diff --git a/data/03/82/87/038287F1FFB1FFEE0B847861FB584129.xml b/data/03/82/87/038287F1FFB1FFEE0B847861FB584129.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cdc50ef3499 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/82/87/038287F1FFB1FFEE0B847861FB584129.xml @@ -0,0 +1,783 @@ + + + +A new species of Dainty Frog (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Cacosternum) and the first endemic anuran to the Cederberg region of South Africa + + + +Author + +Angus, Oliver +Ghent University, B- 9000, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, Belgium & Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postboks 8900, NO- 7491, Trondheim, Norway + + + +Author + +Telford, Nicolas +South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X 7 Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa + + + +Author + +Ping, Tyrone +P. O. Box 800, Beach Road 37, Mouille Point, Cape Town, South Africa + + + +Author + +Conradie, Werner +Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), P. O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, Gqeberha, South Africa & Department of Nature Conservation Management, Natural Resource Science and Management Cluster, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-18 + + +5512 + + +1 + + +1 +21 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.1.1 +1175-5326 +13848139 +EB8244CD-4650-47A8-80D6-6D4DC66122B8 + + + + + + + +Cacosternum cederbergense + +sp. nov. + + + + +http://zoobank.org/ + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: +EB8244CD-4650-47A8-80D6-6D4DC66122B8 + + + + + +Cederberg Dainty Frog ( +Figs. 6 +, +7 +, +8a +) + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +An +adult male, +PEM +A15391 +( +Fig. 6 +), collected from the eastern end of +Pakhuis Pass +in the +northern Cederberg +, +Western Cape +, +South Africa +(-32.10561˚ 19.06342˚, + +491 m +above sea level + +) by +Oliver Angus +on + +14 June 2023 + +. +The +specimen has a ventral incision from where liver tissue was removed for phylogenetic analyses. + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +Sixteen adults +collected from different localities in the +northern Cederberg +, +Western Cape +, +South Africa +by +Oliver Angus +, +Tyrone Ping +and +Nicolas Telford +( +Fig. 7 +). +PEM +A15287 +, +PEM +A15288 +, and +PEM +A15289 +from +Kleinfontein +farm (-32.095˚ 19.055˚, + +515 m + +) + + +on + +19 July 2022 + +; +PEM +A15290–1 +, and +PEM +A15292–3 +from the ‘ +Powerlines’ +rock climbing site on +Traveller’s Rest +property (-32.086˚ 19.062˚, + +487 m + +) + + +on + +19 July 2022 + +; +PEM +A15294 +from the ‘ +Hollanders’ +rock climbing site on +Traveller’s Rest +property (-32.066˚ 19.036˚, + +451 m + +) + + +on + +20 July 2022 + +; +PEM +A15295 +from near +Bushman’s Cave +Bergteater (-31.958˚ 18.885˚, + +494 m + +) + + +on + +20 July 2022 + +; +PEM +A15296 +, +PEM +A15297 +, +PEM +A15298 +, +PEM +A15299 +, and +PEM +A15300–1 +from ‘ +Klein Bergie’ on Alpha Excelsior +property (-32.106˚ 19.062˚, + +565 m + +) + + +on + +20 July 2022 + +; and +PEM +A15302 +from +Kleinfontein Campsite +, +Cederberg +, +Western Cape +, +South Africa +(-32.095˚ 19.055˚, + +515 m + +) + +. + + + + +Etymology. +The name is derived from the Cederberg mountain range from where the species occurs. The toponym is formed in agreement with the neuter genus. + + + + +Diagnosis. +Referable to the genus + +Cacosternum + +based on the absence of webbing between fingers and toes, concealed tympanum and smooth ventrum with brown mottling on white background, and molecular monophyly of the +16S +mitochondrial marker within + +Cacosternum + +. This new species differs from other + +Cacosternum +species + +with regard to the +16S +fragment, by a net uncorrected p-distance value of 1.9–7.1% (Table 1). This new species forms part of the morphologically and phylogenetically distinct + +C. capense + +group, which can be separated from other species of + +Cacosternum + +on the basis of their large size, pulse count of their ‘creak’ call, and possession of dorsolateral glands that produce defensive secretions. + + +Morphologically, + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +is intermediate between + +C. capense + +and + +C. namaquense + +but can be diagnosed based on the following character states: (1) rictal glands: enlarged, forming an uninterrupted arc with the angle of the jaw (interrupted in + +C. capense + +; continuous with the upper lip and reaching the base of the arm in + +C. namaquense + +), (2) supratympanic fold: continues posteriorly as a thickened fold (similar to + +C. namaquense + +; indistinct in + +C. capense + +), (3) nostrils: when viewed from above they are within one nostril diameter of the anterior snout edge (similar in + +C. capense +, + +but located on the anterior margin of the snout in + +C. namaquense + +), (4) pupil of the eye: absence of a dark streak of variable length running downward, from the pupil into the iris (present in + +C. capense + +and + +C. namaquense + +), (5) dorsum: smooth, with a diffusion of small dark protuberances concentrated between the scapular and sacral regions (smooth to granular in + +C. namaquense + +, usually free of warts; covered with large rounded warts in + +C. capense + +, each surrounded by dark flecks), (6) dorsal glands: a pair of dorsoventral subcutaneous glands run longitudinally from the vicinity of the urostyle to the scapula region (in + +C. capense + +glands are bean-shaped and two pairs are present, one above the vent in a semi-fused condition, another anterior to the thighs; condition similar in + +C. namaquense + +), (7) dorsal colouration: orange and olive-green tinges common (also present in + +C. capense + +but rare in + +C. namaquense + +), (8) a pale interorbital patch present but diffuse (in + +C. namaquense + +the patch is free of mottling and forms an uninterrupted interorbital bar; absent in + +C. capense + +, replaced by a dark triangle with a posterior vertex), (9) pale patch present between the scapular and sacral regions, diffuse (in + +C. namaquense + +the patch on the back often extends to the flanks and is usually free of mottling; absent in + +C. capense + +), (10) ventrum: breeding males with a rim of diffuse grey colouration around the lower jaw, brown spots underneath, extending to the base of the forearms (blotches rapidly coalesce towards the throat in + +C. namaquense + +( +Fig. 8c +), becoming paler and smaller; throat black in + +C. capense + +( +Fig. 8b +)), (11) belly white with dark blotches often fusing together but never forming stripes (broad stripes often present in + +C. namaquense + +and sometimes in + +C. capense + +), (12) supernumerary tubercles: count of three to five, rounded, outer row closer to palmar tubercle than to proximal subarticular tubercles (same in + +C. capense + +, in + +C. namaquense + +conical, count of four to five, outer row closer to proximal subarticular tubercles than to palmar tubercles), and (13) palmar tubercle: heart-shaped (bifid in + +C. namaquense + +; depressed in + +C. capense + +). Meristic differences indicate the head of + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +is proportionately wider than + +C. namaquense + +, but roughly equal to + +C. capense + +( +Fig. 3 +). + +Cacosternum cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +also has proportionately larger eyes than + +C. capense + +and + +C. namaquense +. + +Snout length is longer in + +C. capense + +than in + +C. namaquense + +and + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + + + +The advertisement call consists of a brief pulsed creak emitted at long intervals ( +Fig. 9a +, +Table 3 +). It differs from the harsh creaks produced by + +C. capense + +and + +C. namaquense + +which always have a mean dominant frequency greater than 2 kHz. The call of + +C. namaquense + +can have more than 26 pulses and often a duration greater than +0.30 s +, whereas that of + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +ranges from 18 to 26 pulses and lasts less than +0.30 s +. + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +. + +An adult male in breeding condition, SVL +23.2 mm +( +Fig. 6 +). Body slender, urostyle posterior to vent, widest around the angle of the jaw (HW = +9.7 mm +). The head is bluntly rounded from above, truncated in profile. Head length is about one quarter of the body length (HL/SVL 0.26). +Canthus rostralis +rounded, straight from eye to nostril, loreal region slightly concave; nostrils small, rounded, directed anterolaterally, raised marginally. The nostrils are placed closer to the snout than to the eye (EN/SL 0.66). Internarial distance is slightly less than distance between eye and nostril (NN/EN 0.94). Eyes directed anterolaterally, the eyes protrude, and barely visible from below, relatively large (ED/SL 1.02). Distance between anterior corners of eyes more than double the internarial distance (NN/EE 0.45). The angle of the jaw is posterior to a line drawn vertically from the back of the eye. Tympanum not visible. + +The dorsal surfaces of the head, trunk and limbs are smooth, with small indistinct protuberances; the rictal gland is unbroken, continuing around the posterior angle of the jaw, expanded posteriorly. The supratympanic fold continues posteriorly, thick and glandular to the arm insertion, forming a thickened saddle. Subcutaneous dorsolateral glands running from urostyle along the flanks, small, do not reach the insertion of the forelimbs. The forelimbs are slender, hands small (HAN/SVL 0.26), fingertips bluntly rounded without discs. Relative finger lengths I<II<IV<III; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded, with one on fingers I and II, two on fingers III and IV. No webbing between fingers, although each digit tapers laterally to a thin margin. Thenar tubercle moderate size, partially obscured by nuptial pad that reaches the distal phalanx of the first finger; palmar tubercles large, heart shaped. Four supernumerary tubercles on palm. Hind limbs moderately long (TIB/SVL 0.42; FOT/SVL 0.45), foot slightly longer than tibia (TIB/ FOT 0.93); thighs are poorly developed, granular on the posterior faces with a diffusion of small glands; relative toe lengths are I<II<V<III<IV. The toe tips are not expanded; subarticular tubercles: one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and IV. No webbing between the toes. The inner metatarsal tubercle is large and conical, protruding, equal in width to the tip of the first toe. Outer metatarsal tubercle present as a small bump. + + +FIGURE 6. +Holotype of + +Cacosternum cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +(PEM A15391) from the eastern end of Pakhuis Pass in the northern Cederberg, Western Cape, South Africa: a) lateral, b) ventral, and a) dorsal view. + + + +Colour in life +( +Fig. 6 +). Dorsum with olive mottling over paler beige patches; small protuberances covered in black blotches; pale beige patch between eyes and in the area between the scapula and sacral regions; limbs with transverse dark and pale bands, the darker bands contain olive-green centres; iris hazel with a pale rim around the pupil. Ventrum white with large black blotches that fuse together and are tinged with orange; throat with smaller black spots anteriorly; diffuse grey beneath lower lip that extends to the insertion of the forelimbs; palms, feet and underside of limbs orange with many dark reticulations. Light intensity has a substantial effect on colour shade, where adults become dark in the absence of light and turn paler when exposed to light. + + +Colour in preservative. +Dorsum dark grey with pale grey mottling; pale grey crossbar anterior to the eyes, with anterior pale grey line to snout; supratympanic and subcutaneous dorsolateral glands orange-mustard colouration, with olive darker blotches; pale grey and dark grey transverse bands on limbs. Ventrum white with grey blotches that fuse together; gular grey anterior and white with grey blotches posteriorly; palm of hands dark grey, with fingers and tubercles white; sole of feet uniform dark grey, except subarticular tubercles white. + + + +FIGURE 7. +Five specimens from the paratype series of + +Cacosternum cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +; a) PEM A15293 (male), b) PEM A15292 (male), c) PEM A15289 (female), and d) PEM A15287 (female). + + + + +FIGURE 8. +Males in breeding condition: a) + +Cacosternum cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +(PEM A15293) from the northern Cederberg, b) + +C. capense + +from Hermon, Swartland District, c) + +C. namaquense + +from Kamieskroon, Namaqualand, and d) + +C. karooicum + +from Vrolijkheid Nature Reserve in the Breede River Valley. Only the + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +individual wa +s +collected as a voucher. + + + + +Paratype +variation. + +SVL in females ranges from 23.0– +29.7 mm +, and in males +20.7–26.6 mm +. The condition of the subcutaneous dorsolateral glands varies in size, correlating with SVL, from prominent in large individuals to indistinct in smaller ones. The density and intensity of dark mottling on the ventrum, the size of individual blotches, and the degree to which they fuse differs from specimen to specimen ( +Fig. 7 +). Males have grey throats ( +Fig. 7 +ab, 8a), and nuptial pads that reach the distal phalanx of the first finger ( +Fig. 10a +). Supernumerary tubercles may be prominent to indistinct, and vary in number, from three to five. Those located beneath the basal subarticular tubercle on the first finger are often obscured by the thenar tubercle. Meristic differences between the +holotypes +and +paratypes +, and males and females, are negligible. + + +Advertisement call. +A total of 20 calls from the +holotype +specimen ( +PEM +A15391 +) +were recorded at the type locality over a period of 18.5 minutes. +Air +temperature during this time was 10º +C. The +call of + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +can be described as a short, pulsed bray emitted singly at long intervals (58.3 ± +97.23 s +, +Fig. 9a +, +Table 3 +). +It +has a mean dominant frequency of 1.8 ± 0.03 kHz, and a dominant frequency range of 0.92 kHz. +Calls +have between 18 and 26 pulses at a rate of 90.6 ± 7.35 pulses per second. +No +territorial call was heard, but no more than a single male was heard calling in a pool. + + + +FIGURE 9. +Spectrograms of advertisement calls for a) + +Cacosternum cederbergense + + +sp. nov +. + +, b) + +C. capense + +, c) + +C. namaquense + +, and d) + +C. karooicum + +produced using the +seewave +package in R statistical environment. + + + + +FIGURE 10. +Diagram of a) the right hand of + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +holotype male (PEM A15391) in breeding condition, and b) the right hand of a paratype female (PEM A15288). Abbreviations: P = palmar tubercle, T = thenar tubercle, np = nuptial pad, sn = supernumerary tubercles, st = subarticular tubercle. + + + + +FIGURE 11. +Habitat of + +C. cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +a–b) typical breeding habitat consisting of small rock pools with high walls and overhangs, c) a collection of pools at the Hollanders locality, only certain pools are used for breeding, d) a large boulder complex near Bushman’s Cave Bergteater with several breeding pools on top, raised several meters above the ground and scalable only by climbing vertical faces. + + + +Habits and Habitat +( +Fig. 11 +). All records come from Nardouw and Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos sensu +Mucina and Rutherford (2006) +, who describe the landscape as flat to gently sloping tableland dominated by rocky outcrops and gullies that are surrounded by deep sandy flats. Restios are common in moist areas, and small shrubs in drier sections. Breeding takes place atop large sandstone boulders and rocky outcrops in rock pools that form after the first winter rains. + +Cacosternum cederbergense + + +sp. nov. + +appears to favour highly heterogeneous habitat with rocky and vegetated sections, often on scree covered slopes. During the day, adult and juvenile frogs have been found sheltering under rocks, or in small cracks in the pool edge. At night, adults may be observed resting entirely submerged on the pool bottom, or partially submerged clinging to the rock. If disturbed, they will dart downwards and walk along the substrate away from the perceived threat. When picked up they show similarities to the death-feigning that has been observed in + +C. capense + +and + +C. namaquense + +, whereby they tuck their limbs and head inwards, stiffening up in the process (De Villiers 1929; OA personal observation). On occasion, individuals may secrete a white substance from their large dorsolateral glands. As is the case with + +C. capense + +, this secretion is likely toxic, acting as a defensive adaptation to avoid predation ( +Rebelo 2021 +). + + +Natural History. +Calls have only been heard on two occasions despite multiple night excursions. In +June 2023 +, on the same day as a significant rainfall event ( +54 mm +), only +three males +were heard calling at the +type +locality. Males began calling one hour after darkness, uttering soft creaks at long intervals. Call sites were limited to the pool edge, whereby males call half submerged holding onto the pool edge with their forelimbs. No territorial call has been heard, although two or more males have never been observed in the same pool. Pairs in amplexus have not been observed. A single egg clump ( +30 eggs +) was found resting on the bottom of a pool away from the water’s edge. Individual eggs have been found scattered across the rock pool, presumably as a result of wave action caused by wind that dissembles the egg clump. + + + + +Distribution. +All records come from the northern Cederberg between +32.1º S +and +31.9º S +at elevation of +450 m +to + +540 m +. + +The distribution of this species is likely controlled by its strict habitat requirements, namely the presence of rocky outcrops and the small rock pools that form atop them. The apparent disuse of habitat associated with rocky flats is reflected in the SDM for the species, which does not predict their occurrence on much of the plateau that extends from the Gifberg to Nieuwoudtville, in the lowlands of the Olifants River valley, or at elevations above + +800 m +. + +Rather, it suggests a distribution intermediate between lowland and montane environments, from the vicinity of Wupperthal in the south to the Doringrivier in the north. It also identifies two narrow linear strips of suitable habitat, one north of the Doringrivier and the second immediately west of the Olifants River valley. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2E/03/87/2E0387BEFF94FFE87BD59C69FA35E7B8.xml b/data/2E/03/87/2E0387BEFF94FFE87BD59C69FA35E7B8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..33954b90a40 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2E/03/87/2E0387BEFF94FFE87BD59C69FA35E7B8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,592 @@ + + + +Dasyproctus yesudasi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Crabroninae), a new square-headed moustache wasp from south India + + + +Author + +Binoy, C. +Independent researcher, Sreeragam, Chereekandy, Elathur, Kozhikode Kerala- 673303, India. + + + +Author + +Kumar, P. Girish +Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Eranhipalam, Kozhikode, Kerala- 673006, India. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-18 + + +5512 + + +1 + + +136 +150 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.1.12 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.1.12 +1175-5326 +13848302 +A56D342C-5459-4C1F-82DC-358D9791907F + + + + + + +Modified Key to Indian + +Dasyproctus + +(from + +Binoy +et al +. 2021b + +) + + + + + + +Females + + +(Female unknown for + +D. attenboroughi + +, + +D. yesudasi + + +sp. nov. + +, + +D. oppidanus +Leclercq + +, + +D. niger + +& + +D. tsunekii + +) + + + + + + + +1. +Anterior carina of pronotal collar bending towards insertion of fore coxa......................................... +2 + + + + +– Anterior carina of pronotal collar laterally curving towards pronotal lobe......................................... +3 + + + + + + +2. +Frons and vertex with distinct impressed punctation; IOC indistinct; brownish translucent lamellar expansion present on scapal basin; deep excavation beyond IOC....................................................... + + +idrieus +(Cameron) + + + + + + +– Frons and vertex matt, punctation shallow; IOC well defined; scapal basin without lamellar expansion; excavation beyond IOC absent............................................................................... + + +buddha +(Cameron) + + + + + + + + +3. +Legs black with yellow markings........................................................................ +4 + + + + +– Legs ferruginous with yellow markings [Gt3 and Gt4 immaculate]................................. + + +pulveris +(Nurse) + + + + + + + + +4. +Head, mesosoma and metasoma (at least on Gt1) with spaced uniform punctures, setae sparse; clypeus dentate medio-apically; scutellum and terga with yellow markings................................................................. +5 + + + + +– Head and mesosoma with irregular deep pits and dense setae; clypeus medio-apically truncate, slightly bevelled; scutellum and terga entirely black................................................ + + +leclercqi +Binoy, Girish Kumar & Santhosh + + + + + + + + +5. +Clypeus either bidentate or truncate with sharp lateral indentations; POD subequal to OOD.......................... +6 + + + + +– Clypeus quadridentate, with median indentation formed by overhanging prolongation of median carina; POD distinctly shorter than OOD............................................................................. + + +pentheri +Leclercq + + + + + + + + +6. +Apical margin of clypeus truncate; metasoma immaculate [large species ( +11 mm +); hind femur markedly angulate dorsally; scutellum with conspicuous large pits]...................................................... + + +opifex +(Bingham) + + + + + + +– Apical margin of clypeus distinctly dentate, with or without lateral emargination; metasoma with yellow macula on Gt +1 +... +7 + + + + + + +7. +Prepectus black...................................................................................... +8 + + + + +– Prepectus with yellow patch [spot between IOC and median ocellus absent; punctation on mesopleuron similar to that of the head, mesosoma and metasoma].............................................. + + +geethae +Binoy & Girish Kumar + + + + + + + + +8. +Metasoma with Gt +1 +and Gt +3 +immaculate................................................................... +9 + + + + +– Gt +1 +and Gt +3 +with distinct yellow macula [punctation on mesopleuron, mesosoma and metasoma different from that of head].................................................................................... + + +helenae +Saini & Dey + + + + + + + + +9. +Clypeus deeply emarginate medio-apically, emargination deeper than wide, no lateral denticle........... + + +agilis +(F. Smith) + + + + + + +– Clypeus with shallower emargination medio-apically, emargination wider than deep, often with separate obtuse, lateral denticle........................................................................... + + +orientalis +(Cameron) + + + + + + + + + +Males + + + + +( +Male +unknown for + +D. buddha +(Cameron) + +, + +D. leclercqi +Binoy, Girish Kumar & Santhosh + +and + +D. helenae +Saini & Dey + +) + + + + + + +1. +Legs brownish black with yellow markings; clypeus truncate, straight, or pointed apically........................... +2 + + + + +– Legs ferruginous with yellow markings; clypeus with deep medio-apical emargination................ + +pulveris +(Nurse) + + + + + + + + +2. +First metasomal segment not longer than following three segments combined..................................... +3 + + + + +– First metasomal segment distinctly longer than following three segments combined................ + + +oppidanus +Leclercq + + + + + + + + +3. +Flagellomeres 2–4 prominently arched; mandible, terga, and legs without yellow maculation; scape brownish black with faint yellow marking; frons distinctly reticulate punctate, not depressed beyond IOC..................... + + +opifex +(Bingham) + + + + + + +– Flagellomeres 2–4 cylindrical; other characters in different combination......................................... +4 + + + + + + +4. +Gt + + +1 distinctly punctate................................................................................ +5 + + + + +– Gt +1 +impunctate (at most setigerous micropunctures present)................................................... +6 + + + + + + +5. +POD distinctly shorter than OOD; Gt + + +2 impunctate............................................. + + +pentheri +Leclercq + + + + + + +– POD subequal to OOD; Gt +2 +finely punctate...................................... + + +geethae +Binoy & Girish Kumar + + + + + + + + +6. +Clypeus with distinct median carina...................................................................... +7 + + + + +– Clypeus without carina............................................................................... +10 + + + + + + +7. +IOC usual, not differentiated into lamellar expansion; no dorsal excavation beyond IOC............................. +8 + + + + +– IOC differentiated into brownish, translucent lamellar expansion; deep excavation present beyond IOC.. + + +idrieus +(Cameron) + + + + + + + + +8. +Pronotal collar and pronotal lobe with yellow markings; metasoma maculate at least on Gt +5 +.......................... +9 + + + + +– Mesosoma black except on ventral part of pronotal lobe; metasoma immaculate.. + + +niger +Binoy, Santhosh & Girish Kumar + + + + + + + + +9. +Scutellum and axilla yellow; distinct yellow markings present on Gt +1 +, Gt +2 +and Gt +4 +; maculae on Gt +5 +meeting medially; Gt +6 +with transverse yellow band basally; clypeus medially produced into sharp acute tooth, median carina conspicuous.............................................................................................. + + +orientalis +(Cameron) + + + + + + +– Scutellum and axilla black; metasoma with Gt 1 –Gt 4 immaculate; Gt 5 with faint macula laterally; Gt 6 immaculate; clypeus apico-medially produced forward; truncate, slightly bevelled, median carina rudimentary.................... + + +yesudasi + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + +10. +Clypeus apico-medially truncate; Gt + + +1 bimaculate............................................... + + +agilis +(F. Smith) + + + + + + +– Clypeus apico-medially emarginate (in form of inverted V); Gt +1 +immaculate..................................... +11 + + + + + + +11. +Area beyond IOC declivous, distinct furrow beyond declivity onto frons, almost reaching anterior ocellus; all terga except Gt 5, immaculate...................................................... + + +tsunekii +Binoy, Girish Kumar & Santhosh + + + + + + +– No declivity or furrow beyond IOC; Gt +2 +, Gt +4 +and Gt +5 +maculate......... + + +attenboroughi +Binoy, Santhosh & Girish Kumar + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC448002FF30FB80355A70B4.xml b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC448002FF30FB80355A70B4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9dde9ed5aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC448002FF30FB80355A70B4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1545 @@ + + + +New species of Gehyra (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea + + + +Author + +Kraus, Fred + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +240 +271 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 + +journal article +303890 +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 +091d657e-3ed0-46b9-b76b-c9aa585aeb08 +1175-5326 +13848824 +88AC6441-16E7-4A2A-96FB-16B871FA94F0 + + + + + + + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +sp. nov. + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +4B4042BC-B1D9-4A53-AE32-E3760F19A19C + + + + + +Figs. 2 +, +3A +, +4A + + + + + + + +Gehyra vorax +Beckon 1992: 451 + + +[part]. + + + + + + +Gehyra membranacruralis + +Flecks +et al +. 2012: 205 + + + +[part]. + + + + + +Gehyra +sp. + +Sudest, +PNG + + +Heinicke +et al +. 2011: 588 + + +. + + + + + + + +Holotype + +.— +BPBM 19772 +(field tag +FK 9751 +), mature male, given to +F. Kraus +by local villagers, forest just west of +Araeda +, +Sudest Island +, +11.4362° S +, +153.4301° E +, ~ + +10 m +a.s.l. + +, +Milne Bay Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, + +21 April 2004 + +. + + + + + +Paratypes + +(n=2).— +Papua New Guinea +: +Milne Bay Province +: +Joe Landing +, [ +11.416° S +, +153.383° E +], + +0–100 m + +a..s.l., +Sudest Island +, + +15 August 1956 + +( +AMNH 76753 +), + + +west slope +Mt. Rio +, + +250–350 m +a.s.l. + +, +Sudest Island +, + +23 August 1956 + +( +AMNH 76763 +) + +. + + +Diagnosis +.—A large ( +SVL +of adult males +133–142 mm +, of adult female +125.5 mm +) species of + +Gehyra + +having entirely undivided subterminal lamellae on all toes; 17–20 +T +4 lamellae; 15–16 +T +1 lamellae; extensive webbing between all toes ( +T +3– +T +4webL/ +T +4L = 0.38–0.48, +T +4– +T +5webL/ +T +4L = 0.21–0.30); small eye ( +EY +/ +EN += 0.48–0.53); long snout (SN/HL = 0.51–0.55, EN/HL = 0.44–0.45); 44–46 precloacal/femoral pores in a continous row in males ( +AMNH +76753 has 23 pores on right leg, so that count doubled to arrive at 46); single row of enlarged subcaudal scales; rounded tail lacking serrations; lateral, antecubital, and popliteal skin folds well developed; rostral quadrangular; postmentals elongate; supranasal bordered posteriorly by at least one scale that is>50% the size of supranasal; and dorsal color pattern pale yellow gray with vaguely defined brown bands on the dorsum and limbs. + + +Comparisons with other species +.—Among Melanesian + +Gehyra +, +G. chrysopeleia + +is easily distinguished from + +G. baliola + +, + +G. barea + +, + +G. insulensis + +, + +G. interstitialis + +, + +G. lampei + +, + +G. leopoldi + +, and + +G. papuana + +by having undivided (vs. divided) subapical lamellae under all toes. + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +differs from + +G. +cf. +dubia + +in having extensive webbing between the digits (vs. absent or only basal in + +G. +cf. +dubia + +); from + +G. oceanica + +and + +G. serraticauda + +in its much larger adult size ( +SVL += +133–142 mm +vs. ≤ +102 mm +in + +G. oceanica + +and +91 mm +in + +G. serraticauda + +) and well-developed skin folds on trunk and on anterior of arm (vs. absent in + +G. oceanica + +and + +G. serraticauda + +) as well as in having a single row of enlarged subcaudals (vs. small, subequal subcaudals in multiple rows in + +G. oceanica + +) and a rounded tail lacking lateral serrations (vs. tail dorsoventrally compressed and with lateral serrations in + +G. serraticauda + +); from + +G. marginata + +in having a rounded tail in cross section (vs. flattened in + +G. marginata + +), a single row of enlarged subcaudals (vs. small, subequal subcaudals in multiple rows in + +G. marginata + +), and fewer +T +4 lamellae (17–20 vs. +20–27 in + +G. marginata + +); from + +G. rohan + +in having fewer +T +4 lamellae (17–20 vs. +22–26 in + +G. rohan + +), homogeneous (vs. heterogeneous in + +G. rohan + +) dorsal scales, elongate (vs. short in + +G. rohan + +) postmentals, and brown (vs. orange in + +G. rohan + +) scales encircling the eye; and from + +G. vorax + +in having fewer precloacal/femoral pores (44–46 vs. +58–90 in + +G. vorax + +), fewer +T +4 lamellae (17–20 vs. +23–34 in + +G. vorax + +), a relatively longer snout (SN/HL = 0.51–0.52 vs. +0.44–0.48 in + +G. vorax + +), a uniformly white chin and throat (vs. heavily fleckd with brown in + +G. vorax + +), and similarly pale dorsal and ventral colors (vs. dorsum much darker than venter in + +G. vorax + +). + + + +G. chrysopeleia + +is morphologically most similar to + +G. georgpotthasti + +and + +G. membranacruralis + +. It differs from the former in having postmentals that are elongate (approximately twice as long as wide) but not longer than the mental (vs. postmentals three times longer than wide and longer than mental in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), fewer +T +4 lamellae (17–20, mean 19.0 vs. 18–30, mean +23.2 in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), prominent dermal folds on the trunk (vs. indistinct in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), prominent dermal folds on the posterior forelimbs (vs. none in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), postsupranasals including one scale that is>50% the size of supranasal (vs. all postsupranasals <<50% size of supranasal in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), and a pale yellow-gray ground color (vs. darker brown or orange in + +G. georgpotthasti + +). + + + + + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +differs from + +G. membranacruralis + +in its larger size (SVL = 133–142 vs. up to +127 mm +in + +G. membranacruralis + +), smaller eye (EY/EN = 0.52–0.53 vs. +0.56–0.59 in + +G. membranacruralis + +), more extensive toe webbing (T3–T4webL/T4L = 0.38–0.48, T4–T5webL/T4L = 0.25–0.30 vs. 0.25–0.29 and 0.15–0.22, respectively, in + +G. membranacruralis + +), elongate postmentals (vs. short in + +G. membranacruralis + +), a prominent dermal fold on both anterior and posterior of forelimb (vs. absent in + +G. membranacruralis + +), the enlarged scales anterior to the pore-bearing series extending laterally 14–17 scales on either side of the pore series’ apex before transitioning abruptly to small scales (vs. the enlarged scales decreasing gradually in size away from the apex of the pore series, with no abrupt transition in size in + +G. membranacruralis + +), and postsupranasals include at least one scale that is>50% the size of supranasal (vs. all postsupranasals <<50% size of supranasal in + +G. membranacruralis + +). + + + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +is most easily visualized as different from the other large species + +G. vorax + +and + +G. georgpotthasti + +in bivariate space by contrasting numbers of T4 lamellae and numbers of precloacal/femoral pores for males ( +Fig. 1 +). This serves to supplement and confirm the comparisons among these species noted above. + + + +Description of +holotype + +.—A mature male of large size (SVL = 133.0 mm) with a right-lateral incision behind the pectoral region; liver removed. Head relatively long (HL/SVL = 0.21) and wide (HW/HL = 0.84), distinct from neck. Loreal region inflated; no distinct canthus rostralis. Top of snout and area above central supralabials shallowly concave. Snout tapered and rounded at tip, relatively long (SN/HL = 0.52), more than twice eye diameter (SN/EY = 2.2). Eye of modest size (EY/HL = 0.24, EY/EN = 0.52); pupil vertical, constricted into four lobes; supraciliaries only slightly larger than adjacent granules. Ear opening small (Ear/HL = 0.077), narrowly compressed dorsoventrally; distance between ear and eye one-third again as large as eye diameter (EE/EY = 1.3). Rostral almost twice as wide ( +5.6 mm +) as high ( +3.2 mm +), quadrangular but slightly higher just medial to nares, length 1.0 mm, with medial suture extending half its length. Supranasals separated by two large internasals along posterior rostral margin. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, two supranasals, and two internasals. External nares circular; each bordered by rostral, single supranasal, first supralabial, and three postnasals. Each supranasal bordered posteriorly by two postsupranasals, one of which is>50% size of supranasal ( +Fig. 2A +). Mental triangular, +4.2 mm +wide, rear margin scalloped. Mental bordered posteriorly by two elongate postmentals that are longer than mental ( +Fig. 2B +), each bordered posteriorly by four round scales, two of which larger than those on chin, two subequal to chin granules. Postmentals bordered laterally by shorter elongate subinfralabials, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. First infralabial bordered below by single subinfralabial, second and third infralabials by two subinfralabials, and fourth infralabials by three subinfralabials. Supralabials to mid-orbital position 14 on right, 12 on left; three small supralabials posterior to this; angle of jaw bordered with granular scales. Infralabials 12 on each side. + +Body of fairly robust habitus (TrL/SVL = 0.42), slightly depressed. Dorsal scales on head, limbs, body, throat and sides small juxtaposed granules, smallest on neck, head, dorsal patches, and limbs, largest on sides and remainder of dorsum; tubercles absent. Two dorsal and several lateral patches of skin with smaller granules that likely represent regenerated skin. Ventral scales larger, flat, smooth, subimbricate, larger midventrally, gradually decreasing in size laterally to become granular. Well-developed lateral fold present on body; popliteal fold prominent; dermal folds on front and rear of forelimbs prominent. + + +FIGURE 1. +Bivariate plot of numbers of precloacal/femoral pores vs. numbers of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe. Lamellae numbers for each specimen are averages of the numbers from each foot. Star = + +Gehyra aquilonia + +, solid circle = + +G. chrysopeleia + +, diamonds = + +G. georgpotthasti + +, open circles = + +G. membranacruralis + +, triangles = + +G. vorax + +. + + + +Enlarged precloacal/femoral scales in single series of 44 scales extending in a curved chevron to near end of each thigh ( +Fig. 2D +), each containing a single pore, series on left thigh interrupted by two small scales; thigh scales anterior to this row flat, subimbricate, much larger than those posterior to row, which are round to granular; enlarged scales anterior to pore-bearing series extending laterally 18 (R) or 17 (L) scales from apex of pore series before transitioning abruptly to small scales. Enlarged, imbricate scales form a pubic patch between precloacal series and vent, decreasing in size posteriorly; 14 scales in a row between apex of enlarged precloacal series and vent, first ten large, last four rows tiny, granular. Scales under arms granular, those under hindlimbs granular anteriorly, enlarged, flat, and imbricate posteriorly; scales on palms and soles rounded, flattened, smooth, subimbricate. + + +Fore- and hindlimbs well-developed (FA/SVL = 0.10, CS/SVL = 0.12). Digits well-developed, with broad pads on toes (T4W/T4L = 0.46), all but first fingers with recurved claws; clawed terminal phalanges on all digits except T1 laterally compressed, free above, arising from toe pad, inset from its margin, extending slightly beyond it; claw on T1 small, terminal, extending slightly beyond toe-pad margin. Subdigital lamellae narrow and smooth, all undivided, most forming a shallowly curved chevron medially ( +Fig. 2C +); lamellae extend for more than half length of each toe (T4lamellaeL/T4L = 0.60). Lamellae of manus 14-15-19-20-16 on right, 14-16-19-20-16 on left; of pes 16-17-21-20-19 on right, 16-17-21-20-18 on left. Relative lengths of digits on manus and pes I <II <V <III <IV. Webbing present between all digits, most extensive between T3 and T4 (T3T4webL/T4L = 0.38, T4T5webL/T4L = 0.25). + + + +FIGURE 2. +Details of holotype of + +Gehyra chrysopeleia +, BPBM + +19772. (A) close-up of snout showing supranasal (SN) and enlarged postsupranasal (PSN), (B) chin, (C) right foot, and (D) precloacal/femoral pore series. Scale bars = 5 mm. + + + +Tail +103 mm +, seemingly slightly truncated at end, dorsoventrally compressed but not flat, no lateral serrations. Tail with small subimbricate scales dorsally; under tail with single midventral row of enlarged, flat, imbricate subcaudals, bordered laterally by much smaller, flat, subimbricate scales that decrease in size laterally and dorsally ( +Fig. 3A +). Cloacal sacs swollen, with single external orifice situated near each lateral margin of vent; two enlarged, blunt postcloacal spurs on each side of tailbase; midventral scales of sac flat, subimbricate, larger posteriorly, slightly larger than those ventrolaterally. + + + +FIGURE 3. +Ventral views of tails of (A) + +Gehyra chrysopeleia +, BPBM + +19772, holotype; (B) + +G. aquilonia +, BPBM + +34745, holotype; (C) + +G. maculicincta +, BPBM + +19771, paratype, showing small, subequal subcaudals of an original tail; (D) + +G. maculicincta +, UMMZ + +244055, holotype, showing wide, thin subcaudals of a regenerated tail; (E) + +G. louisiadensis +, BPBM + +19763, holotype. Scale bars = 5 mm. + + + +Color in preservative +: Dorsal ground color on body, head, and limbs pale tan with very vague, poorly defined, slightly darker-brown markings, paler laterally; supralabials with darker-brown markings.All ventral surfaces white, lacking markings. Lamellae slightly darker gray tan. Iris pale tan with network of brown veins. + + +Color in life +.—In life, the +holotype +was pale yellow gray with vaguely defined brown bands on the dorsum and limbs and scattered, tiny black spots ( +Fig. 4A +). The lateral skin folds were white, and the iris was the same color as the dorsum with narrow brown veins. + + +Measurements (in mm) +.—SVL = 133.0, TailL = 103, TrL = 56.1, FA = 13.9, CS = 15.5, HL = 28.5, HW = 23.8, HH = 16.2, Ear = 2.2, EE = 8.5, EY = 6.7, SN = 14.8, EN = 12.8, IN = 5.3, T4L = 16.0, T4W = 7.3, T4lamellaeL = 9.6, T3T4webL = 6.0, T4T5webL = 4.0, mass in life = +51.7 g +. + + +Variation +.—The +two males +are larger than the sole female ( +SVL += +133–142 mm +vs. +125.5 mm +). Greatest mensural variation of importance in the small sample available is in the extent of webbing, which extends approximately one-third to one-half the length of +T4 +between that toe and +T3 +and 20–30% the length of +T4 +between that toe and +T5 +( +Table 1 +). Meristically, variation in numbers of lamellae under the first and fourth toes is not high, and this is true as well for numbers of supralabials and infralabials, though the +holotype +does have an anomalously high number of 14 supralabials to mid-eye on its right side. Numbers of enlarged precloacal/femoral scales varies from 40–44, and the sole male with undamaged scalation in this region (the +holotype +) has 44 precloacal/femoral pores, with the second specimen having 35 and estimated to have 46 were the left series not damaged. The number of internasals is two or three, postnasals are uniformly three, and a large number of tiny granular scales borders the posterior margin of the postmentals ( +Table 1 +). + + + +TABLE 1. +Mensural and meristic data for the type series of + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +. Bilateral scale counts are right/left. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Specimen +BPBM 19772 +holotype + +AMNH 76753 +paratype + +AMNH 76763 +paratype +
SexMMF
SV133.0142.0125.5
HL28.530.726.6
T4L16.013.814.3
TrunkL/SV0.420.390.45
CrusL/SV0.120.110.14
TailL/SV0.770.67
TailW/SV0.0870.0990.081
HL/SV0.210.220.21
HW/SV0.180.180.18
ForearmL/SV0.100.11
HW/HL0.840.850.84
EN/HL0.450.440.45
EarL/HL0.0770.1140.094
SN/HL0.520.510.55
EY/HL0.240.230.21
T4L/SV0.120.100.11
T4W/T4L0.460.460.43
T4 scansor L/T4L0.600.590.56
T3–T4 web L/T4L0.380.480.33
T4–T5 web L/T4L0.250.300.21
#T4 scansors20/1918/1720/20
#T1 scansors16/1516/15–/15
SL to mid-eye14/1211/1112/11
infralabials12/1211/1112/12
#enl. precloacal/femoral scales4435†40
#enl. precloacal/femoral pores4435†NA
# internasals322
# postnasals333
# scales behind postmentals81010
+ + +† damaged, scales missing; 23 on right side, estimated 46 total + + + +TABLE 2. +Mensural and meristic data for the type series of + +Gehyra aquilonia + +. Bilateral scale counts are right/left. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Specimen +BPBM 34745 +holotype + +AMNH 95215 +paratype + +AMNH 95216 +paratype + +AMNH 100088 +paratype +
LocalityPrince Alexander Mts.LaeLaeLumi, Torricelli Mts.
SexMMFF
SV130.0124.0108.0114.5
HL29.328.025.425.8
T4L15.314.812.713.6
TrunkL/SV0.430.360.480.45
CrusL/SV0.130.140.140.14
TailL/SV0.650.72
TailW/SV0.0720.0900.1180.098
HL/SV0.230.230.240.23
HW/SV0.190.190.190.19
ForearmL/SV0.100.120.120.10
HW/HL0.830.850.810.83
EN/HL0.420.410.420.43
EarL/HL0.0280.0330.0310.017
SN/HL0.510.480.520.48
EY/HL0.230.220.230.24
T4L/SV0.120.120.120.12
T4W/T4L0.450.470.500.42
T4 scansor L/T4L0.610.560.620.53
T3–T4 web L/T4L0.290.320.360.36
T4–T5 web L/T4L0.280.230.240.25
#T4 scansors16/2019/1619 /2018/19
#T1 scansors14/1311 /1116 /1314/12
SL to mid-eye13/1311 /1212 /1312/13
infralabials13/1411 /1112 /1012/13
#enl. precloacal/femoral scales4346number indeterminate45
#enl. precloacal/femoral pores4346NANA
# internasals1021
# postnasals4334
# scales behind postmentals42*63
+ + +* Left postmental a wedge that doesn’t reach these scales, so number for only right side. + + + +TABLE 2 +(Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Specimen +AMNH 100089 +paratype + +AMNH 100090 +paratype + +AMNH 103191 +paratype + +AMNH 105032 +paratype +
LocalityLumi, Torricelli Mts.Lumi, Torricelli Mts.Wanuma, Adelbert Mts.Sempi, Adelbert Mts.
SexFMMM
SV118.0134.0133.0128.0
HL26.928.830.129.5
T4L13.814.616.014.5
TrunkL/SV0.420.440.440.45
CrusL/SV0.140.130.140.13
TailL/SV0.770.88
TailW/SV0.0860.0870.077
HL/SV0.230.210.230.23
HW/SV0.190.200.170.19
ForearmL/SV0.110.100.110.11
HW/HL0.820.920.750.82
EN/HL0.390.400.370.40
EarL/HL0.0310.0260.0240.020
SN/HL0.460.490.470.48
EY/HL0.250.220.200.21
T4L/SV0.120.110.120.11
T4W/T4L0.470.430.420.45
T4 scansor L/T4L0.640.620.580.61
T3–T4 web L/T4L0.330.320.260.38
T4–T5 web L/T4L0.200.200.150.21
#T4 scansors22/2020/2020/21–/18
#T1 scansors14/1513/1414/15
SL to mid-eye13/1310/99/1013/13
infralabials14/1310/1111/911/13
#enl. precloacal/femoral scales48495034*
#enl. precloacal/femoral poresNA474534*
# internasals3221
# postnasals4434
# scales behind postmentals6664
+ + +* Row incomplete, broken by small scales in center of right side. + + + +FIGURE 4. +Portraits in life of (A) + +Gehyra chrysopeleia +, BPBM + +19772, holotype; (B) + +G. aquilonia +, BPBM + +34745, holotype; (C) + +G. maculicincta +, UMMZ + +244056, paratype; (D) + +G. louisiadensis +, BPBM + +19764, paratype; (E) + +G. oceanica + +, American Samoa; (F) + +G. membranacruralis +, UMMZ + +247752, Varirata National Park, Central Province, PNG. Photo credits: (A) G. Shea, (E) U.S. Geological Survey, (F) V. Weijola, remainder F. Kraus. + + + +Color pattern shows little variation among the +three specimens +, with all being pale grayish white dorsally with tiny black dots and white ventrally. + + +Etymology +.— +Chrysopeleia +is the Latinized name of one of the Greek hamadryads, nymphs of trees and woodlands. The name literally means “golden dove”, which is appropriate for this lizard with a slightly yellowish cast. + + +Range +.—Known from three nearby localities on Sudest Island from sea level to approximately +300 m +elevation a.s.l. ( +Fig. 5 +). It may occur on some of the many small islets that comprise the Calvados Chain, all of which lie within the large fringing reef that encompasses Sudest Island and would have been connected to Sudest with lower sea levels during the Pleistocene. + + + +FIGURE 5. +Map of the Milne Bay region of Papua New Guinea showing collecting localities for species described herein. Solid circle = type locality for both + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +and + +G. louisiadensis + +, open circles = additional localities for + +G. louisiadensis + +, solid square = type locality for + +G. maculicincta + +, open squares = additional localities for + +G. maculicincta + +. + + + +Ecology +.—The +holotype +was collected active at night in a disturbed low-elevation forest near the coast. One of the +paratypes +also came from low-elevation forest, likely near the coast, but the second came from inland primary rainforest. Otherwise, no ecological information is available for this species. + + +Remarks +.—The skin on the underside of the forearms in + +G. chrysopeleia + +is relatively loose and expansive, giving it a “baggy” appearance, and this can result in the impression of either an antecubital skin fold, a postcubital skin fold, or both, depending on how the specimen was arranged during fixing. Irrespective of this appearance in any particular specimen, this extensive loose skin clearly serves to distinguish + +G. chrysopeleia + +from + +G. membranacruralis + +. + + +This species has historically been known from only the +two paratypes +, and it had been assigned to + +Gehyra vorax + +once +Beckon (1992) +clearly distinguished that large Pacific island species from + +G. oceanica + +and assigned all large + +Gehyra + +with entire lamellae ranging from the +Moluccas +through Melanesia to + +G. vorax + +. The Sudest animals were later assigned to + +G. membranacruralis + +once + +Flecks +et al. +(2012) + +removed + +G. georgpotthastii + +from + +G. vorax + +and referred all western Melanesian specimens to + +G. membranacruralis + +. On the basis of DNA-sequence data, + +Heinicke +et al. +(2011) + +correctly surmised that the population of large + +Gehyra + +residing on Sudest Island was in fact a distinct species, diagnosed and described herein. A study in progress by P. Oliver and co-authors shows that + +G. vorax + +and + +G. georgpotthasti + +are rather distantly related to the lineage containing + +G. membranacruralis + +, + +G. chrysopeleia + +, and the next species (partially shown too in + +Oliver +et al. +2016 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC4D8019FF30F8F134807448.xml b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC4D8019FF30F8F134807448.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4859c4e8f09 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC4D8019FF30F8F134807448.xml @@ -0,0 +1,734 @@ + + + +New species of Gehyra (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea + + + +Author + +Kraus, Fred + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +240 +271 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 + +journal article +303890 +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 +091d657e-3ed0-46b9-b76b-c9aa585aeb08 +1175-5326 +13848824 +88AC6441-16E7-4A2A-96FB-16B871FA94F0 + + + + + + + +Gehyra aquilonia + +sp. nov. + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +6E35E54A-BAA6-4C9F-9319-DE162026F8C8 + + + + + +Figs. 3B +, +4B +, +6 + + + + + + + +Gehyra membranacruralis + +Flecks +et al +. 2012: 205 + + + +[part]. + + + + + + +Gehyra membranacruralis + +Heinicke +et al. +2011: 592 + + + +. + + + + + + + +Holotype + +.— +BPBM 34745 +(field tag +FK 13301 +), mature male, given to +F. Kraus +by local villagers, collected at +Mindangua Stream +, +Prince Alexander Mts. +, +3.6056° S +, +143.4921° E +, + +410 m +a.s.l. + +, +East Sepik Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, + +15 September 2009 + +. + + + + + +Paratypes + +(n=7).— +Papua New Guinea +: +Madang Province +: +Wanuma +, +Adelbert Mts +, +4.90° S +, +145.32° E +, ~ + +670 m +a.s.l. + +, + +23 October 1967 + +( +AMNH 103191 +) + +, + +near +Sempi +, +5.01° S +, +145.79° E +, + +12 July 1969 + +( +AMNH 105032 +) + +; + +Morobe Province +: +Lae +( +AMNH 95215–16 +) + +; + +West Sepik Province +: +Lumi +, +Torricelli Mts. +, +3.48° S +, +142.04° E +, + +550 m +a.s.l. + +, + +July 1966 + +( +AMNH 100088–89 +) + +, + +Miliom +, + +3.2 km +E Lumi + +, +Torricelli Mts. +, +3.48° S +, +142.05° E +, + +460 m +a.s.l. + +, + +24 July 1966 + +( +AMNH 100090 +) + +. + + +Diagnosis +.—A large ( +SVL +of adult males +124–134 mm +, of adult females +108–118 mm +) species of + +Gehyra + +having entirely undivided subterminal lamellae on all toes; 16–22 +T +4 lamellae; 11–16 +T +1 lamellae; extensive webbing between all toes ( +T +3– +T +4webL/ +T +4L = 0.26–0.38, +T +4– +T +5webL/ +T +4L = 0.15–0.28); short snout (SN/HL = 0.46–0.52, EN/HL = 0.37–0.43); wide head ( +HW +/HL = 0.75–0.92); 43–50 enlarged precloacal/femoral scales; 43–47 precloacal/femoral pores in a continuous chevron in males; single row of enlarged subcaudal scales; tail rounded anteriorly, somewhat depressed posteriorly, lacking serrations; lateral, antecubital, and popliteal skin folds well developed; elongate postmentals; 3–6 scales in posterior contact with postmentals; typically four (but sometimes three) postnasals; all postsupranasal scales small, with none>50% size of supranasal; dorsal color pattern varying shades of brown with or without obscure darker-brown blotches; chin and throat white, often with brown markings. + + +Comparisons with other species +.—Among Melanesian + +Gehyra +, +G. aquilonia + +is easily distinguished from + +G. baliola + +, + +G. barea + +, + +G. insulensis + +, + +G. interstitialis + +, + +G. lampei + +, + +G. leopoldi + +, and + +G. papuana + +by having undivided (vs. divided) subapical lamellae under the toes. + +Gehyra aquilonia + +differs from + +G. +cf. +dubia + +in having extensive webbing between the digits (vs. absent or only basal in + +G. +cf. +dubia + +); from + +G. oceanica + +and + +G. serraticauda + +in its much larger size ( +SVL += +114–130 mm +vs. ≤ +102 mm +in + +G. oceanica + +and +91 mm +in + +G. serraticauda + +), presence of well-developed skin folds on trunk and anterior of arm (vs. absent in + +G. oceanica + +and + +G. serraticauda + +), and in having a single row of enlarged subcaudals (vs. small, subequal subcaudals in multiple rows in + +G. oceanica + +) and a tail lacking lateral serrations (vs. tail with lateral serrations in + +G. serraticauda + +); from + +G. marginata + +in having a rounded tail in cross section (vs. flattened in + +G. marginata + +), a single row of enlarged subcaudals (vs. small, subequal subcaudals in multiple rows in + +G. marginata + +), and fewer +T +4 lamellae (16–22 vs. +20–27 in + +G. marginata + +); from + +G. rohan + +in having fewer +T +4 lamellae (16–22 vs. +22–26 in + +G. rohan + +), homogeneous (vs. heterogeneous in + +G. rohan + +) dorsal scales, elongate (vs. short in + +G. rohan + +) postmentals, and brown (vs. orange in + +G. rohan + +) scales encircling the eye; and from + +G. vorax + +in its smaller size (up to +134 mm +SVL +vs. up to +188 mm +in + +G. vorax + +), fewer precloacal/femoral pores (43–47 vs. +58–90 in + +G. vorax + +), and fewer +T +4 lamellae (16–22 vs. +23–34 in + +G. vorax + +). + + + +Gehyra aquilonia + +differs from + +G. membranacruralis + +in having elongate postmentals (vs. short in + +G. membranacruralis + +), a prominent antecubital skin fold (vs. absent in + +G. membranacruralis + +), a prominent skin fold on trunk (vs. weakly developed in + +G. membranacruralis + +), wider head ( +HW +/HL = 0.75–0.92 vs. +0.71–0.80 in + +G. membranacruralis + +), the enlarged scales anterior to the pore-bearing series extending laterally ~10 scales on either side of the pore series’ apex before transitioning abruptly to small scales (vs. the enlarged scales decreasing gradually in size away from the apex of the pore series, with no abrupt transition in size in + +G. membranacruralis + +), usually four postnasals (vs. three in + +G. membranacruralis + +), and dorsal coloration of varying shades of brown (vs. pale yellow gray in + +G. membranacruralis + +). + + + + + +Gehyra aquilonia + +is most similar morphologically to + +G. georgpotthasti + +and + +G. chrysopeleia + +. It differs from the former in having postmentals that are not as elongate (approximately twice as long as wide vs. three times longer than wide in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), fewer T4 lamellae (16–22, mean 19.2 vs. 18–30, mean +23.2 in + +G. georgpotthasti + +), and distinct dermal folds on the sides of the body (vs. indistinct in + +G. georgpotthasti + +). + +Gehyra aquilonia + +differs from + +G. chrysopeleia + +in its somewhat smaller size (SVL = 108–134 vs. +133–142 mm +in + +G. chrysopeleia + +); all postsupranasals small, with all <<50% size of supranasal (vs. one postsupranasal>50% size of supranasal in + +G. chrysopeleia + +); typically four postnasals (vs. three in + +G. chrysopeleia + +); and dorsal coloration of varying shades of brown (vs. pale yellow gray in + +G. chrysopeleia + +). + + +As seen for + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +, + +G. aquilonia + +is most easily visualized as different from the other large species + +G. vorax + +and + +G. georgpotthasti + +in bivariate space by contrasting numbers of T4 lamellae and numbers of precloacal/femoral pores for males ( +Fig. 1 +). This serves to supplement the comparisons among these species noted earlier. + + + +Description of +holotype + +.—A mature male of large size (SVL = 130.0 mm) with a right-lateral incision behind the pectoral region; liver removed; left arm missing. Head relatively long (HL/SVL = 0.23) and wide (HW/HL = 0.83), distinct from neck. Loreal region slightly inflated; no distinct canthus rostralis. Top of snout and area above central supralabials shallowly concave. Snout tapered and rounded at tip, relatively long (SN/HL = 0.51), more than twice eye diameter (SN/EY = 2.2). Eye of modest size (EY/HL = 0.23, EY/EN = 0.54); pupil vertical, narrowly constricted into slit; anterior supraciliaries slightly larger than adjacent granules, posterior ones subequal to adjacent granules. Ear opening small (Ear/HL = 0.028), narrowly compressed dorsoventrally; distance between ear and eye half again as large as eye diameter (EE/EY = 1.5). Rostral almost twice as wide ( +5.9 mm +) as high ( +3.1 mm +), highest just medial to nares, lower medially; length +1.6 mm +. Supranasals separated by single large internasal along posterior rostral margin. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, two supranasals, and one internasal. External nares circular; each bordered by rostral, single supranasal, first supralabial, and four postnasals. Supranasal bordered posteriorly by three (R) or five (L) small postsupranasals, all <<50% size of supranasal ( +Fig. 6A +). Mental triangular, +4.4 mm +wide, rear margin scalloped. Mental bordered posteriorly by two elongate postmentals that are longer than mental ( +Fig. 6B +), these each bordered posteriorly by two round scales larger than those on chin. Postmentals bordered laterally by shorter elongate subinfralabials, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. First infralabial bordered below by single subinfralabial, second infralabial by two subinfralabials, and third and fourth infralabials by three subinfralabials; infralabials 5–9 bordered below by two rows of smaller subinfralabials that are still much larger than adjacent chin granules. Supralabials to mid-orbital position 13 on each side; four (R) or three (L) small supralabials posterior to this; angle of jaw bordered with granular scales. Infralabials 13 on right, 14 on left. + +Body of fairly robust habitus (TrL/SVL = 0.43), slightly depressed. Dorsal scales on head, body, limbs, and throat small juxtaposed granules, smaller on neck, head, and limbs, largest on sides and dorsum; tubercles absent. Ventral scales larger, flat, smooth, subimbricate, larger midventrally, gradually decreasing in size laterally to become granular. Well-developed lateral skin fold present on trunk; popliteal and antecubital skin folds prominent; no dermal fold on rear of forelimb. + +Enlarged precloacal/femoral scales in single series of 43 scales extending in a curved chevron to center of each thigh ( +Fig. 6D +), each containing a single pore, pores larger medially; thigh scales anterior to this row flat, subimbricate, much larger than those posterior to row, which are round and subimbricate to granular; enlarged scales anterior to pore-bearing series extending laterally approximately ten (R) or six (L) scales from apex of pore series before transitioning abruptly to small scales. Enlarged, imbricate scales form a pubic patch between precloacal series and vent, decreasing in size posteriorly; 13 scales in a row between apex of enlarged precloacal series and vent, first nine large, last four rows tiny, granular. Scales under arms granular, those under hindlimbs enlarged, flat, imbricate; scales on palms and soles rounded, flattened, smooth, subimbricate. + + +Fore- and hindlimbs well-developed (FA/SVL = 0.10, CS/SVL = 0.13). Digits well-developed, with broad pads on toes (T4W/T4L = 0.45), all but first fingers with recurved claws; clawed terminal phalanges on all digits except T1 laterally compressed, free above, arising from toe pad, inset from its margin, extending slightly beyond it; claw on T1 small, terminal, extending slightly beyond toe-pad margin. Subdigital lamellae narrow and smooth, all undivided, most forming a shallowly curved chevron medially ( +Fig. 6C +); lamellae extend for more than half length of each toe (T4lamellaeL/T4L = 0.61). Lamellae of manus 15-16-18-18-17 on right; of pes 13-20-18-18-18 on right, 14-18-20-20-19 on left. Relative lengths of digits on manus and pes I <II <III <V <IV. Webbing present between all digits, about the same between T3, T4, and T5 (T3T4webL/T4L = 0.29, T4T5webL/T4L = 0.28). + + +Original tail +45 mm +, regenerated tail +40 mm +, dorsoventrally compressed but not flat, no lateral serrations. Tail with small subimbricate scales dorsally; under tail with single midventral row of enlarged, flat, imbricate subcaudals, bordered laterally by much smaller, flat, subimbricate scales that decrease in size laterally and dorsally ( +Fig. 3B +); subcaudals under regenerated tail wider and thinner than those on original tail. Cloacal sacs swollen, with single external orifice situated near each lateral margin of vent; three (R) or two (L) slightly enlarged, blunt postcloacal spurs on each side of tailbase; midventral scales of sac flat, subimbricate, larger posteriorly, slightly larger than those ventrolaterally. + + +Color in preservative +: Dorsal ground color on body, head, and limbs light brown, irregularly marked with dark-brown blotches and ragged spots and flecks, with black flecks on nape, between hindlimbs, and on anterior tail; dark markings concentrated into four vague large blotches from nape to between hindlimbs. Original tail as for trunk; regenerated tail darker brown. Labials and rostral heavily dusted with dark brown. Venter white, heavily marked with brown flecks on chin and throat; palms and soles same as venter; lamellae under expanded portions of digits gray. Iris pale tan heavily veined with dark brown. + + + +FIGURE 6. +Details of holotype of + +Gehyra aquilonia +, BPBM + +34745. (A) close-up of snout showing supranasal (SN) with small postsupranasals behind it, (B) chin, (C) left foot, and (D) precloacal/femoral pore series. Scale bars = 5 mm. + + + +Color in life +.—Field notes for the +holotype +read “Dorsum brown with 5 obscure darker-brown blotches on body, giving it a rather mottled appearance. Iris tan veined with dark brown. Venter yellow, paler laterally and on throat, lemon yellow medially.” A photo of this animal ( +Fig. 4B +) also shows the ground color to be darker middorsally than dorsolaterally or laterally, with several scattered, tiny dark-brown spots on the dorsum, a very dark-brown field on the posterior of the head and nape, a whitish postocular stripe, whitish loreal spot, and a whitish field behind the dark-brown blotch on the nape. + + +Measurements (in mm) +.—SVL = 130.0, TrL = 55.3, FA = 13.3, CS = 17.3, HL = 29.3, HW = 24.4, HH = 14.4, Ear = 3.7, EE = 9.8, EY = 6.7, SN = 14.9, EN = 12.4, IN = 5.5, T4L = 15.3, T4W = 6.9, T4lamellaeL = 9.3, T3T4webL = 4.5, T4T5webL = 4.3, mass in life = +49.8 g +. + + +Variation +.—Males are larger than females (SVL = +124–134 mm +vs. +108–118 mm +). Greatest mensural variation of importance is in snout length, toe width, and the extent of toe webbing, which extends approximately one-third the length of T4 between that toe and T3 and one-fifth to one-quarter the length of T4 between that toe and T5 ( +Table 1 +). Meristically, variation in numbers of lamellae under the toes is rather high (16–22 under T4, 11–16 under T1). Variation in numbers of supralabials and infralabials is also rather large ( +Table 1 +). Numbers of enlarged precloacal/femoral scales varies from 43–50, and precloacal/femoral pores in undamaged males from 43–47. The number of internasals varies from zero to three, postnasals are three or four, and most specimens have six granular scales bordering the posterior margin of the postmentals ( +Table 1 +). The enlarged row of subcaudal scales varies significantly in size and shape. The three animals from Lumi, Torricelli Mts. (AMNH 100088–90) have thinner and wider subcaudals on the regenerated portions of their tails than on the basal original tails of the same specimens. + + +Dorsal color pattern for most specimens is generally uniform pale brown; however, AMNH 95216 is reddish brown, and BPBM 34745 and AMNH 100089 have a head band and wide body bands that are darker than the remainder of dorsum. AMNH 100089 also has five bands of large beige spots across the body and base of tail, and AMNH 100090 has two narrow dark-brown bands across the nape.All specimens have labials heavily suffused with brown, with darker specimens having more brown suffusion. All specimens are white or white with a faint yellow cast ventrally, and three have a small amount of brown dusting on the chin and angle of jaw, with the +holotype +having the most. + + +Etymology +.—The species name is the feminine Latin adjective meaning “northern” in recognition of the distribution of this species across the foothills of the northern coastal mountain ranges of +Papua New Guinea +. + + +Range +.—Known from several localities along the north-coast ranges of +Papua New Guinea +, from near sea level to ~ +670 m +a.s.l. ( +Fig. 7 +). + + + +FIGURE 7. +Map of Papua New Guinea showing collecting localities for + +Gehyra aquilonia + +along its northern coast. Solid circle = type locality; open circles = additional localities. + + + +Ecology +.—The +holotype +came from lowland rainforest in the vicinity of a stream. The +paratypes +were collected near villages, suggesting that they may have come from secondary forests. All animals have been found in foothill forest. + + +Remarks +.—As also seen in + +Gehyra chrysopeleia + +, the skin on the underside of the forearms in + +G. aquilonia + +is relatively loose and expansive, giving it a “baggy” appearance, and this can result in the impression of either an antecubital skin fold, a postcubital skin fold, or both, depending on how the specimen was arranged during fixing. Irrespective of this appearance in any particular specimen, this feature clearly serves to distinguish + +G. aquilonia + +from + +G. membranacruralis + +. + + + +Heinicke +et al. +(2011:588 + +, 592)included in their phylogenetic tree of + +Gehyra + +a specimen of“ + +G.membranacruralis + +” from Sibilanga, +West Sepik Province +, +PNG +. Judging from its locality, this specimen will surely represent + +G. aquilonia + +. They found it to be sister taxon to + +G. chrysopeleia + +but with a deep divergence from that species. They did not have true + +G. membranacruralis + +in their sample. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC508012FF30FC6834BF7448.xml b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC508012FF30FC6834BF7448.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3623c710a88 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC508012FF30FC6834BF7448.xml @@ -0,0 +1,915 @@ + + + +New species of Gehyra (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea + + + +Author + +Kraus, Fred + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +240 +271 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 + +journal article +303890 +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 +091d657e-3ed0-46b9-b76b-c9aa585aeb08 +1175-5326 +13848824 +88AC6441-16E7-4A2A-96FB-16B871FA94F0 + + + + + + + +Gehyra louisiadensis + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +8311665D-1E96-4EB8-9133-91D37A8E6B8B + + + +Figs. 3E +, +4D +, +10 + + + + + + + +Gehyra oceanica +Kraus & Shea 2005: 471 + + +. + + + + + + +Gehyra oceanica +Goldberg, Bursey & Kraus 2010: 139 + + +[part]. + + + + + + + +Holotype + +.— +BPBM 19763 +(field tag +FK 9893 +), mature male, +F. Kraus +, collected at +Araeda +, +Sudest Island +, +11.4362° S +, +153.4301° E +, + +1–20 m +a.s.l. + +, +Milne Bay Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, + +28 April 2004 + +. + + + + + +Paratypes + +(n=14).— +Papua New Guinea +: +Milne Bay Province +: +Sudest Island +: same data as holotype ( +BPBM 19762 +) + +, + +same data as holotype except collected + +11 April 2004 + +( +BPBM 19759 +) + +, + +ridge N of +Camp +1, +11.48° S +, +153.41° E +, + +120–130 m +a.s.l. + +, + +26 April 2004 + +( +BPBM 19760–61 +) + +; + +Rossel Island +: +Damunu +, +11.365° S +, +154.001° E +, + +0–40 m +a.s.l. + +, + +1 May 2004 + +( +BPBM 19764–67 +) + +, + +Cheme +, +11.3231° S +, +154.2428° E +, + +5 m +a.s.l. + + +5 May 2004 + +( +BPBM 19768 +) + +; + +Misima Island +: +Liak +, +10.6608° S +, +152.6854° E +, + +0–20 m +a.s.l. + +, + +11–15 January 2003 + +( +BPBM 17218 +, +17220–22 +) + +, + +Bwaga Bwaga Ridge +, +10.674° S +, +152.683° E +, + +440–480 m +a.s.l. + +, + +12 January 2003 + +( +BPBM 17219 +) + +. + + + + +Diagnosis +.—A medium-sized ( +SVL +of adult males 68.0–83.0 mm, of adult females 53.0–77.0 mm) species of + +Gehyra + +having entirely undivided subterminal lamellae on all toes; 11–15 +T +4 lamellae; 10–15 +T +1 lamellae; moderate amount of webbing between all toes ( +T +3– +T +4webL/ +T +4L = 0.17–0.31, +T +4– +T +5webL/ +T +4L = 0.08–0.19); long snout (SN/HL = 0.46–0.51, EN/HL = 0.37–0.42); narrow head ( +HW +/HL = 0.73–0.86); 38–56 enlarged precloacal/femoral scales; 28–55 precloacal/femoral pores in a continuous chevron; a medial row of enlarged subcaudal scales with some smaller scales interspersed; tail depressed, flattened, lacking lateral serrations; skin folds absent on trunk and forearms; popliteal skin fold absent (n = 13) or small (n = 2); elongate postmentals; 1–6 scales in posterior contact with postmentals; three postnasals; all postsupranasal scales small, with none>50% size of supranasal; dorsal color pattern of large, dark-brown, anastomozing maculations on a medium-brown or yellow-brown ground color. + + +Comparisons with other species +.—Among Melanesian + +Gehyra +, +G. louisiadensis + +is easily distinguished from + +G. baliola + +, + +G. barea + +, + +G. insulensis + +, + +G. interstitialis + +, + +G. lampei + +, + +G. leopoldi + +, and + +G. papuana + +by having undivided (vs. divided) subapical lamellae under the toes. + +Gehyra louisiadensis + +differs from + +G. +cf. +dubia + +in having extensive webbing between the digits (vs. absent or only basal in + +G. +cf. +dubia + +); from + +G. chrysopeleia + +, + +G. georgpotthasti + +, + +G. marginata + +, + +G. membranacruralis + +, and + +G. rohan + +by its much smaller size (up to +83 mm +SVL +in + +G. louisiadensis + +vs.> +100 mm +in those other species), lack of popliteal and antecubital skin folds (vs. prominent skin folds in those other species), and fewer +T +4 lamellae (11–15 vs. +16–27 in +those other species); and from + +G. serraticauda + +in its smaller size (up to +83 mm +SVL +vs. +90 mm +SVL +in + +G. serraticauda + +), absence of lateral serrations on the tail (vs. present in + +G. serraticauda + +), and dorsum boldly maculated with dark brown (vs. dorsum gray with or without red markings in + +G. serraticauda + +). + + + +Gehyra louisiadensis + +is most similar to + +G. oceanica + +and + +G. maculicincta + +. It differs from + +G. oceanica + +in its generally smaller size (up to +83 mm +SVL +vs. up to +102 mm +in + +G. oceanica + +), fewer +T +4 lamellae (11–15, mean 13.8 vs. 13–19, mean +15.7 in +157 Polynesian + +G. oceanica + +, 15–20, mean +17.7 in +80 Micronesian + +G. oceanica + +); medial row of enlarged subcaudal scales (vs. subcaudals small and subequal in + +G. oceanica + +); and color pattern of large dark-brown maculations on a lighter-brown ground (vs. dorsum uniform gray, brown, or with small scattered spots but not boldly maculated in + +G. oceanica + +). These meristic differences are most clear in a bivariate plot of numbers of precloacal/femoral pores vs. numbers of +T +4 lamellae ( +Fig. 8 +). + + + + + +Gehyra louisiadensis + +differs from + +G. maculicincta + +in its larger size (up to +83 mm +SVL vs. up to +69.5 mm +in + +G. maculicincta + +), greater number of T4 lamellae (11–15, mean 13.8 vs. 11–13, mean +12.4 in + +G. maculicincta + +), greater number of T1 lamellae (10–15, mean 11.8 vs. 8–11, mean +9.8 in + +G. maculicincta + +), medial row of enlarged subcaudal scales (vs. subcaudals small and subequal in + +G. maculicincta + +), relatively narrower head (HW/HL = 0.73–0.86, mean 0.80 vs. 0.80–0.94, mean +0.89 in + +G. maculicincta + +), and dorsum with large dark-brown maculations on a medium-brown or yellow-brown ground color (vs. dorsum with alternating bands of bold dark-brown and pale yellow-tan spots in + +G. maculicincta + +). + + + +Description of +holotype + +.—A mature male of medium size (SVL = +72.5 mm +) with a right-lateral incision behind the pectoral region; liver removed for molecular studies and most viscera removed for prior parasite studies. Head relatively long (HL/SVL = 0.23) and narrow (HW/HL = 0.83), distinct from neck ( +Fig. 10A +). Loreal region slightly inflated; no distinct canthus rostralis. Top of snout concave, area behind nares shallowly concave. Snout tapered and rounded at tip, relatively long (SN/HL = 0.48), almost twice eye diameter (SN/EY = 1.9). Eye of modest size (EY/HL = 0.26, EY/EN = 0.65); pupil vertical, constricted into four lobes; anterior supraciliaries slightly larger than adjacent granules and posterior supraciliaries, remainder subequal to adjacent granules. Ear opening of moderate size (Ear/HL = 0.095), squarish; distance between ear and eye one-third again as large as eye diameter (EE/EY = 1.3). Rostral approximately half again as wide (3.0 mm) as high ( +1.9 mm +), highest medial to supranasals, lower medially, with medial suture on dorsal quarter; length 1.0 mm. Single large internasal separates supranasals, with smaller internasal between this and rostral. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, two supranasals, and two internasals (narrow contact only with larger, posterior internasal). External nares circular; each bordered by rostral, single supranasal, first supralabial, and three postnasals. Each supranasal bordered posteriorly by three (R) or four (L) small postsupranasals, all <<50% size of supranasal. Mental triangular, +2.8 mm +wide, rear margin slightly scalloped. Mental bordered posteriorly by two elongate postmentals that are longer than mental ( +Fig. 10B +), these each bordered posteriorly by two round scales slightly larger than chin granules. Two shorter subinfralabials lie sequentially lateral to each postmental, decreasing in size posteriorly. First infralabial bordered below by postmental and first subinfralabial, second by both subinfralabials and a smaller round scale, and third by four small scales; subinfralabials behind this increasingly smaller, becoming granular posteriorly. Supralabials to mid-orbital position nine on each side; four tiny supralabials posterior to this; angle of jaw bordered with granular scales. Infralabials ten on each side. + +Body of fairly robust habitus (TrL/SVL = 0.43), slightly depressed. Dorsal scales on head, body, limbs, throat, and tail small juxtaposed granules; tubercles absent. Ventral scales larger, flat, smooth, subimbricate, larger midventrally, gradually decreasing in size laterally to become granular. Skin folds absent on body and limbs. + +Enlarged precloacal/femoral scales in series of 26 scales on right side (absent from left), containing 24 pores extending in a curve from center of precloacal region to center of thigh ( +Fig. 10D +), pores larger medially, smaller laterally; thigh scales anterior to this row flat, subimbricate, larger than those immediately posterior to row; enlarged scales anterior to pore-bearing series extending laterally along most of length of pore series but decreasing in size near lateral end of pore series. Enlarged, imbricate scales form a pubic patch between precloacal series and vent, smaller anteriorly, larger posterior to that, then decreasing slightly in size posteriorly to vent; 12–13 scales in a row between apex of enlarged precloacal series and vent. Scales under arms flat, small, subimbricate; those under hindlimbs larger, flat, imbricate; scales on palms and soles granular to subimbricate. + + +Fore- and hindlimbs well-developed (FA/SVL = 0.11, CS/SVL = 0.13). Digits well-developed, with broad pads on toes (T4W/T4L = 0.46), all but first fingers with well-developed recurved claws; clawed terminal phalanges on all digits except T1 laterally compressed, free above, arising from toe pad, inset from its margin, extending slightly beyond it; claw on T1 small, terminal, extending slightly beyond toe-pad margin. Subdigital lamellae narrow and smooth, all undivided, most forming a shallowly curved chevron medially ( +Fig. 10C +); lamellae extend for two-thirds length of each toe (T4lamellaeL/T4L = 0.65). Lamellae of manus 12-13-14-13-13 on right, 12-13-14-14-13 on left; of pes 13-14-14-15-15 on right, 13-13-15-15-15 on left. Relative lengths of digits on manus and pes I <II <III <V <IV. Webbing present between all digits, reduced on hands, most extensive between T3 and T4 (T3T4webL/T4L = 0.22, T4T5webL/T4L = 0.19). + + + +FIGURE 10. +Details of holotype of + +Gehyra louisiadensis +, BPBM + +19763. (A) head, (B) chin, (C) left foot, and (D) precloacal/ femoral pore series. Scale bars = 5 mm. + + + +Tail relatively long (TL/SVL = 0.68), wide (TW/SVL = 0.11) and flattened, no lateral serrations; approximately +4–6 mm +of tip missing. Tail constricted slightly just behind cloacal sacs, denoting fracture plane, but scale size and arrangement and coloration continuous on either side of this constriction, suggesting tail is original. Dorsally, tail with granules anteriorly, becoming slightly larger and subimbricate posteriorly; under tail with midventral row of enlarged hexagonal scales and smaller scales laterally ( +Fig. 3E +); lateral scales decreasing in size laterally and posteriorly. Cloacal sacs swollen, with single oblong external orifice situated near each lateral margin of vent; four slightly enlarged, blunt postcloacal spurs on each side of tailbase; midventral scales of sac flat, subimbricate, larger posteriorly, slightly larger than those ventrolaterally. + + +Color in preservative +: Dorsal ground color on body, head, limbs, and tail medium brown, with small, slightly darker-brown scattered flecks. Supralabials medium brown; infralabials pale whitish yellow with brown punctations. Ventral surfaces pale whitish yellow heavily punctated with brown, less densely mid-ventrally. Lamellae below expanded portions of digits brown. Iris pale gold around margins, brown around pupil, with brown veins. + + +Measurements (in mm) +.—SVL = 72.5, TrL = 31.2, FA = 8.3, CS = 9.2, HL = 16.8, HW = 13.9, HH = 7.3, Ear = 1.6, EE = 5.4, EY = 4.3, SN = 8.1, EN = 6.6, IN = 3.0, T4L = 6.3, T4W = 2.9, T4lamellaeL = 4.1, T3T4webL = 1.4, T4T5webL = 1.2. + + +Variation +.—Males are larger than females (SVL of adult males 68.0–83.0 mm, of adult females 53.0–77.0 mm). As for + +Gehyra maculicincta + +, + +G. louisiadensis + +develops a number of wide but thin subcaudals in regenerated tails (e.g., BPBM 17222, 19760); +one specimen +(BPBM 19766) has a mix of thin, widened subcaudals with smaller interspersed scales. Nonetheless, there is still a medial row of enlarged subcaudals in original tails ( +Fig. 3E +), with the subcaudals not being as wide or thin as is seen in regenerated tails, nor being small and subequal, as seen in + +G. maculicincta + +or + +G. oceanica + +. Even by the friable tail standards seen within + +Gehyra + +, + +G. louisiadensis + +has a remarkable number of missing or damaged tails: nine of +15 specimens +lack tails (with the break in each being at the post-cloacal cleavage plane), and two others have clearly regenerated portions of their tails, leaving only four that retain original tails. + + +Variation in numbers of precloacal/femoral pores in males is striking, varying from +28–55 in +series that are complete; two incomplete series (left side damaged or missing in each) include 24 and 36 pores. Precloacal/femoral pores lie within scales that decrease gradually in size laterally and are not greatly different from scale rows anterior to that, so it is impossible to arrive at a reliable count of scales in the pore-bearing series in females or in males having fewer pores. Other mensural and meristic differences between the sexes seem minor ( +Table 4 +). + + +In preservative, many specimens are a uniform brown, but BPBM 19761 also has patches of gray mottling, BPBM 19762 has many tiny brown flecks, BPBM 17222 and BPBM 19759 have dark dorsal markings that are faded anteriorly, and BPBM 17219, 19760, and 19764–65 have a mixture of some pale spots and dark-brown markings, especially anteriorly. Venters vary in degree of brown punctation, with BPBM 19760 and 19764 having extensive punctation and appearing brown to the naked eye, whereas BPBM 17220 and 17222 have very little, appearing white to the naked eye. Irises of all +paratypes +appear brown, with many showing little of the underlying gold background, though a few do; none has the distinct separation of the gold and brown into separate fields as seen in the +holotype +. + + +Color in life +.—Field notes for BPBM 17218 recorded the animal as light ashy gray with a pale lemon-yellow venter and tan iris. Color pattern of BPBM 17219, as determined from photographs, comprised a network of dark-brown maculations on a medium-brown ground color, with paler, off-white markings behind the eye and a tan iris. BPBM 19764 was similar though with the dark-brown markings more arrayed in bands across the dorsum and with the markings on the head and neck comprising pale-brown spots and the dark-brown markings arrayed as lines anterior and posterior to the eye ( +Fig. 4D +). + + + + +Etymology +.—The species is named in recognition of its restriction to the Louisiade Archipelago of +Papua New Guinea +. + + + + +Range +.—Known from Misima, Sudest, and Rossel Islands, the three main islands of the Louisiade Archipelago ( +Fig. 5 +); it is likely to range across the islands of the Calvado Chain, which all lie within the fringing reef that surrounds Sudest and this island chain. It is currently known to occur from sea level to +480 m +a.s.l. + + + + +Ecology +.—All but two animals came from the environs of villages. Habitat in these instances was either gardens or disturbed secondary forest. One animal from Misima and another from Sudest came from inland primary rainforest, the former at +440–480 m +a.s.l., the second from +120–130 m +a.s.l. Both sites had complete canopy cover with emergents to 25+ m, and both sites were along small streams. + + + + +TABLE 4. +Mensural and meristic data for the type series of + +Gehyra louisiadensis + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Males (n = 8)Females (n = 7)
MeanRangeMeanRange
SV74.468.0–83.068.653.0–77.0
HL17.416.2–19.315.913.2–17.3
T4L7.06.0–8.06.75.1–7.5
TrunkL/SV0.420.39–0.440.450.42–0.48
CrusL/SV0.140.13–0.160.140.13–0.14
TailL/SV0.740.68–0.780.740.60–0.86
TailW/SV0.120.10–0.140.120.12–0.13
HL/SV0.230.22–0.240.230.22–0.25
HW/SV0.190.18–0.200.180.17–0.19
ForearmL/SV0.120.11–0.130.120.12–0.13
HW/HL0.820.76–0.860.780.73–0.83
EN/HL0.400.39–0.420.390.37–0.40
EarL/HL0.0850.065–0.0980.0750.058–0.088
SN/HL0.480.47–0.510.480.46–0.50
EY/HL0.240.22–0.260.250.23–0.27
T4L/SV0.0940.084–0.1010.0980.094
T4W/T4L0.450.41–0.500.430.41
T4 scansor L/T4L0.620.53–0.710.590.52
T3–T4 web L/T4L0.240.19–0.310.220.23
T4–T5 web L/T4L0.130.09–0.190.120.13
#T4 scansors13.411–1514.213–15
#T1 scansors12.211–1511.610–13
SL to mid-eye9.38–109.68–11
infralabials9.89–1110.39–12
#enl. precloacal/femoral scales*46.738–56NANA
#enl. precloacal/femoral pores*40.228–55NANA
# internasals111.41–2
# postnasals333.13–4
# scales behind postmentals3.53–53.71–6
+ + +* complete series only + + + +Remarks +.—Like many + +Gehyra +species + +, + +G. louisiadensis + +is prone to significant regional intergumentary loss and tail autotomy when captured. As a result, none of the available specimens is perfect for designation as a +holotype +. The specimen chosen has the virtue of having an original tail (though the tip is missing), thereby showing the size of the original subcaudals, and it has available tissues and little skin damage. It has the disadvantage of having precloacal/femoral pores only on the right leg, with a total on that side of only 24 pores. If the left side were symmetrical in pore distribution, the total number would have been approximately 47–48 pores. All of the +paratypes +with complete series of precloacal/femoral pores lack original tails, have more skin damage, or are missing their viscera. All other specimens with original tails are either female, also have a damaged precloacal/femoral pore series, or have long, but possibly regenerated, tails. I view determination and illustration of the expanded subcaudals of greater diagnostic importance than the number of precloacal/femoral pores, thereby explaining choice of BPBM 19763 for +holotype +. + + +Differences between + +Gehyra louisiadensis + +and + +G. maculicincta + +in toe lamellae were given above as averages and ranges for T4 lamellae and T1 lamellae because these are standard and quick counts to make. However, the true magnitude of the lamellar differences between these species is more striking when total numbers of lamellae on all digits are contrasted. I did not make these counts for all specimens, but I did so for their respective +holotypes +. The +holotype +of + +G. maculicincta + +has a total of 210 lamellae under its digits whereas + +G. louisiadensis + +has 273, emphasizing the large difference between these +two specimens +, which averages to approximately a 3-lamellar difference for each toe (273—210 lamellae/20 toes = 3.15 lamellae/toe). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC56801FFF30FD6C332E754C.xml b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC56801FFF30FD6C332E754C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3b1d008c925 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC56801FFF30FD6C332E754C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1188 @@ + + + +New species of Gehyra (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea + + + +Author + +Kraus, Fred + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +240 +271 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 + +journal article +303890 +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 +091d657e-3ed0-46b9-b76b-c9aa585aeb08 +1175-5326 +13848824 +88AC6441-16E7-4A2A-96FB-16B871FA94F0 + + + + + + + +Gehyra maculicincta + +sp. nov. + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +58AE6703-6880-4651-B23B-13520CDEDE61 + + + + + +Figs. 3C, D +, +4C +, +9 + + + + + + + +Gehyra oceanica +Goldberg, Bursey & Kraus 2010: 139 + + +[part]. + + + + + + + +Holotype + +.— +UMMZ 244055 +(field tag +FK 17096 +), mature male, +F. Kraus +, collected at +Sibonai +, +Normanby Island +, +10.0338° S +, +150.9701° E +, + +5 m +a.s.l. + +, +Milne Bay Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, + +17 March 2015 + +. + + + + + +Paratypes + +(n=8).— +Same +data as holotype except collected + +18 March 2015 + +( +UMMZ 244056–57 +) + +, + +and +10.033° S +, +150.9771° E +, + +40 m +a.s.l. + +, + +25 May 2004 + +( +BPBM 19771 +) + +; + +Suau +, +10.5936° S +, +150.0508° E +, + +100 m +a.s.l. + +, +Milne Bay Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, + +29 March 2017 + +( +UMMZ 245458 +) + +; + +Opea Island +, +10.6034° S +, +150.0113° E +, + +1 m +a.s.l. + +, +Milne Bay Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, + +31 March 2017 + +( +UMMZ 245459–62 +) + +. + + +Diagnosis +.—A medium-sized ( +SVL +of adult males 58.0– +69.5 mm +, of adult females +59.5–69 mm +) species of + +Gehyra + +having entirely undivided subterminal lamellae on all toes; 11–13 +T +4 lamellae; 8–11 +T +1 lamellae; relatively little webbing between all toes ( +T +3– +T +4webL/ +T +4L = 0.13–0.30, +T +4– +T +5webL/ +T +4L = 0.04–0.19); short snout (SN/HL = 0.44–0.50, EN/HL = 0.35–0.39); wide head ( +HW +/HL = 0.80–0.94); 32–45 enlarged precloacal/femoral scales; 37– 45 precloacal/femoral pores in a continuous chevron in males; multiple rows of small, subequal subcaudal scales in original tails; tail depressed, flattened when regenerated, lacking lateral serrations; lateral skin fold absent on trunk (n = 3) or small (n = 6); antecubital and popliteal skin folds absent; elongate postmentals; 3–6 scales in posterior contact with postmentals; three postnasals; all postsupranasal scales small, <<50% size of supranasal; dorsal color pattern of bold dark-brown and pale yellow-tan spots arrayed in alternating bands across the dorsum on a medium-brown ground color. + + +Comparisons with other species +.—Among Melanesian + +Gehyra +, +G. maculicincta + +is easily distinguished from + +G. baliola + +, + +G. barea + +, + +G. insulensis + +, + +G. interstitialis + +, + +G. lampei + +, + +G. leopoldi + +, and + +G. papuana + +by having undivided (vs. divided) subapical lamellae under the toes. + +Gehyra maculicincta + +differs from + +G. +cf. +dubia + +in having more webbing between the digits (vs. absent or only basal in + +G. +cf. +dubia + +) and a boldly marked dorsum (vs. pale gray in + +G. +cf. +dubia + +); from + +G. aquilonia + +, + +G. chrysopeleia + +, + +G. georgpotthasti + +, + +G. marginata + +, + +G. membranacruralis + +, and + +G. rohan + +by its much smaller size (up to +70 mm +SVL +in + +G. maculicincta + +vs.> +100 mm +in those other species), and in having multiple rows of small subcaudals (vs. single median row of enlarged subcaudals in those other species) in original tails; and from + +G. serraticauda + +in its smaller size ( +90 mm +SVL +in + +G. serraticauda + +), in having multiple rows of small subcaudals (vs. single median row of enlarged subcaudals + +G. serraticauda + +) in original tails, and in lacking lateral serrations on the tail (vs. present in + +G. serraticauda + +). + + + +Gehyra maculicincta + +is most similar to + +G. oceanica + +, from which it differs in its generally smaller size (up to +70 mm +SVL +vs. up to +102 mm +in + +G. oceanica + +), fewer +T +4 lamellae (11–13, mean 12.4 vs. 13–19, mean +15.7 in +157 Polynesian + +G. oceanica + +, 15–20, mean +17.7 in +80 Micronesian + +G. oceanica + +); and color pattern of bold pale-tan and dark-brown spots arrayed in bands across the dorsum (vs. dorsum uniform gray, brown, or with small scattered spots but not arrayed in bold bands in + +G. oceanica + +). These scalational differences are most clear in a bivariate plot of numbers of precloacal/femoral pores vs. numbers of +T +4 lamellae ( +Fig. 8 +). + + + +FIGURE 8. +Bivariate plot of numbers of precloacal/femoral pores vs. numbers of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe. Lamellae numbers for each specimen are averages of the numbers from each foot. Stars = + +Gehyra maculicincta + +, squares = + +G. louisiadensis + +, solid circles = Micronesian lineage of + +G. oceanica + +, open circles = Pacific lineage of + +G. oceanica + +. + + + + +Description of +holotype + +.—A mature male of medium size ( +SVL += +69.5 mm +) with a right-lateral incision behind the pectoral region; liver removed. Head relatively long (HL/ +SVL += 0.23) and wide ( +HW +/HL = 0.94), distinct from neck ( +Fig. 9A +). Loreal region slightly inflated; no distinct canthus rostralis. Top of snout and area behind nares shallowly concave. Snout tapered and rounded at tip, relatively short (SN/HL = 0.44), almost twice eye diameter (SN/ +EY += 1.9). Eye of modest size ( +EY +/HL = 0.23, +EY +/ +EN += 0.64); pupil vertical, constricted into four lobes; a few anterior supraciliaries slightly larger than adjacent granules, remainder subequal to adjacent granules. Ear opening of moderate size (Ear/HL = 0.075), vertically elliptical; distance between ear and eye almost half again as large as eye diameter ( +EE +/ +EY += 1.4). Rostral approximately half again as wide ( +2.9 mm +) as high ( +1.9 mm +); length +1.1 mm +; highest just medial to nares, lower medially, with medial suture on dorsal half. Supranasals separated by single large internasal along posterior rostral margin. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, two supranasals, and one internasal. External nares circular; each bordered by rostral, single supranasal, first supralabial, and three postnasals. Each supranasal bordered posteriorly by three small postsupranasals, all <<50% size of supranasal. Mental triangular, 2.0 mm wide, rear margin slightly scalloped. Mental bordered posteriorly by two elongate postmentals that are longer than mental ( +Fig. 9B +), these each bordered posteriorly by three round scales same size as those on chin. Postmentals bordered laterally by shorter squarish subinfralabials, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. First infralabial bordered below by postmental and barely touching (on left side) subinfralabial, second infralabial bordered by two subinfralabials, and third infralabials by three subinfralabials; subinfralabials behind this increasingly smaller, becoming granular posteriorly. Supralabials to mid-orbital position eight on each side; four tiny supralabials posterior to this; angle of jaw bordered with granular scales. Infralabials ten on each side. + + + +FIGURE 9. +Details of holotype of + +Gehyra maculicincta +, UMMZ + +244055. (A) head, (B) chin, (C) right foot, and (D) precloacal/ femoral pore series. Scale bars = 5 mm. + + + +Body of fairly robust habitus (TrL/ +SVL += 0.46), slightly depressed. Dorsal scales on head, body, limbs, and throat small juxtaposed granules, slightly smaller on neck, head, and limbs, largest on sides and dorsum; tubercles absent. Ventral scales larger, flat, smooth, subimbricate, larger midventrally, gradually decreasing in size laterally to become granular. Skin folds absent on body and limbs. + + +Enlarged precloacal/femoral scales in single series of 44 scales, containing 37 pores extending in a curved chevron to center of each thigh ( +Fig. 9D +), pores larger medially; thigh scales anterior to this row flat, subimbricate, subequal in size to those immediately posterior to row; enlarged scales anterior to pore-bearing series extending laterally along entire length of pore series. Enlarged, imbricate scales form a pubic patch between precloacal series and vent, decreasing slightly in size posteriorly; seven scales in a row between apex of enlarged precloacal series and vent. Scales under arms flat, small, subimbricate; those under hindlimbs enlarged, flat, imbricate; scales on palms and soles granular to subimbricate. + + +Fore- and hindlimbs well-developed ( +FA +/ +SVL += 0.12, +CS +/ +SVL += 0.15). Digits well-developed, with broad pads on toes ( +T +4W/ +T +4L = 0.44), all but first fingers with well-developed recurved claws; clawed terminal phalanges on all digits except +T +1 laterally compressed, free above, arising from toe pad, inset from its margin, extending slightly beyond it; claw on +T +1 small, terminal, extending slightly beyond toe-pad margin. Subdigital lamellae narrow and smooth, all undivided, most forming a shallowly curved chevron medially ( +Fig. 9C +); lamellae extend for only half length of each toe ( +T +4lamellaeL/ +T +4L = 0.54). Lamellae of manus 8-10-11-11-11 on right, 8-9-11-11-10 on left; of pes 10-10-12-11-11 on right, 10-11-12-12-11 on left. Relative lengths of digits on manus and pes I <II <III ≈ +V +<IV. Webbing present between all digits, reduced on hands, most extensive between +T +3 and +T +4 ( +T +3 +T +4webL/ +T +4L = 0.21, +T +4 +T +5webL/ +T +4L = 0.13). + + +Original tail +4 mm +, regenerated tail +32 mm +, wide ( +TW +/ +SVL += 0.13) and flattened, no lateral serrations. Tail with small subimbricate scales dorsally; under tail with mix of midventral row of narrow, wide, flat, imbricate scales and smaller interspersed scales, the latter predominating posteriorly ( +Fig. 3D +); laterally scales much smaller, flat, subimbricate, decreasing in size laterally and dorsally. Cloacal sacs swollen, with single oblong external orifice situated near each lateral margin of vent; three slightly enlarged, blunt postcloacal spurs on each side of tailbase; midventral scales of sac flat, subimbricate, larger posteriorly, slightly larger than those ventrolaterally. + + +Color in preservative +: Dorsal ground color on body, head, and limbs medium brown, with numerous pale-brown spots of varying sizes and with extensive dark-brown marbling. Top of head similar; dark-brown preocular stripe, bordered above by dirty-white preocular stripe, bordered above by dark brown. Supralabials spotted with pale tan and dark brown. Regenerated tail medium gray brown with scattered dark-brown granules and no pale-brown spots, contrasting with pattern on trunk. Venter white with pale-brown dusting on throat and palmar and plantar surfaces; lamellae gray brown. Iris pale bronze with red-brown veins and dots, densest near pupil. + + +Measurements (in mm) +.— +SVL += 69.5, TrL = 32.0, FA = 8.5, +CS += 10.1, HL = 16.1, HW = 15.2, HH = 8.3, Ear = 1.2, EE = 5.3, EY = 3.7, SN = 7.1, EN = 5.8, IN = 2.6, +T +4L = 6.1, +T +4W = 2.7, +T +4lamellaeL = 3.3, +T +3 +T +4webL = 1.3, +T +4 +T +5webL = 0.8, mass in life = +7.25 g +. + + +Variation +.—The sexes are the same size, and little mensural variation is evident in the sample ( +Table 3 +), with variation in toe width and webbing being most significant. Meristic variation is nominal. Though digital lamellae are complete, the subterminal lamellae are sometimes deeply notched and may superficially appear to be divided, though the sides of each seem to be connected across their proximal edge. This state is clearest in two of the specimens ( +UMMZ +245460–61) from Opea Island but does not appear in specimens from Normanby Island. + + +Subcaudal shape varies depending on whether the tail is original or regenerated. The tail of the +holotype +is regenerated and contains many wide and thin subcaudals ( +Fig. 3D +), as does that of UMMZ 245462; however, the only +paratype +with an original tail (BPBM 19771) clearly has small, subequal subcaudals ( +Fig. 3C +) that are like those seen in + +G. oceanica + +and in contrast to the giant species described above. The regenerated tails of the +holotype +and +two paratypes +(UMMZ 245458, 245462) are also much wider than the original tail of BPBM 19771; both observations suggest the possibility of a different growth pattern in the morphology of regenerated tails in this species. + + +In BPBM 19771, the dorsal color pattern on the tail is similar to the dorsal trunk, being medium-brown with small dark-brown flecks, the ventral color is white with small dark-brown flecks. UMMZ 244057 is similar in color pattern to the +holotype +but with less dark-brown marbling, and UMMZ 244056 and 245059–60 have even less contrast in dorsal pattern elements. BPBM 19771 has more of a reddish cast than do the +other specimens +and the darker elements dorsally more concentrated in narrow bands and with scattered dark-brown granules. All +eight paratypes +have more brown dusting on the belly and under the legs. + + + +TABLE 3. +Mensural and meristic data for the type series of + +Gehyra maculicincta + +. Bilateral scale counts are right/left. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Specimen +BPBM 19771 +paratype + +UMMZ 244055 +holotype + +UMMZ 244056 +paratype + +UMMZ 244057 +paratype +
LocalityNormanby Is.Normanby Is.Normanby Is.Normanby Is.
Seximm. FMFF
SV46.569.564.059.5
HL11.416.114.713.6
T4L4.56.16.05.6
TrunkL/SV0.460.460.460.43
CrusL/SV0.130.150.130.14
TailL/SV0.830.52
TailW/SV0.110.13
HL/SV0.250.230.230.23
HW/SV0.220.220.210.21
ForearmL/SV0.130.120.120.12
HW/HL0.900.940.900.91
EN/HL0.350.360.390.38
EarL/HL0.110.070.110.09
SN/HL0.440.440.480.49
EY/HL0.260.230.270.25
T4L/SV0.0970.0880.0940.094
T4W/T4L0.380.440.400.41
T4 scansor L/T4L0.560.540.580.52
T3–T4 web L/T4L0.130.210.170.23
T4–T5 web L/T4L0.040.130.120.13
#T4 scansors12/1311/1211/1112/12
#T1 scansors10/810/1010/118/10
SL to mid-eye9/88/88/99/9
infralabials10/1110/1010/1010/11
#enl. precloacal/femoral scales334438
#enl. precloacal/femoral poresNA37NANA
# internasals2121
# postnasals3333
# scales behind postmentals5546
+ + + +TABLE 3 +(Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Specimen +UMMZ 244058 +paratype + +UMMZ 244059 +paratype + +UMMZ 244060 +paratype + +UMMZ 244061 +paratype + +UMMZ 244062 +paratype +
LocalitySuauOpea Is.Opea Is.Opea Is.Opea Is.
SexFimm. MFMM
SV69.053.561.060.058.0
HL15.813.014.314.413.5
T4L6.14.85.45.75.3
TrunkL/SV0.460.450.450.430.48
CrusL/SV0.130.140.130.140.14
TailL/SV
TailW/SV0.110.09
HL/SV0.230.240.230.240.23
HW/SV0.180.210.210.210.21
ForearmL/SV0.110.120.110.120.12
HW/HL0.800.850.890.880.90
EN/HL0.390.380.370.390.39
EarL/HL0.0950.0850.0910.1040.096
SN/HL0.480.480.480.470.50
EY/HL0.250.240.240.240.27
T4L/SV0.0880.0900.0890.0950.091
T4W/T4L0.430.460.460.400.45
T4 scansor L/T4L0.570.600.630.630.64
T3–T4 web L/T4L0.300.250.280.230.25
T4–T5 web L/T4L0.100.190.150.160.09
#T4 scansors13/1313/1313/1313/1313/13
#T1 scansors10/1110/1011/1010/109/9
SL to mid-eye9/99/109/910/88/9
infralabials10/1011/1111/1010/910/10
#enl. precloacal/femoral scales2032353045
#enl. precloacal/femoral poresNANANA43*45
# internasals21121
# postnasals33333
# scales behind postmentals652†53
+ + + +* Row incomplete on right side, count doubled from 21 on left side. +† +Right postmental not in contact with postmentals. + + + +Color in life +.—Field notes for the +holotype +read “Dorsum brown with pale tan, black-margined ocelli. Venter lemon yellow. Iris pale tan. Pale-tan spots on head. Margins of ocelli unevenly black.” UMMZ 244056–57 were also noted to have bands of yellow-tan spots margined in dark brown, yellowish brown ground color with some brown spots, and lemon-yellow venter. BPBM 19771 was noted to have a pale-yellow chin and throat and bright-orange subcaudal surface, and UMMZ 245458 had a lemon-yellow venter. The pale spots in UMMZ 244056 are clearly arrayed in bands across the body, as are many of the dark-brown markings ( +Fig. 4C +); iris color in this animal was pale bronze in life. + + +Etymology +.—The species name is a feminine compound adjective from the Latin +macula +, meaning “spot” and +cinctum +, meaning “belt”, meaning “banded with spots”. + + +Range +.—Known from Normanby Island and from the Suau area of southernmost mainland New +Guinea +, from roughly sea level to +100 m +a.s.l. ( +Fig. 5 +). + + +Ecology +.—All animals on Normanby Island came from the area surrounding a dispersed village with low human density; habitat here is a mix of advanced secondary forest and open clearings around the houses. The Suau animal came from primary rainforest; those from Opea Island were from undisturbed coastal forest. + + +Remarks +.—The bold color pattern seen in life ( +Fig. 3C +) fades significantly in preservative, but the pale spots remain evident although the dark-brown interstices can become significantly more clouded. + + + +One specimen +from +Guleguleu +, +Normanby Island +, +9.99° S +, +151.29° E +( +AMS 129847 +) likely belongs to this species because of its presence on +Normanby Island +and its previous assignment to + +G. oceanica +( + +Sistrom +et al. +2009 + +) + +. I have not seen this specimen to confirm this, but I map its locality on +eastern Normanby Island +( +Fig. 5 +) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC5A8015FF30FC4D33C4708F.xml b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC5A8015FF30FC4D33C4708F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..056d3183a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AB/04/FF/AB04FF3FAC5A8015FF30FC4D33C4708F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ + + + +New species of Gehyra (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea + + + +Author + +Kraus, Fred + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +240 +271 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 + +journal article +303890 +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.8 +091d657e-3ed0-46b9-b76b-c9aa585aeb08 +1175-5326 +13848824 +88AC6441-16E7-4A2A-96FB-16B871FA94F0 + + + + + + +Key to Melanesian + +Gehyra + +with entire lamellae + + + + + + +1a) Webbing between +T +3 and +T +4 absent or basal only.................................................... + +G. +cf. +dubia + + + +b) Webbing between +T +3 and +T +4 extensive, 20% or more......................................................... 2 + +2a) Subcaudals small and subequal, not arrayed in median row.................................................... 3 +b) Subcaudals enlarged in median row....................................................................... 5 + +3a) Original tail flattened; prominent lateral, antecubital, and popliteal skin folds; +SVL +> +130 mm +.............. + +G. marginata + + + +b) Original tail rounded; no skin folds on body or limbs; +SVL +< +105 mm +............................................ 4 + + +4a) Size small ( +SVL +up to +70 mm +); 11–13 +T +4 lamellae; dorsal pattern of rows of alternating dark and white spots ( +Fig. 4C +)............................................................................................ + +G. maculicincta + +a + + +b) Size larger ( +SVL +up to +102 mm +); 13–20 +T +4 lamellae; dorsum uniform gray or brown or, if patterned, markings not arrayed in regular bands ( +Fig. 4E +)........................................................................ + +G. oceanica + + + +5a) Original tail flattened, with prominent lateral serrations; subapical +T +4 lamellae deeply notched; adult +SVL +< +100 mm +.............................................................................................. + +G. serraticauda + + + +b) Original tail rounded, without lateral serrations; subapical +T +4 lamellae shallowly notched; adult +SVL +> +100 mm +.......... 6 + +6a) Antecubital skin fold absent............................................................................. 7 +b) Antecubital skin fold prominent.......................................................................... 8 + +7a) Popliteal skin fold absent; postmentals elongate; 11–15 +T +4 lamellae; adult +SVL +< +85 mm +; dorsal pattern unicolor or boldly spotted ( +Fig. 4D +).......................................................................... + +G. louisiadensis + +b + + +b) Popliteal skin fold present; postmentals short; 15–23 +T +4 lamellae; adult +SVL +> +100 mm +; dorsal pattern lichenose ( +Fig. 4F +)..................................................................................... + +G. membranacruralis + +c + +8a) Skin fold on trunk weak, indistinct........................................................................ 9 +b) Skin fold on trunk prominent........................................................................... 10 + +9a) Postmentals short; orange eye ring present.......................................................... + +G. rohan + +d + + +b) Postmentals very elongate; orange eye ring absent.............................................. + +G. georgpotthasti + +e + + +10a) 58–90 precloacal/femoral pores; 23–34 +T +4 lamellae.................................................... + +G. vorax + +f + + +b) 43–47 precloacal/femoral pores; 16–22 +T +4 lamellae......................................................... 11 + + +11a) All postsupranasals small, << 50% size of supranasal; typically 4 postnasals; dorsal color brown ( +Fig. 4B +).... + +G. aquilonia + +g + + +b) One postsupranasal>50% size of supranasal; 3 postnasals; dorsal color pale yellow gray ( +Fig. 4A +)......... + +G. chrysopeleia + +h + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E2/0B/35/E20B35497424322FFF28FEFCE088F859.xml b/data/E2/0B/35/E20B35497424322FFF28FEFCE088F859.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d694a9faf42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E2/0B/35/E20B35497424322FFF28FEFCE088F859.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1078 @@ + + + +Two new cave-dwelling species of Bent-toed Geckos from Saraburi and Loei provinces, Thailand (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) + + + +Author + +Sumontha, Montri +0000-0003-4829-7731 +montri.sumontha@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Panitvong, Nonn +0000-0002-3979-0762 +npanitvong@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Kunya, Kirati +Nakhonratchasima Zoo, 111 M. 1, Ratchasima-Pak Tongchai Rd., Chaimongkol, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. + + + +Author + +Donbundit, Nattasuda +Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. + + + +Author + +Suthanthangjai, Winai +0009-0000-6617-5557 +iansuthan@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Suthanthangjai, Maneerat +0009-0000-6617-5557 +iansuthan@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Phanamphon, Eakarit +0009-0003-9334-0704 + + + +Author + +Pauwels, Olivier S. G. +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. & Corresponding author + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +272 +294 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.9 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.9 +1175-5326 +13848855 +485907D7-0C23-4A44-8B77-FFE223E36408 + + + + + + + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figures 1–4 +) + + + +Holotype +. +CUMZ-R-2600 +(field no. +MS 761 +), adult female caught on + + +27 November +2003 + + +in a cave on +Khao Nam Phu +( +14°34’33.2”N +, +101°08’42.6”E +), a limestone hill in the village of +Thap Kwang +, +Kaeng Khoi District +, +Saraburi Province +, central +Thailand +, by +Eakarit Phanamphon +and Montri Sumontha. + + + + +Paratypes +(2). +CUMZ-R-2601 +(field no. +MS 762 +), adult female, and + + +CUMZ-R-2602 +(field no. +MS 763 +), adult male; same locality, date and collectors as +holotype + +. + + +Diagnosis. + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +can be distinguished from all other congeneric species by the combination of its maximal known SVL of +87.3 mm +, 21–23 interorbital scales, 31–41 interciliary scales, 11 or 12 supralabials, 9–11 infralabials, 31 or 32 paravertebral tubercles of which 23 or 24 between limb insertions, 16–18 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody, 46 ventral scale rows at midbody, poorly defined, non-denticulate ventrolateral folds, no enlarged femoral scales, six precloacal pores (three pores on each side separated by two smaller, poreless scales) in the male, six or seven pits (three or four on each side separated by two or three pitless scales) in females, no precloacal groove or depression, two postcloacal spurs on each side of the base of the tail in males and females, no interdigital webbing, 16–19 total subdigital lamellae on 4th toe, a row of widened median subcaudal plates, a banded dorsal pattern including an uninterrupted nuchal collar and three dark brown bands on dorsum, ten or 11 dark brown bands on original tail, and a golden iris. + + +Description of the +holotype +. Adult female ( +Figures 1–3 +). SVL +85.2 mm +. TailL +91.6 mm +, tail original and complete. Head relatively long (HeadL/SVL ratio 0.31), relatively wide (HeadW/HeadL ratio 0.59), not markedly depressed (HeadD/HeadL ratio 0.38), distinct from slender neck. Loreal region inflated, canthus rostralis not prominent. Snout relatively elongate (SnOrb/HeadL ratio 0.37), rounded, longer than orbit diameter (OrbD/SnOrb ratio 0.80); scales on snout small, rounded to oval, granular, mostly homogeneous, larger than those on crown, interorbital and occipital regions. Eye relatively large (OrbD/HeadL 0.30); pupil vertical with crenelated margins; supraciliaries short, bearing small conical spines. Ear opening vertically elliptical, relatively small (EarL/HeadL 0.05); orbit to ear distance smaller than orbit diameter (OrbEar/OrbD 0.85). Rostral much wider ( +3.8 mm +) than deep (2.0 mm), rostral crease about half of rostral height. Two enlarged supranasals separated from one another by two small superposed scales. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, nostrils, supranasals and internasal. Nostrils oval, more or less laterally directed, each surrounded by supranasal, rostral, first supralabial and three postnasals. Three or four rows of small scales separate orbit from supralabials. Mental triangular, wider ( +3.2 mm +) than deep ( +2.7 mm +). A single pair of greatly enlarged postmentals in broad contact behind mental, each bordered anteromedially by mental, anterolaterally by first infralabial, posterolaterally by an enlarged lateral chinshield; both postmentals collectively bordered posteriorly by four gular scales. Supralabials to mid-orbital position 9/9, enlarged supralabials to angle of jaws 11/11. Infralabials 10/9. Interorbital scale rows across narrowest point of frontal bone 22. + + +Body slender, relatively short (AG/SVL 0.41; TrunkL +51.6 mm +) with poorly defined, non-denticulate ventrolateral folds. Dorsal scales relatively homogeneous, domed; dorsal tubercles five to six times size of adjacent dorsal scales, extending from nape onto tail, smaller tubercles on postocular region, crown, occiput and nape; most tubercles bearing a strong keel, less marked on lower flank tubercles; tubercles in 18 rows at midbody, separated from one another by two to four, but generally three, dorsal granules. Ten to 12 granular dorsal scales surround each tubercle. Ventral scales larger than dorsals, smooth, oval and subimbricate, largest on posterior abdomen and in precloacal region. Midbody scale rows across belly between ventrolateral folds 46. Gular region with homogeneous, smooth, juxtaposed granular scales. No precloacal groove or depression. No enlarged femoral scales; on each side three PrePi separated by two median, smaller, pitless scales. Postcloacal spurs each bearing two enlarged, conical scales. + +Scales on palm and sole smooth, rounded to oval or hexagonal, slightly domed. Scalation on dorsal surface of forelimbs without tubercles; surface of hind limbs similar to body dorsum with enlarged tubercles interspersed among smaller scales. Fore and hind limbs relatively long, slender (FaL/SVL 0.18, TibL/SVL 0.22). Digits long, slender, inflected at interphalangeal joints, all bearing robust, slightly recurved claws. Basal subdigital lamellae broad, oval to rectangular, without scansorial surfaces (4-5-6-6-6 left manus, 4-4-5-6-5 right pes); narrow lamellae distal to digital inflection and not including ventral claw sheath: 10-10-12-12-10 (left manus), 9-10-11-13-11 (right pes); no interdigital webbing. Relative lengths of digits: IV>III>V>II>I (manus), IV>V>III>II>I (pes). Tail original and complete, gently tapering to pointed tip, slightly longer than SVL (TailL/SVL ratio 1.08). A single median row of enlarged subcaudals. + +In life, dorsal ground color of head brown with dark brown symmetrical marks; ground color of dorsum and limbs light brown. A dark brown continuous nuchal loop, pursuing a dark brown preorbital stripe, connects orbits. Three dark brown bands on dorsum, longer than their light interspace, the anterior one beginning above the shoulder; the anterior and posterior borders of the collar and these brown bands black; numerous black marks on the light interspaces ( +Figure 1 +). Irregular thin, black bars on upper surface of limbs, hands and feet. Background color of anterior part of tail light brown as dorsum, turning to beige posteriorly, with ten dark rings, encircling the tail; irregular black marks on the light interspaces between the dark rings. Iris golden. Supralabials and infralabials white, barred with blackish brown. Throat, venter and undersides of fore- and hind limbs uniformly whitish. + + + +FIGURE 1. +Live adult female holotype of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +photographed +ex situ +. A. General dorsal view. B. Right profile. C. Frontal view of the head. Photos by M. Sumontha. + + + +Variation. Main morphometric and meristic characters of the type series are provided in +Table 1 +. Eleven or 12 granular dorsal scales surround each tubercle in the +paratypes +. The female +paratype +has a total of seven precloacal pits, four on the left side, three on the right side, separated by three pitless scales. The male +paratype +shows six precloacal pores, three on each side, separated by two smaller, poreless scales ( +Figure 4 +). The male +paratype +has a complete, original tail, as does the female +holotype +, and a TailL/SVL ratio of 1.24, proportionally higher than in the +holotype +, and 11 dark rings encircling the tail ( +Figure 2 +). + + + +FIGURE 2. +Preserved type series of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +From above: female holotype CUMZ-R-2600, female paratype CUMZ-R-2601 and male paratype CUMZ-R-2602. Photo. by M. Sumontha. + + + + +TABLE 1. +Meristic and morphometric (in mm) data for the type series of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +and + +C. wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +Paired meristic characters are given left/right; paired measurements are given for the right side. NA = not assessed / not available. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Species + +C. meesookae + + + +C. meesookae + + + +C. meesookae + + + +C. wiboonatthapoli + + + +C. wiboonatthapoli + +
SpecimenHolotype, CUMZ-R-2600 Paratype, CUMZ-R-2601 Paratype, CUMZ-R-2602 Holotype, CUMZ-R-2603 Paratype, CUMZ-R-2604
SexFemaleFemaleMaleMaleFemale
SVL85.287.369.588.791.6
AG34.937.429.937.237.0
TrunkL51.653.743.253.952.2
TailL91.6 (original)NA86.4 (original)107.5 (original)103.2 (original)
TailW8.08.38.67.69.4
HeadL26.426.619.827.428.1
HeadW15.716.512.918.518.7
HeadD9.910.28.210.812.5
RosW3.84.02.74.04.4
RosH2.02.01.72.82.9
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 1. +(Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Species + +C. meesookae + + + +C. meesookae + + + +C. meesookae + + + +C. wiboonatthapoli + + + +C. wiboonatthapoli + +
MenW3.23.73.03.14.0
MenL2.72.42.72.62.2
InterN2.62.82.13.52.8
SnOrb9.810.38.010.710.8
NosOrb7.28.15.87.98.2
OrbD7.88.26.78.38.9
InterOrb4.34.53.54.75.2
OrbEar6.66.85.77.98.6
EarL1.20.81.10.61.1
NeckW9.87.05.98.39.7
FaL15.015.713.016.617.2
TibL18.617.616.617.418.7
DigitL I-V5.0 – 5.6 – 6.7 – 7.4 – 6.64.4 – 5.6 – 7.3 – 8.1 – 6.95.0 – 6.3 – 7.2 – 7.8 – 6.9 4.9 – 6.6 – 8.4 – 8.0 – 7.15.1 – 6.6 – 8.1 – NA – 8.0
Relative DigitLIV> III> V> II> IIV> III> V> II> IIV> III> V> II> IIII> IV> V> II> INA
ToeL I-V5.1 – 7.5 – 7.9 – 8.7 – 8.24.6 – 6.8 – 7.0 – 8.6 – 7.95.3 – 7.4 – 8.7 – 8.9 – 8.5 5.2 – 7.6 – 8.5 – 9.9 – 9.75.6 – 7.4 – 8.7 – 8.9 – 8.3
Relative ToeLIV> V> III> II> IIV> V> III> II> IIV> III> V> II> IIV> V> III> II> IIV> V> III> II> I
SL11/1111/1211/NA9/109/9
SLMOrb9/98/98/NA8/88/8
IL10/99/1011/1110/910/10
InterCilS3139413838
InterOrbS2223212222
DigitLa I-V (left manus)(4+10) – (5+10) – (6+12) – (6+12) – (6+10)(4+9) – (5+9) – (5+11) – (7+11) – (4+10)(3+6) – (4+7) – (7+9) – (6+11) – (5+6)(4+6) – (5+10) – (5+11) – (6+10) – (5+10)(3+6) – (5+11) – (6+13) – (6+13) (6+7)
DigitLa I-V (right manus)(NA+NA) – (NA+NA) – (5+NA) – (6+8) – (6+9)(4+9) – (4+9) – (5+11) – (7+11) – (6+9)NA(4+6) – (5+10) – (5+11) – (5+9) – (4+10)(3+8) – (4+8) – (4+11) – (5+9) – (4+8)
ToeLa I-V (left pes)(4+9) – (4+11) – (5+11) – (5+11) – (6+10)(4+7) – (4+11) – (5+11) – (6+11) – (5+11)(5+9) – (5+10) – (6+12) – (5+12) – (5+13)(2+6) – (5+10) – (7+10) – (7+14) – (6+13)(3+8) – (6+11) – (3+10) – (8+11) – (6+11)
ToeLa I-V (right pes)(4+9) – (4+10) – (5+11) – (6+13) – (5+11)(5+9) – (5+9) – (5+10) – (5+11) – (4+10)(3+7) – (4+6) – (4+6) – (5+12) – (5+13)(3+6) – (5+10) – (6+10) – (6+14) – (6+14)(2+8) – (5+12) – (8+11) – (7+10) – (8+12)
DTR1816182424
PV3231323129
PV’2423242220
VentR4646463032
PreFemEnScno enlarged femoralsno enlarged femoralsno enlarged femorals19 + 19NA
PreFemPo/Pi3 Pi + 3 Pi (diastema 2 scales)4 Pi + 3 Pi (diastema 3 scales)3 Po + 3 Po (diastema 2 scales)2 Po + 2 Po (diastema 2 scales)NA
Postcloacal spurs2/22/22/23/3NA
Widened subcaudal rowYesYesYesNoNo
+ + +Distribution and natural history. All individuals we observed, including the +types +, were found within Khao Nam Phu Cave or just outside its entrance. + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +is a trogloxene species ( +sensu +Jantarit & Ellis 2023 +) with a karst ecotype ( +sensu + +Grismer +et al +. 2020 + +a-b, 2021c). It is so far known only from its type-locality ( +Figures 5 +and +6 +). Within the cave, we observed it in syntopy with the geckos + +Gehyra +cf. +fehlmanni +(Taylor) + +and + +Gekko siamensis +Grossmann & Ulber. Just + +outside the entrance of the cave, it was found with the geckos + +Dixonius melanostictus +(Taylor) + +, + +Hemidactylus frenatus +Duméril & Bibron + +and + +H. platyurus +(Schneider) + +. + + + +FIGURE 3. +Cloacal area of the preserved holotype (A) and the preserved female paratype (B) of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +Photos by M. Sumontha. + + + +Etymology.The specific epithet honors our friend,the Thai biologist Worawitoo Meesook, lecturer at Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, for her contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of the +Kingdom of Thailand +. We suggest the following common names: ตุ๊กกายถ้ำเขาน้ำพ ( +Took-kai-tham-KhaoNamPhu +; Thai); Khao Nam Phu Bent-toed +Gecko (English) +, and +Cyrtodactyle de Khao Nam Phu +(French). + + + +FIGURE 4. +Cloacal area of the preserved male paratype of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +The six red arrows indicate the precloacal pores. Photos by M. Sumontha. + + + +Comparison to other species. +The lack of enlarged femoral scales distinguishes + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +from + +C. amphipetraeus +Chomdej, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Pradit, Nazarov, Grismer & Poyarkov + +(which shows four to seven dark dorsal bands whose length is subequal to the length of the light interspaces), + +C. angularis +(Smith) + +(three blotches or three pairs of blotches, their length subequal to that of the interspaces; see +Figure 13 +), + +C. auribalteatus +Sumontha, Panitvong & Deein + +(three regular dorsal bands of subequal length with nearstraight transversal borders between limb insertions), + +C. cardamomensis +Murdoch, Grismer, Wood, Neang, Poyarkov, Ngo, Nazarov, Aowphol, Pauwels, Nguyen & Grismer + +(three or four regular dark bands between limb insertions, whose length is subequal to that of the light interspaces), + +C. chanhomeae +Bauer, Sumontha & Pauwels + +(three regular dorsal bands between limb insertions, anterior border of nuchal collar curved, not straight), + +C. denticulatus +Chomdej, Suwannapoom, Pradit, Phupanbai & Grismer + +(four irregular dark bands between limb insertions, short nuchal collar), + +C. fluvicavus +Grismer, Aowphol, Yodthong, Ampai, Termprayoon, Aksornneam & Rujirawan + +(very irregular, poorly contrasted, dorsal bands, short nuchal collar), + +C. interdigitalis +Ulber + +(three dark dorsal bands between limb insertions, shorter than light interspaces, short nuchal collar), + +C. intermedius +Smith + +(four regular dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. kulenensis +Grismer, Geissler, Neang, Hartmann, Wagner & Poyarkov + +(two or three dark bands between limb insertions, whose length is subequal to that of the light interspaces), + +C. kunyai +Pauwels, Sumontha, Keeratikiat & Phanamphon + +(nuchal collar short and interrupted), + +C. lenya +Mulcahy, Thura & Zug + +(four regular dark bands on dorsum with straight transversal borders), + +C. monilatus +Yodthong, Rujirawan, Stuart, Grismer, Aksornneam, Termprayoon, Ampai & Aowphol + +(dorsal pattern made of numerous roundish blotches), + +C. muangfuangensis +Sitthivong, Luu, Ha, Nguyen, Le & Ziegler + +(four bands between limb insertions), + +C. ngati +Le, Sitthivong, Tran, Grismer, Nguyen, Le, Ziegler & Luu + +(five dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. oldhami +(Theobald) + +(pattern made of four longitudinal series of white spots), + +C. papilionoides +Ulber & Grossmann + +(nuchal collar interrupted or at least near-interrupted; see +Figure 14 +), + +C. phetchaburiensis +Pauwels, Sumontha & Bauer + +(dorsal pattern made of stripes and blotches), + +C. rivularis +Grismer, Aowphol, Yodthong, Ampai, Termprayoon, Aksornneam & Rujirawan + +(irregular, poorly contrasted, dorsal bands, short nuchal collar), + +C. rukhadeva +Grismer, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Nazarov, Yushchenko, Naiduangchan, Le, Luu & Poyarkov + +(three or four dark bands on dorsum, shorter than the lighter interspaces), + +C. saiyok +Panitvong, Sumontha, Tunprasert & Pauwels + +(three to five irregular, thin dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. samroiyot +Pauwels & Sumontha + +(light dorsal interspaces nearly immaculate, short nuchal collar), + +C. thongphaphumensis +Grismer, Rujirawan, Chomdej, Suwannapoom, Yodthong, Aksornneam & Aowphol + +(irregular, poorly contrasted, dorsal bands, short nuchal collar), + +C. thylacodactylus +Murdoch, Grismer, Wood, Neang, Poyarkov, Ngo, Nazarov, Aowphol, Pauwels, Nguyen & Grismer + +(three or four regular dark bands whose length is subequal to that of the lighter interspaces; posterior border of nuchal loop rounded), + +C. tigroides +Bauer, Sumontha & Pauwels + +(regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders), and + +C. uthaiensis +Grismer, Aowphol, Yodthong, Ampai, Termprayoon, Aksornneam & Rujirawan + +(five dark bands between limb insertions). + + + +FIGURE 5. +Map showing the position of the type localities of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +and + +C. wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +Map by W. Sodob. + + + + +FIGURE 6. +View of Khao Nam Phu, the limestone hill housing the type locality of + +Cyrtodactylus meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +Photo. by N. Panitvong. + + + +Its six PrePo in a discontinuous series and its lack of FemPo in males separate it from + +C. amphipetraeus + +(seven to nine PrePo and 10–12 FemPo in males), + +C. auribalteatus + +(six PrePo and eight to ten FemPo in males), + +C. cardamomensis + +(nine or ten PrePo in a continuous series in males), + +C. chanhomeae + +(32–34 FemPrePo in males), + +C. denticulatus + +(13 PrePo and 20 FemPo in males), + +C. fluvicavus + +(14 or 15 PrePo and 8–11 FemPo in males), + +C. interdigitalis + +(14 PrePo and 17 FemPo in males), + +C. intermedius + +(eight to ten PrePo in males), + +C. jarujini +Ulber + +(52–54 FemPrePo in males; dorsal pattern made of numerous irregular blotches), + +C. kulenensis + +(nine or ten PrePo), + +C. kunyai + +(3 PrePo and 10–12 FemPo in males), + +C. lenya + +(no pores in males), + +C. monilatus + +(no pores in males), + +C. muangfuangensis + +(six PrePo and 15 FemPo in males), + +C. ngati + +(13 PrePo and 14 FemPo in males), + +C. papilionoides + +(four to six PrePo in a continuous series), + +C. phetchaburiensis + +(five PrePo in a continuous series), + +C. rukhadeva + +(17 PrePo and 20 FemPo in males), + +C. saiyok + +(five PrePo in males), + +C. samroiyot + +(seven PrePo in a continuous series), + +C. sumonthai +Bauer, Pauwels & Chanhome + +(two PrePo in males, short nuchal collar), + +C. thongphaphumensis + +(15 PrePo and 12–16 FemPo in males), + +C. thylacodactylus + +(seven to nine PrePo in a continuous row), + +C. tigroides + +(eight or nine PrePo and 10–14 FemPo in males) and + +C. uthaiensis + +(14 PrePo and 12 FemPo in males). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E2/0B/35/E20B3549742C3229FF28FF05E60DFE36.xml b/data/E2/0B/35/E20B3549742C3229FF28FF05E60DFE36.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..473de624b14 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E2/0B/35/E20B3549742C3229FF28FF05E60DFE36.xml @@ -0,0 +1,979 @@ + + + +Two new cave-dwelling species of Bent-toed Geckos from Saraburi and Loei provinces, Thailand (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) + + + +Author + +Sumontha, Montri +0000-0003-4829-7731 +montri.sumontha@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Panitvong, Nonn +0000-0002-3979-0762 +npanitvong@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Kunya, Kirati +Nakhonratchasima Zoo, 111 M. 1, Ratchasima-Pak Tongchai Rd., Chaimongkol, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. + + + +Author + +Donbundit, Nattasuda +Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. + + + +Author + +Suthanthangjai, Winai +0009-0000-6617-5557 +iansuthan@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Suthanthangjai, Maneerat +0009-0000-6617-5557 +iansuthan@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Phanamphon, Eakarit +0009-0003-9334-0704 + + + +Author + +Pauwels, Olivier S. G. +Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B- 1000 Brussels, Belgium. & Corresponding author + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +5512 + + +2 + + +272 +294 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.9 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.2.9 +1175-5326 +13848855 +485907D7-0C23-4A44-8B77-FFE223E36408 + + + + + + + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figures 7–10 +) + + + + + + +Cyrtodactylus papilionoides + +–– + +Ellis & Pauwels 2012: 20 + +[ +partim +] + + + + +Cyrtodactylus papilionoides + +––Chan-ard +et al +. 2015: 54 [ +partim +] + + + + + +Cyrtodactylus papilionoides + +–– + +Cota +et al +. 2018 + +[ +partim +] + + + + + + +Cyrtodactylus papilionoides + +–– + +Jantarit & Ellis 2023: 174 + + + + + + + +Holotype +. +CUMZ-R-2603 +(field no. +MS 741 +), adult male caught on + +11 July 2014 + +at the entrance of a cave on Phu Pha Sana ( +17°10’33.8”N +, +101°57’52.5”E +), a limestone hill in +Erawan District +, +Loei Province +, northeastern +Thailand +, by +K. Kunya +and +M. Sumontha. + + + + +Paratype +(1). +CUMZ-R-2604 +(field no. +MS 743 +) + +, + +adult female; same locality and collectors as +holotype + +. + + +Diagnosis. + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +can be distinguished from all other congeneric species by the combination of its maximal known SVL of +91.6 mm +, 22 interorbital scales, 38 interciliary scales, 9 or 10 supralabials, 9 or 10 infralabials, 29–31 paravertebral tubercles of which 20–22 between limb insertions, 24 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody, 30–32 ventral scale rows at midbody, poorly defined, non-denticulate ventrolateral folds, a series of 19 enlarged femoroprecloacal scales including 2 pores on the proximalmost scales on each side separated by two small medial scales in male, no precloacal groove or depression, three postcloacal spurs on each side of the base of the tail in male, no interdigital webbing, 17–21 total subdigital lamellae on 4th toe, no enlarged median row of subcaudal plates, a dorsal pattern including an uninterrupted blackish brown nuchal collar and three blackish brown butterfly-shaped blotches on dorsum, 11 blackish brown rings on original tail, and a greysih golden iris. + + +Description of the +holotype +. Adult male ( +Figures 7 +and +8 +). SVL +88.7 mm +. TailL +107.5 mm +, tail original and complete. Head relatively long (HeadL/SVL ratio 0.31), wide (HeadW/HeadL ratio 0.68), not markedly depressed (HeadD/HeadL ratio 0.39), distinct from slender neck. Loreal region inflated, canthus rostralis not prominent. Snout elongate (SnOrb/HeadL ratio 0.39), rounded, longer than orbit diameter (OrbD/SnOrb ratio 0.78); scales on snout small, rounded to oval, granular, mostly homogeneous, larger than those on crown, interorbital and occipital regions. Eye relatively large (OrbD/HeadL 0.30); pupil vertical with crenelated margins; supraciliaries short, anterior ones bearing small conical spines. Ear opening vertically elliptical, small (EarL/HeadL 0.02); orbit to ear distance subequal to orbit diameter (OrbEar/OrbD 0.95). Rostral wider (4.0 mm) than deep ( +2.8 mm +), rostral crease less than half of rostral height. Two enlarged supranasals separated from one another by a smaller scale. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, nostrils, supranasals and internasal. Nostrils oval, more or less laterally directed, each surrounded by supranasal, rostral, first supralabial and three postnasals. Three or four rows of small scales separate orbit from supralabials. Mental triangular, wider ( +3.1 mm +) than deep ( +2.6 mm +). A single pair of greatly enlarged postmentals in broad contact behind mental, each bordered anteromedially by mental, anterolaterally by first infralabial, posterolaterally by an enlarged lateral chinshield; both postmentals collectively bordered posteriorly by six gular scales. Supralabials to mid-orbital position 8/8, enlarged supralabials to angle of jaws 9/10. Infralabials 10/9. Interorbital scale rows across narrowest point of frontal bone 22. + + +Body slender, relatively short (AG/SVL0.42; TrunkL +53.9 mm +)with poorly defined, non-denticulate ventrolateral folds. Dorsal scales relatively homogeneous, domed; dorsal tubercles about five times size of adjacent dorsal scales, extending from nape onto tail, smaller tubercles on postocular region, crown, occiput and nape; most tubercles bearing a strong keel, less marked on lower flank tubercles; tubercles on posterior trunk and sacral region most prominent; tubercles in 24 rows at midbody, separated from one another by three or four dorsal granules. Nine to 11 granular dorsal scales surround each tubercle. Ventral scales larger than dorsals, smooth, oval and subimbricate, largest on posterior abdomen and in precloacal region. Midbody scale rows across belly between ventrolateral folds 30. Gular region with homogeneous, smooth, juxtaposed granular scales. No precloacal groove or depression. On each side a continuous series of 19 FemPreEnSc, the two proximalmost bearing each a pore; the two series separated by a diastema of two small poreless medial scales. Postcloacal spurs each bearing three enlarged, conical scales. + +Scales on palm and sole rounded to oval or hexagonal, domed. Scalation on dorsal surface of hind and forelimbs similar to body dorsum with enlarged tubercles interspersed among smaller scales. Fore and hind limbs long, slender (FaL/SVL 0.19, TibL/SVL 0.20). Digits long, slender, inflected at interphalangeal joints, all bearing robust, slightly recurved claws. Basal subdigital lamellae broad, oval to rectangular, without scansorial surfaces (4-5-5-5-4 right manus, 3-5-6-6-6 right pes); narrow lamellae distal to digital inflection and not including ventral claw sheath: 6-10- 11-9-10 (right manus), 6-10-10-14-14 (right pes); no interdigital webbing. Relative lengths of digits: III>IV>V>II>I (manus), IV>V>III>II>I (pes). Tail original and complete, gently tapering to pointed tip, distinctly longer than SVL (TailL/SVL ratio 1.21). No median row of enlarged subcaudals. + + +FIGURE 7. +Live male holotype of + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov +. + +in situ +at the type locality. A. General dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Right profile. Photos by M. Sumontha. + + + +In life, dorsal ground color of head dark brown; dorsum and dorsal surfaces of limbs light brown. Dark reticulations on head. A blackish brown continuous nuchal loop, pursuing a brown preorbital stripe, connects orbits and extends posteriorly to the level of the shoulders. Three blackish brown butterfly-shaped blotches on dorsum, distinctly longer than their light interspace, the anterior one beginning above the shoulder; numerous brown and blackish brown irregular marks on the light interspaces ( +Figures 7 +and +8 +). Irregular brown bars on upper surface of limbs, hands and feet. Background color of tail light brown as dorsum, becoming slightly lighter posteriorly, with 11 blackish brown rings, encircling the tail; irregular brown marks on the light interspaces between the dark rings. Iris greyish golden. Supralabials and infralabials white, barred with blackish brown. Throat and venter light grey; undersides of fore- and hind limbs dark grey. + + +Variation. Main morphometric and meristic characters of the +paratype +are provided in +Table 1 +. Eleven or 12 granular dorsal scales surround each tubercle in the +paratype +. The female +paratype +also has a complete, original tail, with a TailL/SVL ratio of 1.13, thus proportionally a bit shorter than in the male. An adult and a subadult from the type-locality ( +Figure 9 +), not collected, show a dorsal pattern identical to the one shown by the types. + + +Distribution and natural history. The +types +and several other individuals were all encountered near the entrance of the cave on Phu Pha Sana. Within the cave, + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +was found in syntopy with + +Cyrtodactylus +cf. +interdigitalis + +( +Figure 12 +; possibly + +C. ngati + +, which was confirmed from Phu Luang by + +Grismer +et al. +2022b + +), + +Gehyra +cf. +fehlmanni +(Taylor) + +and + +Gekko gecko +(Linnaeus) + +. Just outside the cave it was encountered in direct proximity to the squamates + +Calotes versicolor +(Daudin) + +( +Agamidae +), + +Dixonius +cf. +siamensis +(Boulenger) + +, + +Hemidactylus frenatus + +and + +H. platyurus + +( +Gekkonidae +), + +Lycodon capucinus +Boie + +and + +L. davisonii +(Blanford) + +( +Colubridae +), + +Rhabdophis siamensis +(Mell) + +( +Natricidae +), + +Trimeresurus macrops +Kramer + +( +Viperidae +) and the anurans + +Fejervarya limnocharis +(Gravenhorst) + +( +Ranidae +) and + +Polypedates megacephalus +Hallowell + +( +Rhacophoridae +). We also encountered + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +in Erawan Cave ( +17°20’52.8”N +, +102°01’05.9”E +, altitude about +445 m +above sea level; +Figure 10 +), on the border between Na Wang District in +Nong Bua Lamphu Province +and Erawan District of +Loei Province +, at about +20 km +N-NE of the type-locality. +Ellis & Pauwels (2012) +presented photographs of + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +(under the name + +C. papilionoides + +) taken +in situ +in Tham Yai Wat Pha Sawan ( +17°07’05.9”N +, +101°56’01.3”E +, altitude +420 m +above sea level), Ban Pha Sawan, Pha Khao District, +Loei Province +. This latter cave is located about seven km SW of the type-locality. + + + +FIGURE 8. +Preserved type series of + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +From above: adult male holotype CUMZ-R-2603 and adult female paratype CUMZ-R-2604. Photo. by M. Sumontha. + + + +Being found both inside and near limestone caves, + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +is a trogloxene species ( +sensu +Jantarit & Ellis 2023 +) with a karst ecotype ( +sensu + +Grismer +et al +. 2020 + +, 2021). + + +Etymology. The specific epithet honors the late Suthep Wiboonatthapol (1953–2023), former science teacher at Khamsaenwittayasan School in +Nong Bua Lamphu Province +. We suggest the following common names: ตุ๊กกายเอราวั ( +Took-kai Erawan +; Thai), Erawan Bent-toed +Gecko (English) +, and +Cyrtodactyle d’Erawan +(French). + + +Comparison to other species. +Its lack of widened subcaudal plates distinguishes + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +from + +C. amphipetraeus + +(which also shows, among others differences, four to seven dark bands on dorsum), + +C. auribalteatus + +(whose adults show regular round dark spots on the light interspaces on dorsum), + +C. bansocensis +Luu, Nguyen, Le, Bonkowski & Ziegler + +(regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders), + +C. calamei +Luu, Bonkowski, Nguyen, Le, Schneider, Ngo & Ziegler + +(four dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. chanhomeae + +(regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders), + +C. chauquangensis +Hoang, Orlov, Ananjeva, Johns, Hoang & Dau + +(discontinuous nuchal collar), + +C. darevskii +Nazarov, Poyarkov, Orlov, Nguyen, Milto, Martynov, Konstantinov & Chulisov + +(four or five thin dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. doisuthep +Kunya, Panmongkol, Pauwels, Sumontha, Meewasana, Bunkhwamdi & Dangsri + +(six or seven thin dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. dumnuii +Bauer, Kunya, Sumontha, Niyomwan, Pauwels, Chanhome & Kunya + +(four of five dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. hinnamnoensis +Luu, Bonkowski, Nguyen, Le, Schneider, Ngo & Ziegler + +(four to six dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. houaphanensis +Schneider, Luu, Sitthivong, Teynié, Le, Nguyen & Ziegler + +(five irregular dark bands between limb insertions, discontinuous nuchal collar), + +C. interdigitalis + +(short nuchal collar), + +C. intermedius + +(four regular dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. inthanon +Kunya,Sumontha,Panitvong,Dongkumfu, Sirisamphan & Pauwels + +(three to five bands between limb insertions), + +C. jaegeri +Luu, Calame, Bonkowski, Nguyen & Ziegler + +(or four regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders between limb insertions), + +C. jarujini + +(dorsal pattern made of numerous irregular blotches), + +C. khammouanensis +Nazarov, Poyarkov, Orlov, Nguyen, Milto, Martynov, Konstantinov & Chulisov + +(three or four regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders between limb insertions), + +C. khelangensis +Pauwels, Sumontha, Panitvong & Varaguttanonda + +(four dark bands between nuchal loop and hind limbs insertion), + +C. kunyai + +(four or five regular dark bands between nuchal collar and hind limbs insertion), + +C. lomyenensis +Ngo & Pauwels + +(three regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders between limb insertions), + +C. meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +(banded pattern), + +C. muangfuangensis + +(four dark bands between limb insertions); + +C. multiporus +Nazarov, Poyarkov, Orlov, Nguyen, Milto, Martynov, Konstantinov & Chulisov + +(dorsal pattern made of numerous blotches), + +C. pageli +Schneider, Nguyen, Schmitz, Kingsada, Auer & Ziegler + +(five dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. phukhaensis +Chomdej, Pradit, Pawangkhanant, Kuensaen, Phupanbai, Naiduangchan, Piboon, Nganvongpanit, Yuan, Zhang, Che, Sucharitakul & Suwannapoom + +(four to six dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. rufford +Luu, Calame, Nguyen, Le, Bonkowski & Ziegler + +(three or four regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders between limb insertions), + +C. saiyok + +(three to five irregular, thin dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. soudthichaki +Luu, Calame, Nguyen, Bonkowski & Ziegler + +(five dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. spelaeus +Nazarov, Poyarkov, Orlov, Nguyen, Milto, Martynov, Konstantinov & Chulisov + +(four or five pairs of dark blotches between limb insertions), + +C. teyniei +David, Nguyen, Schneider & Ziegler + +(dorsal pattern made of numerous irregular blotches), + +C. thathomensis +Nazarov, Pauwels, Konstantinov, Chulisov, Orlov & Poyarkov + +(four dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. tigroides + +(regular dorsal bands with straight transversal borders) and + +C. uthaiensis + +(regular banded pattern). + + +Its four PrePo in a discontinuous series and its lack of FemPo in males separate it from + +C. amphipetraeus + +(seven to nine PrePo and 10–12 FemPo in males), + +C. auribalteatus + +(six PrePo and eight to ten FemPo in males), + +C. bansocensis + +(34 FemPrePo in males), + +C. calamei + +(35–39 FemPrePo in males), + +C. chanhomeae + +(32–34 FemPrePo in males), + +C. chauquangensis + +(six or seven PrePo in males), + +C. darevskii + +(38–44 FemPrePo in males), + +C. denticulatus + +(13 PrePo and 20 FemPo in males), + +C. doisuthep + +(six or seven FemPi and six PrePo in males), + +C. dumnuii + +(five or six PrePo and 12 FemPo in males), + +C. hinnamnoensis + +(36–44 FemPrePo in males), + +C. houaphanensis + +(six PrePo in males), + +C. interdigitalis + +(14 PrePo and 17 FemPo in males), + +C. intermedius + +(eight to ten PrePo in males), + +C. inthanon + +(five PrePo and 8–12 FemPo in males), + +C. jaegeri + +(44 FemPrePo in males), + +C. jarujini + +(52–54 FemPrePo in males), + +C. khammouanensis + +(40–44 FemPrePo in males), + +C. khelangensis + +(two to six PrePo and six or seven FemPi or FemPo in males), + +C. kunyai + +(3 PrePo and 10–12 FemPo in males), + +C. lomyenensis + +(39–40 FemPrePo in males), + +C. meesookae + + +sp. nov. + +(6 PrePo in males, no enlarged femorals), + +C. monilatus + +(no pores in males; dorsal pattern made of numerous roundish blotches), + +C. muangfuangensis + +(six PrePo and 15 FemPo in males), + +C. multiporus + +(58–60 FemPrePo in males), + +C. ngati + +(13 PrePo and 14 FemPo in males; five dark bands between limb insertions), + +C. phukhaensis + +(seven PrePo and 10–12 FemPo in males), + +C. rufford + +(42 or 43 FemPrePo in males), + +C. saiyok + +(five PrePo in males), + +C. soudthichaki + +(29 FemPrePo in males), + +C. spelaeus + +(eight or nine PrePo in males), + +C. teyniei + +(14 PrePo in males), + +C. thathomensis + +(10 PrePo and 36–38 FemPo in males), + +C. thongphaphumensis + +(15 PrePo and 12–16 FemPo in males), + +C. tigroides + +(eight or nine PrePo and 10–14 FemPo in males), + +C. uthaiensis + +(14 PrePo and 12 FemPo in males) and + +C. wayakonei +Nguyen, Kingsada, Rösler, Auer & Ziegler + +(six to eight PrePo in both sexes). + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +is separated from + +C. vilaphongi +Schneider, Nguyen, Le, Nophaseud, Bonkowski & Ziegler + +, whose males are still unknown, by its blotched ( +versus +banded) pattern, its higher DTR (24 +versus +15 or 16) and its enlarged femorals ( +versus +not enlarged). + + +The only species within +400 km +radius which + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +resembles are + +C. angularis + +and + +C. papilionoides + +. It differs from the former by its first dorsal blotch beginning above the shoulder ( +versus +behind the shoulder), its blackish brown ( +versus +brown) dorsal blotches distinctly longer than the lighter interspaces ( +versus +smaller blotches whose length is subequal to the lighter interspaces), and its four ( +versus +five or six) PrePo. It is distinguished from + +C. papilionoides + +by its continuous ( +versus +interrupted or at least near-interrupted) nuchal collar, much higher DTR number (24 +versus +12–14) DTR, and four PrePo in a discontinuous series ( +versus +four to six in a continuous series). The differences in color and pattern appear clearly when comparing +Figures 7–10 +with photographs of + +C. angularis + +and + +C. papilionoides + +in +Ulber & Grossmann (1991) +and Chan-ard +et al +. (1999) and +Figures 13 +and +14 +. It should be noted that these two species were long confused because +Taylor (1963) +illustrated + +Cyrtodactylus angularis + +with a photograph showing two + +C. papilionoides + +(see +Ulber & Grossmann 1991 +). The +type +locality of + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +lies about +250 km +N-NE of those of + +C. angularis + +and + +C. papilionoides + +. While + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +is a cave and limestone dweller, + +C. papilionoides + +is a ground dweller, often found in plantations ( +Ulber & Grossmann 1991 +; Chan-ard +et al +. 1999). + + + +FIGURE 9. +Live adult (A; tail tip regenerated) and subadult (B; tail original and complete) individuals of + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +at the type-locality. Individuals not collected. Photos by M. Sumontha. + + + +Although the ground-dwelling + +Cyrtodactylus papilionoides + +was described from Pak Chong District in +Nakhon Ratchasima Province +, Chan-ard +et al +. (2015) mentioned that it only occurred in the more northern provinces of +Chaiyaphum +, +Loei +and +Phetchabun +, without any mention of +Nakhon Ratchasima Province +, and they described its habitat as limestone caves in dry evergreen forest. The type-locality of + +Cyrtodactylus wiboonatthapoli + + +sp. nov. + +in +Loei Province +is relatively close to the borders with +Chaiyaphum +and +Phetchabun +Provinces; it is hence possible that at least the +Loei +record is actually attributable to the new cave-dwelling species described here. The drawing that Chan-ard +et al. +(2015) provided however represents a typical + +Cyrtodactylus papilionoides + +and is probably based on a published photograph of this species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file