diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E940FFBAD75CFBFAFE91FA69.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E940FFBAD75CFBFAFE91FA69.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..14aaf6b3000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E940FFBAD75CFBFAFE91FA69.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Gyrodactylus mediotorus
+
+illustrating ongoing speciation in the Nearctic
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In the present study,
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+was isolated from the blacktail and sand shiners,
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River), respectively, both collected in their natural distribution range in Texas.
+
+Gyrodactylus mediotorus
+
+was originally described on the spottail shiner,
+
+N. hudsonius
+
+in
+Canada
+[
+48
+], and recently identified from the weed shiner,
+
+N. texanus
+
+, from the Upper
+Mississippi
+River in
+Wisconsin
+[
+56
+]. Therefore, this study presents two new shiner hosts for
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+and a new locality in the southeast
+USA
+. No morphological intraspecific variability of the haptoral hard parts was found in
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+across the studied shiner hosts. Inversely, the sclerotized structures of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+collected from
+Texas
+in this study were shorter compared to those in the type-material [
+48
+]. Moreover,
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+appeared to possess typical features previously overlooked – specifically, the knob in the median part of the ventral bar and the prominent filament attachment posterior to the handle of marginal hooks. The filament of the marginal hooks is already known to be present in
+
+G. spathulatus
+Mueller, 1936
+
+restricted to catostomid hosts so far [
+20
+–
+24
+,
+37
+,
+54
+,
+68
+,
+77
+,
+82
+,
+102
+], and in the generalist
+
+G. stunkardi
+Kritsky and Mizelle, 1968
+
+infecting a range of Nearctic cypriniforms [
+21
+,
+22
+,
+51
+,
+52
+,
+68
+,
+82
+,
+102
+]. It was also reported in the new but unidentified
+
+Gyrodactylus
+spp.
+
+from the blacknose dace,
+
+Rhinichthis atratulus
+
+, and
+
+C. venusta
+
+[
+82
+]. Although morphologically similar to each other and occurring in the southcentral part of the
+USA
+, the
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+we studied herein and
+
+Gyrodactylus
+sp.
+
+
+“
+C. venusta
+”
+
+collected previously in
+Mississippi
+most likely belong to two distinct species due to the considerable size variation in the ventral bar [
+82
+]. DNA sequences of the
+ITS
+regions will certainly clarify the taxonomic status of
+
+Gyrodactylus
+sp.
+
+
+“
+C. venusta
+”
+
+in the future. Furthermore, our specimens and those of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+from
+
+N. texanus
+
+[
+56
+] presented intraspecific variability. This morphological discrepancy can be related to a specific host and/or geographical locality or phenotypic plasticity as previously evidenced in
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+communities [
+19
+,
+72
+,
+82
+]. Sequences of the 18S rDNA and
+ITS
+regions of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+were successfully obtained in this study and were fully conserved at the host species level. This could be linked to the common evolutionary history of shiners in the Nearctic region [
+96
+]. On the one hand, in terms of host specificity and similar to remarks by Šimková
+et al.
+[
+95
+],
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+appears to be an intermediate specialist parasitizing congeneric as well as phylogenetically closely related non-congeneric shiner hosts across the Nearctic region. Alternatively, the presence of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+on southcentral populations of
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf. stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) could simply be an inheritance from a common ancestor or has resulted from host-switching. The former scenario seems plausible given the evolutionary relatedness between these shiners [
+96
+]. The overall
+
+Notropis
+
+host range associated with
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+and its phylogenetically closely related
+
+G. ticuchi
+
+and
+
+G. tobala
+
+may indicate that host-switching occurred from
+
+Notropis
+spp.
+
+to
+
+C. venusta
+
+rather than the opposite pattern (from
+
+C. venusta
+
+to
+
+Notropis
+spp.
+
+). Host-switching of
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+also seems possible given the close phylogenetic relationship between
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) and their occurrence in overlapping ecological niches in Texas. In monogeneans of the genus
+
+Lamellodiscus
+
+(
+Diplectanidae
+) parasitizing sympatric marine sparid fish hosts, for instance, host-parasite associations have been shown to be mostly driven by ecological factors that considerably facilitated host-switching processes [
+25
+].
+
+
+In accordance with the morphological variability observed among all currently available
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+,
+i.e.,
+specimens from Canadian
+
+N. hudsonius
+
+(type-material), from
+
+N. texanus
+
+of the Upper Mississippi River in Wisconsin, and from both
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) from
+Texas
+, genetic divergence was found, with
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+from
+Wisconsin
+and
+Texas
+(both
+USA
+) being genetically closer to each other than to the Canadian variant. Values of
+p-
+distances (0.9%) even approached the upper limit value (1%) of intraspecific genetic variation in the
+ITS
+regions usually considered to discriminate among
+
+Gyrodactylus
+spp.
+
+[
+41
+,
+112
+]. Rahmouni
+et al.
+[
+82
+] questioned the cryptic status of
+
+G. huyseae
+
+found to parasitize two historically-connected hosts,
+
+L. chrysocephalus
+
+and
+
+N. hudsonius
+,
+
+occurring in overlapping ranges, when the genetic variation in the
+ITS
+sequences slightly exceeded the limit value and a single mutation was found in the 18S rDNA sequences. The morphological and genetic divergence of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+on the geographical scale evidenced in this study may be explained by the evolutionary history of shiners – particularly, their evolution during the Pleistocene glaciations, which considerably shaped the current distribution of freshwater biotas in North America [
+28
+,
+38
+]. Hydrographic barriers favoring separate evolutionary pathways in Nearctic freshwaters could also have been involved in creating the morphological and genetic patterns observed in
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+populations. Ongoing speciation in
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+is, thus, most likely given the complex combinations of dispersal and vicariance events that shiner hosts have experienced. The geological, climatic, and biotic factors and circumstances that have promoted such speciation remain unknown, but deeper investigations involving powerful genetic approaches using various markers, ideally both nuclear and mitochondrial, will certainly help illuminate how gyrodactylid communities are evolving and adapting to distinct Nearctic fish hosts.
+
+
+Acknowledgements
+
+
+The authors are very grateful to all colleagues from the
+Texas
+Parks and Wildlife Department, Inland Fisheries,
+Texas
+,
+United States of America
+for fish collection and identification, and to Eva Řehulková from Masaryk University, Brno,
+Czech Republic
+for parasite collection. Special thanks go to Roman Kuchta and Blanka Škoríková (Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice,
+Czech Republic
+) for kind help with fish dissection, parasite isolation, and fixation, and for assistance with the deposition of voucher specimens at
+IPCAS
+, and to Susana Schonhuth from Saint Louis University,
+USA
+and Kevin W. Conway from
+Texas
+A & M University,
+USA
+for their feedback regarding the shiner fish species. We further thank the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
+
+
+Funding
+
+
+This study was funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the
+Czech Republic
+, project no.
+LUAUS
+23080. Fish sampling and processing was funded by
+US
+Fish and Wildlife Service’ s Sport Fish Restoration Grant to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
+
+
+Conflicts of Interest
+
+The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+Author contribution statement
+
+
+AŠ
+designed and supervised this study and collected parasite specimens.
+MB
+co-organized the fish sampling and identified the shiner hosts. CR performed the microscopic observations, identified the parasite species, drew the hard parts, and prepared the species descriptions. MS and CR performed genetic analyses. CR wrote the paper.
+AŠ
+, CR, MS, and
+MB
+discussed the results.
+AŠ
+, MS, and
+MB
+revised the manuscript.
+AŠ
+acquired funding resources for this study.
+MB
+supported the fish sampling and processing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94BFFB3D400F94CFD19FC46.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94BFFB3D400F94CFD19FC46.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8637dfd6510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94BFFB3D400F94CFD19FC46.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Collection and morphological characterization of
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Once at the laboratory, the external body surfaces, fins, and gills of cyprinid hosts were checked for the presence of gyrodactylid parasites using an MST130 stereoscopic microscope. When present, parasite specimens were removed using surgical needles and mounted on slides with a mixture of glycerine and ammonium picrate (
+GAP
+) [
+59
+]. Monogenean specimens were studied morphologically considering a total of 23 morphological characters, of which four, seven, and one corresponded to the hamuli (also termed anchors), and the ventral and dorsal bars, respectively, and eight and two characters corresponded to the marginal hooks and male copulatory organ (
+MCO
+), respectively. The terminology for the haptoral sclerites and the method of measurements follow those of Malmberg [
+58
+], Pugachev
+et al.
+[
+78
+], and Kritsky and Thatcher [
+50
+].
+
+Gyrodactylus
+species
+
+were identified using original descriptions available thus far (see the result sections for references). Measurements (given in micrometers as the mean followed by the range and the number of measurements (
+n
+) in parentheses) and photographs were taken using an Olympus BX51 phase-contrast microscope and Olympus Stream Image Analysis v. 1.9.3 software (Olympus,
+Tokyo
+,
+Japan
+). Drawings of the haptoral sclerotized parts were made on flattened specimens using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a drawing tube and edited with a graphic tablet compatible with Adobe Illustrator
+CS
+6 v. 16.0.0 and Adobe Photoshop v. 13.0 (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose,
+CA
+,
+USA
+). Prevalence and intensity of infection were calculated according to Bush
+et al.
+[
+8
+]. Voucher material was deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Institute of Parasitology, the Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the
+Czech Republic
+, České Budějovice (
+IPCAS
+) under the accession numbers (see Results section).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94CFFB6D75CF971FC7CFA1A.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94CFFB6D75CF971FC7CFA1A.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..acf20d5c6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94CFFB6D75CF971FC7CFA1A.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Gyrodactylus mediotorus
+King, Marcogliese, Forest, McLaughlin & Bentzen, 2013
+
+(
+Figures 2A–2D
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Previous
+records: spottail shiner,
+
+N. hudsonius
+
+(type-host),
+Îles de la Paix
+,
+St. Louis Lake
+(type-locality) and Îles Vert,
+St. Lawrence Lake
+, both in
+Quebec
+,
+Canada
+
+
+[
+48
+]; weed shiner,
+
+N. texanus
+, Lake Onalaska
+
+,
+Upper
+Mississippi
+
+
+River
+,
+Wisconsin
+,
+USA
+
+[
+56
+].
+
+
+
+
+Present study: blacktail shiner,
+
+C. venusta
+
+, West Mud Creek, Neches River (
+Figure 2A–2B
+), and sand shiner,
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River),
+Guadalupe
+River (
+Figure 2C–2D
+), both in
+Texas
+,
+USA
+.
+
+Site of infection: fins
+
+Prevalence and intensity of infection: for
+
+C. venusta
+
+, 5.9%, two infected hosts out of 34 investigated, a single
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+specimen on each infected host. For
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River), 14.3%, two infected hosts out of 14 investigated, from 1 to 3
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+specimen per infected host.
+
+
+Voucher:
+IPCAS
+M-
+794/1-2
+
+
+Host GenBank accession numbers: cyt-
+b
+: PP314044– PP314045 for
+
+C. venusta
+, PP
+
+314046 for
+
+N. stramineus
+
+
+
+Parasite GenBank accession numbers: 18S rDNA: PP309997;
+ITS
+: PP309999
+
+
+Morphology: Haptor subcircular, anchor base with folds, tips curved outward, total length 59.4 (55.9–62.6;
+n
+= 8); shaft slightly bowed, length 42.9 (40–45;
+n
+= 8); point curved and elongate, length 21.5 (20.3–22.6;
+n
+= 8); root long, length 20.3 (18.3–21.6;
+n
+= 8). Ventral bar with prominent blunt lateral processes extending out of bar, total length 33.5 (30.7– 36.9;
+n
+= 8), total width 22.4 (20.7–24.8;
+n
+= 8), lateral processes length 7.8 (5.5–9.5;
+n
+= 8), distance between tips 26.1 (23–29.5;
+n
+= 8), median part with a noticeable knob, width 5.5 (4.3–6.9;
+n
+= 8), membrane (shield) rectangular with fine longitudinal striations, extending almost 1/2 of length of anchor shaft, length 18.1 (15.6–20.4;
+n
+= 8), width at the insertion 15.3 (12.3–17.6;
+n
+= 8). Dorsal bar straight with projections near each end, attenuated ends inserted into terminal plates, total length 23.7 (21–26.2;
+n
+= 8), width at midpoint 2.6 (1.8–2.9;
+n
+= 8). Marginal hooks total length 35.6 (31–38.8;
+n
+= 8); sickle foot moderate with downward globose heel, prominent triangular straightforward toe, conspicuous shelf; sickle proper almost as thick as toe base, shaft length 4.9 (4.4–5.4;
+n
+= 8); sickle length to shaft attachment 3.2 (2.8–3.7;
+n
+= 8); sickle proximal width 3.1 (2.6–3.5;
+n
+= 8); sickle distal width 3.4 (2.8–4;
+n
+= 8)
+;
+point relatively thin and slightly curved, length 1.3 (1.1–1.7;
+n
+= 8); filament loop extending about 1/3 of handle length, length 8.5 (7.3–9.7;
+n
+= 8); handle ending in a noticeable posterior filament, length 30.1 (26.2–34;
+n
+= 8).
+MCO
+observed in a single
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+specimen from
+
+N. stramineus
+
+cf. (
+Guadalupe
+River) with a single apical prominent spine and a single row of seven spinelets.
+
+
+Size and shape of the sclerotized structures of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+specimens from southeast populations of each of
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) overlapped. Compared to the type-material [
+48
+], noticeable intraspecific variability was observed, mainly in terms of the (i) shorter hamuli (55.9–62.6 µm in this study
+vs
+. 65.7– 69.7 µm in the original description), and (ii) the shorter ventral bar (30.7–36.9 µm in this study
+vs
+. 36.4–41.3 µm in the original description). Although well visible on the photographs, King
+et al.
+[
+48
+] did not mention the presence of a knob in the median part of the ventral bar or a prominent filament attachment posteriorly to the handle of the marginal hooks. The median knob of the ventral bar was later emphasized by Leis
+et al.
+[
+56
+] when reporting a variant of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+on
+
+N. texanus
+
+, whereas the additional filament marking the posterior end of the marginal hooks was not highlighted. The specimens of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+studied herein can be compared to the so-farunknown
+
+Gyrodactylus
+sp.
+
+
+“
+C. venusta
+”
+
+collected recently in Mississippi [
+82
+] in having a similar haptoral morphotype, but mainly because of the presence of the ventral bar knob and the filament of the marginal hooks. Yet, considerable variation in the size of the ventral bar is observed (30.7–36.9 µm in this study
+vs
+. 20.1 µm in [
+82
+]). Likewise, our specimens of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+possessed a longer ventral bar than
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+from
+
+N. texanus
+
+(30.7–36.9 µm in this study
+vs
+. 22 µm in [
+56
+]).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94DFFB5D75CF92BFF15F9B2.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94DFFB5D75CF92BFF15F9B2.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..829d4d61b23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94DFFB5D75CF92BFF15F9B2.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Gyrodactylus crysoleucas
+Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figures 1A–1B
+)
+
+
+
+Previous records: golden shiner,
+
+N. crysoleucas
+, Rooney Pond
+
+,
+17 miles
+east of Sacramento,
+California
+,
+USA
+[
+65
+]; captive
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+, private baitfish,
+Minnesota
+[
+55
+], both in the
+USA
+.
+
+
+Present study: blacktail shiner,
+
+C. venusta
+
+, West Mud Creek, Neches River,
+Texas
+,
+USA
+
+Site of infection: fins
+
+Prevalence and intensity of infection: 2.9%, a single infected host out of 34 investigated, two
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+specimen on a single infected host.
+
+
+Voucher:
+IPCAS
+M-
+795
+
+
+Host GenBank accession number: cyt-
+b
+: PP314044– PP314045
+
+
+Parasite GenBank accession numbers: 18S rDNA: PP309996;
+ITS
+: PP309998
+
+
+Morphology: Haptor subcircular, anchor base with folds, tips curved inward, total length 51.6 (51.2–51.9;
+n
+= 2); shaft slightly bowed, length 39.6 (39–40.3;
+n
+= 2); point curved and elongate, length 22.9 (22.5–23.4;
+n
+= 2); root relatively short, tapered, length 14.3 (13.1–15.5;
+n
+= 2). Ventral bar with short, blunt lateral processes extending out of bar, total length 23.1 (23–23.2;
+n
+= 2), total width 22.9 (22.7–23.1;
+n
+= 2), lateral processes length 2 (1.5–2.5;
+n
+= 2), distance between tips 22.4 (21.5–23.3;
+n
+= 2), median width 5.3 (5.2–5.3;
+n
+= 2), membrane (shield) almost trapezoid tapering posteriorly and extending almost 1/2 of length of anchor shaft, no striations or ridges were observed, length 15 (13.8–16.2;
+n
+= 2), width at the insertion 12.8 (12.3–13.4;
+n
+= 4). Dorsal bar straight with projections near each end, attenuated ends inserted into terminal plates, total length 21.9 (19.4–24.4;
+n
+= 2), width at midpoint 2.5 (2.2–2.7;
+n
+= 2). Marginal hooks total length 25.6 (25.1– 26.1;
+n
+= 2); sickle foot noticeable with downward globose heel, prominent triangular toe, conspicuous shelf; sickle proper almost as thick as toe base, shaft length 5.2 (4.9–5.5;
+n
+= 2); sickle length to shaft attachment 3.5 (3.4–3.5;
+n
+= 2); sickle proximal width 2.9 (2.6–3.2;
+n
+= 2); sickle distal width 3.7 (3.6–3.8;
+n
+= 2)
+;
+point relatively thin and slightly curved, length 1.5 (1.3–1.8;
+n
+= 2); filament loop extending about 1/2 of handle length, length 8.9 (8.3–9.5;
+n
+= 2); handle length 20.8 (19.9–21.6;
+n
+= 2).
+MCO
+not found.
+
+
+
+Figure 1.
+Photomicrographs (A) and line drawings (B) of
+
+Gyrodactylus crysoleucas
+
+from the blacktail shiner,
+
+Cyprinella venusta
+
+.
+
+
+
+Considering the original study by Mizelle and Kritsky [
+65
+], our specimens presented relatively (i) shorter anchors (51.2–51.9 µm in this study
+vs
+. 55–61 µm in the original description), and (ii) a shorter ventral bar (23–23.2 µm in this study
+vs
+. 25–32 µm in the original description). The shape of the marginal hooks was similar with a downward heel and prominent finger-like toe and shelf, but with a slightly thinner shaft of the sickle proper in the case of our specimens. Photographs published by Leis
+et al.
+[
+55
+] provided more details about the morphology of the haptoral sclerotized structures of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+and indicated that our specimens parasitizing
+
+C. venusta
+
+sampled in its natural southcentral range and those found on cultured
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+in
+Minnesota
+were of a similar shape, and that measurements of the hard parts mostly overlapped.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94EFFB7D75CFD67FD85F893.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94EFFB7D75CFD67FD85F893.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fc81869b042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94EFFB7D75CFD67FD85F893.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Gyrodactylus mediotorus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Two fragments, the first covering the 18S rDNA region (436 bp) and the second covering the
+ITS
+region (1,010 bp), were successfully sequenced for two gyrodactylid specimens from each of
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) from Texas. For each gene, no intraspecific variability associated with respective fish hosts was found. Based on sequences of the 18S rDNA region, nBLAST search recovered two variants of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+from the farmed spottail shiner
+
+N. hudsonius
+
+from
+Quebec
+(
+Canada
+) (
+KF
+178302, [
+48
+]) and the native weed shiner
+
+N. texanus
+
+from the Upper
+Mississippi
+in
+Wisconsin
+(
+USA
+) (
+MW
+666777, [
+56
+]) as identical matches to our specimens (respectively, 100% similarity, 100% coverage; 100% similarity, 94% coverage). Likewise, nBLAST search using the
+ITS
+sequences indicated the same variants of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+from the
+USA
+(
+MW
+666182, [
+56
+]) and
+Canada
+(
+KF
+178301, [
+48
+]) as the closest matches to our specimens (respectively, 98.91% similarity, 99% coverage; 98.42% similarity, 99% coverage). In accordance with the morphological characterization, the parasite specimens we collected were genetically recognized as
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+following the delimitation by Ziȩtara and Lumme [116]. Yet, genetic intraspecific variation was found when comparing newly obtained and published sequences of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+.
+P
+-distances using sequences of the
+ITS
+regions approached the limit value (1%) [116] with our specimens of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+from
+
+C. venusta
+
+and
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) from the southcentral basin (
+Texas
+) genetically closer to those found on
+
+N. texanus
+
+from the Upper
+Mississippi
+(
+Wisconsin
+,
+USA
+) (
+p
+-distance = 0.2%; 2 bp) than to
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+specimens parasitizing
+
+N. hudsonius
+
+from the northeastern locality (
+Canada
+) (
+p
+-distance = 0.9%; 9 bp). With high support values (
+PP
+= 1, BS = 100), the phylogenetic reconstruction (
+Figure 3
+) indicated the monophyly of three variants of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+with sister position to the clade of
+
+Gyrodactylus ticuchi
+Pinacho-Pinacho et al., 2021
+
+(
+MT
+879676) and
+
+Gyrodactylus tobala
+Pinacho-Pinacho et al., 2021
+
+(
+MT
+879671) parasitizing
+
+Notropis moralesi
+de Buen, 1955
+
+and
+
+Notropis imeldae
+Cortés, 1968
+
+, respectively, from
+Mexico
+[
+75
+].
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94EFFB9D400FDE5FE52FBC0.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94EFFB9D400FDE5FE52FBC0.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d6a12436f55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94EFFB9D400FDE5FE52FBC0.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Gyrodactylus crysoleucas
+
+: a successfully introduced parasite in the western
+USA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Considering the morphometric data provided by Mizelle and Kritsky [
+65
+] when describing
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+from non-native
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+, intraspecific variability was found in which specimens collected herein from the southcentral location exhibited shorter haptoral parts, mainly the hamuli and ventral bar. Genetically, while published and newly obtained sequences of the 18S rDNA regions of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+were conserved, sequences of the
+ITS
+regions demonstrated weak intraspecific variability on the geographical scale. Although genetic data on
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+in western freshwaters are missing, the morphological variability between our specimens and the
+types
+could be explained by phenotypic plasticity and/or local adaptation in the newly invaded host (habitat) or possibly allopatric isolation. In the Nearctic region, variability in haptoral morphology across distant localities was already documented in
+
+G. atratuli
+Putz and Hoffman, 1963
+
+, a species parasitizing a wide range of leuciscid fish hosts [
+35
+,
+49
+,
+79
+,
+82
+]. nBLAST search recovered
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+and
+
+G. salmonis
+
+from non-native salmonids with highly conservative 18S rDNA sequences, which is in accordance with the morphotype of their haptoral parts, marked by poorly developed lateral processes of the ventral bar, a short posteriorly-tapering membrane, and marginal hooks with a downward heel and finger-like toe with a prominent shelf [
+92
+]. Conservative 18S rDNA sequences were reported in the recently described
+
+G. hanseni
+Rahmouni, Seifertová and Šimková, 2023
+
+parasitizing both the striped shiner
+
+Luxilus chrysocephalus
+Rafinesque, 1820
+
+, and the creek chub,
+
+Semotilus atromaculatus
+(Mitchill, 1818)
+
+, and in other
+
+Gyrodactylus
+species
+
+from native leuciscids and cultured salmonids [
+33
+,
+82
+].
+
+
+The present study adds two shiner species to the known hosts of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+across the
+USA
+;
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+from
+California
+[
+65
+] and
+Minnesota
+[
+55
+], and
+
+C. venusta
+
+studied herein from
+Texas
+. This study presents, thus, new host and locality records for
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+. To understand the geographical range of distribution of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+, it is necessary to track the historical origin of
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+and
+
+C. venusta
+
+in the collected areas. According to the
+USGS
+database [
+71
+], both
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+and
+
+C. venusta
+
+are naturally present in
+Texas
+and
+Minnesota
+, but not in the western part of the
+USA
+, including
+California
+. In contrast,
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+was previously (late 1890s) distributed to multiple water bodies in
+California
+as a major bait and forage fish species by the
+California
+Fish Commission [
+26
+] and, since then, it has quickly spread in the western
+USA
+[
+98
+]. This is similar to the red shiner
+
+Cyprinella lutrensis
+(Baird and Girard, 1853)
+
+, native to central North America west of the
+Mississippi
+River drainage [
+30
+,
+74
+], which was successfully introduced into California’ s inland waters [
+67
+]. According to Moyle [
+67
+], the golden shiner,
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+, was introduced to
+California
+from more eastern watersheds, which makes
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+first described by Mizelle and Kritsky [
+65
+] from
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+sampled in
+California
+an alien parasite in the western part of the
+USA
+, co-introduced with golden shiner hosts. This scenario is supported by the fact that
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+was found herein on wild
+
+C. venusta
+
+native to
+Texas
+and previously on cultured golden shiners in the far North in
+Minnesota
+[
+55
+], where they are often harvested from wild sources, which makes the possibility that
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+is of western origin less likely. Nevertheless, this statement requires further investigation since the native parasite fauna in freshwater fish is still underexplored in this region. From native
+
+C. lutrensis
+
+in Midwestern
+USA
+(
+Nebraska
+), a single species,
+
+G. callawayensis
+Mayes, 1977
+
+, was described [
+62
+]. This was interestingly reminiscent of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+regarding the morphotype of the ventral bar characterized by poorly developed lateral processes and a short, posteriorly tapering membrane. The twisted anterior part (tips) to the hamuli is present in
+
+G. callawayensis
+
+[
+62
+] but not in
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+which discriminates these two species. Since
+
+C. lutrensis
+
+is non-native in western inland waters, it would be worthwhile to investigate whether the red shiner has co-introduced its native gyrodactylids to Californian freshwaters.
+
+
+
+Figure 3.
+Bayesian inference (BI) phylogram of
+
+Gyrodactylus
+spp.
+
+parasitizing Nearctic
+Cypriniformes
+based on sequences of the ITS regions (927 bp). Values above branches indicate posterior probabilities (PP) from BI analyses and bootstrap support (BS) from ML. Values below 0.80 (BI) and 70 (ML) are shown as dashes.
+
+
+
+Only a single parasite species, namely,
+
+G. baeacanthus
+
+, was formally described from
+
+C. venusta
+
+[
+103
+], whereas Rahmouni
+et al.
+[
+82
+] recently reported the presence of an undescribed species,
+
+Gyrodactylus
+sp.
+
+“
+
+C. venusta
+
+”, highly reminiscent of
+
+G. mediotorus
+
+isolated herein from
+
+C. venusta
+
+but also from
+
+N.
+cf.
+stramineus
+
+(
+Guadalupe
+River) (see below). In contrast, two species were recognized on
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+additionally to
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+[
+55
+,
+65
+]; they are
+
+G. rachelae
+Price and McMahon, 1967
+
+from the southeast (
+Tennessee
+) [
+76
+], and
+
+G. variabilis
+Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967
+
+from western [
+65
+], northeast, and southcentral
+USA
+, as well as from northeast
+Canada
+[
+82
+]. Interestingly, previous [
+103
+] and current records of gyrodactylids from
+
+C. venusta
+
+were made from southern populations occurring in
+Georgia
+,
+Alabama
+, and
+Louisiana
+watersheds and in
+Texas
+, all representing the native distributional range of
+
+C. venusta
+
+[
+30
+,
+70
+,
+74
+]. In this study, morphological and genetic characterizations indicated that
+
+C. venusta
+
+hosted
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+rather than
+
+G. baeacanthus
+
+. Two hypotheses may explain this pattern. The first one is that southcentral
+
+C. venusta
+
+is a native host of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+, making further widescale parasitological investigations of shiner hosts necessary to identify the gyrodactylid fauna in
+Texas
+. The second hypothesis is that
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+is native to
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+and infected a non-congeneric host,
+
+C. venusta
+
+in this case, by host-switching in overlapped habitats. Host-switching scenarios are common in
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+as one major mechanism of speciation [
+72
+,
+111
+] and have been documented in Nearctic freshwaters [
+82
+]. Further sampling of
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+for the investigation of
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+in
+Texas
+as well as across the whole range of its current distribution would provide more support for this hypothesis. Further, the natural host-switching of
+
+Gyrodactylus
+
+is known to be favorable under conditions of high parasite abundance and population growth [
+66
+] or continuous transmission ability [
+4
+]. More specific information on the infection rates of
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+and on the population density of
+
+C. venusta
+
+would provide support for the host-switching scenario in southcentral
+USA
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94FFFB7D400F993FE59FD52.xml b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94FFFB7D400F993FE59FD52.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4f4cba2bc84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/A4/37/87/A4378781E94FFFB7D400F993FE59FD52.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+
+
+
+Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Rahmouni, Chahrazed
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seifertová, Mária
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Bean, Megan G.
+Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 5103 Junction Highway, Mountain Home, TX, 78058, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Šimková, Andrea
+Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Parasite
+
+
+2024
+
+Paris, France
+
+
+2024-06-11
+
+
+31
+
+
+29
+
+
+1
+14
+
+
+
+
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024023
+
+journal article
+10.1051/parasite/2024023
+1776-1042
+PMC11166112
+38860920
+12524595
+A2F025CD-7379-4E84-921B-AC565CD1EAC8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Gyrodactylus crysoleucas
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Two fragments, the first covering the 18S rDNA (442 bp) and the second covering the
+ITS
+regions (1,207 bp), were successfully sequenced for two gyrodactylid specimens from
+Texas
+, and the newly obtained sequences were found to be identical. nBLAST search indicated
+
+G. crysoleucas
+KT
+
+149283 [
+55
+] from the farmed golden shiner
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+in
+Minnesota
+(
+USA
+) as an identical match to our specimens according to sequences of 18S rDNA (100% similarity, 100% coverage), while
+
+G. crysoleucas
+KT
+
+149287 [
+55
+] was recovered as the closest match to the specimens studied herein according to the sequences of the
+ITS
+regions (99.17% similarity, 99% coverage,
+p
+-distance = 0.3%; 3 bp). In accordance with the morphological identification, our specimens were genetically assigned to
+G. crysoleucas
+following the delimitation by Ziȩtara and Lumme [
+112
+] and the recent findings of Rahmouni et al. [
+82
+]. Sequences of 18S rDNA further indicated
+
+Gyrodactylus salmonis
+(Yin and Sproston, 1948)
+
+from the non-native rainbow trout
+
+Oncorhynchus mykiss
+(Walbaum, 1792)
+
+from
+Veracruz
+(
+Mexico
+) (JN230350, [
+92
+]) and
+Washington
+(
+USA
+) (JF836097, [
+33
+]) as the closest match to our
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+specimens from
+Texas
+(for both
+
+G. salmonis
+
+genetic variants; 99.55% similarity, 100% coverage,
+p
+-distance = 0.5%; 2 bp). Phylogenetically,
+
+G. crysoleucas
+
+parasitizing herein
+
+C. venusta
+
+from
+Texas
+together with its congener parasitizing
+
+N. crysoleucas
+
+from
+Minnesota
+formed a highly supported basal clade (
+PP
+= 1, BS = 100) in relation to a large clade of Nearctic
+
+Gyrodactylus
+spp.
+
+(
+Figure 3
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file