="Type" location="Cadeia do Espinhaco" municipality="Ibitiara" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="RB840645" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
Type:—
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30D00F5FFCEFFBDFF1FFB82FE84FB9E" box="[214,304,1052,1073]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DE8E87FFCEFFBDFEF3FB82FEC2FB9D" box="[314,374,1052,1074]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1DA1FFFCEFFBDFE48FB82FE7DFB9D" box="[385,457,1052,1074]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Ibitiara</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="8EC516BEFFCEFFBDFE1AFB82FD17FB9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB:8EC516BEFFCEFFBDFE1AFB82FD17FB9D" box="[467,675,1052,1074]" country="Brazil" county="Type" municipality="Ibitiara" name="Cadeia do Espinhaco" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" stateProvince="Bahia">Cadeia do Espinhaço</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="8EC516BEFFCEFFBDFD67FB82FCC9FB9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB:8EC516BEFFCEFFBDFD67FB82FCC9FB9D" box="[686,893,1052,1074]" country="Brazil" county="Type" municipality="Ibitiara" name="Chapada Diamantina" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" stateProvince="Bahia">Chapada Diamantina</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="FFA466A5FFCEFFBDFC4EFB82FBF3FB9E" box="[903,1095,1052,1074]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" value="2022-09-07">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EFE09F4DFFCEFFBDFC4EFB82FBF3FB9E" box="[903,1095,1052,1074]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" value="2022-09-07">07 September 2022</collectingDate>
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||||
</date>
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||||
, fl. and fr.,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFB73FB82FA1FFB9E" box="[1210,1451,1052,1073]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<collectorName id="26EF25B3FFCEFFBDFB73FB82FB4FFB9E" box="[1210,1275,1052,1073]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Engels</collectorName>
|
||||
&
|
||||
<collectorName id="26EF25B3FFCEFFBDFAD4FB82FADBFB9E" box="[1309,1391,1052,1073]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Liebsch.</collectorName>
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9.900
|
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</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
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<typeStatus id="54A1FEC7FFCEFFBDFF0DFBDEFEAEFBF9" box="[196,282,1088,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBBCE81EFFCEFFBDFED6FBDEFE3BFBF9" box="[287,399,1088,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">RB840645</specimenCode>
|
||||
!,
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B724A38FFCEFFBDFE52FBDEFD8CFBFA" box="[411,568,1088,1110]" collectingDate="2022-09-07" collectionCode="UPCB" collectorName="Engels & Liebsch." country="Brazil" county="Type" location="Cadeia do Espinhaco" municipality="Ibitiara" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="RB840645" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="isotype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54A1FEC7FFCEFFBDFE52FBDEFE54FBF9" box="[411,480,1088,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">isotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED0BD8A0FFCEFFBDFE2EFBDEFD9AFBFA" box="[487,558,1088,1109]" collectionName="UPCB" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">UPCB</collectionCode>
|
||||
!)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFBDFF41FB1AFA3BFAA5" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFBDFF41FB1AFA3BFAA5" blockId="1.[136,1452,1156,2083]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF41FB1AFE95FB31" bold="true" box="[136,289,1156,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Diagnosis:—</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFEE8FB1AFE63FB31" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[289,471,1156,1182]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFEE8FB1AFE63FB31" box="[289,471,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
resembles
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFD97FB1AFF19FB6D" authority="(Braun & Esteves Pereira 1993: 16) Taylor & Eggli (1993: 98)" authorityName="Taylor & Eggli" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1993" baseAuthorityName="Braun & Esteves Pereira" baseAuthorityPageNumber="16" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bahiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFD97FB1AFD5FFB31" box="[606,747,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">A. bahiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCEFFBDFD34FB1AFB27FB31" author="Braun, P. J. & Esteves Pereira, E." box="[765,1171,1156,1183]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" pagination="11 - 16" refId="ref2344" refString="Braun, P. J. & Esteves Pereira, E. (1993) Uma nova especie de Cactacea da Bahia, Brasil. Pabstia 4: 11 - 16." type="journal article" year="1993">Braun & Esteves Pereira 1993: 16</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCEFFBDFB6FFB1AFF19FB6D" author="Taylor, N. P. & Eggli, U." pageId="1" pageNumber="74" pagination="98" refId="ref3836" refString="Taylor, N. P. & Eggli, U. (1993) A new combination in Arrojadoa (Cactaceae). Kew Bulletin 49 (1): 98." type="journal article" year="1993">Taylor & Eggli (1993: 98)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
from which differs by the stems mostly unbranched
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFCC7FB37FC91FB6D" box="[782,805,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">vs</emphasis>
|
||||
. branched only at the base; cephalium apical present
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFA44FB37FA10FB6D" box="[1421,1444,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">vs</emphasis>
|
||||
. undifferentiated distal flowering region, yellow flowers (external part)
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFC52FB53FC06FB49" box="[923,946,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">vs</emphasis>
|
||||
. pink flowers, size of flowers (1.9–2.5 × 0.5– 0.8
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF7BFB6FFF7DFAA5" box="[178,201,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">vs</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2.9–3.9 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFE80FB6EFE7EFAA5" box="[329,458,1264,1290]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
), style length (10–12
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFD74FB6FFD60FAA5" box="[701,724,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">vs</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFD2BFB6EFCEFFAA4" box="[738,859,1264,1291]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="26.5" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="25.0">25–28 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long) and white mature fruit
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFB6DFB6FFB0FFAA5" box="[1188,1211,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">vs</emphasis>
|
||||
. pink mature fruit.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFBDFF74FA8AFD4AF971" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFBDFF74FA8AFD4AF971" blockId="1.[136,1452,1156,2083]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF74FA8AFEF3FA81" bold="true" box="[189,327,1300,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Description</emphasis>
|
||||
:—Terricolous to rupicolous, simple root system with fibrous roots, subglobose to globose plants,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFF41FAA6FF7BFAFC" box="[136,207,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFF31FAA6FEFBFAFC" box="[248,335,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="1.0">1 meter</quantity>
|
||||
hight, unbranched at base, lonely, branched only at the apex when cuts, erect or lightly inclined, green cladodes,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFE88FAC2FE0BFAD8" box="[321,447,1372,1399]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="cm" value="9.0" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="8.5">8.5–9.5 cm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter., ribs 14–17, in-depth 8.5–11.0 mm; areoles
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFBE2FAC2FB00FAD8" box="[1067,1204,1372,1399]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter, spaced
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFA48FAC2FF00FA34" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
apart; flowering regions at apex differentiated in cephalium c.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFC4CFA1EFC68FA34" box="[901,988,1408,1435]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||||
., broken spines, slightly flexible, grayish to the base and yellowish the medium/apex spines, central 1–2,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFCA3FA3AFC51FA10" box="[874,997,1444,1471]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="15.0">15–25 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long., radials
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFB42FA3AFB4DFA10" box="[1163,1273,1444,1471]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3–10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long., up to 17 per areole. Yellow floral buds, naked. Flowers externally yellow, internally white, 1.9–2.5 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFB54FA56FAA9FA4C" box="[1181,1309,1480,1507]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="cm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 cm</quantity>
|
||||
, flower-tube with yellow scales, ca. 1 × 1, triangular, acuminate apex, ciliated, pericarpel naked, triangular, ca. 2 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFAC7FA72FAE6F9A8" box="[1294,1362,1516,1543]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, nectarchamber present, ca. 4 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFE50F98EFE6EF984" box="[409,474,1552,1579]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, perianth-segments 27–34, the external 2–3 × 1.5–2.0 mm, fleshy, triangular to elliptical, papillose, ciliated, acuminate apex, the internal 3–4 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFD2FF9AAFCC7F9E0" box="[742,883,1588,1615]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.15" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
., delicated, lanceolate, narrowed base and widened apex, stamens 191–206, in a continuous series, filaments
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFCD0F9C6FCCCF9DC" box="[793,888,1624,1651]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, style 10–12 × 0.7–1.0 mm, stigma-lobes 5, lobes
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFF02F9E2FE9DF938" box="[203,297,1660,1687]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long. Fruit 13–20 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFDDDF9E2FD24F938" box="[532,656,1660,1687]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10–14 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, ovoid to piriform, yellow immature, white mature, perianth-segments persistent, funicular pulp white and translucent, reminiscent base of the deepened flower. Seeds cochleariform, black, 1.23–1.36 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFEDFF95AFE0FF970" box="[278,443,1732,1759]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="0.875" valueMax="0.96" valueMin="0.79">0.79–0.96 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, 0.55–0.64 thickness, bright.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFBDFF74F976FBBFF8AD" box="[189,1035,1768,1795]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFBDFF74F976FBBFF8AD" blockId="1.[136,1452,1156,2083]" box="[189,1035,1768,1795]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF74F976FEFCF8AD" bold="true" box="[189,328,1768,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||||
—The specific epithet refers to the yellow color of the flowers.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFBDFF74F892FBFEF8C0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFBDFF74F892FBFEF8C0" blockId="1.[136,1452,1156,2083]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF74F892FE61F889" bold="true" box="[189,469,1804,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Phenology and ecology:</emphasis>
|
||||
—Flowering time in September. The flowers present diurnal anthesis and observed open about 7 a.m., and around
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D1C8BECFFCEFFBDFE57F8AEFE72F8E4" box="[414,454,1840,1867]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="generic">4 p.</specimenCount>
|
||||
m. are already fully open. A punctually observed record of the hummingbird of the species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFF41F8CAFDFEF8C1" authority="(Shaw 1812: 312)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityPageNumber="312" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[136,586,1876,1902]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Chlorostilbon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucidus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF41F8CAFECFF8C1" box="[136,379,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Chlorostilbon lucidus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCEFFBDFE40F8CAFDF7F8C1" author="Shaw, G." box="[393,579,1876,1902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" refId="ref3808" refString="Shaw, G. (1812) General zoology, or Systematic natural history, vol. 8. G. Kearsley, London, 334 pp." type="book" year="1812">Shaw 1812: 312</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a visitor in the flowers of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFC58F8CAFBF7F8C1" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[913,1091,1876,1902]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFC58F8CAFBF7F8C1" box="[913,1091,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCEFFB9FF74F8E6FF55FEC3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCEFFB9FF74F8E6FF55FEC3" blockId="1.[136,1452,1156,2083]" lastBlockId="5.[136,1452,158,581]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFF74F8E6FE41F83D" bold="true" box="[189,501,1912,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Distribution and habitat:</emphasis>
|
||||
—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFDD8F8E6FD7DF83D" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[529,713,1912,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFDD8F8E6FD7DF83D" box="[529,713,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is represented by a single population with a large number of individuals, distributed along approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFD4CF802FD74F819" box="[645,704,1948,1975]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||||
of a white rock mountain range (sandstone with quartz clasts), at elevation of
|
||||
<quantity id="4CE2ED80FFCEFFBDFEDAF85EFE1AF874" box="[275,430,1984,2011]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="1225.0" valueMax="1250.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200–1250 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. in Ibitiara municipality,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DE8E87FFCEFFBDFD32F85EFCCDF874" box="[763,889,1984,2011]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Bahia state</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, Chapada Diamantina in in the northern portion of Espinhaço Range. The vegetation that occurs in this place is “Campo Rupestre”,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFBC5F87AFBC0F851" box="[1036,1140,2020,2046]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Caatinga</emphasis>
|
||||
Domain. This population is sympatric with other cactus species such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFBDFDB1F796FB55F78D" authority="Buining & Brederoo (1972: 23)" authorityName="Buining & Brederoo" authorityPageNumber="23" authorityYear="1972" box="[632,1249,2056,2082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Melocactus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concinnus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFBDFDB1F796FCC7F78D" box="[632,883,2056,2082]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Melocactus concinnus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCEFFBDFCB3F796FB55F78D" author="Buining, A. F. H. & Brederoo, A. J." box="[890,1249,2056,2082]" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" pagination="5 - 7" refId="ref2405" refString="Buining, A. F. H. & Brederoo, A. J. (1972) Melocactus concinnus Buining et Brederoo spec. nov. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 23: 5 - 7." type="journal article" year="1972">Buining & Brederoo (1972: 23)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCEFFB9FB24F796FF4EFF17" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Micranthocereus" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="78" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCEFFB9FB24F796FF4EFF17" italics="true" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="1" pageNumber="74">Micranthocereus purpureus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Ģrke 1908: 86)
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FE07FF00FD28FF16" author="Ritter, F." box="[462,668,158,185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" pagination="156 - 162" refId="ref3695" refString="Ritter, F. (1968) Die Cephalientrager unter den Kakteen Brasiliens (Schluss). Kakteen und Andere Sukkulenten 8: 156 - 162." type="journal article" year="1968">Ritter (1968: 157)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCAFFB9FD61FF00FEECFF73" authority="(Ritter 1979: 65) Zappi (1994: 109)" authorityName="Zappi" authorityPageNumber="109" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Ritter" baseAuthorityPageNumber="65" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Pilosocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="pachycladus" subSpecies="pernambucoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FD61FF00FC78FF17" box="[680,972,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Pilosocereus pachycladus</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FBEBFF00FB52FF17" box="[1058,1254,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">pernambucoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FB3CFF00FA17FF16" author="Ritter, F." box="[1269,1443,158,185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" refId="ref3722" refString="Ritter, F. (1979) Kakteen in S ¸ damerika, Band 1: Brasilien / Uruguay / Paraguay. Friedrich Ritter Selbstverlag, Spangenberg, 374 pp." type="book" year="1979">Ritter 1979: 65</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FF41FF5CFEECFF73" author="Zappi, D. C." box="[136,344,194,220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 160" refId="ref4007" refString="Zappi, D. C. (1994) Pilosocereus (Cactaceae). The genus in Brazil. In: Hunt, D. & Taylor, N. P. (eds.) Succulent Plant Research, vol. 3. David Hunt Books, Milborne Port, pp. 1 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1994">Zappi (1994: 109)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCAFFB9FEADFF5CFBE9FF73" authority="(Vaupel 1923: 57) N. P. Taylor & Eggli" authorityName="N. P. Taylor & Eggli" baseAuthorityName="Vaupel" baseAuthorityPageNumber="57" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[356,1117,194,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stephanocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="luetzelburgii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FEADFF5CFD1DFF73" box="[356,681,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Stephanocereus luetzelburgii</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FD7EFF5CFCC7FF72" author="Vaupel, F." box="[695,883,194,221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" pagination="57" refId="ref3985" refString="Vaupel, F. (1923) Drei neue Cereen aus Brasilien. Zeitschrift f ¸ r Sukkulentenkunde 6: 57." type="journal article" year="1923">Vaupel 1923: 57</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) N.P.Taylor & Eggli
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FB42FF5DFA29FF73" author="Hunt, D. R. & Taylor, N. P." box="[1163,1437,194,221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" pagination="81 - 92" refId="ref3287" refString="Hunt, D. R. & Taylor, N. P. (1991) Notes on miscellaneous genera of Cactaceae. Bradleya 9: 81 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.25223 / brad. n 9.1991. a 2" type="journal article" year="1991">Hunt & Taylor 1991: 91</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCAFFB9FF41FF79FCD3FEAF" authority="(Schumann 1890: 306) N. P. Taylor & Stuppy" authorityName="N. P. Taylor & Stuppy" baseAuthorityName="Schumann" baseAuthorityPageNumber="306" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[136,871,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Tacinga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inamoena">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FF41FF79FEEEFEAF" box="[136,346,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Tacinga inamoena</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FEA5FF78FDD0FEAF" author="Schumann, K." box="[364,612,230,256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" pagination="185 - 322" refId="ref3753" refString="Schumann, K. (1890) Cactaceae Juss. In: Martius, C. F. P., Eichler, A. W. & Urban, I. (eds.) Flora brasiliensis, vol. 4. Munchen, Wien, Leipzig. pp. 185 - 322." type="book chapter" year="1890">Schumann 1890: 306</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) N.P.Taylor & Stuppy
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FC53FF78FB1DFEAF" author="Taylor, N. P. & Stuppy, W. & Barthlott, W." box="[922,1193,230,256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" pagination="99 - 132" refId="ref3898" refString="Taylor, N. P., Stuppy, W. & Barthlott, W. (2002) Realignment and revision of the Opuntioideae of Eastern Brazil. Succulent Plant Research 6: 99 - 132." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||||
Taylor
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FC24FF79FB9DFEAF" box="[1005,1065,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2002: 119
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and not being found
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCAFFB9FF41FE94FED9FE8B" authorityName="Taylor & Eggli" authorityYear="1993" baseAuthorityName="Braun & Esteves Pereira" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[136,365,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bahiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FF41FE94FED9FE8B" box="[136,365,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Arrojadoa bahiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in this area, with no overlap of occurrence. Additionally,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCAFFB9FC3AFE94FB56FE8B" box="[1011,1250,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhodantha">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FC3AFE94FB56FE8B" box="[1011,1250,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Arrojadoa rhodantha</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Ģrke 1908: 70)
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B3D94FFCAFFB9FF41FEB0FE76FEE7" author="Britton, N. & Rose, J. N." box="[136,450,302,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" refId="ref2376" refString="Britton, N. & Rose, J. N. (1920) The Cactaceae, vol. 2. Carnegie Institution, Washington, 334 pp." type="book" year="1920">Britton & Rose (1920: 170)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
was found in the Ibitiara municipality, however not occurring in sympatry with the new species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6510EDFFCDFFBEFF41F872FDFDF788" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7918832" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7918832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7918832/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="75" startId="2.[136,229,2028,2050]" targetBox="[244,1344,190,2004]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCDFFBEFF41F872FDFDF788" blockId="2.[136,1451,2028,2087]" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCDFFBEFF41F872FEB4F7AE" bold="true" box="[136,256,2028,2050]" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Types of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCDFFBEFEAAF873FE4AF7AD" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[355,510,2029,2050]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCDFFBEFEAAF873FE4AF7AD" box="[355,510,2029,2050]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCDFFBEFDC5F872FD97F7AE" bold="true" box="[524,547,2028,2049]" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Holotype (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCDFFBEFD5DF873FCCBF7AD" box="[660,895,2029,2050]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">Engels & Liebsch 9.900</emphasis>
|
||||
[RB840645]).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCDFFBEFBDCF873FBFCF7AD" bold="true" box="[1045,1096,2029,2050]" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">B–D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Paratype (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCDFFBEFB7DF873FA1FF7AD" box="[1204,1451,2029,2050]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="75">Engels & Liebsch 10.000</emphasis>
|
||||
[RB840.646]). Courtesy of the RB Herbarium.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6510EDFFCCFFBFFF41F954FD88F887" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7918834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7918834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7918834/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="76" startId="3.[136,229,1738,1760]" targetBox="[250,1337,190,1714]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCCFFBFFF41F954FD88F887" blockId="3.[136,1453,1738,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFF41F954FF49F970" bold="true" box="[136,253,1738,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCCFFBFFEC8F954FE2DF970" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[257,409,1738,1759]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFEC8F954FE2DF970" box="[257,409,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFE6DF954FE08F970" bold="true" box="[420,444,1738,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Habit.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFDC8F954FDA3F970" bold="true" box="[513,535,1738,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
Areole with spines in detail.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFCE0F954FCF4F94F" bold="true" box="[809,832,1738,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Floral buds.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFC75F954FC67F970" bold="true" box="[956,979,1738,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
Flower in lateral view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFB7BF954FB7CF970" bold="true" box="[1202,1224,1738,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">E.</emphasis>
|
||||
View of flower interior.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFF41F970FF2EF8AC" bold="true" box="[136,154,1774,1795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">F.</emphasis>
|
||||
Flower in frontal view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFEB6F970FE2CF8AB" bold="true" box="[383,408,1774,1796]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">G.</emphasis>
|
||||
Immature fruit in external view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFD19F970FD5DF8AC" bold="true" box="[720,745,1774,1795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">H.</emphasis>
|
||||
Immature fruit in internal view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFBD7F970FB9AF8AC" bold="true" box="[1054,1070,1774,1795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">I.</emphasis>
|
||||
Mature fruit in external view.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCCFFBFFA86F970FAD5F8AC" bold="true" box="[1359,1377,1774,1795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="76">J.</emphasis>
|
||||
Mature fruit in internal view. Photos by M.E. Engels.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF6510EDFFCBFFB8FF41F944FE65F8BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7918836" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7918836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7918836/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="77" startId="4.[136,229,1754,1776]" targetBox="[244,1343,190,1730]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCBFFB8FF41F944FE65F8BB" blockId="4.[136,1451,1754,1812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="77">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCBFFB8FF41F944FEB5F940" bold="true" box="[136,257,1754,1776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCBFFB8FEC2F944FE13F940" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[267,423,1754,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCBFFB8FEC2F944FE13F940" box="[267,423,1754,1775]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="77">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCBFFB8FE7EF944FE5EF940" bold="true" box="[439,490,1754,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="77">A–E.</emphasis>
|
||||
Habit and environments.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCBFFB8FD38F944FCB7F940" bold="true" box="[753,771,1754,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="77">F.</emphasis>
|
||||
Flowers detail.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCBFFB8FC60F944FC76F95F" bold="true" box="[937,962,1754,1776]" pageId="4" pageNumber="77">G.</emphasis>
|
||||
Flowers, immature and mature fruits. Photos by M.E.Engels from type population.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCAFFB9FF74FEE8FA30FE53" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCAFFB9FF74FEE8FA30FE53" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FF74FEE8FE7AFE3F" bold="true" box="[189,462,374,400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Conservation status:—</emphasis>
|
||||
According to the IUCN criteria (2017),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A3BE6FFCAFFB9FC4AFEE8FB80FE3F" authorityName="Gonzaga & Engels" authorityYear="2023" box="[899,1076,374,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Arrojadoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FC4AFEE8FB80FE3F" box="[899,1076,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Arrojadoa flava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is here assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Known only from two collections from a single population, it needs more sampling focus, which may result in the finding of more populations in different localities, increasing knowledge of the actual conservation status of this new species. The area where individuals were found suffers from habitat loss, mainly due to the creation of roads.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C30013EEFFCAFFB9FF74FD98FAFCFDEB" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BA54065FFCAFFB9FF74FD98FAFCFDEB" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B724A38FFCAFFB9FF74FD98FAF0FDEB" collectingDate="2022-09-06" collectionCode="UPCB" collectorName="Engels & Liebsch" country="Brazil" county="Ibitiara" location="Cadeia do Espinhaco" municipality="Ibitiara" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" specimenCode="RB840.646" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FF74FD98FD9BFD8F" bold="true" box="[189,559,518,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Additional material examined</emphasis>
|
||||
:—
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F30D00F5FFCAFFB9FD99FD98FD0FFD8F" box="[592,699,518,544]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49DE8E87FFCAFFB9FD02FD98FCBBFD8F" box="[715,783,518,544]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1DA1FFFCAFFB9FCE8FD98FCC1FD8F" box="[801,885,518,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Ibitiara</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="8EC516BEFFCAFFB9FC4CFD98FB35FD8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB:8EC516BEFFCAFFB9FC4CFD98FB35FD8F" box="[901,1153,518,544]" country="Brazil" county="Ibitiara" municipality="Ibitiara" name="Cadeia do Espinhaco" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Bahia">Cadeia do Espinhaço</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="8EC516BEFFCAFFB9FB58FD98FA37FD8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3F173FFCEFFB9FF41FC69FAFCFDEB:8EC516BEFFCAFFB9FB58FD98FA37FD8F" box="[1169,1411,518,544]" country="Brazil" county="Ibitiara" municipality="Ibitiara" name="Chapada Diamantina" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" stateProvince="Bahia">Chapada Diamantina</location>
|
||||
<date id="FFA466A5FFCAFFB9FA46FD98FEF6FDEB" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" value="2022-09-06">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EFE09F4DFFCAFFB9FA46FD98FEF6FDEB" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" value="2022-09-06">06 September 2022</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, fl. and fr.,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B96E9C77FFCAFFB9FE08FDB4FD69FDEB" box="[449,733,554,581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<collectorName id="26EF25B3FFCAFFB9FE08FDB4FDB9FDEB" box="[449,525,554,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Engels</collectorName>
|
||||
&
|
||||
<collectorName id="26EF25B3FFCAFFB9FDF8FDB4FD3CFDEB" box="[561,648,554,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">Liebsch</collectorName>
|
||||
10.000
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54A1FEC7FFCAFFB9FD22FDB4FCE8FDEB" box="[747,860,554,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="DBBCE81EFFCAFFB9FCAEFDB4FC5AFDEB" box="[871,1006,554,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">RB840.646</specimenCode>
|
||||
! [3 sheets],
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED0BD8A0FFCAFFB9FBBBFDB4FB75FDEB" box="[1138,1217,554,580]" collectionName="UPCB" pageId="5" pageNumber="78">UPCB</collectionCode>
|
||||
! [2 sheets])
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
664
data/03/E5/87/03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48.xml
Normal file
664
data/03/E5/87/03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,664 @@
|
|||
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|
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<mods:namePart id="A8F8A622C9ECF5FE54993D123B320F88">Prevorčnik, Simona</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D9974C9EED06235C3749D96B5EFAEE65">Aljančič, Gregor</mods:namePart>
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|
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<mods:namePart id="7D0D28AA66359A3EC917E889328AB5AA">Sket, Boris</mods:namePart>
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<mods:detail id="FAC90E290428548351395A271C6C18E0" type="issue">
|
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|
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<treatment id="03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2530" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
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|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FF08FED5DC9CF868" blockId="19.[144,1105,327,959]" box="[144,732,327,351]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||||
Cave shrimps of the subgenus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FE7CFED5DC24F868" ID-CoL="8VJQX" authority="Dormitzer, 1853" box="[484,612,327,351]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FE7CFED5DC24F868" box="[484,612,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FDEAFED5DC91F868" authority="De Haan, 1849" box="[626,721,327,351]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Atyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
),
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C356656FF70CFF89FD7BFED5DF90FA88" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FD7BFED5DF90FA88" blockId="19.[144,1105,327,959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||||
exhibit high variability in rostral length and dentition, the relative rostral length representing the only age-independent and sexually non-dimorphic character. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FDECFE15DCB4F8A8" box="[628,756,391,415]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FDECFE15DCB4F8A8" box="[628,756,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70CFF89FD64FE1ADD7BF8A8" box="[764,827,392,415]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
the observed pattern of rostral length variability is similar to the pattern of the atyid shrimp
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FCE5FE35DF57F8E8" authority="(Covich et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Covich" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FCE5FE35DDB2F888" box="[893,1010,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC67FE35DF4FF8E8" author="Covich AP & Crowl TA & Hein CL & Townsend MJ & McDowell WH" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="450 - 465" refId="ref12003" refString="Covich AP, Crowl TA, Hein CL, Townsend MJ, McDowell WH. 2009. Predator - prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins. Freshwater Biol. 54 (3): 450 - 465." type="journal article" year="2009">Covich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FED1FE55DF80F8E8" box="[329,448,455,479]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FED1FE55DF80F8E8" box="[329,448,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
coexisting with predatory fish, rostra were significantly longer and the total shrimp population density was much lower than in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FC40FE75DA0FF8C8" box="[984,1103,487,511]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FC40FE75DA0FF8C8" box="[984,1103,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
living where fish had no access. Additionally, lower abundances of shrimps with long and short rostra were reported in the localities without and with fish, respectively. Also in four species of the kakadukaridid shrimps,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FD77FDD5DF12FB48" authority="Bruce and Short, 1992" authorityName="Bruce and Short" authorityYear="1992" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Leptopalaemon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagadjui">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FD77FDD5DA42FB68" box="[751,1026,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Leptopalaemon gagadjui</emphasis>
|
||||
Bruce and Short, 1992
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and three undescribed species, positive correlation between the length of the rostrum, the number of rostral teeth, and the presence of predatory fish was demonstrated (John Short, personal communication, 2009). Similar conclusions were drawn by some authors reporting analogous defence mechanisms (i.e. elongated spines) in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FE93FD75DF2FFBC8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[267,367,743,767]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae living with predatory fish (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC97FD75DE88FA28" author="Johansson F & Samuelsson L" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="74 - 79" refId="ref12395" refString="Johansson F, Samuelsson L. 1994. Fish-induced variation in abdominal spine length of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) larvae? Oecologia 100: 74 - 79." type="journal article" year="1994">Johansson and Samuelsson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FF4CFC95DC6BFA28" author="Arnquist G & Johansson F" box="[212,555,775,799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="1847 - 1858" refId="ref11730" refString="Arnquist G, Johansson F. 1998. Ontogenetic reaction norms of predator-induced defensive morphology in dragonfly larvae. Ecology 79 (6): 1847 - 1858." type="journal article" year="1998">Arnquist and Johansson 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FDA0FC95DDE9FA28" author="Johansson F & Wahlstrom E" box="[568,937,775,799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="199 - 208" refId="ref12424" refString="Johansson F, Wahlstrom E. 2002. Induced morphological defence: evidence from whole-lake manipulation experiments. Can J Zool. 80 (2): 199 - 208." type="journal article" year="2002">Johansson and Wahlström 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC2EFC95DF2EFA08" author="Mikolajewski DJ & Johansson F" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="614 - 620" refId="ref12661" refString="Mikolajewski DJ, Johansson F. 2004. Morphological and behavioural defenses in dragonfly larvae: trait compensation and cospecialization. Behav Ecol. 15 (4): 614 - 620." type="journal article" year="2004">Mikolajewski and Johansson 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FEEFFCB5DCC1FA08" author="Mikolajewski DJ & Johansson F & Wohlfahrt B & Stoks R" box="[375,641,807,831]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="1306 - 1310" refId="ref12625" refString="Mikolajewski DJ, Johansson F, Wohlfahrt B, Stoks R. 2006. Invertebrate predation selects for the loss of a morphological antipredator trait. Evolution 60 (6): 1306 - 1310." type="journal article" year="2006">Mikolajewski et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FD12FCB5DD57FA08" author="Brooks SJ" box="[650,791,807,831]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="6 - 7" refId="ref11935" refString="Brooks SJ. 2008. Aren't dragonflies great study organisms? Trends Ecol Evol. 24 (1): 6 - 7." type="journal article" year="2008">Brooks 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FCBFFCB5DE97FA68" author="Johansson F & Samuelsson L" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="74 - 79" refId="ref12395" refString="Johansson F, Samuelsson L. 1994. Fish-induced variation in abdominal spine length of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) larvae? Oecologia 100: 74 - 79." type="journal article" year="1994">Johansson and Samuelsson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
wrote about lower total density of prey in the case of the co-occurrence with predators. Not only in macroinvertebrates but also in smaller invertebrates (e.g. Rotifera, Cladocera), similar cases of defence mechanisms are known (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC40FC15DF63FA88" author="Adler FR & Harwell CD" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref11678" refString="Adler FR, Harwell CD. 1990. Inducible defenses, phenotypic variability and biotic environments. Trends Ecol Evol. 5 (12): 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">Adler and Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FEB6FC35DF84FA88" author="Harvell CD" box="[302,452,935,959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="323 - 339" refId="ref12286" refString="Harvell CD. 1990. The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Q Rev Biol. 65 (3): 323 - 339." type="journal article" year="1990">Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C356656FF70CFF8DFF08FC6DDF3AFA48" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2530" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FF08FC6DDC34FD00" blockId="19.[144,1083,1023,1079]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF08FC6DDC34FD00" bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF08FC6DDF73FD00" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Possible causes for the coincidence between long rostrum, increased carapace size and the presence of</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FEA1FB8DDFCEFD00" box="[313,398,1055,1079]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FE0EFB8DDFEBFD00" bold="true" box="[406,427,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">in</emphasis>
|
||||
Troglocari
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FDBFFB8DDC34FD00" bold="true" box="[551,628,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">s s. str.</emphasis>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FF08FBD5DF80FF68" blockId="19.[143,1104,1095,1696]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||||
An overall positive correlation between the shrimp’s relative rostral length and presence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FF37FBF5DF44FD48" box="[175,260,1127,1151]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF37FBF5DF44FD48" box="[175,260,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as well as the results of our feeding behaviour observations indicate that the elongation of the rostrum in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FE65FB15DC3DFDA8" box="[509,637,1159,1183]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FE65FB15DC3DFDA8" box="[509,637,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
represents its defence mechanism against the predation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FECFFB35DFECFD88" box="[343,428,1191,1215]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FECFFB35DFECFD88" box="[343,428,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Four possible explanations for such an adaptation exist: (1) the shrimps are responding phenotypically to the presence of predatory kairomones in the water with intensified rostrum growth during ontogeny, (2) in polymorphic populations, the selection favours alleles for a longer rostrum in shrimps occurring with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FEA4FAB5DFD2FC08" box="[316,402,1319,1343]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FEA4FAB5DFD2FC08" box="[316,402,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, (3) in polymorphic populations, selection acts against a welldeveloped rostrum where it has a cost but provides no advantage, (4) the elongated rostrum is a plesiomorphy, the reduction is caused by “mutational pressure”, where the selection does not counteract the “short rostrum” mutations. While in Cladocera and Rotifera the response of the prey is phenotypically induced by the presence of a predator (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FE9CFA55DC5DFCE8" author="Adler FR & Harwell CD" box="[260,541,1479,1503]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref11678" refString="Adler FR, Harwell CD. 1990. Inducible defenses, phenotypic variability and biotic environments. Trends Ecol Evol. 5 (12): 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">Adler and Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FDB4FA55DC84FCE8" author="Harvell CD" box="[556,708,1479,1503]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="323 - 339" refId="ref12286" refString="Harvell CD. 1990. The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Q Rev Biol. 65 (3): 323 - 339." type="journal article" year="1990">Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), in the studies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FC3BFA5ADA5AFCD7" box="[931,1050,1480,1504]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FC3BFA5ADA5AFCD7" box="[931,1050,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FF08FA75DEB4FCC8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[144,244,1511,1535]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae (see above) the authors did not try to explain the mechanism of the prey adaptation. In the case of the mechanisms of eye reduction in subterranean animals the pros and cons of the last two options represent the topic of an ongoing discussion (e.g.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FED9F9D5DFF4FF68" author="Sket B" box="[321,436,1607,1631]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="78 - 85" refId="ref12745" refString="Sket B. 1985. Why all cave animals do not look alike - a discussion on adaptive value of reduction processes. Natl Speleol Soc Bull. 47 (2): 78 - 85." type="journal article" year="1985">Sket 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF8EFF22F9FADAD2F9C8" blockId="19.[143,1104,1095,1696]" lastBlockId="20.[212,1172,167,1696]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="2527" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||||
To avoid biased conclusions owing to different samples sizes, as well as highly variable relative rostral lengths in some populations, the average relative rostral length of each sample has been used for determining a boundary between populations with short and long rostra. A boundary has been set at 43% considering the minimal number of individuals classified outside the predicted group (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFC3FFF75DDBBF9C8" box="[935,1019,231,255]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
, under G/O).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70BFF8EFF66FE9ADF10FD08" blockId="20.[212,1172,167,1696]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">
|
||||
Two gaps in the distribution area of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFD02FE95DCAFF828" box="[666,751,263,287]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFD02FE95DCAFF828" box="[666,751,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have been reported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFC6FFE95DF5EF808" author="Kletecki E & Jalzic B & Rada T" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref12546" refString="Kletecki E, Jalzic B, Rada T. 1996. Distribution of the Olm (Proteus anguinus, Laur.) in Croatia. Mem Biospeol. 23 (50): 227 - 231." type="journal article" year="1996">Kletečki et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: the gap between Slovenian populations and those in Croatian
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="4988F806F70BFF8EFBBFFEBADA1CF808" box="[1063,1116,296,319]" country="Croatia" name="Istarska" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Istra</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and between populations of northwestern and southeastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70BFF8EFCC7FED5DDF6F868" box="[863,950,327,351]" name="Croatia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(i.e. in the Velebit mountains and partially in Lika). Whereas in the northern Dinarides the majority of populations with short rostra have actually been living in the area without
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFBAFFE15DACDF8A8" box="[1079,1165,391,415]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFBAFFE15DACDF8A8" box="[1079,1165,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, i.e. without predatory pressure, in the southern Dinarides only two exceptions from the Adriatic phylogroup have short rostra: a population on the southern border of the Velebit mountains (62) and the nearby island population (64) (see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70BFF8EFC7BFE75DA04F8C8" box="[995,1092,487,511]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most populations from the latter phylogroup have long rostra despite a presumable absence of predatory pressure. In samples 69, 65, 66 and 63, however, many shrimps with short rostra are present within samples characterized by their high variation in relative rostral lengths: 28–57%, 36–57%, 36–56% and 30–50%, respectively (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFF4CFD15DF6CFBA8" box="[212,300,647,671]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
, under G/O). We have tried to explain deviation from the expected rostral length pattern in the Adriatic phylogroup with the distribution of cave shrimps’ putative cyprinid fish predators (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFE70FD55DD17FBE8" author="Zupancic P & Bogutskaya NG" box="[488,855,711,735]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" pagination="411 - 437" refId="ref13119" refString="Zupancic P, Bogutskaya NG. 2002. Description of two new species, Phoxinellus krbavensis and P. jadovensis, re-description of P. fontinalis Karaman, 1972, and discussion of the distri- bution of Phoxinellus species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nat Croat. 11 (4): 411 - 437." type="journal article" year="2002">Zupančič and Bogutskaya 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but without success. High variation in samples mentioned above can be explained (1) by the increased variability in structures not influenced by selection pressure (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFC84FC95DDF7FA28" author="Darwin CR" box="[796,951,775,799]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" refId="ref12049" refString="Darwin CR. 1859. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray." type="book" year="1859">Darwin 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), (2) by a deficient knowledge of actual
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE5EFCB5DC5CFA08" box="[454,540,807,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE5EFCB5DC5CFA08" box="[454,540,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
localities, denoting higher prey–predator contact than estimated, or (3) because the response of the Adriatic populations on the presence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFF4CFCF5DF69FA48" box="[212,297,871,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFF4CFCF5DF69FA48" box="[212,297,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
might be different to that in other phylogroups. Irrespective of either phenotypic or genetic induction of the shrimps’ response, the third option is supported by the genetic distinction of the Adriatic phylogroup. One has to notice that the combination of long rostra and absence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFD13FC55DCA0FAE8" box="[651,736,967,991]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFD13FC55DCA0FAE8" box="[651,736,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not fatal for shrimps, whereas the opposite situation would probably decrease the shrimps’ survival rate. It would, however, be energetically costly to produce the long rostra without at least a small biological advantage.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70BFF8EFF66FBD5DDC0FFA8" blockId="20.[212,1172,167,1696]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">
|
||||
Apart from the “outliers” from the Adriatic phylogroup, the E-Slo phylogroup population 42 (from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70BFF8EFE27FBF5DC61FD48" box="[447,545,1127,1151]" name="Slovenia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) with long rostra and single specimens from samples 81 and 90 (from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70BFF8EFEE2FB15DFF0FDA8" box="[378,432,1159,1183]" name="Italy" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) with short rostra (data from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFC83FB15DDEFFDA8" author="Fabjan E" box="[795,943,1159,1183]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" refId="ref12134" refString="Fabjan E. 2001. Prispevek k taksonomiji jamskih kozic Troglocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) [graduation thesis]. [Ljubljana]: Univerza v Ljubljani." type="book" year="2001">Fabjan 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, no molecular data available; see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFEEEFB35DF8DFD88" box="[374,461,1191,1215]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
) also show deviation from the expected pattern. The former population is living in a locality with presumably no predatory pressure, whereas in the latter two samples,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE7BFB75DC78FDC8" box="[483,568,1255,1279]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE7BFB75DC78FDC8" box="[483,568,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
presence is confirmed for the first and questionable for the second location. We would like to point out that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFCC2FA95DDF0FC28" box="[858,944,1287,1311]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFCC2FA95DDF0FC28" box="[858,944,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is, however, known from close proximity to the Slovenian sample 42 (see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70BFF8EFCA3FAB5DDDEFC08" box="[827,926,1319,1343]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and that the Italian
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFF4CFADADF13FC57" box="[212,339,1352,1376]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFF4CFADADF13FC57" box="[212,339,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from nearby locations (i.e. 80, 82 for the first and 89 for the second sample mentioned above;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFE32FAF5DC41FC48" box="[426,513,1383,1407]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70BFF8EFDA7FAF5DCE1FC48" box="[575,673,1383,1407]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
) all have distinctly longer rostra. It is also true that the Italian localities 81 and 90 are situated on the very border of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFBA6FA1ADAD4FC97" box="[1086,1172,1416,1440]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFBA6FA1ADAD4FC97" box="[1086,1172,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
distribution area,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE3DFA3ADFBAFCF7" box="[421,506,1448,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE3DFA3ADFBAFCF7" box="[421,506,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
being highly endangered (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFCAAFA35DDFBFC88" author="Bressi N" box="[818,955,1447,1471]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" pagination="55 - 59" refId="ref11834" refString="Bressi N. 2004. Underground and unknown: updated distribution, ecological notes and conservation guidelines on the Olm Proteus anguinus in Italy (Amphibia, Proteidae). Ital J Zool. 71 (1): 55 - 59." type="journal article" year="2004">Bressi 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This could mean that the predatory pressure here is lower than in the centre of the distribution area. Other populations examined by Fabjan (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFD3AFA75DCB8FCC8" box="[674,760,1511,1535]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), including 11 populations from the same localities as examined in the present study, all follow the anticipated rostral length pattern. According to results of our research, the relative rostral length represents an adequate tool for making assumptions about
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFCA3F9DADDD0FF57" box="[827,912,1608,1632]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFCA3F9DADDD0FF57" box="[827,912,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
presence/absence, also in the samples of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE3BF9FADC63FFB7" box="[419,547,1640,1664]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE3BF9FADC63FFB7" box="[419,547,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70BFF8EFDB4F9FADC2CFF48" box="[556,620,1640,1663]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
excluded from our statistical analyses (denoted with “#” in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFEC4F915DFF0FFA8" box="[348,432,1671,1695]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
because of doubtful absence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFC82F91ADD2FFF97" box="[794,879,1672,1696]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFC82F91ADD2FFF97" box="[794,879,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FF35DDCEF8E8" blockId="21.[144,1105,167,479]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
The increased carapace size in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD9CFF35DC3FF988" box="[516,639,167,191]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD9CFF35DC3FF988" box="[516,639,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFD1DFF3ADCFFF988" box="[645,703,168,191]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
co-occurring with the predator is the result not only of the elongation of the rostrum, but also of the significantly larger postorbital carapace length. On the other hand, the main factor for the increased carapace size in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF34FE95DFC1F828" box="[172,385,263,287]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF34FE95DFC1F828" box="[172,385,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Xiphocaris elongata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations living with predatory fish seems to be the elongation of the rostrum (evident from fig.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CB49B01F70AFF8FFE6FFEB5DC5FF808" box="[503,543,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFDBEFEB5DCADF808" author="Covich AP & Crowl TA & Hein CL & Townsend MJ & McDowell WH" box="[550,749,295,319]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="450 - 465" refId="ref12003" refString="Covich AP, Crowl TA, Hein CL, Townsend MJ, McDowell WH. 2009. Predator - prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins. Freshwater Biol. 54 (3): 450 - 465." type="journal article" year="2009">Covich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Also in shrimps from the Adriatic phylogroup that are on average smaller (in comparison to the shrimps from the W-Slo and the E-Slo phylogroups), body size increases upon co-occurrence with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC6FFEF5DA09F848" box="[1015,1097,359,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC6FFEF5DA09F848" box="[1015,1097,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. An increase in size serving as a defence mechanism has already been reported in the green alga
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF5DFE35DC41F888" authority="(Baldwin 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Baldwin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[197,513,423,447]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Scenedesmaceae" genus="Scenedesmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphaeropleales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF5DFE35DF10F888" box="[197,336,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Scenedesmus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFEC6FE35DFB9F888" author="Baldwin IT" box="[350,505,423,447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="104 - 105" refId="ref11781" refString="Baldwin IT. 1996. Inducible defenses and population biology. Trends Ecol Evol. 11 (3): 104 - 105." type="journal article" year="1996">Baldwin 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; its consumer
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD07FE35DCBAF888" box="[671,762,423,447]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Daphnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD07FE35DCBAF888" box="[671,762,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Daphnia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC91FE35DD3AF888" box="[777,890,423,447]" class="Crustacea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Crustacea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: Phyllopoda) elicits changes in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE9FFE55DFD1F8E8" baseAuthorityName="Baldwin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[263,401,455,479]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Scenedesmaceae" genus="Scenedesmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphaeropleales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE9FFE55DFD1F8E8" box="[263,401,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Scenedesmus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which render the alga too large to be ingested.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF08FD8DDA76FB00" blockId="21.[144,1078,543,567]" box="[144,1078,543,567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08FD8DDA76FB00" bold="true" box="[144,1078,543,567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF08FD8DDEA6FB00" box="[144,230,543,567]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF74FD8DDC86FB00" bold="true" box="[236,710,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">impact on the morphology of the subgenera</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD54FD8DDD17FB00" box="[716,855,543,567]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">Spelaeocaris</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFCC6FD8DDDC6FB00" bold="true" box="[862,902,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">and</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC14FD8DDA76FB00" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[908,1078,543,567]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaridella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Troglocaridella</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF08FDDADDA1FD68" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
In the Dinarides where
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE01FDD5DC59FB68" box="[409,537,583,607]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE01FDD5DC59FB68" box="[409,537,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFDB8FDDADC1CFB68" box="[544,604,584,607]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
is widespread, other species of cave shrimps also occur. Although they mainly exhibit similar morphometric response to the presence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF2BFD15DF48FBA8" box="[179,264,647,671]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF2BFD15DF48FBA8" box="[179,264,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70AFF8FFED4FD15DFEFFBA8" box="[332,431,647,671]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[142,209,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[145,1104,179,1383]" captionTargetId="graphics-117@3.[146,775,337,1362]" captionText="Figure 1. A simplified phylogenetic tree of the genus Troglocaris, redrawn and adapted from Sket and Zakšek (2009). Phylogenetic relationships among Troglocaris aggr. anophthalmus phylogroups are weakly supported, and T. anophthalmus – Soča has been added manually (dashed line; see also Zakšek et al. 2009). *Our specimens of the putative Istra phylogroup have not been investigated molecularly. Relative rostral length has been estimated for Proteus and Proteus-free localities, within each of the three Dinaric subgenera separately. For comments on few exceptions within Troglocaris s. str. and situation in T. (S.) prasence and T. (Troglocaridella) hercegovinensis see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13899207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13899207/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the values are not consistent with values obtained for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF08FD35DF50FB88" box="[144,272,679,703]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08FD35DF50FB88" box="[144,272,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFE8EFD3ADF13FB88" box="[278,339,680,703]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
Insufficient data did not allow adequate statistical analysis.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC64FD35DCA5FBE8" authority="Sket and Zaksek, 2009" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapelana" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC64FD35DF9CFBE8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris (Spelaeocaris) kapelana</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFE7BFD55DCA5FBE8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[483,741,711,735]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, from Lika (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70AFF8FFCEBFD55DD8CFBE8" box="[883,972,711,735]" name="Croatia" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) and its yet undescribed sister species,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE28FD75DC2FFBC8" box="[432,623,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
T. (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE4FFD75DC27FBC8" box="[471,615,743,767]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">Spelaeocaris</taxonomicName>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
sp. (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFD3AFD75DDD8FBC8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[674,920,743,767]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), from Bosanska Krajina (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70AFF8FFF6FFC95DC52FA28" box="[247,530,775,799]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) coexist with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD2AFC95DD47FA28" box="[690,775,775,799]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD2AFC95DD47FA28" box="[690,775,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. They both have long rostra bearing sparse, large spines. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE77FCB5DDE9FA08" authority="Sket and Zaksek, 2009" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[495,937,807,831]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasence" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE77FCB5DCE6FA08" box="[495,678,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) prasence</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFD34FCB5DDE9FA08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[684,937,807,831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
samples, specimens with long as well as with short rostra are found, although no data on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC62FCD5DA10FA68" box="[1018,1104,839,863]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC62FCD5DA10FA68" box="[1018,1104,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
presence is available. In samples close to the known
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC8CFCF5DD29FA48" box="[788,873,871,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC8CFCF5DD29FA48" box="[788,873,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
localities (i.e. with known hydrological underground connections), relative rostral length surpasses that registered in localities isolated from known
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD09FC35DCA6FA88" box="[657,742,935,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD09FC35DCA6FA88" box="[657,742,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
localities: 33–57% CL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFB98FC35DA4DFA88" box="[1024,1037,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 15) and 19–27% CL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFEC3FC55DF28FAE8" box="[347,360,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 6), respectively. For some specimens from one of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC5FFC55DA5DFAE8" box="[967,1053,967,991]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC5FFC55DA5DFAE8" box="[967,1053,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-free localities (Rijeka Crnojeviča,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70AFF8FFE7BFC75DC34FAC8" box="[483,628,999,1023]" name="Serbia" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||||
), not only a shortened rostrum but also a rostrum without any teeth is characteristic. Specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFCBDFB95DFD6FD08" authority="Sket and Zaksek, 2009" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neglecta" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFCBDFB95DA0FFD28" box="[805,1103,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (Spelaeocaris) neglecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFF08FBB5DFD6FD08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[144,406,1063,1087]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, known from just a few
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD28FBB5DD45FD08" box="[688,773,1063,1087]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD28FBB5DD45FD08" box="[688,773,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-free localities, all have short rostra without teeth and they are smaller than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD05FBD5DD5DFD68" box="[669,797,1095,1119]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD05FBD5DD5DFD68" box="[669,797,1095,1119]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFCBCFBDADD21FD68" box="[804,865,1096,1119]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
specimens.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FBFADD8AFDE8" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
In the only species of the subgenus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDD1FBF5DCB3FD48" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[585,755,1127,1151]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaridella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDD1FBF5DCB3FD48" box="[585,755,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaridella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the situation is similar to that seen in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF71FB15DFE6FDA8" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[233,422,1159,1183]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasence" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF71FB15DFE6FDA8" box="[233,422,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) prasence</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: the rostrum is longer in samples from caves inhabited by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF08FB35DEA6FD88" box="[144,230,1191,1215]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08FB35DEA6FD88" box="[144,230,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or hydrologically connected caves (25–57% CL, with 11% and 20% CL, exceptions;
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE8CFB55DF61FDE8" box="[276,289,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 22) than in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE74FB55DC02FDE8" box="[492,578,1223,1247]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE74FB55DC02FDE8" box="[492,578,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-free localities (11–23% CL,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC18FB55DDCDFDE8" box="[896,909,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 5).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FB75DFFBFCA8" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
While the carapace length in adult
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDF0FB75DD52FDC8" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[616,786,1255,1279]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaridella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDF0FB75DD52FDC8" box="[616,786,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaridella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is similar to the carapace length of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF64FA95DF3CFC28" box="[252,380,1287,1311]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF64FA95DF3CFC28" box="[252,380,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFE1BFA9ADF82FC28" box="[387,450,1288,1311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, the carapace is on average longer in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFCF3FA95DA69FC28" box="[875,1065,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
T. (S).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC5DFA95DA69FC28" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[965,1065,1287,1311]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapelana">kapelana</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFBAFFA95DE82FC08" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.)</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF63FAB5DFF7FC08" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[251,439,1319,1343]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasence" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF63FAB5DFF7FC08" box="[251,439,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) prasence</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD8AFAB5DC86FC08" baseAuthorityName="Matjasic" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[530,710,1319,1343]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pretneri" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD8AFAB5DC86FC08" box="[530,710,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) pretneri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Perhaps this is compensation for the lack of a long rostrum, particularly in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDE4FADADD70FC57" baseAuthorityName="Matjasic" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[636,816,1352,1376]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pretneri" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDE4FADADD70FC57" box="[636,816,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) pretneri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is on average the largest species of the Dinaric cave shrimps. For such a conclusion, larger samples and further studies are needed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FA35DA5DFF37" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
All the above examples of the genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDC9FA3ADC8CFCF7" box="[593,716,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDC9FA3ADC8CFCF7" box="[593,716,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFD49FA3ADCB8FC88" box="[721,760,1447,1471]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC9BFA3ADD35FCF7" box="[771,885,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC9BFA3ADD35FCF7" box="[771,885,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC34FA3ADA11FCF7" box="[940,1105,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Leptopalaemon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC34FA3ADA11FCF7" box="[940,1105,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Leptopalaemon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
confirm the assumption that the relationship between predation and rostral length is a widespread phenomenon in shrimps, making this structure less useful for taxonomy.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF08F9ADDF90FF60" blockId="21.[144,464,1599,1623]" box="[144,464,1599,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08F9ADDF90FF60" bold="true" box="[144,464,1599,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08F9ADDF33FF60" bold="true" box="[144,371,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Feeding efficiency of</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFEE2F9ADDF90FF60" box="[378,464,1599,1623]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8CFF08F9F5DA1CF808" blockId="21.[144,1104,1639,1696]" lastBlockId="22.[212,1172,167,1183]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="2529" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||||
Both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF56F9FADF63FFB7" box="[206,291,1640,1664]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF56F9FADF63FFB7" box="[206,291,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
recognized
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE31F9FADC69FFB7" box="[425,553,1640,1664]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE31F9FADC69FFB7" box="[425,553,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as prey although shrimps had never been offered to them during the last 20 years of captivity. Their behaviour did not change throughout the experiment. Furthermore, the small size of the experimental arena did not interact with the exhibition of their natural behaviour because the identical predation behaviour has already been observed in much larger laboratory pools (Aljančič, personal observation) and in nature (e. g.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFD37FE95DD0EF828" author="Briegleb W" box="[687,846,263,287]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="149 - 196" refId="ref11910" refString="Briegleb W. 1963. Zur Kenntnis eines Okotops von Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768. Acta Carsol. 3: 149 - 196." type="journal article" year="1963">Briegleb 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Besides, the animal’s adaptation to occupy narrow crevices is well expressed in its shape and its behaviour.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF66FEDADFA9FA48" blockId="22.[212,1172,167,1183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
In most cases the time needed for swallowing the shrimp with a rostrum was longer, but with obvious individual differences between both analysed predators. The spitting-out reaction was not recorded by the camera, but as it was witnessed by the first author in one
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE2EFE35DC4BF888" box="[438,523,423,447]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE2EFE35DC4BF888" box="[438,523,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, we believe such a reaction might occur in a negligible number of cases. Since predator–prey interactions are usually very complex, different equilibria between the prey and the predator may establish (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFC58FE75DF4CFB28" author="Adler FR & Harwell CD" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref11678" refString="Adler FR, Harwell CD. 1990. Inducible defenses, phenotypic variability and biotic environments. Trends Ecol Evol. 5 (12): 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">Adler and Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, for review). The consequences of the shrimp’s armament can therefore be anticipated, but we cannot conceive its influence upon selection. The situation is similar to the results of a laboratory test reported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFD4AFDD5DA23FB68" author="Johansson F & Samuelsson L" box="[722,1123,583,607]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="74 - 79" refId="ref12395" refString="Johansson F, Samuelsson L. 1994. Fish-induced variation in abdominal spine length of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) larvae? Oecologia 100: 74 - 79." type="journal article" year="1994">Johansson and Samuelsson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: the European perch (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE04FDF5DD43FB48" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[412,771,615,639]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE04FDF5DC0CFB48" box="[412,588,615,639]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Perca fluviatilis</emphasis>
|
||||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) succeeded in devouring the shortspined larvae of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE02FD15DC30FBA8" baseAuthorityName="Vander Linden" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[410,624,647,671]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Leucorrhinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE02FD15DC30FBA8" box="[410,624,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Leucorrhinia dubia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFD1AFD15DCA8FBA8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[642,744,647,671]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) significantly faster and more easily than the long-spined larvae. Furthermore, our results indicate that the shrimps are not easy prey to catch. None of the successful
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFD72FD55DD7FFBE8" box="[746,831,711,735]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFD72FD55DD7FFBE8" box="[746,831,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
attacks on shrimps with long rostra were accomplished from the front of the shrimp whereas numerous unsuccessful attacks were recorded. In addition, the most frequent escape reaction of the shrimp approached by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE12FCB5DFA0FA08" box="[394,480,807,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE12FCB5DFA0FA08" box="[394,480,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was quick backward swimming. Hypothetically this would increase the survival rate in shrimps, especially when their main defence is frontal as described in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFEFAFCF5DFA2FA48" box="[354,482,871,895]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFEFAFCF5DFA2FA48" box="[354,482,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF66FC1ADFC3FDA8" blockId="22.[212,1172,167,1183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
We acknowledge the possibility that the artificially shortened rostra might have affected the shrimps’ behaviour, leading to faster consumption by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC3AFC35DDB5FA88" box="[930,1013,935,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC3AFC35DDB5FA88" box="[930,1013,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Nevertheless, we believe it is highly improbable as shrimps were given time to recover before the experiment, and no visible change in their behaviour was observed after amputation. Moreover, shrimps collected in the field frequently had broken rostra, without other visible effects. No evidence of the unsuccessful
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC94FBB5DD22FD08" box="[780,866,1063,1087]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC94FBB5DD22FD08" box="[780,866,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
attacks causing breakage could be gathered in the field. As only a high survival rate would be beneficial for the shrimps after the predator’s attack, we think that clipping the rostrum has little effect on the shrimps.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF4CFB4DDA5FFDC0" blockId="22.[212,1055,1247,1271]" box="[212,1055,1247,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFF4CFB4DDA5FFDC0" bold="true" box="[212,1055,1247,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFF4CFB4DDD2BFDC0" bold="true" box="[212,875,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Taxonomical consequences of rostral variability in the genus</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFCE9FB4DDDB1FDC0" box="[881,1009,1247,1271]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Troglocaris</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC60FB4DDA5FFDC0" bold="true" box="[1016,1055,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF709FF8CFC60FB4DDA5FFDC0" box="[1016,1055,1247,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF4CFA95DC40FC68" blockId="22.[212,1172,1287,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
Rostral variability within each of the analysed phylogroups is high, so applying rostrum morphology to the taxonomy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFD0FFABADD57FC77" box="[663,791,1320,1344]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFD0FFABADD57FC77" box="[663,791,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF709FF8CFCB9FABADD21FC08" box="[801,865,1320,1343]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
as a major or even a sole character is inappropriate.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF66FAF5DFB2FF48" blockId="22.[212,1172,1287,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||||
Although great importance was placed on the rostrum in caridean taxonomy (e.g. see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFF66FA1ADFF1FCA8" author="De Grave S" box="[254,433,1415,1439]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref12081" refString="De Grave S. 1999. Variation in rostral dentition and telson setation in a saltmarsh population of Palaemonetes varians (Leach) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae). Hydrobiologia 397: 101 - 108." type="journal article" year="1999">De Grave 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), separation of taxa by rostral length and dentition led to some incorrect taxonomic decisions and misidentifications. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFCC9FA3ADA36FC88" authority="Bouvier (1925)" authorityName="Bouvier" authorityYear="1925" box="[849,1142,1447,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFCC9FA3ADD88FCF7" box="[849,968,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFC57FA35DA36FC88" author="Bouvier LME" box="[975,1142,1447,1471]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" refId="ref11805" refString="Bouvier LME. 1925. Reserches sur la morphologie, les variations, la distribution geographique des crevettes de la famille des Atyides. Paris: Paul Lechevalier." type="book" year="1925">Bouvier (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as many as three species were defined solely by rostral lengths:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC2AFA5ADF64FCC8" authority="Guerin" authorityName="Guerin" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC2AFA5ADAD3FCD7" box="[946,1171,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris elongata</emphasis>
|
||||
Guerin
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFEBCFA7ADF6DFF37" box="[292,301,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">-</emphasis>
|
||||
Meneville, 1855,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE69FA7ADD37FCC8" authority="Pocock, 1889" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1889" box="[497,887,1511,1536]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE69FA7ADC95FF37" box="[497,725,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris gladiator</emphasis>
|
||||
Pocock, 1889
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC2BFA7ADFD8FF28" authority="Pocock, 1889" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1889" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC2BFA7ADEB8FF17" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||||
Pocock, 1889
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. It is not impossible that these species are in fact identical with some long- and short-rostrum forms of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFDC4F9B5DD01FF08" author="Covich AP & Crowl TA & Hein CL & Townsend MJ & McDowell WH" box="[604,833,1575,1599]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="450 - 465" refId="ref12003" refString="Covich AP, Crowl TA, Hein CL, Townsend MJ, McDowell WH. 2009. Predator - prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins. Freshwater Biol. 54 (3): 450 - 465." type="journal article" year="2009">Covich et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. The latter authors, however, did not indicate whether their
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFDAAF9DADCE9FF57" authorityName="Bouvier" authorityYear="1925" box="[562,681,1608,1632]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFDAAF9DADCE9FF57" box="[562,681,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
forms were phenotypically caused morphs or genetically fixed races.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F708FF8DFF22FF35DFCBF8E8" blockId="23.[144,1104,167,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFF22FF35DD02F988" authority="Babic, 1922" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[186,834,167,191]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="schmidti" variety="intermedia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFF22FF35DFD7F988" box="[186,407,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris schmidti</emphasis>
|
||||
Dormitzer var.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFDD0FF35DCFAF988" box="[584,698,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFD59FF35DD02F988" author="Babic K" box="[705,834,167,191]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="300 - 306" refId="ref11759" refString="Babic K. 1922. Uber die drei Atyiden aus Jugoslavien. Glasnik Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog drustva 34: 300 - 306." type="journal article" year="1922">Babič, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of the subgenus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFC64FF35DE85F9E8" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFC64FF35DE85F9E8" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFF53FF5ADF47F9E8" box="[203,263,200,223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFE8DFF55DC4EF9E8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[277,526,199,223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) was described from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F708FF8DFD64FF55DD13F9E8" box="[764,851,199,223]" name="Croatia" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(59) by its smaller size and shorter rostrum in comparison with the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54F78846F708FF8DFD0AFF7ADC83F837" box="[658,707,232,256]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
population from the
|
||||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFC25FF75DA10F9C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFC25FF75DA10F9C8" box="[957,1104,231,255]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="Slovene cave" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||||
Slovene
|
||||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFB86FF7ADA10F9C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFB86FF7ADA10F9C8" box="[1054,1104,232,255]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="cave Kompoljska" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">cave</location>
|
||||
</location>
|
||||
Kompoljska jama (35).
|
||||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFE30FE9ADFA6F828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFE30FE9ADFA6F828" box="[424,486,264,287]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="Later" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Later</location>
|
||||
authors (e.g. see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFD22FE95DD80F828" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[698,960,263,287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) treated the
|
||||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFF08FEB5DEB6F808" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFF08FEB5DEB6F808" box="[144,246,295,319]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="Croatian" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Croatian</location>
|
||||
population as a subspecies,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFDD3FEB5DDC4F808" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[587,900,295,319]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="anophthalmus" subSpecies="intermedia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFDD3FEB5DDC4F808" box="[587,900,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">T. anophthalmus intermedia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B97AC9EF708FF8DFC0FFEB5DA61F808" box="[919,1057,295,319]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Considering</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
the results of our study, diagnosis of the subspecies is highly inaccurate because most other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFF4DFEF5DF15F848" box="[213,341,359,383]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFF4DFEF5DF15F848" box="[213,341,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFEC6FEFADFDEF848" box="[350,414,360,383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
populations living in caves without
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFCDEFEF5DDDBF848" box="[838,923,359,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFCDEFEF5DDDBF848" box="[838,923,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
share the same morphological characteristics.
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="62924E68F708FF8DFE76FE1ADC47F8A8" box="[494,519,392,415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">In</collectingCounty>
|
||||
fact, many populations with short rostra are more related to populations with long rostra than to the population of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFCF7FE35DA5EF888" box="[879,1054,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">T. a. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF708FF8DFF08FE55DEA4F8E8" box="[144,228,455,479]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F708FF8DFE84FE55DF3EF8E8" box="[284,382,455,479]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F708FF8DFF22FE75DA73FB08" blockId="23.[144,1104,167,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||||
The genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFEAFFE75DFFCF8C8" box="[311,444,487,511]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFEAFFE75DFFCF8C8" box="[311,444,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Spelaeocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(now a subgenus,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFD0AFE75DDCCF8C8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[658,908,487,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) was also mainly defined by its very short rostrum (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFE65FD95DCE5FB28" author="Matjasic J" box="[509,677,519,543]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref12583" refString="Matjasic J. 1956 a. Ein neuer Hohlendecapode aus Jugoslawien. Zool. Anz. 157: 65 - 68." type="journal article" year="1956">Matjašič 1956a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, b). Nowadays, species with long rostra are also known to belong to the aforementioned subgenus (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFCADFDB5DA67FB08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[821,1063,551,575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F708FF8DFF22FDD5DF3AFA48" blockId="23.[144,1104,167,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||||
High rostral variability within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFD80FDD5DCD8FB68" box="[536,664,583,607]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFD80FDD5DCD8FB68" box="[536,664,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFD07FDDADC9DFB68" box="[671,733,584,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
phylogroups 1–5 does not allow universal separation among the phylogroups, neither by the rostral length, nor by shape. Rostral length and/or shape and dentition are proven to be adequate taxonomic characters only in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFE58FD35DC36FB88" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[448,630,679,703]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bosnica" subGenus="Troglocaridella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFE58FD35DF92FB88" box="[448,466,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">T</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFE7DFD35DC36FB88" box="[485,630,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">(T.) bosnica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, despite its variability in rostral length.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFF08FD55DF2AFBE8" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[144,362,711,735]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bosnica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFF08FD55DF2AFBE8" box="[144,362,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris bosnica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has always at least 10, usually between 13 and 16 teeth (or even more) ventrally on its long rostrum. On the other hand, specimens from the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFC64FD75DE85FA28" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFC64FD75DE85FA28" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFF54FC9ADF4AFA28" box="[204,266,776,799]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
phylogroups 1–5, have mainly 0–9 ventral rostrum teeth. In less than 1% of cases examined in our study, the number is 10–13 (see also
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFCD0FCB5DA04FA08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[840,1092,807,831]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Rostral shape only allows recognition of certain populations within some phylogroups (see Results).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
128
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128
data/03/E5/87/03E587F2F70DFF89FF4CFDCDDA10F9E8.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FF4CFDCDDD58FB40" bold="true" box="[212,792,607,631]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">The preliminary observations on feeding efficiency of</emphasis>
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FC87FDCDDD34FB40" ID-CoL="6XHY" authority="Laurenti, 1768" box="[799,884,607,631]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
In 21 days after the beginning of our observations, seven and five
|
||||
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FC2DFD15DA75FBA8" box="[949,1077,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
individuals with long rostra and seven and seven
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FD2EFD35DD76FB88" box="[694,822,679,703]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FD2EFD35DD76FB88" box="[694,822,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with clipped rostra were eaten by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FF60FD55DF0EFBE8" box="[248,334,711,735]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FF60FD55DF0EFBE8" box="[248,334,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
1 and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FE05FD55DFB2FBE8" box="[413,498,711,735]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FE05FD55DFB2FBE8" box="[413,498,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
2, respectively. The time needed for swallowing was measured accurately for 23 out of 26 cases. Although a proper statistical analysis was omitted because of an undersized predator set, the swallowing time of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FC4EFC95DA6AFA28" box="[982,1066,775,799]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FC4EFC95DA6AFA28" box="[982,1066,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70DFF88FBA0FC95DACCFA28" box="[1080,1164,775,799]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="18.[212,270,1204,1226]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Table 4. Swallowing time efficiency (in seconds) for two specimens of Proteus, while feeding on Troglocaris without rostra and with long undamaged rostra." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF70DFF88FF4CFB26DD19FDD0" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" tableUuid="DF33666CF70DFF88FF4CFB26DD19FDD0">Table 4</tableCitation>
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||||
) appeared to be prolonged when feeding on shrimps with long rostra.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FBBCFCB5DA39FA08" box="[1060,1145,807,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FBBCFCB5DA39FA08" box="[1060,1145,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
1 needed substantially more time to swallow shrimps with rostra, whereas in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FBB1FCD5DA3FFA68" box="[1065,1151,839,863]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FBB1FCD5DA3FFA68" box="[1065,1151,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
2 the time difference was minor.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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|
||||
Images recorded with the night vision camera reveal the active attack feeding behaviour of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FEF6FC35DF84FA88" box="[366,452,935,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FEF6FC35DF84FA88" box="[366,452,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FE4BFC35DC68FA88" box="[467,552,935,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FE4BFC35DC68FA88" box="[467,552,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
does not chase the prey; it waits till the prey is within its reach to attack it with a quick snap. Without exception, all successful
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FBA6FC55DAD4FAE8" box="[1086,1172,967,991]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FBA6FC55DAD4FAE8" box="[1086,1172,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
attacks were accomplished from behind or from the side of the shrimp. Before our recordings we witnessed the frontal attack of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70DFF88FD53FB95DD60FD28" box="[715,800,1031,1055]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70DFF88FD53FB95DD60FD28" box="[715,800,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2525">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
on a shrimp with a long rostrum; its attempt ended after a few moments with the prey spat out. The shrimp survived but was eaten a few days later. Although the snapping-up and spitting-out activity of both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FF53FF35DF60F988" box="[203,288,167,191]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF53FF35DF60F988" box="[203,288,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was recorded carefully, the records often did not allow the positive identification of an unsuccessful attack, further removing the possibility of statistical analysis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,59 +1,62 @@
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<treatment id="1F275648FFDDFFF1FC2A3A9C64E3FD7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13891966" ID-GBIF-Taxon="242789831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13891966" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F275648FFDDFFF1FC2A3A9C64E3FD7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F275648FFDDFFF1FC2A3A9C64E3FD7F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DF94B4D5FFDDFFF2FC2A3A9C6463FA4D" box="[989,1317,1431,1457]" pageId="1" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9731E75EFFDDFFF2FC2A3A9C6463FA4D" blockId="1.[952,1353,1370,1457]" box="[989,1317,1431,1457]" pageId="1" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<heading id="CC795032FFDDFFF2FC2A3A9C6463FA4D" box="[989,1317,1431,1457]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="12" reason="7">
|
||||
Family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="508E9CDDFFDDFFF2FBC53A9C6463FA4D" box="[1074,1317,1431,1457]" class="Malacostraca" family="Amazighopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Amazighopsidae nov.</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="508E9CDDFFDDFFF2FBC53A9C65A8FA4D" box="[1074,1262,1431,1457]" class="Malacostraca" family="Amazighopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family" status="nov.">Amazighopsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
nov.
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
448
data/CC/45/87/CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0.xml
Normal file
448
data/CC/45/87/CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
|
|||
<document id="78EEBBA94C4D84A4B0BE2F858346B2CE" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.587.1.8" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7710731" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1678344859442" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Smith, Gideon F., Grobler, Retief & Hankey, Andrew" docDate="2023" docId="CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.587.1.8.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 587 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.587.1.8" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Bulbine decastroi Gideon F. Sm. 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="307CFFC23952FFF0FF809B2FFFAEF72C" masterDocTitle="Bulbine decastroi (Asphodelaceae subfam. Asphodeloideae), a new peatland species with grass tuft-like rosettes from Mpumalanga, South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1728312636166" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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||||
<mods:titleInfo id="F298DDBE0742A5C2B8E6D8EE212DBE4F">
|
||||
<mods:title id="82AAABE935D8CE0F2314024FE8E3739E">Bulbine decastroi (Asphodelaceae subfam. Asphodeloideae), a new peatland species with grass tuft-like rosettes from Mpumalanga, South Africa</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="4478EC30E6089AA2ECD75CE6DF8C0E50" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="11D797887C4A04E30B2F4F342DE5C025">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E1EC1ABED413E3D807431961FFB7E4D9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="513906C9AC5512320423D0C077DD078D">Smith, Gideon F.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A0AC2DE31CE29D817C4FF3B619A4A374" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5417-9208</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="50D888D6A3A647AECC5AEEFCF3952F7F">Ria Olivier Herbarium, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, P. O. Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031 South Africa.</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="40B4753884F9FAEE461236B987FA8FDE" type="email">smithgideon1@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name id="018E7A9BAE60CFC1B60BC6F0E7B7BB97" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1C2317182163CFAE909796A4C5B64B81">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="3D3D43F97F8DA0A5A84C12B002B72180">Grobler, Retief</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="37C28D544C8E9B6AD37D74008F0211FF">Imperata Consulting, P. O. Box 72914, Lynnwood Ridge, 0040 South Africa.</mods:affiliation>
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||||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name id="F64A945C257C2329F76670A5D736ABEF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0FAC2F1B0A6F783F7FF9A5E56B76F1DA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="4155D9C18FC16A9F4E5063696E27EE52">Hankey, Andrew</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="39E2B454F9D9FFD74703146C7065A684" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2144-3092</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="6B4FA96FF7552DF26BA061C23534BA05">Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box, 2194, Wilro Park, 1731 South Africa. A. Hankey @ sanbi. org. za; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2144 - 3092</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="699944016AB80823C5ED197DB31BD328" type="email">A.Hankey@sanbi.org.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="170FE8BC12D8F0656D800FD57233B4D1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5EBA8E52A2703C69AA8DB5B5B375F2F2">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="F7E22F685D66271CF4314AF888B066DD">
|
||||
<mods:date id="A4D519A3F91F8985E0667E77CDD7F0AC">2023</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="AE41C811BD3B4D32E1327567784AFAFD" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="467EB5F14FFAF665AF90258353D39839">2023-03-09</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="1CCBB26D7F5F874AF1B39A6B046F3C5F" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="8FB9DD7E6EEE9650144A66CCE41A0B08">587</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="79F0C7787EF52EA7A1FF98602EC17752" type="issue">
|
||||
<mods:number id="16B321F72E8C292ECABF8F2B5E943E9B">1</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:extent id="05B8CE306DCB6B63BA820983D3603A33" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="0840D9CE51D8E118D59A8FC9DFBA1F76">59</mods:start>
|
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<mods:end id="AB8E28E5E0CD14F9EECE2BE51F0508F1">65</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
|
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</mods:part>
|
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</mods:relatedItem>
|
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<mods:location id="B72620AFB79E032C11BC01DD87B88E82">
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<mods:url id="DF64A40DA07A20968A47F03205624591">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.587.1.8</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
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<mods:classification id="EF631804CC4F988F681AD7BF864EBDE4">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5745F3B74667720FDB708C5350CA7299" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.587.1.8</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="CE46948F655AA4A06EBDB84D2476B24B" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="823FAC9170B524954EDD2ED92416347A" type="Zenodo-Dep">7710731</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13899245" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13899245" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273953FFF1FF089C95FDB9F0FC" box="[136,535,1978,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3953FFF1FF089C95FDB9F0FC" blockId="1.[136,1452,1978,2072]" box="[136,535,1978,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3953FFF1FF089C95FE6DF0E3" authority="Gideon F.Sm." authorityName="Gideon F. Sm." authorityYear="2023" box="[136,451,1978,2000]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3953FFF1FF089C95FE98F0FC" bold="true" box="[136,310,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
Gideon F.Sm.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3953FFF1FE4C9C94FDB9F0FC" bold="true" box="[460,535,1979,2000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6DAB57C53953FFF1FE4C9C94FDB9F0FC" box="[460,535,1979,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273953FFF1FF089CF1FE3DFF3B" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3953FFF1FF089CF1FE3DFF3B" blockId="1.[136,1452,1978,2072]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3953FFF1FF089CF1FF14F0DF" bold="true" box="[136,186,2014,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Type</emphasis>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="F4843CF13953FFF1FF499CF1FE21FF3B" collectingDate="2022-10-14" collectionCode="PRU" collectorName="G. F. Smith" country="South Africa" location="North-central region of the province" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mpumalanga province" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3CFB763C3953FFF1FF499CF1FED4F0DF" box="[201,378,2014,2035]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8628F84E3953FFF1FE049CF1FDCCF0D8" box="[388,610,2014,2036]" country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Mpumalanga province</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="413360773953FFF1FDEC9CF1FC7FF0D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0:413360773953FFF1FDEC9CF1FC7FF0D8" box="[620,977,2014,2036]" country="South Africa" name="North-central region of the province" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" stateProvince="Mpumalanga province">North-central region of the province</location>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="413360773953FFF1FC5C9CF1FB26F0D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC4587BA3953FFF5FF089C95FB69F6D0:413360773953FFF1FC5C9CF1FB26F0D8" box="[988,1160,2014,2036]" country="South Africa" name="Steenkampsberge" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" stateProvince="Mpumalanga province">Steenkampsberge</location>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="3052106C3953FFF1FB129CF1FA97F0DF" box="[1170,1337,2014,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" value="2022-10-14">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2016E9843953FFF1FB129CF1FA97F0DF" box="[1170,1337,2014,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" value="2022-10-14">14 October 2022</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3953FFF1FAC49CF0FF43FF3B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<collectorName id="E919537A3953FFF1FAC49CF0FA02F0DF" box="[1348,1452,2014,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">G.F. Smith</collectorName>
|
||||
1202
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="9B57880E3953FFF1FF7A932DFEFEFF34" box="[250,336,2050,2072]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="22FDAE693953FFF1FED5932DFE26FF3B" box="[341,392,2050,2071]" collectionName="PRU" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">PRU</collectionCode>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273950FFF2FF089BB1FD53F6BD" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF089BB1FD53F6BD" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF089BB1FF55F794" bold="true" box="[136,251,158,184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||||
:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FE9F9BB1FE49F794" box="[287,487,158,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE9F9BB1FE49F794" box="[287,487,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FD039BB0FCAEF794" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[643,768,159,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD039BB0FCAEF794" box="[643,768,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in being somewhat smaller and daintier in most vegetative respects. The glaucous leaves of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FE799BECFDD1F7F0" box="[505,639,194,220]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE799BECFDD1F7F0" box="[505,639,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are relatively short and narrow (120–180 × 1.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FB219BEDFB54F7F0" box="[1185,1274,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
), while those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FF089BC8FEAAF62C" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[136,260,231,256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF089BC8FEAAF62C" box="[136,260,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are light to mid-green and usually more robust (400 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FCF59BC9FC12F62C" box="[885,956,230,256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FC509BC9FB38F62C" box="[976,1174,230,256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC509BC9FB38F62C" box="[976,1174,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has contractile roots, an adaptation to its peatland habitat, while the roots of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FD599A24FCFBF608" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[729,853,267,292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD599A24FCFBF608" box="[729,853,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are not contractile.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FBB99A25FB51F608" box="[1081,1279,266,292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FBB99A25FB51F608" box="[1081,1279,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
often grows in dense clusters of up to 40 plants, while up to six plants of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FCA09A00FC32F664" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[800,924,303,328]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FCA09A00FC32F664" box="[800,924,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be clustered together, but they are usually well spaced. The inflorescences of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FD999A7CFD0FF640" box="[537,673,338,364]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD999A7CFD0FF640" box="[537,673,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are fewer-flowered than those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FBA69A7CFB0DF640" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[1062,1187,339,364]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FBA69A7CFB0DF640" box="[1062,1187,339,364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and the pedicels of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FA139A7CFF41F6BC" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FA139A7CFF41F6BC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are generally shorter than those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FDFB9A58FD58F6BC" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[635,758,375,400]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FDFB9A58FD58F6BC" box="[635,758,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273950FFF2FF3D9AB5FC30F238" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF3D9AB5FC30F238" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF3D9AB5FEE9F698" bold="true" box="[189,327,410,436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Description</emphasis>
|
||||
:—Perennial, acaulescent, small, rosulate leaf succulent up to
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FC7F9AB5FBE3F699" box="[1023,1101,410,437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="0.18">0.18 m</quantity>
|
||||
tall in vegetative phase, at first solitary, with age dividing basally to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FDA69A91FD17F6F4" box="[550,697,446,472]" form="clusters" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="form">form clusters</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with up to 40 rosettes, each with short pseudo-stem (5–)
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FAB19A91FA02F6F5" box="[1329,1452,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF479ACDFEF8F6D0" box="[199,342,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Pseudo-stem</emphasis>
|
||||
generally devoid of persistent, basal leaf material.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC0D9ACCFC63F6D0" box="[909,973,483,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Roots</emphasis>
|
||||
wiry to somewhat succulent, up to
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FAD69ACDFA02F6D1" box="[1366,1452,482,509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter, contractile, white to pinkish yellow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD359928FCADF50C" box="[693,771,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||||
120–180 × 1.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FC3D9929FBBBF50D" box="[957,1045,518,545]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, distinctly graminoid, soft-textured, flexuous, numerous, erect to erectly spreading, old leaves eventually shed;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC5A9905FBB6F568" box="[986,1048,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">blade</emphasis>
|
||||
mid- to dark green with a glaucous sheen, senescing pinkish brown, narrowly linear, attenuate, at
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FCD79961FC07F545" box="[855,937,590,617]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
from base broadening gradually downwards to width of ±
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FEA5995DFED9F5A1" box="[293,375,626,653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, gradually and narrowly tapering towards apex;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC20995DFBE0F5A0" box="[928,1102,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">adaxial surface</emphasis>
|
||||
flat to concave, longitudinally grooved;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF7399B9FE0EF59C" box="[243,416,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">abaxial surface</emphasis>
|
||||
convex, lacking striations;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD5699B8FC9FF59C" box="[726,817,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">margins</emphasis>
|
||||
entire;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC0799B8FC12F59C" box="[903,956,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">apex</emphasis>
|
||||
acute, hardly drying from tip.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FA9699B9FA02F59C" box="[1302,1452,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Inflorescence</emphasis>
|
||||
a cylindrical raceme, appearing subcapitate when few flowers open simultaneously, usually 1 arising from a rosette, few- to subdensely-flowered (8–20),
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FDA399F1FD3DF5D5" box="[547,659,734,761]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="0.25" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.4 m</quantity>
|
||||
tall, ascending to slightly spreading, elongating somewhat as flowering proceeds upwards;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FEE7982DFE62F430" box="[359,460,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">peduncle</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FE56982DFD98F431" box="[470,566,770,797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter, round in cross-section, slightly tapering upwards, glabrous, not sterile bracteate, drying pinkish brown.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FDD19809FD03F46C" box="[593,685,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||||
rather densely borne in upper ⅓ to
|
||||
<superScript id="B3999BE43950FFF2FBCD9808FBFAF419" attach="right" box="[1101,1108,807,821]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">1</superScript>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<subScript id="D86834E93950FFF2FBDA981FFBCFF412" attach="left" box="[1114,1121,816,830]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">5</subScript>
|
||||
of inflorescence,
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FAB19809FA02F46D" box="[1329,1452,806,833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="13.0">13–15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter,
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FE9A9865FED5F449" box="[282,379,842,869]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
apart, 3–6(–8) open simultaneously, diurnal, open from ± 08:00–17:00, closing in inclement weather;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF719841FED3F4A4" box="[241,381,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">floral bracts</emphasis>
|
||||
deltoid-acuminate,
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FDDE9841FD13F4A5" box="[606,701,878,905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long,
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FC859841FCCDF4A5" box="[773,867,878,905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
broad at base, membranous, clasping peduncle and higher up the pedicel, light brown with dark brown central vein, margins lacerate, base auriculate, auricles creamy white;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF559899FE9FF4FC" box="[213,305,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">pedicels</emphasis>
|
||||
slender,
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FE149899FDA3F4FD" box="[404,525,950,977]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="12.0">12–16 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long in bud and at early anthesis, sometimes elongating to
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FB209899FAB7F4FD" box="[1184,1305,950,977]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="25.0">25–40 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long in fruit, erectly spreading in both flower and fruit, persistent when dry, rarely slightly recurved when barren;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FB6498F5FAEDF4D8" box="[1252,1347,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">perianth</emphasis>
|
||||
a stellate perigone;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF7A98D1FE93F334" box="[250,317,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">tepals</emphasis>
|
||||
in two whorls, bright, glistening yellow, margins somewhat rolled under, 1-nerved, vein light green, raised below;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FEA79F0CFE02F310" box="[295,428,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">outer tepals</emphasis>
|
||||
elliptic, 6–8 × 3.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FD0A9F0DFD4CF311" box="[650,738,1058,1085]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, apices blunt-tipped, sometimes slightly notched, variously flat to up- or down-curved in apical ½;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FDB09F68FD16F34C" box="[560,696,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">inner tepals</emphasis>
|
||||
ovate to round, 5–7 × 3.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FC789F69FBFDF34D" box="[1016,1107,1094,1121]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, apices blunt-tipped.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FACE9F68FA05F34D" box="[1358,1451,1095,1121]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Stamens</emphasis>
|
||||
distinctly spreading at 30° from vertical, up to
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FD2B9F45FCA5F3A9" box="[683,779,1130,1157]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FCD89F45FC11F3A8" box="[856,959,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">filaments</emphasis>
|
||||
yellow, slender, hairy in lower ½;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FAD79F45FA05F3A8" box="[1367,1451,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">anthers</emphasis>
|
||||
light brown, oblong, dorsifixed.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE769FA0FD92F385" box="[502,572,1167,1193]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Ovary</emphasis>
|
||||
globose, 1.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FD5C9FA1FC9CF385" box="[732,818,1166,1193]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC489FA1FC55F384" box="[968,1019,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">style</emphasis>
|
||||
erect, terete, up to
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FB569FA1FAB6F385" box="[1238,1304,1166,1193]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FAE19FA0FA02F384" box="[1377,1452,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">stigma</emphasis>
|
||||
apical, minutely capitate, whitish yellow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FDDF9F9CFD37F3E0" box="[607,665,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Fruit</emphasis>
|
||||
a globose, loculicidal capsule, up to
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FBBF9F9DFB38F3E1" box="[1087,1174,1202,1229]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter, light green, at maturity, at first enveloped in dark brownish black remains of perigone.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC5E9FF9FBBDF3DC" box="[990,1043,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Seed</emphasis>
|
||||
0.75(–1.00) × 1.0(–1.5) mm, black, ± D-shaped, angled, few per capsule.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FDAE9FD5FCB1F238" box="[558,799,1274,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Chromosome number</emphasis>
|
||||
: unknown.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273950FFF2FF3D9E31FEBFF270" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF3D9E31FEBFF270" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF3D9E31FEDEF214" bold="true" box="[189,368,1310,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Flowering time</emphasis>
|
||||
:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FE149E31FDF9F214" box="[404,599,1310,1336]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE149E31FDF9F214" box="[404,599,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
flowers from spring to mid-summer (September to December) in the southern hemisphere.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273950FFF2FF3D9E49FF5BF174" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF3D9E49FB36F288" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF3D9E49FD34F2AC" bold="true" box="[189,666,1382,1408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Natural geographical distribution range</emphasis>
|
||||
:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FD3E9E49FC2DF2AC" box="[702,899,1382,1408]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD3E9E49FC2DF2AC" box="[702,899,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is currently only known from three localities that are in close proximity in the Steenkampsberge in north-central
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8628F84E3950FFF2FCCA9EA5FC70F288" box="[842,990,1418,1444]" country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Mpumalanga</collectingRegion>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3CFB763C3950FFF2FB829EA5FB3AF288" box="[1026,1172,1418,1444]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF3D9E80FF5BF174" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
Except for the most general, no locality data from specimens or field observations are given. This deviation from widely followed taxonomic practice is justified by the fact that poaching of succulent plants from the wild in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3CFB763C3950FFF2FAEA9EFDFF7EF13C" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||||
is a severe and escalating problem, and it was decided not to provide any information regarding the exact whereabouts of this new species that could cause known populations to be targeted for destructive collecting (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3950FFF2FACC9D35FF47F174" author="Smith, G. F. & Figueiredo, E. & Victor, J. & Klopper, R. R." pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refId="ref4004" refString="Smith, G. F., Figueiredo, E., Victor, J. & Klopper, R. R. (2023) Plant poaching in southern Africa is aided by taxonomy. Is a return to Caput bonae spei inevitable? Taxon 72: electronically published on 13 February 2023, 7 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 12882" type="book" year="2023">
|
||||
Smith
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FA179D34FF30F174" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2023
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273950FFF2FF3D9D4DFBE6F0B0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF3D9D4DFD94F078" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF3D9D4DFEB7F150" bold="true" box="[189,281,1634,1660]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||||
:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FEBD9D4DFDAAF150" box="[317,516,1634,1660]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FEBD9D4DFDAAF150" box="[317,516,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a habitat specialist that occurs on true peat substrates with a dead soil organic matter content of over 30% (dry mass) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3950FFF2FDC19DA9FC96F18C" author="Joosten, H. & Clark, D." box="[577,824,1670,1696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refId="ref3494" refString="Joosten, H. & Clark, D. (2002) Wise use of mires and peatlands. Background and principles including a framework for decision-making. International Mire Conservation Group and International Peat Society, Saarijarven Offset Oy, Saarijarvi, Finland, 304 pp. [http: // www. imcg. net / media / download _ gallery / books / wump _ wise _ use _ of _ mires _ and _ peatlands _ book. pdf]" type="book" year="2002">Joosten & Clark 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3950FFF2FCC29DA9FC74F18C" author="Grobler, L. E. R." box="[834,986,1670,1696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refId="ref3376" refString="Grobler, L. E. R. (2022) Wetland Biodiversity Management Plan for the proposed De Berg Private Nature Reserve (DBPNR), Mpumalanga Province. Unpublished specialist report compiled by De Castro and Brits Ecological Consultants for Clean Stream Biological Services, 81 pp." type="book" year="2022">Grobler 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in high-altitude mire peatlands in valleybottom and seep settings (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3950FFF2FE2D9D85FDC7F1E8" author="Ollis, D. & Snaddon, K. & Job, N. & Mbona, N." box="[429,617,1706,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" pagination="112" refId="ref3776" refString="Ollis, D., Snaddon, K., Job, N. & Mbona, N. (2013) Classification system for wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems in South Africa. User manual: inland systems. SANBI Biodiversity Series 22. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 110 [112] pp. [http: // biodiversityadvisor. sanbi. org / wp-content / uploads / 2016 / 07 / Classification-system-for-wetlands-other-aquatic-ecosystems. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Ollis
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE6D9D84FDB1F1E8" box="[493,543,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and is absent from hydromorphic mineral soils situated directly adjacent to these mires. The three known localities where
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FD319DE0FC99F1C4" box="[689,823,1742,1768]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD319DE0FC99F1C4" box="[689,823,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
occurs on the quarzitic plateau of the Steenkampsberge are at elevations ranging from
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE649DDCFE50F020" box="[484,510,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2100 to 2245 metres above sea level. The mire wetlands that comprise the habitat of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FF289C38FE9EF01C" box="[168,304,1814,1840]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF289C38FE9EF01C" box="[168,304,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are embedded within grassland vegetation representative of the Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland vegetation
|
||||
<typeStatus id="9B57880E3950FFF2FE849C14FE9AF079" box="[260,308,1851,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3950FFF2FEC29C15FD80F078" author="Dayaram, A. & Powrie, L. & Rebelo, T. & Skowno, A." box="[322,558,1850,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refId="ref3307" refString="Dayaram, A., Powrie, L., Rebelo, T. & Skowno, A. (2017) Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 2009 and 2012: a description of changes from 2006. Bothalia 47 (1): a 2223, 10 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4102 / abc. v 47 i 1.2223" type="book" year="2017">
|
||||
Dayaram
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE329C14FE4DF078" box="[434,483,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF2FF3D9C71FBE6F0B0" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FF3D9C71FE28F054" box="[189,390,1886,1912]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF3D9C71FE28F054" box="[189,390,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is an obligate hygrophyte (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FD489C70FCA8F054" box="[712,774,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3950FFF2FC919C71FBB2F054" author="Retief, E. & Herman, P. P. J." box="[785,1052,1886,1913]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refId="ref3948" refString="Retief, E. & Herman, P. P. J. (1997) Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: keys and diagnostic features. Strelitzia 6. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, 681 pp. [https: // archive. org / details / plantsofnorthern 06 reti]" type="book" year="1997">Retief & Herman 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) that occurs in near-pristine mires vegetated by dense herbaceous plant communities comprised entirely of hygrophytes.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273950FFF3FF3D9C89FBBAF62C" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3950FFF3FF3D9C89FBBAF62C" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" lastBlockId="3.[136,1452,158,257]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FF3D9C89FE03F0EC" bold="true" box="[189,429,1958,1984]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Conservation status</emphasis>
|
||||
:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FE509C89FD39F0EC" box="[464,663,1958,1984]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FE509C89FD39F0EC" box="[464,663,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is currently known from three localities, each representing a distinct subpopulation, within a very small Extent of Occurrence (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FC9A9CE4FCF6F0C8" box="[794,856,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
IUCN 2022) of
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FB969CE4FB9EF0C8" box="[1046,1072,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<quantity id="83149B493950FFF2FBBF9CE5FB29F0C8" box="[1087,1159,1994,2020]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="B3999BE43950FFF2FB079CE5FB21F0F4" attach="left" box="[1159,1167,1994,2008]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">2</superScript>
|
||||
. All known localities are located in South Africa’s
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8628F84E3950FFF2FE239CC1FD31FF24" box="[419,671,2030,2056]" country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Mpumalanga province</collectingRegion>
|
||||
within two formally protected areas and there are currently no known significant threats to this species or its habitat. It is therefore considered to be unlikely that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3950FFF2FB33933CFA92FF00" box="[1203,1340,2066,2092]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3950FFF2FB33933CFA92FF00" box="[1203,1340,2066,2092]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
currently meets the IUCN thresholds for categorisation as threatened (CR [Critically Endangered], EN [Endangered], or VU [Vulnerable]) or Near Threatened (NT) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3951FFF3FDCD9BEDFD79F7F0" author="IUCN" box="[589,727,194,220]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refId="ref3459" refString="IUCN. (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom, iv + 32 pp." type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3951FFF3FCDD9BECFC4DF7F0" box="[861,995,194,220]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FCDD9BECFC4DF7F0" box="[861,995,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is regarded as ‘Rare’ in accordance with the South African conservation status categories used by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="207D4B5D3951FFF3FC879BC9FBBEF62C" author="Raimondo, D. & Von Staden, L. & Foden, W. & Victor, J. E. & Helme, N. A. & Turner, R. C. & Kamundi, D. A. & Manyama, P. A." box="[775,1040,230,257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refId="ref3857" refString="Raimondo, D., Von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J. E., Helme, N. A., Turner, R. C., Kamundi, D. A. & Manyama, P. A. (eds.) (2009) Red List of South African Plants 2009. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 668 pp. http: // hdl. handle. net / 20.500.12143 / 260" type="book" year="2009">
|
||||
Raimondo
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FC039BC8FC1AF62C" box="[899,948,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2009)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="109366243951FFF3FF089C86FACFFF07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7710733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7710733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7710733/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" startId="3.[136,234,1961,1983]" targetBox="[175,1419,275,1945]" targetPageId="3">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3951FFF3FF089C86FACFFF07" blockId="3.[136,1452,1961,2091]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FF089C86FEAAF092" bold="true" box="[136,260,1961,1983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3951FFF3FE8B9C86FE1BF092" box="[267,437,1961,1982]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FE8B9C86FE1BF092" box="[267,437,1961,1982]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FE439C86FE75F092" bold="true" box="[451,475,1961,1982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
In its natural peatland habitat. The peatland burned a few months before the photograph was taken. Note the high water table in the bottom right of the image.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FD439CE2FD77F0CE" bold="true" box="[707,729,1997,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
This section of the peatland did not burn. The vegetation is very dense.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FA149CE2FA05F0CF" bold="true" box="[1428,1451,1997,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Contractile roots.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FEB49CDEFEE2FF2A" bold="true" box="[308,332,2033,2054]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">D.</emphasis>
|
||||
A dense cluster of 40 rosettes. Note the glaucous sheen to the leaves.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FC659CDEFC55FF2A" bold="true" box="[997,1019,2033,2054]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">E.</emphasis>
|
||||
Close-up of racemes and flowers.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FAC69CDEFAF7FF2A" bold="true" box="[1350,1369,2033,2054]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">F.</emphasis>
|
||||
Tony de Castro (1970–) after whom
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3951FFF3FE199339FDA5FF06" box="[409,523,2069,2091]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FE199339FDA5FF06" box="[409,523,2069,2091]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is named.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3951FFF3FDF4933AFCB2FF06" box="[628,796,2069,2090]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3951FFF3FDF4933AFCB2FF06" box="[628,796,2069,2090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
grows in the foreground. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="109366243956FFF4FF089C51FAC6F094" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7710737" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7710737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7710737/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" startId="4.[136,234,1918,1940]" targetBox="[201,1384,193,1891]" targetPageId="4">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3956FFF4FF089C51FAC6F094" blockId="4.[136,1451,1918,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3956FFF4FF089C51FEAAF0BF" bold="true" box="[136,260,1918,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3956FFF4FE8C9C51FE03F0B8" authorityName="Von Poellnitz" authorityYear="1944" box="[268,429,1918,1940]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3956FFF4FE8C9C51FE03F0B8" box="[268,429,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Bulbine capitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3956FFF4FE3A9C51FE7CF0BF" bold="true" box="[442,466,1918,1939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Growing in a recently burned grassland. Note the arid substrate.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3956FFF4FBD49C51FBC4F0BF" bold="true" box="[1108,1130,1918,1939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">B.</emphasis>
|
||||
The leaves are most often much broader than those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3956FFF4FED99C8CFE62F09B" box="[345,460,1954,1976]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3956FFF4FED99C8CFE62F09B" box="[345,460,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">B. decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3956FFF4FE589C8DFE5EF094" bold="true" box="[472,496,1954,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Close-up of a raceme and flowers. Note the long pedicels. All photographs: Neil R. Crouch.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0CF665273957FFF5FF3D9BB1FB69F6D0" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="445336AC3957FFF5FF3D9BB1FB69F6D0" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3957FFF5FF3D9BB1FEF8F794" bold="true" box="[189,342,158,184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Eponymy:—</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="83EC4D2F3957FFF5FED69BB1FDB3F794" box="[342,541,158,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Bulbine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decastroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3957FFF5FED69BB1FDB3F794" box="[342,541,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Bulbine decastroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is named for Antonio (‘Tony’) D’Azevêdo Pinto de Castro (Lourenço Marques [present-day
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8628F84E3957FFF5FE9F9BEDFED2F7F0" box="[287,380,194,220]" country="Mozambique" name="Maputo" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Maputo</collectingRegion>
|
||||
],
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3CFB763C3957FFF5FE119BEDFD86F7F0" box="[401,552,194,220]" name="Mozambique" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="3052106C3957FFF5FDB69BEDFD58F7F0" box="[566,758,194,220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" value="1970-01-17">17 January 1970</date>
|
||||
<emphasis id="7698EABE3957FFF5FD769BECFCAAF7F0" box="[758,772,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">–</emphasis>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DCD72A293957FFF5FCAB9BEDFC2DF7F0" box="[811,899,194,220]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,234,1961,1983]" captionTargetBox="[175,1419,275,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-63@3.[164,1423,266,1952]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bulbine decastroi. A. In its natural peatland habitat. The peatland burned a few months before the photograph was taken. Note the high water table in the bottom right of the image. B. This section of the peatland did not burn. The vegetation is very dense. C. Contractile roots. D. A dense cluster of 40 rosettes. Note the glaucous sheen to the leaves. E. Close-up of racemes and flowers. F. Tony de Castro (1970–) after whom B. decastroi is named. Bulbine decastroi grows in the foreground. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7710733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7710733/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). He matriculated from King Edward VII High School in Johannesburg in 1987, after which he attended the Rand Afrikaans University (currently the University of Johannesburg), graduating with a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Botany in 1994. In 1997 Tony entered his current occupation as a professional consultant in the fields of botany and ecology, and in 1999 he founded De Castro & Brits c.c. an ecological consulting firm of which he is at present the Managing Member. He is a registered member of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions and conducts specialist work in, inter alia, terrestrial, wetland, and riparian ecosystems of the Savanna and Grassland Biomes of southern Africa. Tony has worked in 13 African countries, and as part of his field surveys has authored several scientific papers and over 570 specialist reports pertaining to biodiversity management, impact assessment, and the sustainable utilisation of natural resources.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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