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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB110FFFD66FBFA041105FA6F" bold="true" box="[151,371,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="547">Bipalium kewense</emphasis>
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Before the above-mentioned record of autochthonous
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in
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only the occurrence of the allochthonous cosmopolitan land planarian species
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Bello
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., 1995
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). Unfortunately, the precise Sardinian sampling locality of this species is unknown.
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Subfamily
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The first record of an autochthonous land planarian from
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was reported by
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Stocchino
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from the karstic Su Guanu Cave in the northwestern part of the island. Specimens were found during three sampling campaigns in a hydropetric habitat, just after the wet season. Presence of terrestrial planarians in a cave habitat may be considered as accidental, probably being the result of passive dispersion occasioned by water flowing through the limestone cracks from surface ground layers to the interior of the cave. Survival of land planarians in this peculiar habitat is ensured, at least for some time, by presence in the cave of suitable preys such as oligochaetes, insect larvae and gastropods. On the basis of some diagnostic morphological characters specimens were assigned to the subfamily
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. However, absence of fully sexually developed individuals prevented a detailed assessment of their taxonomic status (
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Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB110FFFD64DAFB3B1291FB67" box="[694,743,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="547">et al</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466FBF994114CF9FA" ID-CoL="6DPJ8" authorityName="Pala, Casu &amp; Vacca" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,314,1545,1569]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hepta">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466FBF994114CF9FA" box="[151,314,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia hepta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a Sardinian endemic species restricted only to four hydrographic basins in the northwestern part of the island (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4672DF9B3127BF99D" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[321,525,1581,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref7821" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1981) Dugesia hepta, nuova specie di planaria di acqua dolce di Sardegna appartenente alla superspecie Dugesia gonocephala (Duges) (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 20, 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1981">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF467ECF9B011C1F99E" box="[384,439,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 1981
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46472F9B31350F99D" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Corso, G. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[542,806,1581,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="1947 - 1960" refId="ref8743" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Corso, G., Manconi, R., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (2005) Endemic freshwater planarians of Sardinia: Redescription of Dugesia hepta (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) with a comparison of the Mediterranean species of the genus. Journal of Natural History, 39, 1947 - 1960. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500060025" type="journal article" year="2005">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF464F7F9B012A4F99E" box="[667,722,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB119FFF4652FF9B313FCF99D" box="[835,906,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[517,1104,299,1415]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[414,1176,277,1422]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Dugesia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio d’Auteri reservoir, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Fiume Silis; 4, Rio Lu Bagnu; 5, Fiume Coghinas; 6, Fiume Liscia; 7, spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area; 8, springs and unnamed rivulets on the Molara Island Protected Area; 9, Rio Su Lernu; 10, Rio Cuga; 11, Rio de sa Pazzosa; 12, Rio Torre Argentina; 13, Fiume Temo; 14, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 15, Rio S’Abba Mala; 16, Rio Mannu di Scano di Montiferro; 17, Rio Santa Caterina; 18, Fiume Tirso; 19, Su Cantaru Spring, Rio di Siniscola basin; 20, Fiume Cedrino; 21, Rio Osalla; 22, Rio Mannu di Milis; 23, Rio di Monte Arci; 24, Fiume Flumendosa; 25, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 26, Fiume Quirra; 27, Rio Acqua ‘e sa Murta, S. Antioco Island; 28, Rio Triga, S. Antioco Island; 29, Rio ‘e sa Canna, S. Antioco Island; 30, Rio Flumentepido; 31, Rio Gutturu Mannu; 32, Rio Geremeas. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615651/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The species is characterized by a peculiar chromosome number (2n = 14; n = 7), from which derives its specific epithet, which is unique within the Palaearctic Region. This chromosomal pattern is known only for
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF4651AF9E81146F969" ID-CoL="37ZWC" authority="Kawakatsu, Oki, Tamura &amp; Sugino, 1976" authorityName="Kawakatsu, Oki, Tamura &amp; Sugino" authorityYear="1976" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ryukyuensis">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF4651AF9E81429F956" box="[886,1119,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia ryukyuensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4620AF9EB1146F969" author="Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Oki, I. &amp; Tamura, S. &amp; Sugino, H." pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="81 - 126" refId="ref6795" refString="Kawakatsu, M., Oki, I., Tamura, S. &amp; Sugino, H. (1976) Studies on the morphology, karyology and taxonomy of the Japanese freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica Ichikawa and Kawakatsu, with a description of a new subspecies, Dugesia japonica ryukyuensis subspec. nov. The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College, 14, 81 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00036363" type="journal article" year="1976">Kawakatsu, Oki, Tamura &amp; Sugino, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF46701F904120DF969" ID-CoL="37ZT6" authority="Ball, 1970" authorityName="Ball" authorityYear="1970" box="[365,635,1689,1714]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="batuensis">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46701F904118CF96A" box="[365,506,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. batuensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4646EF907120DF969" author="Ball, I. R." box="[514,635,1689,1714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="271 - 294" refId="ref5457" refString="Ball, I. R. (1970) Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria, Tricladida) from the oriental region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49, 271 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1970. tb 00742. x" type="journal article" year="1970">Ball, 1970</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, both from eastern Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF465F7F9071463F969" author="Ball, I. R." box="[923,1045,1689,1714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="271 - 294" refId="ref5457" refString="Ball, I. R. (1970) Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria, Tricladida) from the oriental region. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49, 271 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1970. tb 00742. x" type="journal article" year="1970">Ball, 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4624DF907155CF969" author="Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Oki, I. &amp; Tamura, S. &amp; Sugino, H." box="[1057,1322,1689,1714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="81 - 126" refId="ref6795" refString="Kawakatsu, M., Oki, I., Tamura, S. &amp; Sugino, H. (1976) Studies on the morphology, karyology and taxonomy of the Japanese freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica Ichikawa and Kawakatsu, with a description of a new subspecies, Dugesia japonica ryukyuensis subspec. nov. The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College, 14, 81 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00036363" type="journal article" year="1976">
Kawakatsu
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF462CAF90414AEF96A" box="[1190,1240,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 1976
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF46353F90410A3F90E" ID-CoL="6DPJ8" authorityName="Pala, Casu &amp; Vacca" authorityYear="1981" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hepta">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46353F90410A3F90E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia hepta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also morphologically well distinguishable because of a peculiar dorsal ejaculatory duct with a lateral opening and a ventro-lateral penial fold. Among
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF4648BF97C1332F922" box="[743,836,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia</emphasis>
species this dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct character is shared by only one other species viz.
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF46489F89814DDF8C5" ID-CoL="37ZWP" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2013" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2013" box="[741,1195,1797,1822]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="superioris">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46489F898130BF8C6" box="[741,893,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. superioris</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2013
</taxonomicName>
from Lake Ohrid in
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB119FFF466FBF8B71086F899" box="[151,240,1833,1858]" name="Albania" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Albania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4676FF8B7126FF899" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Deri, P. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[259,537,1833,1858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="25 - 43" refId="ref8512" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R., Deri, P. &amp; Manconi, R. (2013 b) Integrative taxonomy of a new species of planarian from the Lake Ohrid basin, including an analysis of biogeographical patterns in freshwater triclads from the Ohrid region (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). ZooKeys, 313, 25 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 313.5363" type="journal article" year="2013">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF467ECF8B411C0F89A" box="[384,438,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 2013b
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46445F8B41204F899" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Riutort, M. &amp; Sola, E. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[553,626,1834,1858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="727 - 756" refId="ref8895" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R., Riutort, M., Sola, E. &amp; Manconi, R. (2017 c) Freshwater planarian diversity (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) in Madagascar: new species, cryptic species, with a redefinition of character states. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 181, 727 - 756. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 017" type="journal article" year="2017">2017c</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF464E6F8B41347F89A" ID-CoL="6DPJ8" authorityName="Pala, Casu &amp; Vacca" authorityYear="1981" box="[650,817,1833,1857]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hepta">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF464E6F8B41347F89A" box="[650,817,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia hepta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations are exclusively sexual with a life cycle comparable to that of other European dugesiids, such as
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF46523F8D01412F8BD" ID-CoL="6DPJ6" authority="Lepori, 1948" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1948" box="[847,1124,1869,1894]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ilvana">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46523F8D013C8F8BE" box="[847,958,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. ilvana</emphasis>
Lepori, 1948
</taxonomicName>
from Elba Island and
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF463EDF8D011A2F851" ID-CoL="6DPJD" authority="(Duges, 1830)" baseAuthorityName="Duges" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gonocephala">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF463EDF8D0115EF852" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. gonocephala</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46755F8EC11BDF851" author="Duges, A." box="[313,459,1906,1930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="72 - 91" refId="ref6592" refString="Duges, A. (1830). Apercu de quelques observations nouvelles sur les Planaires et plusieurs genres voisins. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 21, 72 - 91." type="journal article" year="1830">Dugès, 1830</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Central Europe (cf. Stocchino &amp; Manconi, 2013). A recent origin of
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF46355F8EC15EAF852" ID-CoL="6DPJ8" authorityName="Pala, Casu &amp; Vacca" authorityYear="1981" box="[1337,1436,1905,1929]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hepta">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46355F8EC15EAF852" box="[1337,1436,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. hepta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466B9F8081123F876" ID-CoL="37ZT7" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2018" box="[213,341,1941,1965]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzii">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466B9F8081123F876" box="[213,341,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. benazzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was suggested by molecular analysis (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46562F808139CF875" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[782,1002,1941,1966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="835 - 845" refId="ref6951" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Sluys, R., Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2009) Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 835 - 845. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.04.022" type="journal article" year="2009">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF4650AF80813EEF876" box="[870,920,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). This hypothesis is also supported by the coexistence of the two species at many localities in all of the Sardinian hydrographic basins inhabited by
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF463EDF82410A3F82E" ID-CoL="6DPJ8" authorityName="Pala, Casu &amp; Vacca" authorityYear="1981" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hepta">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF463EDF82410A3F82E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. hepta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466FBFBA9129CFB89" ID-CoL="7H2X2" authority="Lepori, 1947" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1947" box="[151,746,1079,1106]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="etrusca" subSpecies="monoadenodactyla">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466FBFBA9129CFB89" bold="true" box="[151,746,1079,1106]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466FBFBA91233FB8A" bold="true" box="[151,581,1079,1105]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia etrusca monoadenodactyla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46420FBA6129CFB89" author="Lepori, N. G." box="[588,746,1080,1106]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="183 - 193" refId="ref7038" refString="Lepori, N. G. (1947) Descrizione di Dugesia etrusca monoadenodactyla nuova razza di planaria di acqua dolce. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 33, 183 - 193." type="journal article" year="1947">Lepori, 1947</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB119FFF466FBFBE11465FB60" blockId="1.[151,1436,1150,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466FBFBE11244FB4D" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1947" box="[151,562,1150,1174]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="etrusca" subSpecies="monoadenodactyla">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466FBFBE11244FB4D" box="[151,562,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia etrusca monoadenodactyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present with a few sexual populations on the Molara Islet (springs and unnamed rivulets) in the north-east of
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB119FFF46428FB3C12D7FB60" box="[580,673,1186,1211]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
within a Protected Area (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB119FFF465ADFB3C1474FB60" box="[961,1026,1186,1211]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[517,1104,299,1415]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[414,1176,277,1422]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Dugesia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio d’Auteri reservoir, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Fiume Silis; 4, Rio Lu Bagnu; 5, Fiume Coghinas; 6, Fiume Liscia; 7, spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area; 8, springs and unnamed rivulets on the Molara Island Protected Area; 9, Rio Su Lernu; 10, Rio Cuga; 11, Rio de sa Pazzosa; 12, Rio Torre Argentina; 13, Fiume Temo; 14, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 15, Rio S’Abba Mala; 16, Rio Mannu di Scano di Montiferro; 17, Rio Santa Caterina; 18, Fiume Tirso; 19, Su Cantaru Spring, Rio di Siniscola basin; 20, Fiume Cedrino; 21, Rio Osalla; 22, Rio Mannu di Milis; 23, Rio di Monte Arci; 24, Fiume Flumendosa; 25, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 26, Fiume Quirra; 27, Rio Acqua ‘e sa Murta, S. Antioco Island; 28, Rio Triga, S. Antioco Island; 29, Rio ‘e sa Canna, S. Antioco Island; 30, Rio Flumentepido; 31, Rio Gutturu Mannu; 32, Rio Geremeas. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615651/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="4C48521FB119FFF466ABFB581135FAB4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1150,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
Specimens were first considered by
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4640CFB58137BFB04" author="Benazzi, M." box="[608,781,1222,1247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="153 - 159" refId="ref5763" refString="Benazzi, M. (1969) Nuovi reperti planariologici in isole tirreniche. Archivio Botanico e Biogeografico Italiano, 45, 153 - 159." type="journal article" year="1969">Benazzi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
to belong to
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF465C8FB591455FB05" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2018" box="[932,1059,1222,1246]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzii">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF465C8FB591455FB05" box="[932,1059,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. benazzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a chromosome complement of 2n = 16; n = 8. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF467D7FB7412F8FAD8" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[443,654,1258,1283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="177 - 181" refId="ref7642" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1980 a) Rinvenimento di una planaria ascrivibile a Dugesia etrusca monoadenodactyla Lepori (Turbellaria, Tricladida) nell'isola di Molara (Sardegna). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 19, 177 - 181." type="journal article" year="1980">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46798FB751251FAD8" box="[500,551,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
. (1980a)
</bibRefCitation>
performed a morphological analysis and assigned the animals to
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF463EDFB7511A3FAFD" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF463EDFB7511A7FAFD" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1947" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="etrusca" subSpecies="monoadenodactyla">D. etrusca monoadenodactyla</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a species previously reported only from Tuscany, thus supporting the ancient connections between Sardinia and Tuscany through the Tuscany Archipelago and
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB119FFF4620AFAAC14CDFA90" box="[1126,1211,1330,1355]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Corsica</collectingCountry>
during Quaternary glacial periods.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

150
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<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466FBFEBC127EFEE7" ID-CoL="37ZT7" authority="Lepori, 1951" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,520,290,316]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466FBFEBC127EFEE7" bold="true" box="[151,520,290,316]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466FBFEBC1115FEE7" bold="true" box="[151,355,290,316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia benazzii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46706FEBC127EFEE7" author="Lepori, N. G." box="[362,520,290,316]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="28 - 47" refId="ref7174" refString="Lepori, N. G. (1951) Sulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di Sardegna e Corsica gia ascritta a Dugesia gonocephala (Duges). Atti Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, 58, 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1951">Lepori, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB119FFF466FBFEF913A7FE13" blockId="1.[151,1436,359,997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
The new species
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF46730FEF711AAFE5B" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2018" box="[348,476,360,384]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzii">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46730FEF711AAFE5B" box="[348,476,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. benazzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF464DDFEF91339FE5B" author="Lepori, N. G." box="[689,847,359,384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="28 - 47" refId="ref7174" refString="Lepori, N. G. (1951) Sulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di Sardegna e Corsica gia ascritta a Dugesia gonocephala (Duges). Atti Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, 58, 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1951">Lepori (1951)</bibRefCitation>
as a taxon endemic to the two islands Sardinia and
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB119FFF466FBFE121086FE7E" box="[151,240,396,421]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Corsica</collectingCountry>
. However, further studies carried out in the Tuscany Archipelago enlarged the geographic range of this species to include also Capraia Island (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46426FE3113B2FE13" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Benazzi Lentati, G." box="[586,964,431,456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="1 - 182" refId="ref5860" refString="Benazzi, M. &amp; Benazzi Lentati, G. (1976) Platyhelminthes. In: John, B. (Ed.), Animal cytogenetics. Vol. 1. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 182." type="book chapter" year="1976">Benazzi &amp; Benazzi Lentati, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="04ED0194B119FFF466ABFE4B150DFC3E" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4C48521FB119FFF466ABFE4B157DFCD6" blockId="1.[151,1436,359,997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466ABFE4B11FBFE37" ID-CoL="37ZT7" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,397,468,492]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzii">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466ABFE4B11FBFE37" box="[199,397,468,492]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia benazzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by sexual and mixed natural populations, the latter characterized by the coexistence of sexual and fissiparous individuals (see Stocchino &amp; Manconi 2013). This species has a haploid chromosome complement of n=8, which is the most common set of chromosomes among
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF462CFFD831576FDEF" box="[1187,1280,541,564]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia</emphasis>
species, with several biotypes that can be distinguished by the ploidy level and by the
<typeStatus id="934CECBDB119FFF46598FDDE1452FD83" box="[1012,1060,576,600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
of development (amphimixis or gynogenesis): (1) diploid, amphimictic (2n = 16; n = 8); (2) triploid, amphimictic (3n = 24; n = 8); (3) triploid, gynogenetic synaptic (3n = 24; n = 8); (4) tetraploid, gynogenetic asynaptic (4n = 32; n = 8) (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4629EFD1915EEFD7B" author="Lepori, N. G." box="[1266,1432,647,672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="92 - 101" refId="ref7070" refString="Lepori, N. G. (1948 a) Mutazione esaploide in una planaria della Sardegna appartenente al gen. Dugesia. Caryologia, 1, 92 - 101." type="journal article" year="1948">Lepori, 1948a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF466FBFD321266FD1E" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Benazzi Lentati, G." box="[151,528,684,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="1 - 182" refId="ref5860" refString="Benazzi, M. &amp; Benazzi Lentati, G. (1976) Platyhelminthes. In: John, B. (Ed.), Animal cytogenetics. Vol. 1. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 182." type="book chapter" year="1976">Benazzi &amp; Benazzi Lentati, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46471FD33129EFD1F" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[541,744,684,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="131 - 147" refId="ref9109" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1988) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. I. I cariotipi delle planarie d'acqua dolce del gruppo Dugesia gonocephala (Turbellaria, Tricladida) presenti nel fiume Silis (Sassari). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 26, 131 - 147." type="journal article" year="1988">
Vacca
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF4640BFD3312EEFD1F" box="[615,664,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 1988
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46498FD321359FD1F" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[756,815,684,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="59 - 73" refId="ref9175" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1993) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. II. I cariotipi dei Tricladi d'acqua dolce rinvenuti nel bacino idrografico del fiume Coghinas. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 29, 59 - 73." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46557FD321380FD1F" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Stocchino, G. A." box="[827,1014,684,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref7880" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. (1999) Karyology and karyotype analysis of diploid freshwater planarian populations of the Dugesia gonocephala group (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) found in Sardinia. Hydrobiologia, 392, 113 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003534507632" type="journal article" year="1999">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF4651FFD3313D2FD1F" box="[883,932,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, a tetraploid, gynogenetic synaptic karyoptype (4n = 32; n = 8) and a hexaploid karyotype (6n = 48; n = 8) in a sexual population were also found in
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB119FFF46690FD6A112FFCD6" box="[252,345,756,781]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
(M. Pala, pers. comm.); the
<typeStatus id="934CECBDB119FFF464F6FD6B12BCFCD6" box="[666,714,757,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
of development of this last population is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB119FFF466ABFC8614A3FCA3" blockId="1.[151,1436,359,997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB119FFF466ABFC8611FBFCEB" ID-CoL="37ZT7" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,397,792,816]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzii">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF466ABFC8611FBFCEB" box="[199,397,792,816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia benazzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB119FFF464D4FC891363FCEB" box="[696,789,791,816]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
both in small rivers and in large hydrographic basins (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF466F2FCA21143FC8E" author="Lepori, N. G." box="[158,309,828,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="28 - 47" refId="ref7174" refString="Lepori, N. G. (1951) Sulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di Sardegna e Corsica gia ascritta a Dugesia gonocephala (Duges). Atti Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, 58, 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1951">Lepori, 1951</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF4672DFCA2124BFC8F" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Deri, P." box="[321,573,828,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="45 - 54" refId="ref5904" refString="Benazzi, M. &amp; Deri, P. (1988) Taxonomic perspectives concerning fissiparous populations of the planarian Dugesia gonocephala s. l. inferred from ex-fissiparous specimens. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 19, 45 - 54." type="journal article" year="1988">Benazzi &amp; Deri, 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46426FCA31361FC8F" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[586,791,828,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="131 - 147" refId="ref9109" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1988) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. I. I cariotipi delle planarie d'acqua dolce del gruppo Dugesia gonocephala (Turbellaria, Tricladida) presenti nel fiume Silis (Sassari). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 26, 131 - 147." type="journal article" year="1988">
Vacca
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF464F8FCA312B0FC8F" box="[660,710,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 1988
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;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46548FCA21329FC8F" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[804,863,828,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="59 - 73" refId="ref9175" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1993) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. II. I cariotipi dei Tricladi d'acqua dolce rinvenuti nel bacino idrografico del fiume Coghinas. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 29, 59 - 73." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46500FCA21451FC8F" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Stocchino, G. A." box="[876,1063,828,853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref7880" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. (1999) Karyology and karyotype analysis of diploid freshwater planarian populations of the Dugesia gonocephala group (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) found in Sardinia. Hydrobiologia, 392, 113 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003534507632" type="journal article" year="1999">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF465C8FCA313A0FC8F" box="[932,982,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
; M. Pala, pers. comm.). A single population has been found also in a spring (Su Cantaru Spring) (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF46504FCC1141AFCA3" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Marcia, P. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[872,1132,863,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="93 - 112" refId="ref8592" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R., Marcia, P. &amp; Manconi, R. (2013 c) Subterranean aquatic planarians of Sardinia, with a discussion on the penial flagellum and the bursal canal sphincter in the genus Dendrocoelum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 75, 93 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.4311 / 2011 LSC 0252" type="journal article" year="2013">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF4658CFCFF1467FCA3" box="[992,1041,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
., 2013c
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) (
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).
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<paragraph id="4C48521FB119FFF466ABFC1A150DFC3E" blockId="1.[151,1436,359,997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">
Until the 1960s
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF467EEFC1B1274FC47" box="[386,514,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">D. benazzii</emphasis>
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was considered to be the only species of the genus
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB119FFF46232FC1B14CDFC47" box="[1118,1211,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Dugesia</emphasis>
present in
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB119FFF46352FC1A15EDFC46" box="[1342,1435,900,925]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="1" pageNumber="540">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB119FFF466F3FC39113FFC1B" author="Benazzi, M." box="[159,329,935,960]" pageId="1" pageNumber="540" pagination="153 - 159" refId="ref5763" refString="Benazzi, M. (1969) Nuovi reperti planariologici in isole tirreniche. Archivio Botanico e Biogeografico Italiano, 45, 153 - 159." type="journal article" year="1969">Benazzi, 1969</bibRefCitation>
). However, researches carried out by Lepori, Pala and co-workers since the 1970s led to the discovery of four other species, while in-depth investigations on their biology were also performed (see below).
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A peculiar case concerns a previously presumed fissiparous population of
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from the Rio Mannu di Cagliari in southern Sardinia (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11AFFF76790F90B1234F975" box="[508,578,1685,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[517,1104,299,1415]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[414,1176,277,1422]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Dugesia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio d’Auteri reservoir, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Fiume Silis; 4, Rio Lu Bagnu; 5, Fiume Coghinas; 6, Fiume Liscia; 7, spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area; 8, springs and unnamed rivulets on the Molara Island Protected Area; 9, Rio Su Lernu; 10, Rio Cuga; 11, Rio de sa Pazzosa; 12, Rio Torre Argentina; 13, Fiume Temo; 14, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 15, Rio S’Abba Mala; 16, Rio Mannu di Scano di Montiferro; 17, Rio Santa Caterina; 18, Fiume Tirso; 19, Su Cantaru Spring, Rio di Siniscola basin; 20, Fiume Cedrino; 21, Rio Osalla; 22, Rio Mannu di Milis; 23, Rio di Monte Arci; 24, Fiume Flumendosa; 25, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 26, Fiume Quirra; 27, Rio Acqua ‘e sa Murta, S. Antioco Island; 28, Rio Triga, S. Antioco Island; 29, Rio ‘e sa Canna, S. Antioco Island; 30, Rio Flumentepido; 31, Rio Gutturu Mannu; 32, Rio Geremeas. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615651/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Individuals have a triploid karyotype with 24 chromosomes and never sexualized under long-term laboratory conditions (M. Pala and G.A. Stocchino pers. obs.). Surprisingly, a recent molecular analysis assigned this population to
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF764CDF9401336F92E" box="[673,832,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF764CDF940134BF92E" authorityName="De Vries" authorityYear="1988" box="[673,829,1757,1781]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="liguriensis">D. liguriensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
together with two other asexual triploid (3n = 24; n = 8) populations from northeastern
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF7647AF89F1220F8C1" box="[534,598,1793,1818]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Spain</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11AFFF764FDF89F1295F8C1" box="[657,739,1793,1818]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Liguria</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF76498F89C13A4F8C1" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[756,978,1793,1818]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="835 - 845" refId="ref6951" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Sluys, R., Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2009) Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 835 - 845. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.04.022" type="journal article" year="2009">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76520F89C13F6F8C2" box="[844,896,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), a species firstly reported from
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11AFFF76326F89F15EAF8C1" box="[1354,1436,1793,1818]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Liguria</collectingRegion>
and later also from
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11AFFF7671BF8BB1194F8E5" box="[375,482,1829,1854]" country="Italy" name="Piemonte" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Piedmont</collectingRegion>
(northern
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF76437F8BB12E6F8E5" box="[603,656,1829,1854]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Italy</collectingCountry>
) (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF764A3F8BB13AFF8E5" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Cadeddu, B. &amp; Pala, M." box="[719,985,1829,1854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="46 - 47" refId="ref8405" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Manconi, R., Cadeddu, B. &amp; Pala, M. (2013 a) Freshwater triclads from Liguria. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 75, 46 - 47." type="journal article" year="2013">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7652BF8B8130EF8E6" box="[839,888,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2013a
</bibRefCitation>
). The sexual population from
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11AFFF7635DF8BB15EAF8E5" box="[1329,1436,1829,1854]" country="Italy" name="Piemonte" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Piedmont</collectingRegion>
has a diploid chromosome complement of 2n = 16; n = 8 (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF765EEF8D41411F8B9" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[898,1127,1865,1890]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="835 - 845" refId="ref6951" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Sluys, R., Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2009) Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 835 - 845. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.04.022" type="journal article" year="2009">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF765B7F8D41467F8BA" box="[987,1041,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, the species is presumably characterized by both sexual diploid as well as asexual triploid populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="04ED0194B11AFFF666ABF80C10A3FF23" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF666ABF80C10A3FF23" blockId="2.[151,1436,1649,2034]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
In view of the present disjunct distribution of
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76489F80C13FEF872" box="[741,904,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF76489F80C13F2F872" authorityName="De Vries" authorityYear="1988" box="[741,900,1937,1961]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="liguriensis">D. liguriensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the single population from
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11AFFF762BCF80F155BF871" box="[1232,1325,1937,1962]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
could be considered as the sole representative on the island of a population complex that formerly had a much wider distribution, involving the Proto-Ligurian microplate, before the Corsica-Sardinia block broke up during the late Oligocene and Miocene. Experiments under lab conditions to stimulate sexualization of the Sardinian specimens are in progress with the aim to resolve the taxonomic status of this Sardinian population also at the morphological level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="C45EE309B11AFFF766FBFE6011F2FA39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5988956" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154521494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5988956" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C45EE309B11AFFF766FBFE6011F2FA39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C45EE309B11AFFF766FBFE6011F2FA39" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<subSubSection id="04ED0194B11AFFF766FBFE601419FC81" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF766FBFE601199FDC3" blockId="2.[151,495,510,536]" box="[151,495,510,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<heading id="1700E573B11AFFF766FBFE601199FDC3" bold="true" box="[151,495,510,536]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF766FBFE601199FDC3" ID-CoL="37ZWK" authority="Lepori, 1948" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,495,510,536]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF766FBFE601199FDC3" bold="true" box="[151,495,510,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF766FBFE60113FFDC3" bold="true" box="[151,329,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Dugesia sicula</emphasis>
Lepori, 1948
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF766FBFDD81419FC81" blockId="2.[151,1437,581,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF766FBFDD81148FD86" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,318,581,605]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF766FBFDD81148FD86" box="[151,318,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Dugesia sicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first reported for Sardinia on the basis of fissiparous populations, in which a certain percentage of individuals underwent a sexualization process, from 12 Sardinian localities, including 2 small nearby islets (spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area and watercourses on the S. Antioco Island) (Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76337FD1015F8FD7E" box="[1371,1422,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 1995) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11AFFF76685FD2F115DFD11" box="[233,299,689,714]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[517,1104,299,1415]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[414,1176,277,1422]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Dugesia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio d’Auteri reservoir, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Fiume Silis; 4, Rio Lu Bagnu; 5, Fiume Coghinas; 6, Fiume Liscia; 7, spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area; 8, springs and unnamed rivulets on the Molara Island Protected Area; 9, Rio Su Lernu; 10, Rio Cuga; 11, Rio de sa Pazzosa; 12, Rio Torre Argentina; 13, Fiume Temo; 14, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 15, Rio S’Abba Mala; 16, Rio Mannu di Scano di Montiferro; 17, Rio Santa Caterina; 18, Fiume Tirso; 19, Su Cantaru Spring, Rio di Siniscola basin; 20, Fiume Cedrino; 21, Rio Osalla; 22, Rio Mannu di Milis; 23, Rio di Monte Arci; 24, Fiume Flumendosa; 25, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 26, Fiume Quirra; 27, Rio Acqua ‘e sa Murta, S. Antioco Island; 28, Rio Triga, S. Antioco Island; 29, Rio ‘e sa Canna, S. Antioco Island; 30, Rio Flumentepido; 31, Rio Gutturu Mannu; 32, Rio Geremeas. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615651/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). After several years other fissiparous populations were found in two other watercourses, one in the northwestern Asinara Island National Park (Rio d’Auteri reservoir) (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF765F1FD4B1421FD35" author="Stocchino, G. A." box="[925,1111,725,750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" refId="ref8136" refString="Stocchino, G. A. (2003) Ecosistemi sorgentizi delle piccole isole mediterranee: Biodiversita e tipologie ambientali nel Parco Nazionale dell'Asinara. PhD Thesis, University of Sassari, Sassari, 169 pp." type="book" year="2003">Stocchino, 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and another in southeastern Sardinia (Fiume Quirra) (M. Pala, pers. comm.) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11AFFF764A5FD67137DFCC9" box="[713,779,761,786]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[517,1104,299,1415]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[414,1176,277,1422]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Dugesia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio d’Auteri reservoir, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Fiume Silis; 4, Rio Lu Bagnu; 5, Fiume Coghinas; 6, Fiume Liscia; 7, spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area; 8, springs and unnamed rivulets on the Molara Island Protected Area; 9, Rio Su Lernu; 10, Rio Cuga; 11, Rio de sa Pazzosa; 12, Rio Torre Argentina; 13, Fiume Temo; 14, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 15, Rio S’Abba Mala; 16, Rio Mannu di Scano di Montiferro; 17, Rio Santa Caterina; 18, Fiume Tirso; 19, Su Cantaru Spring, Rio di Siniscola basin; 20, Fiume Cedrino; 21, Rio Osalla; 22, Rio Mannu di Milis; 23, Rio di Monte Arci; 24, Fiume Flumendosa; 25, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 26, Fiume Quirra; 27, Rio Acqua ‘e sa Murta, S. Antioco Island; 28, Rio Triga, S. Antioco Island; 29, Rio ‘e sa Canna, S. Antioco Island; 30, Rio Flumentepido; 31, Rio Gutturu Mannu; 32, Rio Geremeas. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615651/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). All Sardinian populations showed a coastal distribution with a high degree of tolerance to variations in environmental factors, especially temperature and watercourses hydrological regime e.g. temporary water (Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF764C3FCDC12A9FC82" box="[687,735,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 1995; G.A. Stocchino, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="04ED0194B11AFFF766ABFCF814E2FB45" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF766ABFCF81216FBE9" blockId="2.[151,1437,581,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF766ABFCF81102FCA6" ID-CoL="37ZWK" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1948" box="[199,372,869,893]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF766ABFCF81102FCA6" box="[199,372,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Dugesia sicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a pan-Mediterranean geographic range where it is mostly represented by fissiparous populations with only a few sexual populations being present in Mallorca,
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF7658FFC17144CFC79" box="[995,1082,905,930]" name="Algeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Algeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF7622AFC1714EFFC79" box="[1094,1177,905,930]" name="Tunisia" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF762BCFC171564FC79" box="[1232,1298,905,930]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Israel</collectingCountry>
. Two mixed populations, including both sexual and fissiparous individuals, were reported from Sicily (Stocchino &amp; Manconi 2013 and references therein). A recent reassessment of the taxonomic status of
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF76247FC4C10B9FBD5" ID-CoL="37ZT9" authority="Benazzi &amp; Banchetti, 1973" authorityName="Benazzi &amp; Banchetti" authorityYear="1973" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="biblica">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76247FC4C14EBFC32" box="[1067,1181,977,1001]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. biblica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF762CBFC4F10B9FBD5" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Puccinelli, I." pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="193 - 198" refId="ref5948" refString="Benazzi, M. &amp; Puccinelli, I. (1973) A Robertsonian translocation in the freshwater triclad Dugesia lugubris: karyometric analysis and evolutionary inferences. Chromosoma, 40, 193 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00321464" type="journal article" year="1973">Benazzi &amp; Banchetti, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF76778FC6B1124FBD5" box="[276,338,1013,1038]" name="Israel" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Israel</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF767E5FC6B11ACFBD5" box="[393,474,1013,1038]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, based on morphological and molecular studies, considered this species to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF7674FFB84122AFBE9" ID-CoL="37ZWK" authority="(Sola et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Sola et al." baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[291,604,1049,1074]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7674FFB8411FEFBEA" box="[291,392,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. sicula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF767FAFB871222FBE9" author="Sola, E. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Segev, O. &amp; Blaustein, L. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[406,596,1049,1074]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref8029" refString="Sola, E., Sluys, R., Segev, O., Blaustein, L. &amp; Riutort, M. (2015) The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica from Israel and Turkey (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). ZooKeys, 506, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 506.9663" type="journal article" year="2015">
Solà
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF767BDFB841274FBEA" box="[465,514,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF766ABFBA014E2FB45" blockId="2.[151,1437,581,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
As for karyology, numerous studies confirmed a diploid condition for sexual populations with a chromosome complement of 2n = 18; n = 9, and a triploid condition for fissiparous populations with a chromosome complement of 3n = 27; n = 9 + 1-5 B-chromosomes (see
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF764FCFB1B13F2FB45" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[656,900,1157,1182]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="43 - 58" refId="ref8225" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R. &amp; Manconi, R. (2012) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent. Zootaxa, 3551, 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="2012">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7656BFB181341FB46" box="[775,823,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
and references therein).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="04ED0194B11AFFF766ABFB3411F2FA39" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF766ABFB3411FFFA8A" blockId="2.[151,1437,581,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
Among
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7674FFB3411F6FB1A" box="[291,384,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Dugesia</emphasis>
species, the haploid complement of nine chromosomes of
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF7624CFB3414F1FB1A" box="[1056,1159,1193,1217]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7624CFB3414F1FB1A" box="[1056,1159,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. sicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is shared with only five other species:
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF76755FB501287FB3D" authority="Stocchino et al., 2009" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2009" box="[313,753,1229,1254]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="maghrebiana">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76755FB501187FB3E" box="[313,497,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. maghrebiana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF7679BFB531287FB3D" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Corso, G. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[503,753,1229,1254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="83 - 91" refId="ref8977" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Manconi, R., Corso, G., Sluys, R., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (2009) African planarians: Morphology and karyology of Dugesia maghrebiana sp. n. (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from Tunisia. Italian Journal of Zoology, 76, 83 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000802141683" type="journal article" year="2009">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76403FB5012D7FB3E" box="[623,673,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from North Africa;
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF765B0FB501528FB3D" authority="Harrath &amp; Sluys, 2013" authorityName="Harrath &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2013" box="[988,1374,1229,1254]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF765B0FB501420FB3E" box="[988,1110,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. arabica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF76232FB531528FB3D" author="Harrath, A. H. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Aldahmash, W. &amp; Al-Razaki, A. &amp; Alwasel, S." box="[1118,1374,1229,1254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="502 - 508" refId="ref6722" refString="Harrath, A. H., Sluys, R., Aldahmash, W., Al-Razaki, A. &amp; Alwasel, S. (2013) Reproductive strategies, karyology, parasites, and taxonomic status of Dugesia populations from Yemen (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Zoological Science, 30, 502 - 508. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 30.502" type="journal article" year="2013">Harrath &amp; Sluys, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF766FBFB6C109FFAD2" box="[151,233,1266,1289]" name="Yemen" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Yemen</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF76699FB6C12E6FAD1" authority="Stocchino et al., 2002" authorityName="Stocchino" authorityYear="2002" box="[245,656,1265,1290]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76699FB6C11F8FAD2" box="[245,398,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. aethiopica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF767FBFB6F12E6FAD1" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Corso, G. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Pala M." box="[407,656,1265,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="45 - 51" refId="ref8339" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Corso, G., Manconi, R. &amp; Pala M. (2002) African planarians: Dugesia aethiopica sp. n. (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from Lake Tana (NW Ethiopia). Italian Journal of Zoology, 69, 45 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000209356437" type="journal article" year="2002">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76463FB6C1236FAD2" box="[527,576,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF764A5FB6C14D6FAD1" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2012" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2012" box="[713,1184,1265,1290]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="afromontana">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF764A5FB6C130AFAD2" box="[713,892,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. afromontana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF765E8FB6F14D6FAD1" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[900,1184,1265,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="43 - 58" refId="ref8225" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R. &amp; Manconi, R. (2012) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent. Zootaxa, 3551, 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="2012">Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Afrotropical region;
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF7669DFA8812F0FAF5" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2014" authorityName="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityYear="2014" box="[241,646,1301,1326]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifida">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7669DFA88112FFAF6" box="[241,345,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. bifida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF7670FFA8B12F0FAF5" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[355,646,1301,1326]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="71 - 88" refId="ref8283" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R. &amp; Manconi, R. (2014) A new and aberrant species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Madagascar. ZooKeys, 425, 71 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 425.7811" type="journal article" year="2014">Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11AFFF764BEFA8B132FFAF5" box="[722,857,1301,1326]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF76507FA8B1406FAF5" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Corso, G. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Pala M." box="[875,1136,1301,1326]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="45 - 51" refId="ref8339" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Corso, G., Manconi, R. &amp; Pala M. (2002) African planarians: Dugesia aethiopica sp. n. (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from Lake Tana (NW Ethiopia). Italian Journal of Zoology, 69, 45 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000209356437" type="journal article" year="2002">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7658BFA88146AFAF6" box="[999,1052,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF76213FA8814CCFAF5" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Manconi, R. &amp; Corso, G. &amp; Pala, M." box="[1151,1210,1302,1326]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="89 - 93" refId="ref8452" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Manconi, R., Corso, G. &amp; Pala, M. (2004) Karyology and karyometric analysis of an Afrotropical freshwater planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Italian Journal of Zoology, 71, 89 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000409356557" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
, 2009, 2012, 2014;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF766FBFAA71105FA89" author="Harrath, A. H. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Aldahmash, W. &amp; Al-Razaki, A. &amp; Alwasel, S." box="[151,371,1337,1362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="502 - 508" refId="ref6722" refString="Harrath, A. H., Sluys, R., Aldahmash, W., Al-Razaki, A. &amp; Alwasel, S. (2013) Reproductive strategies, karyology, parasites, and taxonomic status of Dugesia populations from Yemen (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Zoological Science, 30, 502 - 508. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 30.502" type="journal article" year="2013">
Harrath
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7669FFAA41152FA8A" box="[243,292,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11AFFF766ABFAC311F2FA39" blockId="2.[151,1437,581,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">
Although
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11AFFF76756FAC011D7FAAE" box="[314,417,1373,1397]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76756FAC011D7FAAE" box="[314,417,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">D. sicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely widespread, a molecular analyses on many fissiparous populations from its entire distributional range revealed a remarkable pattern of low interpopulation genetic variability, which was interpreted as the result of recent anthropochore colonizations after triploidization of sexual diploid populations (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF766F2FA54110EFA39" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[158,376,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="835 - 845" refId="ref6951" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Sluys, R., Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2009) Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 835 - 845. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.04.022" type="journal article" year="2009">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76699FA541150FA3A" box="[245,294,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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78
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF766FBFF091139FF6A" bold="true" box="[151,335,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Dugesia leporii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF7673AFF061369FF69" author="Pala, M. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Corso, G. &amp; Casu, S." box="[342,799,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="379 - 383" refId="ref7942" refString="Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Corso, G. &amp; Casu, S. (2000) A new species of freshwater planarian belonging to the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from Sardinia. Italian Journal of Zoology, 67, 379 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000009356343" type="journal article" year="2000">Pala, Stocchino, Corso &amp; Casu, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF766FBFF41113FFF2D" box="[151,329,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Dugesia leporii</emphasis>
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is an endemic Sardinian species restricted to a single locality (Rio Flumentepido) in the southwestern part of the island (
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Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF7646DFE9D1245FEC0" box="[513,563,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 2000
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) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11AFFF764F7FE9C12A8FEC0" box="[667,734,258,283]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[517,1104,299,1415]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[414,1176,277,1422]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Dugesia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio d’Auteri reservoir, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Fiume Silis; 4, Rio Lu Bagnu; 5, Fiume Coghinas; 6, Fiume Liscia; 7, spring and wells on the Tavolara Island Protected Area; 8, springs and unnamed rivulets on the Molara Island Protected Area; 9, Rio Su Lernu; 10, Rio Cuga; 11, Rio de sa Pazzosa; 12, Rio Torre Argentina; 13, Fiume Temo; 14, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 15, Rio S’Abba Mala; 16, Rio Mannu di Scano di Montiferro; 17, Rio Santa Caterina; 18, Fiume Tirso; 19, Su Cantaru Spring, Rio di Siniscola basin; 20, Fiume Cedrino; 21, Rio Osalla; 22, Rio Mannu di Milis; 23, Rio di Monte Arci; 24, Fiume Flumendosa; 25, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 26, Fiume Quirra; 27, Rio Acqua ‘e sa Murta, S. Antioco Island; 28, Rio Triga, S. Antioco Island; 29, Rio ‘e sa Canna, S. Antioco Island; 30, Rio Flumentepido; 31, Rio Gutturu Mannu; 32, Rio Geremeas. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615651/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The species reproduces only sexually and is distinguishable from its congeners by a peculiar shape of its penis papilla and by a combination of the other features of its copulatory apparatus. Karyological studies previously performed highlighted a diploid chromosome complement of 2n = 16; n = 8, with a karyotype characterized by six metacentric chromosomes and two submetacentric chromosomes (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11AFFF7672DFE0C118AFE70" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Stocchino, G. A." box="[321,508,402,427]" pageId="2" pageNumber="541" pagination="113 - 119" refId="ref7880" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. (1999) Karyology and karyotype analysis of diploid freshwater planarian populations of the Dugesia gonocephala group (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) found in Sardinia. Hydrobiologia, 392, 113 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003534507632" type="journal article" year="1999">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11AFFF76716FE0D11DDFE70" box="[378,427,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="541">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
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).
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Genus
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF66682F96C111BF8D7" bold="true" box="[238,365,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">Schmidtea</emphasis>
Ball, 1974
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The genus
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF6677FF8A711F1F88A" box="[275,391,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">Schmidtea</emphasis>
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comprises only four species viz.
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF6656EF8A7130AF88A" box="[770,892,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">S. lugubris</emphasis>
(
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)
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,
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF66225F8A714A0F88A" box="[1097,1238,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">S. polychroa</emphasis>
(
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)
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,
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, and
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF6640DF8C31365F8AE" box="[609,787,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
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. All of these species are distinguishable on the basis of karyological and morphological characteristics, while they reproduce sexually by amphimixis or gynogenesis, except
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S.
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF66521F83B1391F866" box="[845,999,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">mediterranea</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF6658BF83B139DF866" box="[999,1003,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">,</emphasis>
which shows both sexual and asexual reproduction modes (
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Benazzi
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF6678BF857126FF83A" box="[487,537,1993,2017]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">et al</emphasis>
., 1975
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11BFFF66418F856139AF83A" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Benazzi Lentati, G." box="[628,1004,1992,2017]" pageId="3" pageNumber="542" pagination="1 - 182" refId="ref5860" refString="Benazzi, M. &amp; Benazzi Lentati, G. (1976) Platyhelminthes. In: John, B. (Ed.), Animal cytogenetics. Vol. 1. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 182." type="book chapter" year="1976">Benazzi &amp; Benazzi Lentati, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11BFFF66594F85714BBF83A" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Harrath, A. H. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[1016,1229,1993,2017]" pageId="3" pageNumber="542" pagination="274" refId="ref6875" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Harrath, A. H., Stocchino, G. A., Pala, M., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2011) Schmidtea mediterranea phylogeography: an old species surviving on a few Mediterranean islands? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 274" type="journal article" year="2011">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11BFFF66220F857140BF83A" box="[1100,1149,1993,2017]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="542">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBF8ED1265F856" bold="true" box="[151,531,1907,1933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBF8ED1121F856" bold="true" box="[151,343,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Girardia tigrina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1670BF8ED127DF856" author="Girard, C." box="[359,523,1907,1933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="264 - 265" refId="ref6624" refString="Girard, C. (1850) A brief account of the fresh water species of Planariae inhabiting the United States. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 264 - 265." type="journal article" year="1850">Girard, 1850</bibRefCitation>
)
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</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="4C48521FB11CFFF166FBF82715EAF82E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1976,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">
Among
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11CFFF1669DF8261119F80A" authorityName="Ball" authorityYear="1974" box="[241,367,1976,2001]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Dugesiidae</taxonomicName>
the allochthonous American species
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11CFFF16563F82613B2F80B" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[783,964,1976,2000]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16563F82613B2F80B" box="[783,964,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Girardia tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, introduced into Europe in the first half of the last century, was recently found in the Rio Cuga basin in the northwestern part of the island, representing the
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C48521FB11DFFF066FBFF0914BFFF0F" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">
first record for
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(
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11DFFF067D2FF091271FF6B" box="[446,519,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1573,1595]" captionTargetBox="[479,1117,369,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[399,1187,287,1551]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Schmidtea and Girardia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio Fiume Santo; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Rio S. Miali; 4, Fiume Silis; 5, Rio Pedrasdefogu; 6, Rio Lu Bagnu; 7, Fiume Coghinas; 8, Rio S. Stefano, Caprera Island National Park; 9, Rio Cuga; 10, Rio Calvia; 11, Fiume Temo; 12, unnamed temporary rivulet near Su Peltusu Cave; 13, Rio Fraigada; 14, Fiume Tirso; 15, Rio di Siniscola; 16, Rio Berchida; 17, unnamed rivulet affluent of Rio Mannu di Milis; 18, temporary pond of Giara di Tuili; 19, Pauli Perdosu temporary pond of Giara di Gesturi; 20, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 21, Rio Flumentepido. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615653/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The population is characterized by only fissiparous individuals. At the same sampling site of these
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11DFFF067FDFF22118FFF0F" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[401,505,188,212]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="544" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11DFFF067FDFF22118FFF0F" box="[401,505,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">G. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
animals specimens of
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11DFFF06497FF2213D8FF0F" authorityName="Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester, Puccinelli &amp; Del Papa" authorityYear="1975" box="[763,942,188,212]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="544" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11DFFF06497FF2213D8FF0F" box="[763,942,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also found (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11DFFF0621BFF2214CDFF0F" box="[1143,1211,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1573,1595]" captionTargetBox="[479,1117,369,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[399,1187,287,1551]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Schmidtea and Girardia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio Fiume Santo; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Rio S. Miali; 4, Fiume Silis; 5, Rio Pedrasdefogu; 6, Rio Lu Bagnu; 7, Fiume Coghinas; 8, Rio S. Stefano, Caprera Island National Park; 9, Rio Cuga; 10, Rio Calvia; 11, Fiume Temo; 12, unnamed temporary rivulet near Su Peltusu Cave; 13, Rio Fraigada; 14, Fiume Tirso; 15, Rio di Siniscola; 16, Rio Berchida; 17, unnamed rivulet affluent of Rio Mannu di Milis; 18, temporary pond of Giara di Tuili; 19, Pauli Perdosu temporary pond of Giara di Gesturi; 20, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 21, Rio Flumentepido. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615653/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
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<heading id="1700E573B11CFFF166FBFB1B140DFB44" bold="true" box="[151,1147,1157,1183]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11CFFF166FBFB1B140DFB44" ID-CoL="6XWRK" authority="Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester, Puccinelli &amp; Del Papa, 1975" authorityName="Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester, Puccinelli &amp; Del Papa" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,1147,1157,1183]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFB1B11C8FB44" bold="true" box="[151,446,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Schmidtea mediterranea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF167A9FB1B140DFB44" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Ballester, R. &amp; Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R." box="[453,1147,1157,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="81 - 89" refId="ref6027" refString="Benazzi, M., Baguna, J., Ballester, R., Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R. (1975) Further contribution to the taxonomy of the &quot; Dugesia lugubris-polychroa group &quot; with description of Dugesia mediterranea n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola). Bollettino di Zoologia, 42 (1), 81 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250007509430132" type="journal article" year="1975">Benazzi, Baguñà, Ballester, Puccinelli &amp; Del Papa, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFB5211DDFB3F" box="[151,427,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Schmidtea mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species exclusively distributed in the western Mediterranean area, with both asexual (
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coast,
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and Mallorca) and sexual populations (
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, Sardinia, Sicily, and
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) (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16322FB6E1169FAF7" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Harrath, A. H. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="274" refId="ref6875" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Harrath, A. H., Stocchino, G. A., Pala, M., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2011) Schmidtea mediterranea phylogeography: an old species surviving on a few Mediterranean islands? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 274" type="journal article" year="2011">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFA8B10BBFAF7" box="[151,205,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
and references therein). The asexual planarians bear a heteromorphic translocation affecting one member of the 1
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and 3
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pair of chromosomes. Besides sexual and asexual diploid populations, two triploid populations are also known. A sexual eutriploid population has been reported from a single Sardinian locality, while an aneutriplod asexual population was found in
<collectingCountry id="34E0128FB11CFFF16569FA18131AFA46" box="[773,876,1414,1437]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Menorca</collectingCountry>
, the latter bearing a translocation between the 1
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and 3
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chromosomes (only one chromosome of each triplet) (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16538FA32144AFA1E" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Ballester, R. &amp; Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R." box="[852,1084,1452,1477]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="81 - 89" refId="ref6027" refString="Benazzi, M., Baguna, J., Ballester, R., Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R. (1975) Further contribution to the taxonomy of the &quot; Dugesia lugubris-polychroa group &quot; with description of Dugesia mediterranea n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola). Bollettino di Zoologia, 42 (1), 81 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250007509430132" type="journal article" year="1975">
Benazzi
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF165D4FA33139CFA1F" box="[952,1002,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1975
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16226FA331578FA1E" author="Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[1098,1294,1452,1477]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="177 - 184" refId="ref6163" refString="Casu, S., Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1982) Distribuzione geografica in Sardegna di planarie d'acqua dolce appartenenti alle specie Dugesia (S.) polychroa e Dugesia (S.) mediterranea (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 21, 177 - 184." type="journal article" year="1982">
Casu
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF162E6FA3314CBFA1F" box="[1162,1213,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16377FA33108BFA32" author="De Vries, E. J. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Ball, J." pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="187 - 191" refId="ref6540" refString="De Vries, E. J., Baguna, J. &amp; Ball, J. (1984) Chromosomal polymorphism in planarians and the plate tectonics of the western Mediterranean. Genetica, 62, 187 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00056435" type="journal article" year="1984">
De Vries
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF163E4FA3310DBFA33" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1984
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16764FA4E1182FA32" author="Manconi, R. &amp; Deriu A. &amp; Cubeddu, T." box="[264,500,1488,1513]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="219 - 228" refId="ref7279" refString="Manconi, R., Deriu A. &amp; Cubeddu, T. (1995) Fauna bentonica di piccoli corsi d'acqua dolce di tre isole circum-sarde. Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeographia, 18, 219 - 228." type="journal article" year="1995">
Manconi
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF1671FFA4F11D2FA33" box="[371,420,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1995
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1646CFA4E12A3FA32" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S." box="[512,725,1488,1513]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="199 - 204" refId="ref7547" refString="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. (1995) Tricladi dulciacqucoli (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) delle isole circum-sarde. Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeographia, 18, 199 - 204." type="journal article" year="1995">Pala &amp; Casu, 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1648CFA4F13C8FA32" author="Baguna, J. &amp; Carranza, S. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Ribera, C. &amp; Giribet, G. &amp; Arredo, M. A. &amp; Ribas, M. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[736,958,1488,1513]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="207 - 214" refId="ref5368" refString="Baguna, J., Carranza, S., Pala, M., Ribera, C., Giribet, G., Arredo, M. A., Ribas, M. &amp; Riutort, M. (1999) From morphology to molecules. New methods for taxonomical identification of asexual populations of freshwater planarians. A tribute to Professor Mario Benazzi. Italian Journal of Zoology, 66, 207 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009909356258" type="journal article" year="1999">
Baguñà
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16551FA4F1318FA33" box="[829,878,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF165A6FA4F14D6FA32" author="Lazaro, E. M. &amp; Harrath, A. H. &amp; Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[970,1184,1488,1513]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="274" refId="ref6875" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Harrath, A. H., Stocchino, G. A., Pala, M., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2011) Schmidtea mediterranea phylogeography: an old species surviving on a few Mediterranean islands? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 274" type="journal article" year="2011">
Lazaro
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16272FA4F1426FA33" box="[1054,1104,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11CFFF166ABFA6A131DF93E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1228,1765]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">
Populations of
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16718FA6B1251F9D7" box="[372,551,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
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are mainly distributed in the northern part of
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and inhabit permanent water courses (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1672CF9861250F9EA" author="Benazzi, M. &amp; Baguna, J. &amp; Ballester, R. &amp; Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R." box="[320,550,1560,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="81 - 89" refId="ref6027" refString="Benazzi, M., Baguna, J., Ballester, R., Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R. (1975) Further contribution to the taxonomy of the &quot; Dugesia lugubris-polychroa group &quot; with description of Dugesia mediterranea n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola). Bollettino di Zoologia, 42 (1), 81 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250007509430132" type="journal article" year="1975">
Benazzi
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF167C8F98711A0F9EB" box="[420,470,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1975
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1645FF986128AF9EA" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[563,764,1560,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="183 - 188" refId="ref7698" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1980 b) Primi dati sulla distribuzione geografica di planarie del gruppo Dugesia lugubrispolychroa (Turbellaria, Tricladida) in Sardegna, con particolare riguardo alla presenza di una mutazione tetraploide nel fiume Cixerri (Siliqua, Cagliari). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 19, 183 - 188." type="journal article" year="1980">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16407F98712EAF9EB" box="[619,668,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1980b
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16564F98713BCF9EA" author="Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[776,970,1560,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="177 - 184" refId="ref6163" refString="Casu, S., Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1982) Distribuzione geografica in Sardegna di planarie d'acqua dolce appartenenti alle specie Dugesia (S.) polychroa e Dugesia (S.) mediterranea (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 21, 177 - 184." type="journal article" year="1982">
Casu
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16524F987130CF9EB" box="[840,890,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF165BBF98714D3F9EA" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[983,1189,1560,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="59 - 73" refId="ref9175" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1993) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. II. I cariotipi dei Tricladi d'acqua dolce rinvenuti nel bacino idrografico del fiume Coghinas. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 29, 59 - 73." type="journal article" year="1993">
Vacca
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF1624EF9871425F9EB" box="[1058,1107,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1993
</bibRefCitation>
). However, three new populations were found inhabiting ephemeral waters. Planarians were found in two temporary ponds in the Giara di Gesturi (Pauli Perdosu) and in the Giara di Tuili high basaltic plateau localized in the central-southern
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. A third population was found inhabiting a very small ephemeral stream near the Sa Ucca e’ su Peltusu Cave in northwestern
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(
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11CFFF167C8F936119AF91A" box="[420,492,1704,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1573,1595]" captionTargetBox="[479,1117,369,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[399,1187,287,1551]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Schmidtea and Girardia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio Fiume Santo; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Rio S. Miali; 4, Fiume Silis; 5, Rio Pedrasdefogu; 6, Rio Lu Bagnu; 7, Fiume Coghinas; 8, Rio S. Stefano, Caprera Island National Park; 9, Rio Cuga; 10, Rio Calvia; 11, Fiume Temo; 12, unnamed temporary rivulet near Su Peltusu Cave; 13, Rio Fraigada; 14, Fiume Tirso; 15, Rio di Siniscola; 16, Rio Berchida; 17, unnamed rivulet affluent of Rio Mannu di Milis; 18, temporary pond of Giara di Tuili; 19, Pauli Perdosu temporary pond of Giara di Gesturi; 20, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 21, Rio Flumentepido. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Although no cocoons were found in the field, specimens mated and laid fertile cocoons under laboratory conditions (G.A. Stocchino pers. obs.).
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFD481211FD2B" bold="true" box="[151,615,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Schmidtea polychroa macroauriculata</emphasis>
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A peculiar form of
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16700FC80118EFCEE" box="[364,504,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">S. polychroa</emphasis>
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was found in a small river on the western part of the Sardinian coast (Rio Mannu di Milis) (
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Casu
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., 1983
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). This form was called
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16480FCDC1431FC82" box="[748,1095,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">S. polychroa macroauriculata</emphasis>
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because of its characteristic triangular head, resembling species of
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. The two eyes of this subspecies
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are localized in a more apical position than is the case in species of
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but in a position similar to that of
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species. Differences in some characters of the copulatory apparatus also have been highlighted. The diploid chromosome complement (2n = 8; n = 4) of
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corresponds to that of biotype A of
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16363FC4C15EAFC32" box="[1295,1436,977,1001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">S. polychroa</emphasis>
(
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Casu
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. New sampling campaigns have been already carried out with the aim of providing a more detailed morphological description of
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF1642EFB84134BFBEA" box="[578,829,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">S. p. macroauriculata.</emphasis>
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115
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFF4111E3FF22" bold="true" box="[151,405,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Schmidtea polychroa</emphasis>
(
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)
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFEB811F2FEE5" box="[151,388,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Schmidtea polychroa</emphasis>
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is distributed mainly in the northern part of the island in large hydrographic basins as well as small rivers (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11CFFF16747FED41106FEB8" box="[299,368,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1573,1595]" captionTargetBox="[479,1117,369,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[399,1187,287,1551]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of species of the genus Schmidtea and Girardia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Rio Fiume Santo; 2, Rio Mannu di Portotorres; 3, Rio S. Miali; 4, Fiume Silis; 5, Rio Pedrasdefogu; 6, Rio Lu Bagnu; 7, Fiume Coghinas; 8, Rio S. Stefano, Caprera Island National Park; 9, Rio Cuga; 10, Rio Calvia; 11, Fiume Temo; 12, unnamed temporary rivulet near Su Peltusu Cave; 13, Rio Fraigada; 14, Fiume Tirso; 15, Rio di Siniscola; 16, Rio Berchida; 17, unnamed rivulet affluent of Rio Mannu di Milis; 18, temporary pond of Giara di Tuili; 19, Pauli Perdosu temporary pond of Giara di Gesturi; 20, Rio Mannu di Cagliari; 21, Rio Flumentepido. New records are indicated by asterisks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). On the basis of karyological and reproductive characteristics four biotypes (A, B, C, D) have been recognized within the species (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16440FEF012A7FE5C" author="Benazzi, M." box="[556,721,366,391]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="276 - 303" refId="ref5723" refString="Benazzi, M. (1957) Cariologia di Dugesia lugubris (O. Schmidt) (Tricladida, Paludicola). Caryologia, 10, 276 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00087114.1957.10797624" type="journal article" year="1957">Benazzi, 1957</bibRefCitation>
;
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).
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The first record of
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from
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by
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reported the presence of biotype A, which is amphimictic and diploid (2n = 8; n = 4). Pala and co-workers (
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Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF165F3FE2913A4FE15" box="[927,978,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1980b
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;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF16253FE291575FE14" author="Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[1087,1283,438,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="177 - 184" refId="ref6163" refString="Casu, S., Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1982) Distribuzione geografica in Sardegna di planarie d'acqua dolce appartenenti alle specie Dugesia (S.) polychroa e Dugesia (S.) mediterranea (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 21, 177 - 184." type="journal article" year="1982">
Casu
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., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1637CFE2910A4FE28" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="131 - 147" refId="ref9109" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1988) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. I. I cariotipi delle planarie d'acqua dolce del gruppo Dugesia gonocephala (Turbellaria, Tricladida) presenti nel fiume Silis (Sassari). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 26, 131 - 147." type="journal article" year="1988">
Vacca
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF16330FE2915F8FE15" box="[1372,1422,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
., 1988
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF166B1FE451160FE28" author="Vacca, R. A. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M." box="[221,278,475,499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="59 - 73" refId="ref9175" refString="Vacca, R. A., Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. (1993) Popolamento planariologico dei fiumi del Nord Sardegna. II. I cariotipi dei Tricladi d'acqua dolce rinvenuti nel bacino idrografico del fiume Coghinas. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 29, 59 - 73." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
) highlighted the widespread distribution of biotype A and found also several populations characterized by triploid (3n = 12; n = 4) and tetraploid chromosome sets (4n = 16; n = 4), corresponding to the gynogenetic, asynaptic biotypes C and D, respectively. Biotype B was never found in
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. Further, a new pentaploid biotype (5n = 20; n = 4) was found in a population from River Temo for which the
<typeStatus id="934CECBDB11CFFF1658FFDD91465FD84" box="[995,1043,583,607]" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">type</typeStatus>
of development is unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11CFFF1630FFDD91160FD58" author="Casu, S. &amp; Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="543" pagination="177 - 184" refId="ref6163" refString="Casu, S., Pala, M. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1982) Distribuzione geografica in Sardegna di planarie d'acqua dolce appartenenti alle specie Dugesia (S.) polychroa e Dugesia (S.) mediterranea (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 21, 177 - 184." type="journal article" year="1982">
Casu
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11CFFF166FBFDF510BEFD58" box="[151,200,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
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) (
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).
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During the late 1930s specimens of
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11DFFF06445F83812B5F865" box="[553,707,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">Atrioplanaria</emphasis>
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sp. were collected from a hydropetric habitat on limestone in the surroundings of Sassari (northwestern
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11DFFF06404F85412BCF838" box="[616,714,1994,2019]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="5" pageNumber="544">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
), representing the first record of planarians from Sardinian subterranean water and the first Italian record of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF36557FF09139AFF6B" author="Benazzi, M." box="[827,1004,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref5632" refString="Benazzi, M. (1938 a) Tricladi Paludicole della Sardegna. Archivio Zoologico Italiano, 25, 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="1938">Benazzi, 1938a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF36594FF061447FF6B" author="Benazzi, M." box="[1016,1073,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="28 - 34" refId="ref5691" refString="Benazzi, M. (1942) Ulteriori osservazioni su una Fonticola (Atrioplanaria sec. De Beauchamp) della Sardegna. Bollettino di Zoologia, 13, 28 - 34." type="journal article" year="1942">1942</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11EFFF36226FF0914F9FF6B" box="[1098,1167,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[506,1101,722,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[428,1167,689,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of species of the genera Dendrocoelum, Atrioplanaria, Phagocata and Crenobia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Punta della Scomunica Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Elighe Mannu Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 3, Sassari surroundings; 4, Su Coloru Cave; 5, Rio S. Stefano and Rio Stagnali, Caprera Island, La Maddalena Archipelago National Park; 6, Monte Majore Cave; 7, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 8, unnamed spring at Alà dei Sardi; 9, Gennargentu Massif; 10, Cuccuru Tiria Cave; 11, Baccu Arrosu Mine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615655/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). A seasonal cycle with sexual and asexual reproduction was observed under laboratory conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF36585FF2214F8FF0F" author="Benazzi, M." box="[1001,1166,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="28 - 34" refId="ref5691" refString="Benazzi, M. (1942) Ulteriori osservazioni su una Fonticola (Atrioplanaria sec. De Beauchamp) della Sardegna. Bollettino di Zoologia, 13, 28 - 34." type="journal article" year="1942">Benazzi, 1942</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="4C48521FB11EFFF366ABFF4112B0FEE4" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF366ABFF411115FF23" author="Dahm, A. G." box="[199,355,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="481 - 509" refId="ref6341" refString="Dahm, A. G. (1964) The taxonomic relationships of the European species of Phagocata (? = Fonticola) based on karyological evidence. Arkiv For Zoologi, 16, 481 - 509." type="journal article" year="1964">Dahm (1964)</bibRefCitation>
performed a karyological study on specimens of this population, revealing a chromosome number of 2n = 46. However, this author was unable to obtain a suitable idiogram due to the very slight and gradual differences between the very small chromosomes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11EFFF366ABFED211F7FE76" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Unfortunately, several attempts during last decades to collect new planarians in the same water body were unsuccessful due to significant environmental changes, i.e. anthropogenic impact on suburban areas (G.A. Stocchino pers. obs.)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11EFFF366ABFE291341FDC3" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">
Other specimens of
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11EFFF367DDFE26123DFE0B" box="[433,587,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Atrioplanaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. were recorded in 1952 from Su Coloru Cave (northern
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11EFFF3636FFE291514FE0B" box="[1283,1378,439,464]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
) and from an old mine (Baccu Arrosu, southwestern
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11EFFF364C5FE42137EFE2E" box="[681,776,476,501]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF36572FE4213B6FE2F" author="Benazzi, M." box="[798,960,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="7 - 14" refId="ref5789" refString="Benazzi, M. (1982) Tricladi cavernicoli italiani. Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeographia, 7, 7 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.21426 / b 67110042" type="journal article" year="1982">Benazzi, 1982</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11EFFF365BBFE42146DFE2F" box="[983,1051,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[506,1101,722,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[428,1167,689,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of species of the genera Dendrocoelum, Atrioplanaria, Phagocata and Crenobia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Punta della Scomunica Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Elighe Mannu Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 3, Sassari surroundings; 4, Su Coloru Cave; 5, Rio S. Stefano and Rio Stagnali, Caprera Island, La Maddalena Archipelago National Park; 6, Monte Majore Cave; 7, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 8, unnamed spring at Alà dei Sardi; 9, Gennargentu Massif; 10, Cuccuru Tiria Cave; 11, Baccu Arrosu Mine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615655/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). These last findings were the first records of cave-dwelling populations of triclads in
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11EFFF364BEFE611345FDC3" box="[722,819,511,536]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
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Specimens of presumed
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11EFFF367B7FDBA1203FDE7" box="[475,629,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Atrioplanaria</emphasis>
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sp. were also found in two small temporary rivers on Caprera Island in the La Maddalena Archipelago National Park (northeastern Sardinia) (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF365D6FDD914DBFDBB" author="Manconi, R. &amp; Deriu A. &amp; Cubeddu, T." box="[954,1197,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="219 - 228" refId="ref7279" refString="Manconi, R., Deriu A. &amp; Cubeddu, T. (1995) Fauna bentonica di piccoli corsi d'acqua dolce di tre isole circum-sarde. Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeographia, 18, 219 - 228." type="journal article" year="1995">
Manconi
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11EFFF36244FDD7142DFDBB" box="[1064,1115,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">et al</emphasis>
., 1995
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11EFFF362D7FDD915E2FDBB" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S." box="[1211,1428,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="545" pagination="199 - 204" refId="ref7547" refString="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. (1995) Tricladi dulciacqucoli (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) delle isole circum-sarde. Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeographia, 18, 199 - 204." type="journal article" year="1995">Pala &amp; Casu, 1995</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11EFFF366F3FDF21092FD5F" box="[159,228,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[506,1101,722,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[428,1167,689,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of species of the genera Dendrocoelum, Atrioplanaria, Phagocata and Crenobia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Punta della Scomunica Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Elighe Mannu Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 3, Sassari surroundings; 4, Su Coloru Cave; 5, Rio S. Stefano and Rio Stagnali, Caprera Island, La Maddalena Archipelago National Park; 6, Monte Majore Cave; 7, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 8, unnamed spring at Alà dei Sardi; 9, Gennargentu Massif; 10, Cuccuru Tiria Cave; 11, Baccu Arrosu Mine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615655/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="545">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
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Stocchino
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Sardinian dendrocoelids concern unpigmented species belonging to the genus
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All three species reported until now are endemic to a single locality and inhabit subterranean water (
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Asexual unpigmented specimens of presumed
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sp. from three populations were collected from the Monte Majore Cave (northwestern Sardinia), Elighe Mannu spring in the Asinara Island National Park (northwestern Sardinia) and from an unnamed spring at Alà dei Sardi locality (northeastern Sardinia). However, absence of sexually fully developed individuals prevented a detailed assessment of their taxonomic status on morphological basis (
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Stocchino
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The recent description of
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reported from Europe. The species is also anatomically well-distinguishable from its European congeners because of its principally prepharyngeal testes (
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Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF264AFFC531282FC3F" box="[707,756,972,996]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">et al</emphasis>
., 2013c
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) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11FFFF2650AFC5213DFFC3F" box="[870,937,972,997]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[506,1101,722,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[428,1167,689,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of species of the genera Dendrocoelum, Atrioplanaria, Phagocata and Crenobia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Punta della Scomunica Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Elighe Mannu Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 3, Sassari surroundings; 4, Su Coloru Cave; 5, Rio S. Stefano and Rio Stagnali, Caprera Island, La Maddalena Archipelago National Park; 6, Monte Majore Cave; 7, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 8, unnamed spring at Alà dei Sardi; 9, Gennargentu Massif; 10, Cuccuru Tiria Cave; 11, Baccu Arrosu Mine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615655/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="4C48521FB11FFFF266FBFE9F1277FEC0" blockId="7.[151,513,257,283]" box="[151,513,257,283]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">
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<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11FFFF266FBFE9F1277FEC0" ID-CoL="ZCQL" authority="(Dana, 1776)" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[151,513,257,283]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alpina">
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<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF266FBFE9F112DFEC0" bold="true" box="[151,347,257,283]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">Crenobia alpina</emphasis>
(Dana, 1776)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C48521FB11FFFF266FBFED61421FDCF" blockId="7.[151,1436,327,640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11FFFF266FBFED61139FEBB" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[151,335,328,352]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF266FBFED61139FEBB" box="[151,335,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">Crenobia alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the Gennargentu Massif (central-eastern
<collectingRegion id="8E339CFDB11FFFF265A6FED9145FFEBB" box="[970,1065,327,352]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4CC4E9AB11FFFF2622DFED914F0FEBB" box="[1089,1158,327,352]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[506,1101,722,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[428,1167,689,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of species of the genera Dendrocoelum, Atrioplanaria, Phagocata and Crenobia recorded from Sardinia. 1, Punta della Scomunica Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 2, Elighe Mannu Spring, Asinara Island National Park; 3, Sassari surroundings; 4, Su Coloru Cave; 5, Rio S. Stefano and Rio Stagnali, Caprera Island, La Maddalena Archipelago National Park; 6, Monte Majore Cave; 7, Sa Ucca ‘e su Peltusu Cave; 8, unnamed spring at Alà dei Sardi; 9, Gennargentu Massif; 10, Cuccuru Tiria Cave; 11, Baccu Arrosu Mine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2615655/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Up to now, five sexual populations of this European stenotherm species have been found at many cold springs, with temperatures ranging from 7 C° to 15 C°, at altitudes ranging from
<quantity id="8B0FFFFAB11FFFF264FBFE0E129AFE7C" box="[663,748,400,424]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
to
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asl. The first record dates back to 1980 when Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF266FBFE2B10A3FE17" box="[151,213,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">et al.</emphasis>
collected specimens from four stations. Besides a morphological study, these workers performed also preliminary karyological analyses, revealing a polyploid karyotype with a marked tendency to aneuploidy, with a mitotic chromosome number ranging from 28-30 to more than 40 (
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11FFFF265EFFE62143DFDCF" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[899,1099,508,533]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref7769" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1980 c) Sulla presenza di &quot; Crenobia alpina (Dana) &quot; (Turbellaria, Tricladida) in Sardegna. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 19, 171 - 175." type="journal article" year="1980">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF265D0FE63139BFDCF" box="[956,1005,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">et al</emphasis>
., 1980c
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).
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<paragraph id="4C48521FB11FFFF266ABFD8112F4FD5B" blockId="7.[151,1436,327,640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">
All populations are characterized by a single pharynx and thus differ from the polypharyngeal forms
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11FFFF26358FDBE1193FD87" authority="(Mrazek, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Mrazek" baseAuthorityYear="1904" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="alpina" subSpecies="montenigrina">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF26358FDBE1158FD87" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">C. alpina montenigrina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11FFFF26750FDDA11A8FD87" author="Mrazek, A." box="[316,478,580,605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref7372" refString="Mrazek, A. (1904) Ergebnisse einer von Dr. Al. Mrazek im J. 1902 nach Montenegro unternommenen Sammelreise. Vestnik Kralovske Ceske Spolecnosti. Nauk, Trida matematicko-prirodovedecka, Sbornik Vejdovskeho, 15, 1 - 24, 4 pls. [1903]" type="book chapter" year="1904">Mràzek, 1904</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11FFFF2679DFDDA13E8FD87" authority="(Mrazek, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Mrazek" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[497,926,580,605]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="alpina" subSpecies="anophtalma">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF2679DFDDA1290FD87" box="[497,742,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">C. alpina anophtalma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11FFFF26499FDDA13E3FD87" author="Mrazek, A." box="[757,917,580,605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7421" refString="Mrazek, A. (1907) Eine zweite polypharyngeale Planarienform aus Montenegro. Vestnik Kralovske Ceske Spolecnosti. Nauk, Trida matematicko-prirodovedecka, Sbornik Vejdovskeho, 32, 1 - 18, 1 pl. [1906]" type="journal article" year="1907">Mràzek, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="8BF7299CB11FFFF265B5FDDA15EAFD87" authority="(Steinmann, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Steinmann" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[985,1436,580,605]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="alpina" subSpecies="teratophila">
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF265B5FDDA14B3FD87" box="[985,1221,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">C. alpina teratophila</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11FFFF262BFFDDA15E2FD87" author="Steinmann, P." box="[1235,1428,580,605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" pagination="523 - 568" refId="ref8094" refString="Steinmann, P. (1908) Untersuchungen uber das Verhalten des Verdauungssystems bei der Regeneration der Tricladen. Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, 25, 523 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02161517" type="journal article" year="1908">Steinmann, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11FFFF266F2FDF91113FD5B" author="Pala, M. &amp; Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A." box="[158,357,615,640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" pagination="171 - 175" refId="ref7769" refString="Pala, M., Casu, S. &amp; Vacca, R. A. (1980 c) Sulla presenza di &quot; Crenobia alpina (Dana) &quot; (Turbellaria, Tricladida) in Sardegna. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 19, 171 - 175." type="journal article" year="1980">
Pala
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF266BBFDF7117FFD5B" box="[215,265,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">et al</emphasis>
., 1980c
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;
<bibRefCitation id="28662FEEB11FFFF2671DFDF91200FD5B" author="Stocchino, G. A. &amp; Sluys, R. &amp; Marcia, P. &amp; Manconi, R." box="[369,630,615,640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="546" pagination="93 - 112" refId="ref8592" refString="Stocchino, G. A., Sluys, R., Marcia, P. &amp; Manconi, R. (2013 c) Subterranean aquatic planarians of Sardinia, with a discussion on the penial flagellum and the bursal canal sphincter in the genus Dendrocoelum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 75, 93 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.4311 / 2011 LSC 0252" type="journal article" year="2013">
Stocchino
<emphasis id="7E838E0DB11FFFF2678BFDF7126EFD5B" box="[487,536,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="546">et al</emphasis>
., 2013c
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).
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