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<mods:title id="6932FABFE81E18C39119621BAA7C3D47">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="9175707B7EBBF619F2623050D3CB0F2D">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7636A11623445122FD5AD3585100D369">Wheeler, Elisabeth A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="332C7311D6EC47BC3D645C1F316AC200">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F9878CB3ACDDDAC048E682A82681AD9E">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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@ -66,7 +67,7 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A32A963455F4FF2FFDD69A48" box="[399,514,239,263]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="description">
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A963455F4FF2FFDD69A48" box="[399,514,239,263]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">FIG. 10A–I</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A963455F4FF2FFDD69A48" box="[399,514,239,263]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">FIG. 10A–I</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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@ -109,44 +110,44 @@ Named in honor of
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBFC90FDBA98B8" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B9579801A32A963454EBFC90FEFA9825" bold="true" box="[144,302,848,874]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Description</emphasis>
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—Growth rings present, marked by radially flattened fibers and differences in latewood and ear- lywood vessel diameters of successive growth rings (
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A9634568AFC56FF13989B" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A–C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A9634568AFC56FF13989B" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A–C</figureCitation>
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). Semi-ring-porous, a slight tendency to diagonal arrangement in some regions (
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345595FC1DFD8D98B8" box="[494,601,989,1015]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345595FC1DFD8D98B8" box="[494,601,989,1015]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBFBC0FDF49E5E" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
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Vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–3, average tangential diameter of earlywood vessels 229 (44) µm, range 136–294 µm; perforations exclusively simple (
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<figureCitation id="13185896A32A9634568AFB86FF739FCB" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10H</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A9634568AFB86FF739FCB" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10H</figureCitation>
|
||||
), intervessel pits alternate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345582FBAAFDB79FCB" box="[505,611,1130,1156]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345582FBAAFDB79FCB" box="[505,611,1130,1156]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), ca. 10–12 µm; vessel-parenchyma pits similar in shape and size to in- tervessel pits (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345558FB70FE599F85" box="[291,397,1200,1226]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345558FB70FE599F85" box="[291,397,1200,1226]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||||
); vessel element length averages for 451 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32A96345499FB13FEDE9FA2" box="[226,266,1235,1261]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=70) µm, range 339–565 µm; thin-walled tyloses present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345547FB36FDC59E5E" box="[316,529,1270,1297]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10B, C, F, G, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345547FB36FDC59E5E" box="[316,529,1270,1297]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10B, C, F, G, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBFADAFCD79E7B" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" box="[144,771,1306,1332]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fibers non-septate, thin-walled, pits not observed.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBFAFDFE859EAB" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
Axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal, in tangential bands one to two cells wide throughout the growth ring, bands more closely spaced in the latewood than in the earlywood (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345578FA66FE589E8E" box="[259,396,1446,1473]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345578FA66FE589E8E" box="[259,396,1446,1473]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); strands without crystals of 4–8 cells (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A963454CCFA0AFE979EAB" box="[183,323,1482,1508]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A963454CCFA0AFE979EAB" box="[183,323,1482,1508]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBFA2DFD799DF8" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
Rays 1–3-seriate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345515FA2DFDD09D48" box="[366,516,1517,1543]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10 G–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345515FA2DFDD09D48" box="[366,516,1517,1543]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10 G–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Multiseriate rays heterocellular, with procumbent body cells and mostly with 1–3 marginal rows of square to upright cells, occasionally more (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A963454B9F996FE989D3E" box="[194,332,1622,1649]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A963454B9F996FE989D3E" box="[194,332,1622,1649]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); uniseriate rays composed of mostly upright cells, total multiseriate ray height averages 438 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32A96345402F95DFF759DF8" box="[121,161,1693,1719]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=92) µm, range 283–544 µm; 4–6 per mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBF900FCD49C6E" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
Crystals common, in chambered axial parenchyma strands, sometimes in much enlarged axial parenchyma cells within an axial parenchyma strand (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345615F8C6FD279C6E" box="[622,755,1798,1825]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10G–I</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32A96345615F8C6FD279C6E" box="[622,755,1798,1825]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10G–I</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32A963454EBF8E9FA449A6C" blockId="21.[112,801,285,1930]" lastBlockId="21.[832,1521,194,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
|
|
@ -281,12 +282,12 @@ Sarg. (1916)
|
|||
has crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cells, but not
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A329963754EBF8BBFE289CDA" blockId="22.[144,508,1915,1941]" box="[144,508,1915,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A329963754EBF8BBFEC49CDA" box="[144,272,1915,1941]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A329963754EBF8BBFEC49CDA" box="[144,272,1915,1941]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[112,187,193,217]" captionTargetId="figure-22@22.[149,1486,192,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Juglandaceae. Carya leroyii sp. nov., UF 278-84908. A, B. Semi-ring-porous wood with vessels solitary and in radial multiples, axial parenchyma in narrow bands throughout the growth ring, thin-walled tyloses, TS. C. Radial multiple of 4, thin-walled tyloses, marginal axial parenchyma, crystal-containing idioblasts, TS. D. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, RLS. E, Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting of similar size as intervessel pits, RLS. F. Body of ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. G. Thin-walled tyloses in vessel, rays 2‒3 (-4) seriate, crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells, TLS. H. Oblique end walls of vessel elements (VE), rays 1‒3 (-4) seriate, axial parenchyma strands with crystals. I. Crystals in enlarged axial parenchyma cell (*) and in chambered axial parenchyma (AP). Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B; 100 µm in C, F, G. H, I; 50 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A329963754EBF8BBFEC49CDA" bold="true" box="[144,272,1915,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 10</emphasis>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
. Caption on pg. 22.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA3289636540BFF01FB5B9A36" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" startId="23.[112,187,193,217]" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA3289636540BFF01FB5B9A36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890611" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890611/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" startId="23.[112,187,193,217]" targetBox="[149,1486,192,1887]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3289636540BFF01FB5B9A36" blockId="23.[112,1517,193,378]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A3289636540BFF01FF319B96" bold="true" box="[112,229,193,217]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32896365491FF01FEAE9B96" authorityName="DC ex Perleb" authorityYear="1818" box="[234,378,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juglandaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
408
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Normal file
408
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@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
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<mods:title id="D0FE59C72450353097F146E69B5C96DD">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0422C3EBA3130E6927A2A39CF2767CFA">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038AF505A32C9635551DFDFDFB9D9C0B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AF505A32C9635551DFDFDFB9D9C0B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AF505A32C9635551DFDFDFB9D9C0B" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A32C9632551DFDFDFDFF9916" box="[358,555,573,601]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C9632551DFDFDFDFF9916" blockId="19.[299,613,535,601]" box="[358,555,573,601]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
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||||
<heading id="D0D4F37FA32C9632551DFDFDFDFF9916" allCaps="true" box="[358,555,573,601]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632551DFDFDFDFF9916" authority="Unger, 1842" box="[358,555,573,601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632551DFDFDFDDC9916" box="[358,520,573,601]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">QUERCINIUM</emphasis>
|
||||
SP.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A32C963555E8FDA9FB9D9C0B" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963255E8FDA9FE2899CE" blockId="19.[403,508,617,641]" box="[403,508,617,641]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C963255E8FDA9FE2899CE" box="[403,508,617,641]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">FIG. 9A–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFD5AFCCD9853" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963254EBFD5AFE9899FB" bold="true" box="[144,332,666,692]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Description—</emphasis>
|
||||
Growth rings boundaries present but not well-defined (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C96325536FD7DFE7E9998" box="[333,426,701,727]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), marked by radially flattened latewood fibers, and differences in vessel diameter between latewood and earlywood of subsequent rings.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFCE5FEEF9F18" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Diffuse porous to semi-ring porous. Vessels with a very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement; exclusively solitary; vessels circular in outline (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C96325600FCABFD0C98CA" box="[635,728,875,901]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); vessel tangential diameters average 88 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C96325647FC4EFDB198E7" box="[572,613,910,936]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=17) µm, range 53–133 µm; perforation plates exclusively simple (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C9632568AFC71FF4298A1" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); pits to vasicentric tracheids circular bordered, alternate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C963254A7FC36FEED9F5E" box="[220,313,1014,1041]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
); vessel-ray parenchyma pits enlarged with reduced borders and vertical to diagonal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C963256CDFBD9FCC79F7C" box="[694,787,1049,1075]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tyloses present.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFB9FFCF59FD3" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Vasicentric tracheids present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C9632566CFB9FFDA19F36" box="[535,629,1119,1145]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Fibers non-septate, most commonly without distinctly bordered pits.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFB65FE809E67" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Axial parenchyma diffuse and probably diffuse-in-aggregates, difficult to see in transverse section, but visible in longitudinal sections, 4–8 or more cells per strand (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C963254ABFACDFE939E67" box="[208,327,1293,1320]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFAF1FD9B9EFC" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Rays of two distinct sizes, uniseriate and multiseriate rays to 15+ cells wide (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32C963255EBFA93FDDC9E22" box="[400,520,1363,1389]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" captionTargetId="figure-313@20.[141,1481,192,1349]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Fagaceae. Quercinium sp, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS. B. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS. C. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS. E, F. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); wide rays quite rare. Uniseriate rays usually less than 12 cells high (Fig.
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C96325699FAB6FD209EDF" box="[738,756,1398,1424]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C96325684FAB6FCC29EDF" box="[767,790,1398,1424]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
|
||||
). Mainly composed of procumbent cells.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFA7BFE719E9A" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" box="[144,421,1467,1494]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Crystals not observed.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFA1EFEEF9D53" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963254EBFA1EFEE39EB7" bold="true" box="[144,311,1502,1528]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Specimen—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C96325543FA1FFE889EB6" box="[312,348,1503,1529]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84878, estimated maximum diameter 8+ cm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBF9E4FDEC9D71" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" box="[144,568,1572,1598]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963254EBF9E4FE939D71" bold="true" box="[144,327,1572,1598]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Occurrence—</emphasis>
|
||||
Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C963255B1F9E4FE249D71" box="[458,496,1572,1598]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBF987FC6999E9" blockId="19.[112,807,666,1947]" lastBlockId="19.[832,1521,193,1948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963254EBF987FD849D2E" bold="true" box="[144,592,1607,1633]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Comparisons with extant plants—</emphasis>
|
||||
The combination of exclusively solitary vessels, simple perforation plates, vasicentric tracheids, vertically oriented vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, and two size classes of rays (not aggregate rays) indicates that this wood belongs to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632555AF936FE409C5F" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[289,404,1782,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325667F935FF1C9C7C" authority="Oersted (1753)" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Quercoideae">Quercoideae Oersted (1753)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Wheeler, et al. 2022). The diffuse- to semi-ring-porosity suggests an evergreen
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632566AF8FBFDA29C18" box="[529,630,1851,1879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632566AF8FBFDA29C18" box="[529,630,1851,1879]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C963256FBF8FBFD479C1A" box="[640,659,1851,1877]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
. (1753) or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632540BF89CFE659C37" authority="Blume (1825)" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1825" box="[112,433,1884,1912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632540BF89CFED59C37" box="[112,257,1884,1912]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||||
Blume (1825)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but they typically have aggregate rays according to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963255FCF840FD639CD4" author="Suzuki, M. & Ohba, H." box="[391,695,1920,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="255 - 274" refId="ref39798" refString="Suzuki, M. and H. Ohba, H. 1991. A revision of fossil wood of Quercus and its allies in Japan. Journal of Japanese Botany 66 (5): 255 - 274." type="journal article" year="1991">Suzuki and Ohba (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, as does the western
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A32C963257A1FF03FBD39B92" box="[986,1031,195,221]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||||
endemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325006FF01FB899A4F" authority="Manos, Cannon and S. H. Oh (2008)" authorityName="Manos, Cannon and S. H. Oh" authorityYear="2008" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Notholithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325006FF01FA879B92" box="[1149,1363,193,221]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Notholithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||||
Manos, Cannon and S.H.Oh (2008)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C9632500BFF26FAB09A4F" author="Wheeler, E. A. & P. Baas & S. R. Manchester" box="[1136,1380,230,256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="61 - 86" refId="ref40792" refString="Wheeler, E. A., P. Baas and S. R. Manchester. 2022. Wood anatomy of modern and fossil Fagaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 183 (1): 61 - 86. [https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 717328]." type="journal article" year="2022">Wheeler et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, one (TWTw 20973) of the twelve
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963250ACFEC8FABC9A6B" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1825" box="[1239,1384,264,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963250ACFEC8FABC9A6B" box="[1239,1384,264,292]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
samples in the
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C9632570BFEEDFC689A08" box="[880,956,301,327]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">FFPRI</collectionCode>
|
||||
image database appears to have rays similar to
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C9632571AFE90FC509A25" box="[865,900,336,362]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-14 as do multiple samples of diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325031FEB3FB3F9AC2" box="[1098,1259,371,399]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325031FEB3FB799AC0" box="[1098,1197,371,399]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g., TWTw 19013, 19097, 25282, 22654,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C96325021FE56FB729AFF" box="[1114,1190,406,432]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">FFPRI</collectionCode>
|
||||
Wood Identification Data- base Team, 2002). In the Naturalis slide collection (Lw), two
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325701FE1BFBA79AB9" box="[890,1139,475,503]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325701FE1BFBD99AB8" box="[890,1037,475,503]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963250F3FE1BFC2C9955" authority="(Korth.) Rehder (1929)" authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="Korth." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ewyckii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963250F3FE1BFA559AB6" box="[1160,1409,475,505]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpus ewyckii</emphasis>
|
||||
(Korth.) Rehder (1929)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632507EFE3EFA6E9955" authority="(Vidal) Rehder (1919)" authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Vidal" box="[1029,1466,510,538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="solerianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632507EFE3EFB4A9955" box="[1029,1182,510,538]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">L. solerianus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Vidal) Rehder (1919)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and numerous species of diffuse- to semi-ring-porous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963251EBFDE3FA259970" box="[1424,1521,547,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963251EBFDE3FA259970" box="[1424,1521,547,575]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963257FAFD86FB0E992F" authority="Nee, 1801" authorityName="Nee" authorityYear="1801" box="[897,1242,582,610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agrifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963257FAFD86FB80992D" box="[897,1108,582,610]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus agrifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
Née, 1801
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325093FD86FA3C992E" authority="Blume, 1850" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1850" box="[1256,1512,582,610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gilva">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325093FD86FA97992D" box="[1256,1347,582,610]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Q. gilva</emphasis>
|
||||
Blume, 1850
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632573BFDA9FC5D99CB" box="[832,905,616,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632573BFDA9FC5D99CB" box="[832,905,616,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Q. ilex</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C963257EAFDAAFC7099CB" box="[913,932,618,644]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
., 1753;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632507EFDA9FBAE99CB" box="[1029,1146,616,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phellos">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632507EFDA9FBAE99CB" box="[1029,1146,616,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Q. phellos</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C963250FAFDAAFB4099CB" box="[1153,1172,618,644]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
., 1753) have rays similar to this fossil.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C9632571BFD6FFB979F65" blockId="19.[832,1521,193,1948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632571BFD6FFAC29985" bold="true" box="[864,1302,687,714]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
Probably because of a combination of original abundance in ancient landscapes, resistance to decay, and ease of recognition, reports of fossil
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632507FFCD9FB75987C" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1753" box="[1028,1185,793,819]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Quercoideae">Quercoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
woods, especially oaks, are common (see Gregory et al. 2009). At the nearby Post Hammer locality (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C96325065FCA0FB909835" box="[1054,1092,864,890]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
279), there are three
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325128FC9FFA249836" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1753" box="[1363,1520,863,889]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Quercoideae">Quercoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
woods, two
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963257A0FC43FB7598D0" box="[987,1185,899,927]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
(Petrescu) emend.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963251E7FC43FBCD988F" author="Suzuki, M. & Ohba, H." pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="255 - 274" refId="ref39798" refString="Suzuki, M. and H. Ohba, H. 1991. A revision of fossil wood of Quercus and its allies in Japan. Journal of Japanese Botany 66 (5): 255 - 274." type="journal article" year="1991">Suzuki and Ohba (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632500AFC66FB00988D" box="[1137,1236,934,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632500AFC66FB00988D" box="[1137,1236,934,962]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of the Red Oak Group (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C96325730FC09FB1F98AC" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" box="[843,1227,969,995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Wheeler and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A32C9632578AFC09FB5098AC" box="[1009,1156,969,995]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Manchester</collectingRegion>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and one at the middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325004FC2DFBE99F65" authority="Scott and Wheeler (1982)" authorityName="Scott and Wheeler" authorityYear="1982" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crystallifera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325004FC2DFA7D9F49" box="[1151,1449,1004,1031]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercinium crystallifera</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963251CAFC2CFBE99F65" author="Scott, R. A. & E. A. Wheeler" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="135 - 154" refId="ref38994" refString="Scott, R. A. and E. A. Wheeler. 1982. Fossil woods from the Eocene Clarno Formation of Oregon. IAWA Bulletin n. s. 3 (3 - 4): 135 - 154. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000829]." type="journal article" year="1982">Scott and Wheeler (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C9632571BFBF3FB249E6F" blockId="19.[832,1521,193,1948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Because this wood has features found in both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963251F6FBF3FA249F00" box="[1421,1520,1075,1103]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963251F6FBF3FA249F00" box="[1421,1520,1075,1103]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632570EFB94FBD99F3F" box="[885,1037,1108,1136]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632570EFB94FBDC9F3F" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1825" box="[885,1032,1108,1136]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lithocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
we are not assigning it to
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632512AFB96FA6E9F3D" box="[1361,1466,1110,1138]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632512AFB96FA629F3D" box="[1361,1462,1110,1138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
The emended diagnosis and discussion of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325153FBB9FA3B9FDA" box="[1320,1519,1145,1173]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
indicate that this genus is for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963250C3FB5CFA819FF9" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1753" box="[1208,1365,1180,1206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Quercoideae">Quercoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
woods with aggregate rays (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C96325073FB00FB699F95" author="Petrescu, L." box="[1032,1213,1216,1242]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="113 - 184" refId="ref38240" refString="Petrescu, L. 1978. Studiul lemnelor fosile din oligocenul din nord-vestul Transilvaniei. Memoires de Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, Bucharest 27: 113 - 184." type="journal article" year="1978">Petrescu 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963250B1FB7FFA0B9F96" author="Suzuki, M. & Ohba, H." box="[1226,1503,1215,1241]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="255 - 274" refId="ref39798" refString="Suzuki, M. and H. Ohba, H. 1991. A revision of fossil wood of Quercus and its allies in Japan. Journal of Japanese Botany 66 (5): 255 - 274." type="journal article" year="1991">Suzuki and Ohba1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and because this wood does not have aggregate rays we do not assign it to
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632505FFAC6FB3E9E6D" box="[1060,1258,1286,1314]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C9635571BFAE7FF019C2C" blockId="19.[832,1521,193,1948]" lastBlockId="20.[112,800,1517,1959]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632571BFAE7FB369E0C" bold="true" box="[864,1250,1319,1348]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632571BFAE7FB119E0C" bold="true" box="[864,1221,1319,1348]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632571BFAE7FC2F9E0C" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" box="[864,1019,1319,1347]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercinium</taxonomicName>
|
||||
vs
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325059FAE7FB119E0C" box="[1058,1221,1319,1347]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercoxylon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
—
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Th
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632517FFAE8FAC59E0B" box="[1284,1297,1320,1348]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
|
||||
history of generic names for woods resembling
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963250C1FA8BFA989E28" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1825" box="[1210,1356,1355,1383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963250C1FA8BFA989E28" box="[1210,1356,1355,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963251F6FA8DFA249E26" box="[1421,1520,1357,1385]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963251F6FA8DFA249E26" box="[1421,1520,1357,1385]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is complex and has been discussed at length by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963251EFFAAFFB8B9EE2" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="121 - 168" refId="ref37777" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1957. Uber tertiare Eichenholzer aus dem pannoischen Becken. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 38: 121 - 168." type="journal article" year="1957">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C96325016FA53FADE9EE2" author="Brett, D. W." box="[1133,1290,1427,1453]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="86 - 92" refId="ref33225" refString="Brett, D. W. 1960. Fossil oak wood from the British Eocene. Palaeontology 3 (1): 86 - 92." type="journal article" year="1960">Brett (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C96325163FA53FC439E9F" author="Madel-Angeliewa, E." pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="433 - 470" refId="ref37025" refString="Madel-Angeliewa, E. 1968. Eichen-und Pappelholz aus der pliozanen Kohle im Gebiet von Baccinello (Toskana, Italien). Geologisches Jahrbuch 86: 433 - 470." type="journal article" year="1968">Mädel-Angeliewa (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963257A2FA76FBA59E9F" author="Gros, J-P." box="[985,1137,1462,1488]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="250 - 260" refId="ref35370" refString="Gros, J-P. 1988. La denomination des bois fossiles identifies a des Chenes. Bulletin mensuel de la Societe linneenne de Lyon 57 (8): 250 - 260." type="journal article" year="1988">Gros (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Relying on these publications, the best we can sort out is as follows. The oldest name applied to such woods is
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963250FDFA3BFB279D58" box="[1158,1267,1531,1559]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Kladenia</emphasis>
|
||||
used by Göppert in 1839, but
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963257C7F9DFFAE79D75" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" box="[956,1331,1567,1594]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="121 - 168" refId="ref37777" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1957. Uber tertiare Eichenholzer aus dem pannoischen Becken. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 38: 121 - 168." type="journal article" year="1957">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
argued against using this name.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C96325077F983FB609D12" author="Unger, F." box="[1036,1204,1603,1629]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" refId="ref40139" refString="Unger, F. 1842. Synopsis lignorum fossilium plantarum acramphibryarum. Pp. 100 - 102 in S. Endlicher (ed.). Genera plantarum secundrum ordines naturales disposita. Suppl II Appendix F. Beck, Vindobonae." type="book" year="1842">Unger (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
proposed the name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963251D7F983FC409DCF" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963251D7F983FC409DCF" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for fossil wood resembling
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325085F9A6FAB39DCD" box="[1278,1383,1638,1666]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325085F9A6FAB79DCD" box="[1278,1379,1638,1666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
The name
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632573BF949FBC69DEB" box="[832,1042,1672,1701]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632573BF949FC0C9DEA" box="[832,984,1673,1701]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercoxylon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
first used by Hoffman (1929), but it was not designated as gen. nov. and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C9632516AF96DFCA39DA5" authority="Hoffman" authorityName="Hoffman" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C9632516AF96DFA7C9D86" box="[1297,1448,1709,1737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
Hoffman
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
seems to have been mostly ignored. Subsequently,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C9632573BF933FBD49C42" author="Krausel, R." box="[832,1024,1779,1805]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref36397" refString="Krausel, R. 1939. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. IV. Die fossilen Floren Agyptens, Teil 3, E-L. Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Ab- teilung (N. S.) 47: 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1939">Kraüsel (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
again proposed the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325122F933FC4B9C7F" authority="Krausel" authorityName="Krausel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325122F933FA249C40" box="[1369,1520,1779,1807]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
Kräusel
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and later
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C96325067F8D6FA5F9C7E" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" box="[1052,1419,1814,1841]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="121 - 168" refId="ref37777" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1957. Uber tertiare Eichenholzer aus dem pannoischen Becken. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 38: 121 - 168." type="journal article" year="1957">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 125) provided a formal diagnosis for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963250A1F8F9FAF69C38" authority="(Krausel) emend. Muller-Stoll and Madel (1957)" authorityName="emend. Muller-Stoll and Madel" authorityYear="1957" baseAuthorityName="Krausel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963250A1F8F9FAA59C1A" box="[1242,1393,1849,1877]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
(Kräusel) emend.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C963257DFF89CFAF69C38" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" box="[932,1314,1884,1911]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="121 - 168" refId="ref37777" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1957. Uber tertiare Eichenholzer aus dem pannoischen Becken. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 38: 121 - 168." type="journal article" year="1957">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In their discussion, Müller-Stoll and Mädel note that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325159F840FA6D9CD3" authorityName="emend. Muller-Stoll and Madel" authorityYear="1957" baseAuthorityName="Krausel" box="[1314,1465,1920,1948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325159F840FA6D9CD3" box="[1314,1465,1920,1948]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Quercoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B9635540BFA2EFF289D47" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" box="[112,252,1518,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B9635540BFA2EFF289D47" box="[112,252,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are completely identical in content [“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963556CCFA2EFEDE9D64" authority="Krausel" authorityName="Krausel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963556CCFA2EFF709D62" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
Kraüsel
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B96355531F9D1FDF89D64" authority="Unger" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" box="[330,556,1553,1579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B96355531F9D1FE0C9D64" box="[330,472,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
Unger
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
stimmen inhaltlich völlig überein”]. Although
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963555C3F9F4FD929D01" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" box="[440,582,1588,1614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963555C3F9F4FD929D01" box="[440,582,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has priority (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32B9635568BF9F4FF309D3E" author="Unger, F." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref40139" refString="Unger, F. 1842. Synopsis lignorum fossilium plantarum acramphibryarum. Pp. 100 - 102 in S. Endlicher (ed.). Genera plantarum secundrum ordines naturales disposita. Suppl II Appendix F. Beck, Vindobonae." type="book" year="1842">Unger 1842</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), they stated that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963555BFF998FCF49D3D" authority="Krausel (1939)" authorityName="Krausel" authorityYear="1939" box="[452,800,1623,1652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963555BFF998FD8F9D3B" box="[452,603,1624,1652]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32B96355619F997FCF49D3D" author="Krausel, R." box="[610,800,1623,1650]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref36397" refString="Krausel, R. 1939. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. IV. Die fossilen Floren Agyptens, Teil 3, E-L. Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Ab- teilung (N. S.) 47: 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1939">Kraüsel (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
should be used because most authors are of the opinion that fossil woods named after a modern genus should use -
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963554D7F901FF2F9D92" box="[172,251,1729,1757]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">oxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32B96355575F901FDA19D93" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" box="[270,629,1729,1756]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="121 - 168" refId="ref37777" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1957. Uber tertiare Eichenholzer aus dem pannoischen Becken. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 38: 121 - 168." type="journal article" year="1957">Müller-Stoll and Mädel 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 125–126). There is no formal requirement to use -
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B9635563FF924FD469C4F" box="[580,658,1764,1792]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">oxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
in a generic name for a fossil wood. Consequently, we are assigning this wood to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B9635556DF8E8FE2C9C0D" authority="Unger" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" box="[278,504,1832,1858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B9635556DF8E8FE709C0D" box="[278,420,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
Unger
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
because that name has priority.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA32B9635540BFA94FC529EF3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913348/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" startId="20.[112,187,1364,1388]" targetBox="[141,1478,192,1342]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32B9635540BFA94FC529EF3" blockId="20.[112,1510,1364,1469]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B9635540BFA94FF029E23" bold="true" box="[112,214,1364,1388]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963554A0FA95FEEB9E22" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[219,319,1365,1389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B96355533FA95FE369E23" box="[328,482,1365,1388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B96355533FA95FE179E23" box="[328,451,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
sp
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, UF 278-84878. A. Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels exclusively solitary, very slight tendency to diagonal arrangement, TS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B9635566EFAAFFDF19EC8" bold="true" box="[533,549,1391,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. Simple perforation plates (PP), RLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963557CDFAAFFC119EC8" bold="true" box="[950,965,1391,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. Vasicentric tracheids, uniseriate rays, axial parenchyma strands, TLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B96355537FA4AFE8A9EED" bold="true" box="[332,350,1418,1442]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, tyloses, RLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B96355004FA4AFB739EED" bold="true" box="[1151,1191,1418,1442]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E, F</emphasis>
|
||||
. Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, E; 100 µm in B, C, F; 50 µm in C; 20 µm in D.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32B963554EBF8ABFB9D9C0B" blockId="20.[112,800,1517,1959]" lastBlockId="20.[832,1521,1517,1860]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32B963554EBF8ABFF769CCA" box="[144,162,1899,1925]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
noteworthy feature of this Dietz Hill
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963556EBF8ABFCF49CCA" authorityName="Unger" authorityYear="1842" box="[656,800,1899,1925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963556EBF8ABFCF49CCA" box="[656,800,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is that it does not have a distinct radial, diagonal, or dendritic vessel arrangement. This feature also characterizes
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963557ECF9D1FAF99D64" authority="Brett (1960)" authorityName="Brett" authorityYear="1960" box="[919,1325,1553,1579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="porosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32B963557ECF9D1FB449D64" box="[919,1168,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quercinium porosum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32B963550EFF9D1FAF99D64" author="Brett, D. W." box="[1172,1325,1553,1579]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="86 - 92" refId="ref33225" refString="Brett, D. W. 1960. Fossil oak wood from the British Eocene. Palaeontology 3 (1): 86 - 92." type="journal article" year="1960">Brett (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the British Eocene, which has markedly wider vessels which average 237 µm in tangential diameter. We do not know whether this Dietz Hill sample might be root wood which could explain the lack of a distinct vessel arrangement pattern (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32B96355730F901FBF29D94" author="Cutler, D. W. & P. J. Rudall & P. E. Gasson & R. M. O. Gale" box="[843,1062,1729,1755]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref34042" refString="Cutler, D. W., P. J. Rudall, P. E. Gasson and R. M. O. Gale. 1987. Root Identification Manual of Trees and Shrubs: A Guide to the Anatomy of Roots of Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Britain and Northern Europe. Chapman and Hall, London. 245 pp." type="book" year="1987">Cutler et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). We are not creating a new species for this small, single sample of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32B963550B3F924FAB19DB1" authorityName="Oersted" authorityYear="1753" box="[1224,1381,1764,1790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Quercoideae">Quercoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
wood, and think it is sufficient to report its occurrence at the Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32B96355701F8EAFC749C0B" box="[890,928,1834,1860]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278) locality.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
576
data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A32F963254BAFAD0FE2F9AB9.xml
Normal file
576
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A32F963154BAFAD0FD1B9E64" box="[193,719,1296,1324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F963154BAFAD0FD1B9E64" blockId="16.[193,719,1185,1363]" box="[193,719,1296,1324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="D0D4F37FA32F963154BAFAD0FD1B9E64" allCaps="true" box="[193,719,1296,1324]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F963154BAFAD0FEB79E63" ID-CoL="8VXN4" authority="WHEELER & MANCHESTER, 2021" box="[193,355,1296,1324]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963154BAFAD0FEB79E63" box="[193,355,1296,1324]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
FAGUS
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F9631556DFAD0FEB79E63" box="[278,355,1296,1324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">DOGEI</collectionCode>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32F96315511FAD3FD1B9E64" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" box="[362,719,1299,1323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
WHEELER &
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A32F96315588FAD3FD5F9E64" box="[499,651,1299,1323]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">MANCHESTER</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A32F963255E9FAFBFE2F9AB9" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F963155E9FAFBFE2B9E1C" blockId="16.[193,719,1185,1363]" box="[402,511,1339,1363]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F963155E9FAFBFE2B9E1C" box="[402,511,1339,1363]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">FIG. 8A–K</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F963154EBFAADFF2F9DD4" blockId="16.[112,800,1388,1935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
We found five samples that have a combination of fea- tures indicating affinity with
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963155AEFA4FFDF09EE4" box="[469,548,1423,1451]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F963155AEFA4FFDCB9EE4" box="[469,543,1423,1451]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
There is variation in vessel frequency, ray size, and occurrence of compound rays. The abundant tyloses in some samples made it difficult to measure vessel element lengths and to clearly see perforation plates.
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F963155F3F9DAFE4E9D7B" box="[392,410,1562,1588]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
description of the features they share is given below.
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A32F96315501F9FCFE019D19" box="[378,469,1596,1622]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="18.[111,175,194,218]" captionTargetBox="[128,1430,342,701]" captionTargetId="graphics-674@18.[114,1502,377,711]" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of fossil Fagus woods from Dietz Hill with Fagus dodgei from Post Hammer (UF 279, late Eocene, Wheeler and Manchester 2021) and Fagus manosii (mid-Miocene, Wheeler and Dillhoff 2009). VTD=vessel tangential diameter in µm, mean (SD); V/mm2=number of vessels per square mm; Lrg Ray=large ray, number of cells wide; Cmp=compound ray; Lrg Ray Ht.=large ray height in µm, mean (SD, when known), range." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
gives information on each sample’s vessel diameter and frequency, and ray width and height.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F963154EBF964FE429C68" blockId="16.[112,800,1388,1935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963154EBF964FE989DF1" bold="true" box="[144,332,1700,1726]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Description—</emphasis>
|
||||
Growth rings distinct, marked by radially flattened latewood fibers, and differences in vessel diameter between latewood and earlywood of subsequent rings (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F96315575F8CCFE5C9C68" box="[270,392,1804,1831]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F963154EBF8EFFA2499D7" blockId="16.[112,800,1388,1935]" lastBlockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Diffuse porous to semi-ring porous (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F9631563AF8EFFD619C06" box="[577,693,1839,1865]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Vessels predominantly solitary (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F963155E7F892FE229C23" box="[412,502,1874,1900]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); vessels circular to oval to slightly angular in outline; vessels narrow. Perforation plates simple and scalariform with <10 bars (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F9631511CFE0EFA369AA7" box="[1383,1506,462,488]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8D–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); intervessel pitting scalariform to opposite (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F96315121FE31FA619944" box="[1370,1461,497,523]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
|
||||
), occasionally alternate; vessel-ray parenchyma pits oval to horizontally elongate with reduced borders (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F963151FAFDF7FA37991E" box="[1409,1507,567,593]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Vessel element lengths medium. Tyloses common, usually oriented horizontally across the vessel lumens (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F963151F3FDBEFA3799D7" box="[1416,1507,638,664]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BFD61FC65984E" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Fibers non-septate, walls thick to very thick, with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F96315732FD27FC70984E" box="[841,932,743,769]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BFCCAFA559807" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Axial parenchyma diffuse, less commonly diffuse-in-aggregates (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F963157AEFCEEFB9D9807" box="[981,1097,814,840]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), strands of 4–8 or more.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BFC91FA3098B7" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Rays of two distinct sizes, narrow rays 1–3 (-4) seriate and the wider rays more than8-seriate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A32F96315167FCB4FA5898C1" box="[1308,1420,884,910]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[157,232,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[163,1470,192,1886]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Caption on pg. 17." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig.8I–K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Homocellular, composed of procumbent cells or heterocellular with body of procumbent cells and 1–4 marginal rows of square/upright cells. Compound rays rare to common.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BFBC0FC779F2D" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631571BFBC0FBDA9F55" bold="true" box="[864,1038,1024,1050]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Specimens—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F96315075FBC1FBE59F54" box="[1038,1073,1025,1051]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84869, 84873, 84888, 84896, estimated maximum diameters
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A32F963150A9FBE4FAF69F70" box="[1234,1314,1060,1087]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A32F96315154FBE4FAAB9F70" box="[1327,1407,1060,1087]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
|
||||
, 26+ cm, 16+ cm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BFBAAFADC9FCA" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" box="[864,1288,1130,1157]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631571BFBAAFBC39FCB" bold="true" box="[864,1047,1130,1156]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Occurrence—</emphasis>
|
||||
Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F963150E1FBABFB149FCA" box="[1178,1216,1131,1157]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BFB4DFB839DF7" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631571BFB4DFAF49FE7" bold="true" box="[864,1312,1165,1192]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Comparisons with extant woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
The combination of diffuse-porosity (5p), predominantly solitary vessels (9p), simple and scalariform perforation plates with few bars (13p, 14p, 15p), scalariform and opposite intervessel pitting (20p, 21p), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders (31p), average tangential diameter less than 100 µm (42a, 43a), more than 40 vessels per mm
|
||||
<superScript id="7C56E95BA32F9631570AFA44FCA89ED8" attach="left" box="[881,892,1412,1431]" fontSize="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">2</superScript>
|
||||
(46a–48a), non-septate fibers with bordered pits (62p, 66p), diffuse axial parenchyma unaccompanied by obvious paratracheal parenchyma (76p, 79–86a), rays more than 3-seriate, commonly more than 1.0 mm high, and of two distinct sizes (96a, 97a, 102p, 103p) occurs in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F96315725F9F4FC729D1F" box="[862,934,1588,1616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315725F9F4FC729D1F" box="[862,934,1588,1616]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This combination of features also occurs in the Indian species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F9631578AF998FA9A9D3E" authority="Wight" authorityName="Wight" box="[1009,1358,1623,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leschenautii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631578AF998FAD49D3E" box="[1009,1280,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Vaccinium leschenautii</emphasis>
|
||||
Wight
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which differs in having helical thickenings in its vessel elements and sheath cells in its rays.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631571BF901FA249CC4" blockId="16.[832,1521,462,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F9631571BF901FCA69D94" box="[864,882,1729,1755]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
review of tangential sections of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F9631517CF901FA9B9D92" box="[1287,1359,1729,1757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631517CF901FA9B9D92" box="[1287,1359,1729,1757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F963151DFF901FA249D94" box="[1444,1520,1729,1755]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">FFPRI</collectionCode>
|
||||
Database of Japanese Woods (https://db.ffpri.go.jp) and the InsideWood image collection shows considerable variation in maximum ray width within the illustrated species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F963157D0F88EFAD69C27" authority="Blume (1849)" authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1849" box="[939,1282,1868,1898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963157D0F88EFB879C27" box="[939,1107,1868,1898]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fagus crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
Blume (1849)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F96315176F88CFC4C9CC4" authority="Ehrh. (1788)" authorityName="Ehrh." authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315176F88CFA7D9C25" box="[1293,1449,1868,1898]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">F.grandifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
Ehrh. (1788)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F963157DCF8AFFB279CC4" authority="Maxim. (1887)" authorityName="Maxim." authorityYear="1887" box="[935,1267,1903,1933]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cryptomeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963157DCF8AFFBF89CC2" box="[935,1068,1903,1933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">F. japonica</emphasis>
|
||||
Maxim. (1887)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F96315179F8AFFA249CC4" authority="Lipsky" authorityName="Lipsky" box="[1282,1520,1903,1931]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Platycladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315179F8AFFA469CC4" box="[1282,1426,1903,1931]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">F. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||||
Lipsky
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32E963054E6F8BCFE1E9CDB" blockId="17.[157,458,1916,1941]" box="[157,458,1916,1941]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32E963054E6F8BCFED79CDB" bold="true" box="[157,259,1916,1940]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
Caption on pg. 17.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65" ID-Table-UUID="DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA32D96335414FF02FD389A65" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" startId="18.[111,175,194,218]" targetBox="[128,1430,342,701]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D96335414FF02FD389A65" blockId="18.[111,1476,193,298]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335414FF02FF1E9B96" bold="true" box="[111,202,193,218]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
Comparison of fossil
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963355CAFF03FE3B9B94" box="[433,495,195,219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963355CAFF03FE3B9B94" box="[433,495,195,219]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
woods from Dietz Hill with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335767FF03FC739B94" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2021" box="[796,935,195,219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dodgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335767FF03FC739B94" box="[796,935,195,219]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus dodgei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Post Hammer (UF 279, late Eocene,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D9633511CFF01FE8E9BBB" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">Wheeler and Manchester 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963355ECFF1DFDFA9BBB" authorityName="Wheeler and Dillhoff" authorityYear="2009" box="[407,558,221,244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manosii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963355ECFF1DFDFA9BBB" box="[407,558,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus manosii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(mid-Miocene,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963356ADFF1CFC299BBB" author="Wheeler, E. A. & T. A. Dillhoff" box="[726,1021,220,244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 101" refId="ref40967" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and T. A. Dillhoff. 2009. The Middle Miocene Wood Flora of Vantage, Washington, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 7: 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="2009">Wheeler and Dillhoff 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335075FF1CFB949BBB" bold="true" box="[1038,1088,220,244]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">VTD</emphasis>
|
||||
=vessel tangential diameter in µm, mean (SD);
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335495FF37FE969A47" bold="true" box="[238,322,247,271]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">V/mm2</emphasis>
|
||||
=number of vessels per square mm;
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963356B2FF37FCF49A40" bold="true" box="[713,800,247,271]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Lrg Ray</emphasis>
|
||||
=large ray, number of cells wide;
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350F9FF37FB629A40" bold="true" box="[1154,1206,247,271]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Cmp</emphasis>
|
||||
=compound ray;
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335116FF37FF469A65" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Lrg Ray Ht.</emphasis>
|
||||
=large ray height in µm, mean (SD, when known), range.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D963354CAFE96FA8399F2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<table id="F923B6B3A32D69DE54FBFE96FA4299F2" box="[128,1430,342,701]" gridcols="5" gridrows="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFE96FA429A23" box="[128,1430,342,364]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFE96FEC19A23" box="[128,277,342,364]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Sample</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FE96FE039A23" box="[394,471,342,364]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">VTD</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFE96FD749A23" box="[580,672,342,364]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D96335631FE96FD889A23" box="[586,604,342,364]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||||
/mm2
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FE96FBC29A23" box="[824,1046,342,364]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Lrg Ray</th>
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFE96FA429A23" box="[1184,1430,342,364]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350A4FE96FA839A24" bold="true" box="[1247,1367,342,363]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Lrg Ray Ht.</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFE49FA429AD0" box="[128,1430,393,415]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFE49FEC19AD0" box="[128,277,393,415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963354FBFE4AFF489AD0" box="[128,156,394,415]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84869
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FE49FE039AD0" box="[394,471,393,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">59 (8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFE49FD749AD0" box="[580,672,393,415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">39–53</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FE49FBC29AD0" box="[824,1046,393,415]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">6–9, Cmp</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFE49FA429AD0" box="[1184,1430,393,415]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">2214 (580), 1269–3102</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFE79FA429A9F" box="[128,1430,441,464]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFE79FEC19A9F" box="[128,277,441,464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963354FBFE7AFF489A80" box="[128,156,442,463]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84903
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FE79FE039A9F" box="[394,471,441,464]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">49 (13)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFE79FD749A9F" box="[580,672,441,464]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">67–82</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FE79FBC29A9F" box="[824,1046,441,464]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">7–12, Cmp</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFE79FA429A9F" box="[1184,1430,441,464]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">2566 (734), 1974–3948</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFE28FA429AB1" box="[128,1430,488,510]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFE28FEC19AB1" box="[128,277,488,510]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963354FBFE29FF489AB1" box="[128,156,489,510]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84873
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FE28FE039AB1" box="[394,471,488,510]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">44 (6)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFE28FD749AB1" box="[580,672,488,510]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">86–103</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FE28FBC29AB1" box="[824,1046,488,510]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">to 22, Cmp common</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFE28FA429AB1" box="[1184,1430,488,510]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">1875 (500), 1356–2825</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFDD5FA429963" box="[128,1430,533,556]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFDD5FEC19963" box="[128,277,533,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963354FBFDD6FF489964" box="[128,156,534,555]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84888
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FDD5FE039963" box="[394,471,533,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">62 (12)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFDD5FD749963" box="[580,672,533,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">61–75</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FDD5FBC29963" box="[824,1046,533,556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">8–11, Cmp common</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFDD5FA429963" box="[1184,1430,533,556]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">2358 (311), 1904–2744</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFD86FA429912" box="[128,1430,582,605]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFD86FEC19912" box="[128,277,582,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963354FBFD87FF489913" box="[128,156,583,604]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84896
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FD86FE039912" box="[394,471,582,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">53 (8)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFD86FD749912" box="[580,672,582,605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">87–117</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FD86FBC29912" box="[824,1046,582,605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">to 20+, Cmp common</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFD86FA429912" box="[1184,1430,582,605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">1967 (815), 705–3666</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFDB7FA4299C1" box="[128,1430,631,654]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFDB7FEC199C1" box="[128,277,631,654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354FBFDB7FED099C1" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2021" box="[128,260,631,654]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dodgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354FBFDB7FED099C1" box="[128,260,631,654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus dodgei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FDB7FE0399C1" box="[394,471,631,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">55 (11)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFDB7FD7499C1" box="[580,672,631,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">39–79</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FDB7FBC299C1" box="[824,1046,631,654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">18–20, Cmp</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFDB7FA4299C1" box="[1184,1430,631,654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">1560, 740–2690</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="35134651A32D69DE54FBFD66FA4299F2" box="[128,1430,678,701]" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<th id="76C22F2DA32D69DE54FBFD66FEC199F2" box="[128,277,678,701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354FBFD67FEC499F3" authorityName="Wheeler and Dillhoff" authorityYear="2009" box="[128,272,679,700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manosii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354FBFD67FEC499F3" box="[128,272,679,700]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus manosii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE55F1FD66FE0399F2" box="[394,471,678,701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">52 (11)</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE563FFD66FD7499F2" box="[580,672,678,701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">110–130</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE5743FD66FBC299F2" box="[824,1046,678,701]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">to 16, Cmp absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="76C22F2DA32D69DE50DBFD66FA4299F2" box="[1184,1430,678,701]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">1700 (max)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D9633540BFD2BFEFC98F8" blockId="18.[112,801,745,1724]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
(1898), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633556BFD29FE439848" box="[272,407,745,775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633556BFD29FE439848" box="[272,407,745,775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. sylvatica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963355DBFD2BFE66984A" box="[416,434,747,773]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
. (1753). Compound rays are more common in the Dietz Hill
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633559BFCCEFDF39865" box="[480,551,782,810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633559BFCCEFDF39865" box="[480,551,782,810]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than in extant
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963356AFFCCEFCF49865" box="[724,800,782,810]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963356AFFCCEFCC89865" box="[724,796,782,810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
although compound rays were observed in some samples of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354F5FC93FEFA983E" box="[142,302,851,881]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354F5FC93FEFA983E" box="[142,302,851,881]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. grandifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335512FC93FE2F9820" box="[361,507,851,879]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335512FC93FE239820" box="[361,503,851,879]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Platycladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">F. orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Scalariform intervessel pitting is more common in the Dietz Hill
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633560DFCB8FD6A98DB" box="[630,702,888,916]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633560DFCB8FD6A98DB" box="[630,702,888,916]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than in modern
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354A1FC5BFEFC98F8" box="[218,296,923,951]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354A1FC5BFEF098F8" box="[218,292,923,951]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D963354EBFC7EFD819D60" blockId="18.[112,801,745,1724]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354EBFC7EFF0D9895" box="[144,217,958,986]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354EBFC7EFF0D9895" box="[144,217,958,986]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335565FC7DFE589896" box="[286,396,957,985]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335565FC7DFE589896" box="[286,396,957,985]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Platanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
wood are superficially similar. Differences between them were reviewed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963356C0FC21FEA19F50" author="Panshin, A. J. & C. DeZeeuw" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref38051" refString="Panshin, A. J. and C. DeZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. 4 th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. 722 pp." type="book" year="1980">Panshin and DeZeeuw (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963355FBFBC4FD979F50" author="Hoadley, B." box="[384,579,1028,1055]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref35626" refString="Hoadley, B. 1990. Identifying Wood. Accurate Results with Simple Tools - Taunton Press, Newtown, CT. 233 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hoadley (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963356F9FBC4FEB59F0D" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Wheeler and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A32D9633540BFBE8FED79F0D" box="[112,259,1064,1090]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Manchester</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(2021)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. They include: 1)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335640FBE8FD579F0B" box="[571,643,1064,1092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335640FBE8FD579F0B" box="[571,643,1064,1092]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
consistently has vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, while
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354C0FBADFEF29FC6" box="[187,294,1133,1161]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354C0FBADFEF29FC6" box="[187,294,1133,1161]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Platanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has most vessel-ray parenchyma similar to intervessel pits, and only occasionally with reduced borders; 2) intervessel pits in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633558EFB75FDE99F9E" box="[501,573,1205,1233]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633558EFB75FDE99F9E" box="[501,573,1205,1233]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are opposite-scalariform (transitional) to occasionally alternate, while in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354F4FB39FF2E9E5A" box="[143,250,1273,1301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354F4FB39FF2E9E5A" box="[143,250,1273,1301]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Platanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
they are usually crowded opposite; 3) many samples of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633557EFADEFE9A9E75" box="[261,334,1310,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633557EFADEFE9A9E75" box="[261,334,1310,1338]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tend to be semi-ring-porous with a distinct latewood zone with narrower vessels, while
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633540BFAA3FF0F9E30" box="[112,219,1379,1407]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633540BFAA3FF0F9E30" box="[112,219,1379,1407]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Platanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is most commonly ‘classic’ diffuse-porous; 4) spacing and sizes of the wide rays is more variable in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633540BFA6BFF6C9E88" box="[112,184,1451,1479]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633540BFA6BFF6C9E88" box="[112,184,1451,1479]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335561FA69FE599E8A" box="[282,397,1449,1477]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335561FA69FE529E8A" box="[282,390,1449,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Platanus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
5) the ratio of narrow (1–3-seriate) rays to wide rays (>8-seriate) is higher in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963356E0FA0EFD379EA5" box="[667,739,1486,1514]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963356E0FA0EFD379EA5" box="[667,739,1486,1514]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354F4FA30FED59D43" box="[143,257,1520,1548]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354F4FA30FF289D43" box="[143,252,1520,1548]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Platanus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
e.g., we observed ~9:
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A32D9633566CFA31FD909D44" box="[535,580,1521,1547]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335631FA30FD3F9D41" box="[586,747,1520,1550]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335631FA30FD3F9D41" box="[586,747,1520,1550]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. grandifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and ~2:
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A32D963354DBF9D5FF199D61" box="[160,205,1556,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963354A8F9D3FE019D60" box="[211,469,1555,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354A8F9D3FE019D60" box="[211,469,1555,1583]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Platanus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963355A7F9D5FE3A9D60" box="[476,494,1557,1583]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
. (1753).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D963354EBF9F7FA3098B3" blockId="18.[112,801,745,1724]" lastBlockId="18.[832,1524,747,1724]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963354EBF9F7FD869D1D" bold="true" box="[144,594,1591,1618]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
The nearby Post Hammer locality (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D96335523F99BFEAB9D3A" box="[344,383,1627,1653]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
279) has two samples of beech wood, both assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963355EFF9BEFEF19DF3" authority="Wheeler and Manchester (2021)" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2021" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dodgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963355EFF9BEFDE09DD5" box="[404,564,1662,1690]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus dodgei</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D96335641F9BEFEF19DF3" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="299 - 329" refId="ref41269" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2021. A diverse assemblage of late Eocene woods from Oregon, USA. Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 299 - 329. [https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2021.022]." type="journal article" year="2021">Wheeler and Manchester (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and which differed from the mid-Miocene
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633573BFD2CFACC984A" authority="Wheeler and Dillhoff (2009)" authorityName="Wheeler and Dillhoff" authorityYear="2009" box="[832,1304,747,773]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manosii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633573BFD2CFC6C984A" box="[832,952,748,773]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F.manosii</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963357C6FD2BFACC984A" author="Wheeler, E. A. & T. A. Dillhoff" box="[957,1304,747,773]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 101" refId="ref40967" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and T. A. Dillhoff. 2009. The Middle Miocene Wood Flora of Vantage, Washington, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 7: 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="2009">Wheeler and Dillhoff (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Vantage Fossil Forests of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A32D96335074FCCEFB3F9867" box="[1039,1259,782,808]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Washington State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
which has more scalariform intervessel pitting and shorter rays. Compound rays were not observed in
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350FBFC95FB2A9821" box="[1152,1278,853,878]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963350FBFC95FB2E9821" authorityName="Wheeler and Dillhoff" authorityYear="2009" box="[1152,1274,853,878]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manosii">F.manosii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We assign the Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D96335705FCB8FC7098DD" box="[894,932,888,914]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278) woods to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633500AFCB6FB0B98DB" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2021" box="[1137,1247,886,916]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dodgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633500AFCB6FB0B98DB" box="[1137,1247,886,916]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. dodgei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; differences between these
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32D963357F1FC5BFC7998FA" box="[906,941,923,949]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278 samples and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963350F7FC59FB2398F8" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2021" box="[1164,1271,921,951]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dodgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350F7FC59FB2398F8" box="[1164,1271,921,951]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. dodgei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Post Hammer locality are comparable to the intraspecific variation seen within present-day
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633500EFC20FAC198B1" box="[1141,1301,992,1022]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633500EFC20FAC198B1" box="[1141,1301,992,1022]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. grandifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633512AFC20FA3098B3" box="[1361,1508,992,1020]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633512AFC20FA3498B3" box="[1361,1504,992,1020]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Platycladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">F. orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D9632571BFBC4FE7F9B92" blockId="18.[832,1524,747,1724]" lastBlockId="19.[112,800,195,502]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
The oldest well-documented occurrence of the beech genus is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963357CFFBE6FB989F0B" box="[948,1100,1062,1092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="langevinii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963357CFFBE6FB989F0B" box="[948,1100,1062,1092]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. langevinii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D9633502DFBE8FA249F0D" author="Manchester, S. R. & R. M. Dillhoff" box="[1110,1520,1064,1090]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1509 - 1517" refId="ref37270" refString="Manchester, S. R. and R. M. Dillhoff. 2004. Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 82 (10): 1509 - 1517. [https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / B 04 - 112]." type="journal article" year="2004">Manchester and Dillhoff (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
from the early middle Eocene McAbee flora of British
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A32D9633573BFBAEFC6D9FC7" box="[832,953,1134,1160]" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, based on cupules, nuts, foliage, and associated dispersed pollen, which was considered closest to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335716FB75FC619F9E" box="[877,949,1205,1233]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335716FB75FC619F9E" box="[877,949,1205,1233]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group that includes
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350D5FB73FA899F80" box="[1198,1373,1203,1233]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963350D5FB73FA999F9E" box="[1198,1357,1203,1233]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandifolia">F.grandifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Manchester and Dillhoff 2005). Other Cenozoic North America
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963351D3FB18FA249FBB" box="[1448,1520,1240,1268]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963351D3FB18FA249FBB" box="[1448,1520,1240,1268]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
megafossil occurrences include
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963350BAFB3CFA249E59" authority="Chaney (1925)" authorityName="Chaney" authorityYear="1925" box="[1217,1520,1275,1302]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350BAFB3CFAE29E5A" box="[1217,1334,1275,1301]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F.pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
Chaney (1925)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Oligocene Bridge Creek flora of Oregon (cupules and leaves;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963357B2FA81FBBC9E14" author="Chaney, R. W." box="[969,1128,1345,1371]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="45 - 138" refId="ref33701" refString="Chaney, R. W. 1927. Geology and Paleontology of the Crooked River Basin, with special reference to the Bridge Creek. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications 346: 45 - 138." type="journal article" year="1927">Chaney 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D96335009FA82FA1D9E14" author="Meyer, H. W. & S. R. Manchester" box="[1138,1481,1345,1372]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 195" refId="ref37696" refString="Meyer, H. W. and S. R. Manchester. 1997. The Oligocene Bridge Creek flora of the John Day Formation, Oregon. University of California Publications in Geological Science 141: 1 - 195." type="journal article" year="1997">Meyer and Manchester1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D963351A5FA80FAC79E30" authority="Chaney and Axelrod (1959)" authorityName="Chaney and Axelrod" authorityYear="1959" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963351A5FA80FC6B9E30" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F. idahoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963357BFFAA4FAC79E30" author="Chaney R. W. & Axelrod, D. I." box="[964,1299,1380,1407]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 237" refId="ref33737" refString="Chaney R. W. and Axelrod, D. I. 1959. Miocene floras of the Columbia Plateau. Carnegie Institute Washington Publication 617: 1 - 237." type="journal article" year="1959">Chaney and Axelrod (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D9633512AFAA3FBD19EEC" authority="LaMotte (1936)" authorityName="LaMotte" authorityYear="1936" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="washoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633512AFAA3FA3B9E30" box="[1361,1519,1379,1407]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F.washoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
LaMotte (1936)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Miocene of Idaho and Oregon (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D96335730FA6BFB5B9E89" author="Chaney R. W. & Axelrod, D. I." box="[843,1167,1451,1478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 237" refId="ref33737" refString="Chaney R. W. and Axelrod, D. I. 1959. Miocene floras of the Columbia Plateau. Carnegie Institute Washington Publication 617: 1 - 237." type="journal article" year="1959">Chaney and Axelrod 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The Eurasian fossil record of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335726FA0EFC719EA5" box="[861,933,1486,1514]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335726FA0EFC719EA5" box="[861,933,1486,1514]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on leaves and cupules, has been reviewed previously (Kvacek and Walther 1991,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D96335162FA31FA709D44" author="Tanai, T." box="[1305,1444,1521,1547]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="62 - 83" refId="ref39944" refString="Tanai, T. 1974. Evolutionary trend of the genus Fagus around the northern Pacific Basin. Symposium on Origin and Phytogeog- raphy of Angiosperms. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany Special Publication 1: 62 - 83." type="journal article" year="1974">Tanai 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D963351D4FA31FC169D60" author="Denk, T. & G. Grimm & K. Stogerer & M. Langer & V. Hemleben" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="213 - 236" refId="ref34162" refString="Denk, T., G. Grimm, K. Stogerer., M. Langer and V. Hemleben. 2002. The evolutionary history of Fagus in western Eurasia: Evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record. Plant Systematics and Evolution 232 (3): 213 - 236. [http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 23644392]." type="journal article" year="2002">Denk et al 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The tricolporate pollen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335155F9D5FAA29D7E" box="[1326,1398,1557,1585]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335155F9D5FAA29D7E" box="[1326,1398,1557,1585]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is distinctive in its ornamentation as viewed in SEM, has been recognized in the Paleocene of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A32D9633517CF99BFA5D9D3A" box="[1287,1417,1627,1653]" name="Greenland" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Grims- son et al 2016), early Eocene of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A32D963350A0F9BEFAF79DD7" box="[1243,1315,1662,1688]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32D9633514DF9BEFC559DF4" author="Hofmann, C. M. & J. Jin" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="41 - 61" refId="ref35676" refString="Hofmann, C. M. Kodrul, Xiaoyan Liu and J. Jin. 2019. Scanning electron microscopy investigations of middle to late Eocene pollen from the Changchang Basin (Hainan Island, South China) - insights into the paleobiogeography and fossil history of Juglans, Fagus, Lagerstroemia, Mortoniodendron, Cornus, Nyssa, Symploco s and some Icacinaceae in SE Asia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 265: 41 - 61. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2019.02.004]." type="journal article" year="2019">Hofmann et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and various sites in the Miocene of Europe (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C9632540BFF03FE4E9B92" author="Denk, T. & Bouchal, J. M." box="[112,410,195,221]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="1500 - 1524" refId="ref34106" refString="Denk, T. and Bouchal, J. M. 2021. New Fagaceous pollen taxa from the Miocene SOby flora of Denmark and their biogeographic implications. American Journal of Botany 108 (8): 1500 - 1524. [https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajb 2.1716]." type="journal article" year="2021">Denk and Bouchal 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA32D9633540AF92EFDA89CE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890609/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" startId="18.[113,188,1774,1798]" targetBox="[163,1470,192,1886]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32D9633540AF92EFDA89CE9" blockId="18.[112,1511,1774,1959]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633540AF92EFF039C49" bold="true" box="[113,215,1774,1798]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335499F92FFE929C48" authorityName="DUMORT" authorityYear="1829" box="[226,326,1775,1799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32D96335534F92FFE0D9C48" authorityName="Wheeler and Manchester" authorityYear="2021" box="[335,473,1775,1799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dodgei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335534F92FFE0D9C48" box="[335,473,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fagus dodgei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633559FF92EFDCC9C49" bold="true" box="[484,536,1774,1798]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">A‒C.</emphasis>
|
||||
Diffuse- to semi-ring-porous wood; vessels predominantly solitary; rays of two size class- es; diffuse axial parenchyma, thick- to very thick-walled fibers, TS, UF 278-84888 (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633579DF8C8FC239C6F" bold="true" box="[998,1015,1800,1824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
|
||||
), UF 278-84873 (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963350CDF8C9FB359C6F" bold="true" box="[1206,1249,1800,1825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">B, C</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633508EF8C9FAD39C6E" bold="true" box="[1269,1287,1801,1825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. Simple perforation plate (pp); fiber with distinctly bordered pits (FP); tyloses segmenting a vessel element (VE), RLS, UF 278-84896.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633514CF8E3FA929C74" bold="true" box="[1335,1350,1827,1851]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. Scalariform perforation plate; scalariform intervessel pitting, RLS, UF 278-84896.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335725F8FEFCB89C19" bold="true" box="[862,876,1854,1878]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. Scalariform intervessel pitting; procumbent ray cells, RLS, UF 278-84896.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335566F898FEF99C3F" bold="true" box="[285,301,1880,1904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">G</emphasis>
|
||||
. Intervessel pitting, TLS, UF 278-84896.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335699F899FD209C3E" bold="true" box="[738,756,1881,1905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">H</emphasis>
|
||||
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, UF 278-84896.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633540BF8B4FF439CC3" bold="true" box="[112,151,1908,1932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">I–K</emphasis>
|
||||
. Two size classes of rays, TLS, UF 278-84896 (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D963356F2F8B4FD469CC3" bold="true" box="[649,658,1908,1932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">I</emphasis>
|
||||
), UF 278-84873 (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D9633572AF8B4FC8E9CC3" bold="true" box="[849,858,1908,1932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">J</emphasis>
|
||||
), UF 278-84888 (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32D96335061F8B4FBFF9CC3" bold="true" box="[1050,1067,1908,1932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">K</emphasis>
|
||||
). Scale bars=500 µm in I, J, K; 200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C; 50 µm in D, F; 20 µm in E, G, H.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32C963254EBFF26FE2F9AB9" blockId="19.[112,800,195,502]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Today,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C96325493FF25FE5E9A4D" box="[232,394,229,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandifolia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C96325493FF25FE5E9A4D" box="[232,394,229,258]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">F. grandifolia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is North America’s only species of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32C963254F4FECAFF0A9A69" box="[143,222,266,294]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32C963254F4FECAFF0D9A69" box="[143,217,266,294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
It has an extensive range in the eastern half of the continent.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32C9632555AFEEDFDC39A08" author="Renner, S. S. & G. W. Grimm & P. Kapli & T. Denk" box="[289,535,300,327]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="20150135" refId="ref38643" refString="Renner, S. S., G. W. Grimm, P. Kapli and T. Denk. 2016. Species relationships and divergence times in beeches: new insights from the inclusion of 53 young and old fossils in a birthdeath clock model. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371 (1699): 20150135. [https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 2015.0135]." type="journal article" year="2016">Renner et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reviewed the biogeographic history of the genus. They proposed that there was a Pacific-North American lineage that diverged from a Eurasian lineage by the Middle Eocene. The beech woods from
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C9632556BFE7AFEE79A9B" box="[272,307,442,468]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278 and
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32C963255D6FE7AFE049A9B" box="[429,464,442,468]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
279 are likely part of that Pacific-North American lineage.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
313
data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A33196315575FD9DFEC59FCD.xml
Normal file
313
data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A33196315575FD9DFEC59FCD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="369F2D0001A2EB2F486EFB4BF47116AC">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A331962F5575FD9DFDB199EF" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F5575FD9DFDB199EF" blockId="14.[270,642,533,712]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="D0D4F37FA331962F5575FD9DFD569936" allCaps="true" box="[270,642,605,633]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5575FD9DFD569936" ID-CoL="9CM5J" authority="SCHOTT, 1830" authorityName="SCHOTT" authorityYear="1830" box="[270,642,605,633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5575FD9DFE309936" box="[270,484,605,633]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">STYPHNOLOBIUM</emphasis>
|
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SCHOTT, 1830
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</heading>
|
||||
CF.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F552EFD44FDE899EF" box="[341,572,644,672]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">STYPHONOLOBIUM</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F5639FD43FDB599EF" box="[578,609,643,672]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Botânica" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">SP</collectionCode>
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.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A331962F55EDFD6FFDEC9EFB" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F55EDFD6FFE2E9987" blockId="14.[270,642,533,712]" box="[406,506,687,712]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
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<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F55EDFD6FFE2E9987" box="[406,506,687,712]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">FIG. 7A–I</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFD1EFE3E9F16" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
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<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F54EBFD1EFEC899B7" bold="true" box="[144,284,734,760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Descriptio</emphasis>
|
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n
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5556FD1EFE9E99B7" bold="true" box="[301,330,734,760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">—</emphasis>
|
||||
Growth rings distinct. Wood ring-porous. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, rarely in radial multiples of two (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F5539FCE4FE6E9870" box="[322,442,804,831]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), average tangential diameter 99 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F54DBFC88FF1D982D" box="[160,201,840,866]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=21) µm, range 56–134 µm, earlywood zone 2–3 vessels deep with an abrupt transition to latewood with vessels solitary and in short radial multiples (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F56C8FC4EFCC698E7" box="[691,786,910,936]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); perforation plates simple (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F55C8FC71FDF99883" box="[435,557,945,972]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7D, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
); intervessel pitting crowded alternate, polygonal in outline (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F5612FC14FD1298A0" box="[617,710,980,1007]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), 6–8.5 µm in horizontal diameter; vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F55D7FBDBFDD79F7A" box="[428,515,1051,1077]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
|
||||
); vessel elements short, average 213 µm (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F553DFBFEFEBA9F16" box="[326,366,1086,1113]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=53, n=7).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFBA1FD269F34" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" box="[144,754,1121,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Fibers non-septate, pits not observed (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F560BFBA1FD329F34" box="[624,742,1121,1148]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFB44FD179F8D" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Axial parenchyma aliform-confluent-banded (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F56B3FB44FF519F8D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig 7A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
); strands of 2–4 cells; non-storied. (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F563BFB68FD629F8D" box="[576,694,1192,1218]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFB0BFDB69E03" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Rays 1–4 (-5)-seriate, heterocellular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A331962F560AFB0AFD249FAA" box="[625,752,1226,1253]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-22@15.[151,1475,195,1887]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Caption on pg, 15 Figure 7. Fabaceae. cf. Styphonolobium sp., UF 278-84867. A. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS. B. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS. C. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS. D. Crowded alternate pits, TLS. E. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS. F. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS. G. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS. H. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS. I. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7F–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
), in tangential view cells appear isodiametric and angular in outline, ray heights average 195 µm (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F5611FAD0FD469E64" box="[618,658,1296,1323]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=66), range 104–313 µm.; 5–8 per mm; non-storied.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFA95FE959EDD" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F54EBFA95FEE39E20" bold="true" box="[144,311,1365,1391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Specimen—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F5543FA96FE889E3F" box="[312,348,1366,1392]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84867, estimated maximum diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A331962F5493FAB7FEE99EDD" box="[232,317,1399,1426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFA5AFDEC9EFB" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" box="[144,568,1434,1460]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F54EBFA5AFE939EFB" bold="true" box="[144,327,1434,1460]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Occurrence—</emphasis>
|
||||
Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F55B1FA5AFE249EFB" box="[458,496,1434,1460]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A331963154EBFA7DFEC59FCD" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBFA7DFD8F9C1B" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F54EBFA7DFEEB9E98" bold="true" box="[144,319,1469,1495]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Comments—</emphasis>
|
||||
Rays near the pith had more upright cells than did the rays farther away. We are not sure what the ray cellular composition of an older stem would be, although the tangential section taken at the periphery suggests they will become homocellular and/or heterocellular with a single marginal row of square cells. This sample contained insect frass and invading roots and had a total of 16 growth rings. Also, in such a narrow stem, vessel diameters probably are narrower than would characterize mature wood of this wood
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A331962F560FF936FD7A9C5F" box="[628,686,1782,1808]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
. We did not observe helical thickenings in this sample, which is unusual for ring-porous legume woods.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F54EBF89DFAA59835" blockId="14.[112,801,734,1947]" lastBlockId="14.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F54EBF89DFDE59C38" bold="true" box="[144,561,1885,1911]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Comparisons to extant woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
One of our searches used 1p 3p (ring-porous wood), 7a 8a 9a 10a 11a (vessels randomly distributed, solitary and in short radial multiples), 13p 14a (perforation plates exclusively simple), 22p 26p (medium-sized alternate intervessel pitting), 30p (vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting), 61p 66p (non-septate fibers with simple pits), 83p 85p (axial parenchyma confluent and in bands), 98p 105a (maximum ray width 4–10-seriate, and not composed exclusively of square/upright cells). This particular search only returned
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5174FE1CFCBA9955" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5174FE1CFA1C9AB9" authorityName="SCHOTT" authorityYear="1830" box="[1295,1480,476,502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Styphnolobium</taxonomicName>
|
||||
af- fine
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(Torr. and
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F578FFDC0FBDD9955" box="[1012,1033,512,538]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
. Gray) Walp. (1842) (synonym
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F51F1FDC0FB6F9972" authority="Torr. and A. Gray, 1840" authorityName="Torr. and A. Gray" authorityYear="1840" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F51F1FDC0FC5F9972" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Sophora affinis</emphasis>
|
||||
Torr. and A. Gray, 1840
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The other searches we did, which were variations on the search given above, returned more legumes, as well as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F517CFDA8FBCA99E8" authority="Siebold and Zucc. (1835)" authorityName="Siebold and Zucc." authorityYear="1835" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Paulowniaceae" genus="Paulownia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F517CFDA8FA5D99CB" box="[1287,1417,616,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Paulownia</emphasis>
|
||||
Siebold and Zucc. (1835)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and some
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F50CAFD4CFA3F99E8" authority="Mart. (1820)" authorityName="Mart." authorityYear="1820" box="[1201,1515,652,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae Mart. (1820)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but invariably included
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F500CFD70FA249985" authority="Schott (1830)" authorityName="SCHOTT" authorityYear="1830" box="[1143,1520,688,714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F500CFD70FAE79985" box="[1143,1331,688,714]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Styphnolobium</emphasis>
|
||||
Schott (1830)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the results. This fossil has features in common with the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5715FD37FC00985C" box="[878,980,759,787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5715FD37FC00985C" box="[878,980,759,787]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Sophora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F57A2FD36FC3F985F" box="[985,1003,758,784]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
group of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F5024FD36FAFC985F" author="Fujii, T. & P. Baas & P. Gasson & J. W. A. Ridder-Numan" box="[1119,1320,758,785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref34938" refString="Fujii, T., P. Baas, P. Gasson and J. W. A. Ridder-Numan. 1994. Wood anatomy of the Sophora group (Leguminosae). Pp 205 - 249 in I. K. Ferguson and S. C. Tucker (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics. 6. Structural Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." type="journal volume" year="1994">Fujii et al. (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A171A8A331962F514FFD36FA5F985F" box="[1332,1419,758,784]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[113,177,194,218]" captionTargetBox="[126,1490,424,1246]" captionTargetId="graphics-14@10.[112,1520,457,1205]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of fossil Magnoliaceae woods in chronological order. K=Cretaceous, (C)=Campanian, (M)=Maastrichtian, Eo=Eocene, Olig=Oligocene; Mio=Miocene, e=early, m=middle, up=upper; IVP=intervessel pitting, S=scalariform, O=opposite; Bars/PP=number of bars per scalariform perforation plate; Si=simple perforation plates present; HT=helical thickenings in vessel elements; O/M= oil/mucilage cells; Y=present; N=absent; *=small axis, ()=not as common. References. 1=Cevallos-Ferriz and Stockey (1990); 2=Huang et al. (2020; 3=Huard (1967); 4=Iamandei et al. (2011); 5=Iamandei et al. (2020); 6=Page (1970); 7=Prakash et al. (1971); 8=Sakala et al. (2010); 9=Srivastava and Suzuki (2001); 10=Suzuki (1976); 11=Takahashi and Suzuki (2003); 12=van der Burgh (1973); 13=Wheeler et al. (1977); 14=Wheeler and Manchester (2002)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF5C149BA335962B540AFF02FB4C9A35">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), which includes
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F57CBFCDAFBC3987C" box="[944,1047,793,820]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F57CBFCDAFBC7987C" box="[944,1043,793,820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affine">S. affine</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Gasson's 1994 review of the anatomy of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F57EAFCFCFBC29819" box="[913,1046,828,854]" pageId="14" pageNumber="51" rank="tribe" tribe="Sophoreae">Sophoreae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Spreng and DC. (1825) also indicates this fossil has a similarity with
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F50B9FCA0FAA59835" box="[1218,1393,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Stypholobium.</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A331962F571BFC43FAC39DA5" blockId="14.[832,1521,195,1946]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F57E1FC43FB9C98D1" author="LPWG & Legume Phylogeny Working Group" box="[922,1096,899,926]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="44 - 77" refId="ref36907" refString="LPWG (Legume Phylogeny Working Group). 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66 (1): 44 - 77. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 90010911]." type="journal article" year="2017">LPWG (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
proposed a new classification of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5716FC66FC34988F" authorityName="LINDLEY" authorityYear="1836" box="[877,992,934,960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
replacing the three traditional subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae DC. (1825), Mimosoideae DC. (1825), and Papilionoideae DC. (1825), which were based on floral characters, with six subfamilies: Caesalpinoideae, Cercidoideae
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F578BFBF3FB749F01" author="LPWG & Legume Phylogeny Working Group" box="[1008,1184,1075,1102]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="44 - 77" refId="ref36907" refString="LPWG (Legume Phylogeny Working Group). 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66 (1): 44 - 77. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 90010911]." type="journal article" year="2017">LPWG (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Detarioideae Burmeister (1837), Dialioideae
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F503DFB96FB239F3E" author="LPWG & Legume Phylogeny Working Group" box="[1094,1271,1110,1137]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="44 - 77" refId="ref36907" refString="LPWG (Legume Phylogeny Working Group). 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66 (1): 44 - 77. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 90010911]." type="journal article" year="2017">LPWG (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Duparquetioideae
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F573BFBB9FC3C9FDB" author="LPWG & Legume Phylogeny Working Group" box="[832,1000,1145,1172]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="44 - 77" refId="ref36907" refString="LPWG (Legume Phylogeny Working Group). 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66 (1): 44 - 77. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 90010911]." type="journal article" year="2017">LPWG (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and Papilionoideae, as well as a mimosoid clade, based primarily on molecular work and supported by morphological data.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5025FB00FAC29F95" authorityName="SCHOTT" authorityYear="1830" box="[1118,1302,1216,1242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5025FB00FAC29F95" box="[1118,1302,1216,1242]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Styphnolobium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is one of 503 genera in Papilionoideae and includes nine species (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F51E4FB23FC559E6F" author="POWO" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref38449" refString="POWO. 2023. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet, https: // www. plantsoftheworldonline. org / Retrieved 2023." type="url" year="2023">POWO 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). As best we can determine, there are wood anatomical descriptions for only two species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5128FAEAFA249E0C" box="[1363,1520,1322,1348]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonicum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5128FAEAFA249E0C" box="[1363,1520,1322,1348]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. japonicum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A331962F5732FA8DFC8A9E28" box="[841,862,1357,1383]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
.) Schott (1830) (native to central and southern.
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A331962F51E5FA8CFA3C9E28" box="[1438,1512,1356,1383]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F570CFAB0FC0D9EC5" box="[887,985,1392,1418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F570CFAB0FC0D9EC5" box="[887,985,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(native to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A331962F5019FAB0FB039EC5" box="[1122,1239,1392,1418]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A331962F5098FAB0FA8A9EC5" box="[1251,1374,1392,1418]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A331962F5110FAB0FA389EC5" box="[1387,1516,1392,1418]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A331962F5708FA54FC6C9EE1" box="[883,952,1428,1454]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||||
in the
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A331962F507DFA53FBE99EE2" box="[1030,1085,1427,1453]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F5028FA53FADF9EE2" author="Fujii, T. & P. Baas & P. Gasson & J. W. A. Ridder-Numan" box="[1107,1291,1427,1454]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref34938" refString="Fujii, T., P. Baas, P. Gasson and J. W. A. Ridder-Numan. 1994. Wood anatomy of the Sophora group (Leguminosae). Pp 205 - 249 in I. K. Ferguson and S. C. Tucker (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics. 6. Structural Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." type="journal volume" year="1994">Fujii et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F516DFA53FA679EE2" author="Gasson, P." box="[1302,1459,1427,1453]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35008" refString="Gasson, P. 1994. Wood anatomy of the Tribe Sophoreae and related Caesalpinioidea and Papilionoideae. Pp. 165 - 203 in I. K. Ferguson and S. C. Tucker (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics. 6. Structural Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." type="book" year="1994">Gasson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F51C5FA53FC109E9F" author="Itoh, T. B. & Pan, P. & Baas, J. & Luo, D. & Li, Y. & Cui, F. & Wang & M. Mertz & Y. Yasumoto" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); both are ring-porous. The other species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F573BFA19FC2D9EBC" authorityName="SCHOTT" authorityYear="1830" box="[832,1017,1497,1523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F573BFA19FC2D9EBC" box="[832,1017,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Styphnolobium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are native to Central America, with one species extending into Columbia; some species grow in seasonally dry tropical biomes, some in wet tropics. The Chinese species belongs to Section
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F517BF983FC369DCF" authority="(Rudd) M. Sousa (1993)" authorityName="M. Sousa" authorityYear="1993" baseAuthorityName="Rudd" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="section" section="Oresbios">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F517BF983FABC9D10" box="[1280,1384,1603,1631]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Oresbios</emphasis>
|
||||
(Rudd) M. Sousa (1993)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; the American species to Section
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F5114F9A7FC509DEC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A331962F5114F9A7FC549DEC" authorityName="SCHOTT" authorityYear="1830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Styphnolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Styphnolobium</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Because of the relatively few samples available to us we are not sure whether there are wood anatomical differences between the two Sections.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3319631571BF933FD449824" blockId="14.[832,1521,195,1946]" lastBlockId="16.[112,800,461,1154]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A331962F571BF933FB2B9C42" bold="true" box="[864,1279,1779,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Comparisons to fossil woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
The middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds has
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D258F9AA331962F501BF8D6FB239C7E" box="[1120,1271,1814,1841]" count="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
||||
of legume woods; all differ from the Dietz Hill wood as they are diffuse-porous (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F57D4F89CFAEB9C38" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" box="[943,1343,1884,1911]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||||
Wheeler and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A331962F5025F89CFB279C39" box="[1118,1267,1884,1910]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Manchester</collectingRegion>
|
||||
2002
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A331962F5121F89CFBF39CD5" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="95 - 174" refId="ref37836" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1967. Die fossilen Leguminosen- Holzer. Eine Revision der mit Leguminosen verglichen fossilen Holzer und Beschreibungen alterer und neuer Arten. Palaeontographica 119 B: 95 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reviewed the fossil wood record of the Leguminosae and at that time recognized only 19 fossil genera. Because it is difficult to distinguish some present-day legume genera from one another, most of their genera accommodate more than one present-day genus. Their key to the genera included only two ring-porous genera:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F96315576FDBEFCF499D7" authority="Muller-Stoll and Madel (1967)" authorityName="Muller-Stoll and Madel" authorityYear="1967" box="[269,800,637,666]" genus="Robinioxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315576FDBEFE7E99D5" box="[269,426,638,666]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Robinioxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32F963155D4FDBDFCF499D7" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" box="[431,800,637,664]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="95 - 174" refId="ref37836" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1967. Die fossilen Leguminosen- Holzer. Eine Revision der mit Leguminosen verglichen fossilen Holzer und Beschreibungen alterer und neuer Arten. Palaeontographica 119 B: 95 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(differs in having latewood vessel clusters, storied axial parenchyma) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F96315528FD04FF13984D" authority="Muller-Stoll and Madel (1967)" authorityName="Muller-Stoll and Madel" authorityYear="1967" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gleditsioxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315528FD04FE2999AF" box="[339,509,708,736]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Gleditsioxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32F9631567FFD04FF13984D" author="Muller-Stoll, W. R. & E. Madel" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="95 - 174" refId="ref37836" refString="Muller-Stoll, W. R. and E. Madel. 1967. Die fossilen Leguminosen- Holzer. Eine Revision der mit Leguminosen verglichen fossilen Holzer und Beschreibungen alterer und neuer Arten. Palaeontographica 119 B: 95 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Müller-Stoll and Mädel (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(rays often>10-seriate). Given that present-day Leguminosae comprises over 750 genera (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A32F96315611FCCAFD2E986B" author="LPWG & Legume Phylogeny Working Group" box="[618,762,778,804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="44 - 77" refId="ref36907" refString="LPWG (Legume Phylogeny Working Group). 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66 (1): 44 - 77. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 90010911]." type="journal article" year="2017">LPWG 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),it is not surprising that there are fossil legume woods that do not fit the 19 genera recognized in 1967.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA330963154C2F843FEF69ADB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913344/files/figure.png" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" startId="15.[185,260,1923,1947]" targetBox="[151,1475,195,1887]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A330962E54C2F843FE349CD4" blockId="15.[185,480,1923,1948]" box="[185,480,1923,1948]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A330962E54C2F843FECB9CD3" bold="true" box="[185,287,1923,1948]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Caption on pg, 15
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F9631540BFF01FEF69ADB" blockId="16.[112,1515,193,405]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631540BFF01FF029B95" bold="true" box="[112,214,193,218]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F963154A0FF01FEEB9B96" authorityName="LINDLEY" authorityYear="1836" box="[219,319,193,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315513FF01FDC09B96" box="[360,532,193,217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Styphonolobium</emphasis>
|
||||
sp., UF 278-84867.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315692FF01FD2E9B96" bold="true" box="[745,762,193,217]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. Ring-porous wood, with distinct earlywood zone 2‒3 vessels deep, confluent-banded axial parenchyma, TS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631565EFF1CFDE19BBB" bold="true" box="[549,565,220,244]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. Pith and first formed secondary xylem, first formed growth ring not ring-porous, pith with thin-walled parenchyma cells, TS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631566EFF37FDF09A40" bold="true" box="[533,548,247,271]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. Earlywood vessels mostly solitary, one radial pair; latewood vessels in small multiples, confluent parenchyma, TS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963155E8FED2FE719A65" bold="true" box="[403,421,274,298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. Crowded alternate pits, TLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631569EFED2FD209A65" bold="true" box="[741,756,274,298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, RLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315107FED2FA5E9A65" bold="true" box="[1404,1418,274,298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. Multiseriate rays; axial parenchyma strands of 2‒4 cells, TLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963156B7FEECFD089A0B" bold="true" box="[716,732,300,324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">G</emphasis>
|
||||
. Multiseriate rays; non-septate fibers, TLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963150D6FEECFB6B9A0B" bold="true" box="[1197,1215,300,324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">H</emphasis>
|
||||
. Simple perforation plate in narrow vessel element; heterocellular rays with procumbent and square cells, RLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F96315794FE87FC2C9A10" bold="true" box="[1007,1016,327,351]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">I</emphasis>
|
||||
. Pith (at right) with thin-walled parenchyma cells, upright cells common in rays nearest to pith (at left), RLS. Scale bars=500 µm in A; 200 µm in B, I; 100 µm in C, F; 50 µm in G, H; 20 µm in D, E.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A32F963154EBFCB4FEC59FCD" blockId="16.[112,800,461,1154]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
More recently, the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F963155B8FCB4FCF498C1" authority="Akkemik (2019)" authorityName="Akkemik" authorityYear="2019" box="[451,800,884,912]" genus="Cercioxylon" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F963155B8FCB4FD9B98DF" box="[451,591,884,912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Cercioxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
Akkemik (2019)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was created for a Pliocene wood considered to resemble
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A32F9631540BFC7AFF6C9899" box="[112,184,954,982]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cercis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A32F9631540BFC7AFF6C9899" box="[112,184,954,982]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Cercis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F963154BBFC7AFF06989B" box="[192,210,954,980]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
. (1753) and described as having ring- to semi-ring-porous wood. It differs from this Dietz Hill wood because it does not have a well-defined narrow early- wood zone (Akkemik 2019, Plate
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A32F9631566EFBE3FDF39F72" box="[533,551,1059,1085]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||||
) and it is described as having vessel clusters common and storied axial parenchyma.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
331
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331
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
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|
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<mods:namePart id="4E313B8B55FBE54E385C9FA8130E051E">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
|
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|
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<mods:namePart id="EFCAB6AB06F8B911009A278A55D12DB9">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0D4F37FA335962B54F7FA4AFD4C9EA4" allCaps="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" reason="2">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A335962B54F7FA4AFD799E89" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B54F7FA4AFD799E89" blockId="10.[140,772,1346,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A335962B54F7FA4AFD809EEA" authority="FELIX EMEND DUPERON" authorityName="FELIX EMEND DUPERON" box="[140,596,1416,1446]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B54F7FA4AFE9F9EE9" box="[140,331,1418,1446]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">LAURINOXYLON</emphasis>
|
||||
FELIX EMEND DUPÉRON
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5626FA48FCD09EEA" box="[605,772,1416,1445]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">DUPÉRON-LAU-</collectionCode>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5498FA6EFE879E89" box="[227,339,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">DOUEREIX</collectionCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5520FA6EFE669E89" box="[347,434,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">SAKALA</collectionCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B55C0FA6EFE0E9E8A" box="[443,474,1454,1477]" country="Hungary" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15158" name="Debrecen University" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Herbarium">DE</collectionCode>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B559BFA6EFDBD9E89" box="[480,617,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FRANCESCHI</collectionCode>
|
||||
, 2008
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A335962B5483FA11FD4C9EA4" box="[248,664,1488,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="taxon_list">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B5483FA11FD4C9EA4" blockId="10.[140,772,1346,1517]" box="[248,664,1488,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A335962B5483FA11FE639EA2" authority="J.Felix, 1883" box="[248,439,1489,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B5483FA11FE639EA2" box="[248,439,1489,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">LAURINOXYLON</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
SP. A OF
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5664FA14FDB59EA4" box="[543,609,1492,1515]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">DIETZ</collectionCode>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B561CFA14FD4C9EA4" box="[615,664,1492,1515]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15801" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15801" name="Sir Harold Hillier Gardens" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Herbarium">HILL</collectionCode>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A335962B55E8F9C4FADC9DF0" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B55E8F9C4FE299D53" blockId="10.[403,509,1540,1564]" box="[403,509,1540,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B55E8F9C4FE299D53" box="[403,509,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 5A–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B54EBF9F5FD5C9CC3" blockId="10.[112,800,1589,1933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B54EBF9F5FE8D9D00" bold="true" box="[144,345,1589,1615]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Description—</emphasis>
|
||||
Growth ring boundaries distinct, marked by radially flattened fibers (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B5654F998FD7D9D3C" box="[559,681,1624,1651]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Diffuse-porous; vessels solitary (56%) and in radial pairs (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B568AF9BCFF6E9DF6" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); mean tangential diameter 84 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B561FF95FFD5A9DF6" box="[612,654,1695,1721]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=14), range 62–110 µm. Simple perforation plates; intervessel pits crowded alternate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B5518F925FE689C4F" box="[355,444,1765,1792]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), polygonal in outline, 6–7–9 µm in horizontal diameter;coarse vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders, horizontally enlarged (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B568AF8ECFF4C9C25" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
); vessel element length averages 339 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5616F88FFD419C26" box="[621,661,1871,1897]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=82), range 158–497 µm; tyloses present, thick-walled.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BFAC7FBE89E0C" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal parenchyma, 4–6 cells per strand.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BFA8CFADF9EC6" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
Fibers without obvious pits; non-septate, rarely septate; thin-to-thick-walled (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B50FCFAAFFB2A9EC6" box="[1159,1278,1391,1418]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BFA52FB129D5B" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
Rays 1–3-seriate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B503FFA51FB4B9EE3" box="[1092,1183,1425,1452]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), multiseriate rays heterocellular with 1–3 rows of marginal square/upright cells (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B5732FA17FC759EBD" box="[841,929,1495,1522]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||||
); average ray height 338 µm (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5179FA17FAFF9EBE" box="[1282,1323,1495,1521]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=141) µm, range 132–662 µm; 6–8 rays per mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BF9DCFA249D17" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
Oil/mucilage cells present, but not common (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A335962B51E9F9DCFCA49D16" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" captionTargetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-221@11.[131,1502,192,1367]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Lauraceae. Laurinoxylon sp., UF 278-84868. A, B. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS. C. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS. D. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS. E. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS. F. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), isolated among fibers and possibly in ray margins.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BF9A0FC2E9DD1" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B571BF9A0FBD39D35" bold="true" box="[864,1031,1632,1658]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Specimen—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5073F9A1FBF89D34" box="[1032,1068,1633,1659]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84868, estimated maximum diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A335962B57C3F943FC239DD1" box="[952,1015,1667,1694]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BF965FADC9DF0" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" box="[864,1288,1701,1727]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B571BF965FBC39DF0" bold="true" box="[864,1047,1701,1727]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Occurrence—</emphasis>
|
||||
Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B50E1F965FB149DF0" box="[1178,1216,1701,1727]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A335962D571BF907FA549A25" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962B571BF907FA8B9C69" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B571BF907FBD89DAE" bold="true" box="[864,1036,1735,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Comments—</emphasis>
|
||||
The cross sections give the impression that axial parenchyma is abundant, but the longitudinal sections show that it is scanty paratracheal.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A335962A571BF8EEFA8F9DA7" blockId="10.[832,1520,1287,1934]" lastBlockId="11.[832,1520,1564,1944]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A335962B571BF8EEFA999C07" bold="true" box="[864,1357,1838,1864]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Comparison with modern woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A335962B5135F8EFFAB49C06" box="[1358,1376,1839,1865]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
search for diffuse-porous woods with randomly distributed vessels that are solitary and in short multiples (1p 5p 6a 7a 8a 9a 10a 11a), simple perforation plates (13p), alternate intervessel pits that are not minute (22p 24a), vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to apparently simple, horizontally elongate (32p), non-septate fibers with simple pits (61p 66p), scanty paratracheal not accompanied by obvious axial parenchyma (78p 80a 83a 85a 86a), rays 1–3 seriate (97p), not homocellular (104a 105a), and oil/mucilage cells among fibers (126p) yields only members of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A5509F8F8FE219C1D" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[370,501,1848,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The IW search for these features returned species of the genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A560EF89AFED89CD7" authority="Nees (1831)" authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1831" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Beilschmiedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A560EF89AFCF49C3B" box="[629,800,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Beilschmiedia</emphasis>
|
||||
Nees (1831)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A5563F8BEFD819CD7" authority="R. Br. (1810)" authorityName="R. Br." authorityYear="1810" box="[280,597,1918,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cryptocarya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A5563F8BEFE7B9CD5" box="[280,431,1918,1946]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cryptocarya</emphasis>
|
||||
R. Br. (1810)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A5619F8BCFC439D77" authority="Thunb. (1783)" authorityName="Thunb." authorityYear="1783" box="[610,919,1566,1944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Lindera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A5619F8BCFD159CD7" box="[610,705,1916,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Lindera</emphasis>
|
||||
Thunb. (1783)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A57DAF9DCFB519D77" authority="Lam. (1792)" authorityName="Lam." authorityYear="1792" box="[929,1157,1564,1592]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A57DAF9DCFC3E9D77" box="[929,1002,1564,1592]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Litsea</emphasis>
|
||||
Lam. (1792)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A50B8F9DEFA629D77" authority="Aubl. (1775)" authorityName="Aubl." authorityYear="1775" box="[1219,1462,1565,1594]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A50B8F9DEFAC39D75" box="[1219,1303,1566,1594]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ocotea</emphasis>
|
||||
Aubl. (1775)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The inclusion of oil/mucilage cells in rays (124p) yielded the same genera. We did not observe any scalariform perforation plates in this wood, but given that there is only one small sample, we cannot exclude the possibility of them being a rare occurrence in the original tree.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C149BA334962A540BFAA1FE119EAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913340" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913340/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" startId="11.[112,187,1377,1401]" targetBox="[131,1502,192,1353]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A334962A540BFAA1FE119EAB" blockId="11.[112,1502,1377,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A540BFAA1FF029E35" bold="true" box="[112,214,1377,1402]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A54A0FAA2FE989E36" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[219,332,1378,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A334962A552FFAA3FDD09E36" box="[340,516,1378,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A552FFAA3FE0B9E34" box="[340,479,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Laurinoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, UF 278-84868.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A56CEFAA1FD359E35" bold="true" box="[693,737,1377,1402]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">A, B</emphasis>
|
||||
. Diffuse-porous wood with distinct growth ring boundaries; vessels solitary and in radial pairs, * to the left of an oil cell., TS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A56B7FABCFD0F9EDB" bold="true" box="[716,731,1404,1428]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. Crowded alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, tyloses, TLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A540BFA57FF569EE0" bold="true" box="[112,130,1431,1455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders to simple, RLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A57E9FA57FC759EE0" bold="true" box="[914,929,1431,1455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. Oil/mucilage cell (OC), RLS.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A334962A509BFA57FB3A9EE0" bold="true" box="[1248,1262,1431,1455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. Rays 1-3-seriate with marginal rows of 1‒3 upright/square cells; likely oil/mucilage cell (OC), mostly non-septate fibers, TLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A; 100 µm in B; E, F; 20 µm in C, D.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A334962D571BF931FCF49A9B" blockId="11.[832,1520,1564,1944]" lastBlockId="12.[112,806,195,1936]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
Richter’s work on the family is the most comprehensive and he noted that there is overlap in the anatomical features of some genera making it difficult in some cases to identify an isolated piece of lauraceous wood to a single genus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A334962A57E7F8BDFBEB9CD7" author="Richter, H. G." box="[924,1087,1917,1944]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 148" refId="ref38720" refString="Richter, H. G. 1981. Anatomie des sekundaren Xylems und der Rinde der Lauraceae. Sonderbande Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg 5: 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1981">Richter 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A334962A5030F8BEFB589CD7" author="Richter, H. G." box="[1099,1164,1918,1944]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref38749" refString="Richter, H. G. 1987. Lauraceae: Mature secondary xylem. Pp. 162 - 168 in C. R. Metcalfe (ed.). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Magnoliales, Illiciales, and Laurales (second edition, v. 3): Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Science Publications." type="book" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Reviewing images in wood anatomical atlases (e.g., the
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A333962D55B0FF03FDC39B92" box="[459,535,195,221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">FFPRI</collectionCode>
|
||||
on-line database and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D540BFF26FEF29A4F" author="Itoh, T. B. & Pan, P. & Baas, J. & Luo, D. & Li, Y. & Cui, F. & Wang & M. Mertz & Y. Yasumoto" box="[112,294,230,257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref36047" refString="Itoh, T. B. Pan, P. Baas, J. Luo, D. Li, Y. Cui, F. Wang. M. Mertz and Y. Yasumoto. 2022. Anatomical Atlas and Database of Chinese Woods. Kaiseisha Press. 2679 pp." type="book" year="2022">Itoh et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) confirms this. There is also considerable intraspecific variation as shown by the image database of
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A333962D54F6FEEDFF0C9A08" box="[141,216,301,327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">FFPRI</collectionCode>
|
||||
that includes multiple samples of single species. For example, the 27 samples of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D5669FE8EFEE19AC2" authority="Makino (1897)" authorityName="Makino" authorityYear="1897" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Lindera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erythrocarpa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D5669FE8EFCF59A23" box="[530,801,334,364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Lindera erythrocarpa</emphasis>
|
||||
Makino (1897)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
vary markedly in abundance of oil/ mucilage cells and axial parenchyma abundance as do 14 samples of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D5559FE7AFCC89A9B" authority="(Blume) Kurata (1968)" authorityName="Kurata" authorityYear="1968" baseAuthorityName="Blume" box="[290,796,441,468]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D5559FE7AFE219A9C" box="[290,501,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Litsea acuminata</emphasis>
|
||||
(Blume) Kurata (1968)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A333962D54EBFE1CFF3298D1" blockId="12.[112,806,195,1936]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D54EBFE1CFD859AB8" bold="true" box="[144,593,476,503]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
The diagnosis of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D540BFDC0FE869955" authority="Felix" authorityName="Felix" box="[112,338,512,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D540BFDC0FEC59953" box="[112,273,512,540]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Laurinoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
Felix
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as emended by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D566DFDC0FCF49955" author="Duperon, J. & M. Duperon-Laudoueneix & J. Sakala & D. DeFranceschi" box="[534,800,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref34453" refString="Duperon, J., M. Duperon-Laudoueneix, J. Sakala and D. DeFranceschi. 2008. Ulminium diluviale Unger: Historique de la decouverte et nouvelle etude. Annales de Paleontologie 94: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2008">Dupéron et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
is broad enough to accommodate this Dietz Hill wood— vessels solitary and in radial multiples, perforation plates simple and sometimes scalariform (we interpret that to mean that perforation plates can be exclusively simple), intervessel pits alternate and moderately large, tyloses present, paratracheal parenchyma (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="5498FAB1A333962D565EFD13FD8A99A2" box="[549,606,723,749]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
and abundance not specified), 1–5-seriate rays (rays 1–3 fall within this range), slightly heterocellular and less than 1.0 mm high, ray-vessel pits large and often stretched, libriform fibers, oil or mucilage cells (idioblasts) present (no mention of location).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A333962D54EBFC66FDDE9FB2" blockId="12.[112,806,195,1936]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A333962D54EBFC66FF76988F" box="[144,162,934,960]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
search of InsideWood’s ‘Fossil Hardwood’ database for the same features used for modern hardwoods yield- ed two reports of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D5526FC2CFDE79F49" box="[349,563,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cinnamomoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
(Huard)
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D56D6FC2CFF129F65" author="Gottwald, H." pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref35167" refString="Gottwald, H. 1997. Alttertiare Kieselholzer aus miozanen Schot- tern der ostbayerischen Molasse bei Oretburg. Documenta Naturae 109: 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1997">Gottwald (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, three of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D554FFBD0FD059F65" authority="Leisman (1986)" authorityName="Leisman" authorityYear="1986" box="[308,721,1040,1068]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cryptocaryoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D554FFBD0FDDC9F63" box="[308,520,1040,1068]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cryptocaryoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5676FBD0FD059F65" author="Leisman, G. A." box="[525,721,1040,1066]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="225" refId="ref36557" refString="Leisman, G. A. 1986. Cryptocaryoxylon gippslandicum gen. et sp. nov., from the Tertiary of eastern Victoria. Alcheringa 10: 225 _ 234." type="journal article" year="1986">Leisman (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, ten of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D540BFBF3FEC59F00" box="[112,273,1075,1103]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D540BFBF3FEC59F00" box="[112,273,1075,1103]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Laurinoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and one of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D55E6FBF3FCCE9F02" authority="Huang et al. (2018)" authorityName="Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[413,794,1075,1103]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litseoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D55E6FBF3FDF29F00" box="[413,550,1075,1103]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Litseoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5657FBF3FCCE9F02" author="Huang, L-L. & J. Sun & J-H. Jin & C. Quan & A. A. Oskolski" box="[556,794,1075,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="223 - 233" refId="ref35842" refString="Huang, L-L., J. Sun, J-H. Jin, C. Quan and A. A. Oskolski. 2018. Litseoxylon gen. nov. (Lauraceae): The most ancient fossil angiosperm wood with helical thickenings from southeastern Asia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 258: 223 - 233. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2018.08.006]." type="journal article" year="2018">Huang et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Of these the most similar is the Paleocene
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D5604FB96FF789FDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-B">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D5604FB96FCF49F3D" box="[639,800,1110,1138]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Laurinoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
sp. B
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the Denver Basin,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A333962D55ACFBB9FD9E9FDC" box="[471,586,1145,1171]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, because oil/mucilage cells are not common and are amongst the fibers and ray parenchyma, however, the Paleocene wood has wider rays (Wheeler et al. 2019).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A333962D54EBFAC5FB429A4F" blockId="12.[112,806,195,1936]" lastBlockId="12.[832,1520,195,364]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
The literature is awash with reports of fossil
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D56D9FAC6FCF49E6F" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[674,800,1286,1312]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
dating back to mid-1800s with woods ranging in age from the late Cretaceous through the Cenozoic (see list in Gregory et al., 2009). Of those, among the most important is the critical review and summary by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D564DFA50FE649E82" author="Duperon-Laudoueneix, M. & J. Duperon" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="127 - 151" refId="ref34493" refString="Duperon-Laudoueneix, M. and J. Duperon. 2005. Bois fossiles de Lauraceae: nouvelle decourverte au Cameroun, inventaire et discussion. Annales de Paleontologie 91: 127 - 151. doi: 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2005.03.002 [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2007.12.003]." type="journal article" year="2005">Dupéron-Laudoueneix and Dupéron (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Subsequent publications describing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D54A3FA16FE829EBF" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[216,342,1494,1520]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
woods include those by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5601FA15FE8B9D5C" author="Boonchai, N. & S. R. Manchester" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="209 - 227" refId="ref33016" refString="Boonchai, N. and S. R. Manchester. 2012. Systematic affinities of Early Eocene petrified woods from Big Sandy Reservoir, southwestern Wyoming. International Journal of Plant Science 173 (3): 209 - 227. [https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 663161]." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||||
Boonchai and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A333962D540BFA38FED79D5D" box="[112,259,1528,1554]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Manchester</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(2012)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5510FA39FDCA9D5C" author="Franco, M. J." box="[363,542,1528,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="307 - 324" refId="ref34826" refString="Franco, M. J. 2012. Maderas fosiles de Lauraceae de la Formacion Ituzaingo. (Pliocene - Pleistoceno), cuenca del rio Parana, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 14 (2): 307 - 324." type="journal article" year="2012">Franco (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5652FA38FCCE9D5C" author="Shukla, A. & R. C. Mehrotra & J. S. Guleria" box="[553,794,1528,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="181 - 185" refId="ref39288" refString="Shukla, A., R. C. Mehrotra and J. S. Guleria. 2013. First record of a lauraceous wood from the Palaeogene sediments of western India. Journal of Palaeosciences 62: 181 - 185. [https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 2013.343]." type="journal article" year="2013">Shukla et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D540BF9DBFE879D7A" author="Brea, M. & A. E. Artabe & J. R. Franzese & A. F. Zucol & E. M. Morei & G. D. Veiga & D. G. Ganuza" box="[112,339,1563,1590]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="19 - 42" refId="ref33126" refString="Brea, M., A. E. Artabe, J. R. Franzese, A. F. Zucol, LA. Spalletti, E. M. Morei, G. D. Veiga and D. G. Ganuza. 2015. Reconstruction of a fossil forest reveals details of the palaeoecology, palaeoenvironments and climatic conditions in the late Oligocene of South America. P alaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 418: 19 - 42. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2014.11.013]." type="journal article" year="2015">Brea et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5518F9DBFDB79D7A" author="Franco M. & M. Brea & E. Passeggi & L. Martin" box="[355,611,1563,1590]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="388 - 398" refId="ref34877" refString="Franco M., M. Brea, E. Passeggi and L. Martin. 2015. The first record of Lauraceae fossil woods Cretaceous Puerto Yerua Formation of eastern Argentina and palaeobiogeographic implications. Cretaceous Research 56: 388 - 398. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.05.014]." type="journal article" year="2015">Franco et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5608F9DBFECB9D17" author="Koutecky, V. & J. Sakala" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="377 - 398" refId="ref36308" refString="Koutecky, V. and J. Sakala. 2015. New fossil woods from the Paleogene of Doupovske hory and Ceske stredohori Mts. (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B - Historia Naturalis 71 (3 - 4): 377 - 398." type="journal article" year="2015">Koutecký and Sakala (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5557F9FDFD839D17" author="Mantzouka, D. & V. Karakitsios & J. Sakala & E. A. Wheeler" box="[300,599,1597,1624]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="459 - 488" refId="ref37470" refString="Mantzouka, D., V. Karakitsios, J. Sakala and E. A. Wheeler. 2016. Us- ing idioblasts to group Laurinoxylon species: Case study from the Oligo-Miocene of Europe: IAWA Journal 37 (3): 459 - 488. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 20160147]." type="journal article" year="2016">Mantzouka et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D561EF9FDFF2C9D35" author="Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. & G Ceren and & L. Flores" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="186 - 192" refId="ref33645" refString="Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., G Ceren and L. Flores. 2016. Laurinoxylon chalatenangensis sp. nov. from the Miocene Chalatenango. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 233: 186 - 192. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2016.04.003]" type="journal article" year="2016">Cevallos-Ferriz et al. (2016</bibRefCitation>
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||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D557AF9A0FE959D35" author="Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. & A. S. Catharina & B. Kneller" box="[257,321,1632,1658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref33587" refString="Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., A. S. Catharina and B. Kneller. 2021. Cre- taceous Lauraceae wood from El Rosario, Baja California, Mexico. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 292: [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2021.104478]." type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D552DF9A0FDAC9D34" author="Jud, N. & J. Dunham" box="[342,632,1632,1659]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="366 - 411" refId="ref36232" refString="Jud, N. and J. Dunham. 2017. Fossil woods from the Cenozoic of Panama (Azuero Peninsula) reveal an ancient neotropi- cal rainforest. IAWA Journal 38 (3): 366 - 411. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 20170176]." type="journal article" year="2017">Jud and Dunham (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D56F9F9A0FED19DD2" author="Estrada-Ruiz, E. & E. A. Wheeler & G. R. Upchurch & G. H. Mack" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="136 - 150" refId="ref34639" refString="Estrada-Ruiz, E., E. A. Wheeler, G. R. Upchurch and G. H. Mack. 2018. Late Cretaceous angiosperm woods from the McRae Formation, south-central New Mexico, USA: Part 2. International Journal of Plant Science 179: 136 - 150. [https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 695503]." type="journal article" year="2018">Estrada-Ruiz et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D556BF943FE2E9DD2" author="Huang, L-L. & J. Sun & J-H. Jin & C. Quan & A. A. Oskolski" box="[272,506,1667,1693]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="223 - 233" refId="ref35842" refString="Huang, L-L., J. Sun, J-H. Jin, C. Quan and A. A. Oskolski. 2018. Litseoxylon gen. nov. (Lauraceae): The most ancient fossil angiosperm wood with helical thickenings from southeastern Asia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 258: 223 - 233. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2018.08.006]." type="journal article" year="2018">Huang et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D567EF943FD3F9DD2" author="Mantzouka, D." box="[517,747,1667,1693]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="29 - 36" refId="ref37409" refString="Mantzouka, D. 2018. The first report of Cryptocaryoxylon from the Neogene (early Micocene) of Eurasia (Eastern Mediterranean: Lesbos and Lemnos Islands, Greece). Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 29 - 36. [https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / if- 2018 - 0002]." type="journal article" year="2018">Mantzouka (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Akkemik et al. (2019, 2021);
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D55C0F966FD6D9D8F" author="Gungor, Y. U. & Akkemik, C. & E. BaSaran" box="[443,697,1702,1728]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="22 - 34" refId="ref35403" refString="Gungor, Y. U. Akkemik, C. KasapCI and E. BaSaran. 2019. Geol- ogy and woods of a new fossil forest from the Early Miocene of GokCeada (Turkey). Forestist 69 (1): 22 - 34. [https: // doi. org / 10.26650 / forestist. 2019.412545]." type="journal article" year="2019">Güngör et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D56BDF966FF139DAC" author="Parrott, J. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref38082" refString="Parrott, J. M. 2019. Fossil angiosperm woods from the Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation. Ph. D. diss. Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas." type="book" year="2019">Parrott (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D54A9F908FD5A9DAC" author="Perez-Lara, D. K. & E. Estrada-Ruiz & C. Castaneda-Posadas" box="[210,654,1736,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="761 - 772" refId="ref38168" refString="Perez-Lara, D. K., E. Estrada-Ruiz and C. Castaneda-Posadas. 2019. Nueva especie de Laurinoxylon (Lauraceae) de la Formacion El Bosque (Eocene), Chiapas ,, Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana 71 (3): 761 - 772. [https: // doi. org / 10.18268 / BSGM 2019 v 71 n 3 a 8]." type="journal article" year="2019">Pérez-Lara and Estrada-Ruiz (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Wheeler et al. (2019),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D5483F92BFE059C4A" author="Ruiz, D. P. & M. S. Raigemborn & M. Brea & R. R. Pujana" box="[248,465,1771,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="102414" refId="ref38848" refString="Ruiz, D. P., M. S. Raigemborn, M. Brea and R. R. Pujana. 2020, Pa- leocene Las Violetas fossil forest: Wood anatomy and paleoclimatology. Journal of South America Earth Science 98: 102414. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2019.102414]." type="journal article" year="2020">Ruiz et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D566EF92BFE5C9C67" author="Vasquez-Loranca, A. R. & S. R. S Cevallos-Ferriz" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="479 - 507" refId="ref40337" refString="Vasquez-Loranca, A. R. and S. R. S Cevallos-Ferriz. 2022. A di- verse assemblage of Miocene Lauraceae in Chalatenango, El Salvador. IAWA Journal 43 (4): 479 - 507. [https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - bja 10096]." type="journal article" year="2022">Vasquez-Loranca and Cevallos-Ferriz (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D55E9F8CEFDC69C67" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[402,530,1806,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
fossil woods are common and relatively diverse (seven species) in the nearby middle Eocene Clarno Nut Beds (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A333962D567FF893FF0B9CDF" author="Wheeler, E. A. & S. R. Manchester" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref41110" refString="Wheeler, E. A. and S. R. Manchester. 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. IAWA Journal Supplement 3: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||||
Wheeler and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E78AF1A333962D56D3F893FF409CDF" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Manchester</collectingRegion>
|
||||
2002
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). These more recent publications all include comparisons of the new species described therein with those previously described.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A333962D571BFECAFA549A25" blockId="12.[832,1520,195,364]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
Because of the variation within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D5090FECAFAB99A6B" authorityName="JUSSIEU" authorityYear="1789" box="[1259,1389,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, we prefer not to create a new species based on a single sample, but to refer to it as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A333962D5786FE90FB349A25" box="[1021,1248,336,364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Laurinoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A333962D5786FE90FB4A9A23" box="[1021,1182,336,364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Laurinoxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
sp. A
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of Dietz Hill.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
243
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243
data/03/8A/F5/038AF505A3399627552EFF04FB39992F.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
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<mods:title id="AECB3777025349E128EDF9EE872B9A97">A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="57C1DADF1DDD6ACDD92B2CAAB1229735">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EE83D35A93604473279D7BD5A74BE8DB">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038AF505A3399627552EFF04FB39992F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AF505A3399627552EFF04FB39992F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AF505A3399627552EFF04FB39992F" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
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<subSubSection id="C3391798A3399627552EFF04FDE89BAF" box="[341,572,195,224]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A3399627552EFF04FDE89BAF" blockId="6.[341,572,195,224]" box="[341,572,195,224]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<heading id="D0D4F37FA3399627552EFF04FDE89BAF" allCaps="true" box="[341,572,195,224]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3399627552EFF04FDE89BAF" authority="Hartig, 1848" box="[341,572,195,224]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taxodioxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627552EFF04FDC69BAF" box="[341,530,196,224]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">TAXODIOXYLON</emphasis>
|
||||
SP.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A339962755EDFF32FDEC98B2" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962755EDFF32FE2E9A45" blockId="6.[406,506,242,266]" box="[406,506,242,266]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A339962755EDFF32FE2E9A45" box="[406,506,242,266]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">FIG. 3A–I</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFEE3FF01997C" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962754EBFEE3FE989A72" bold="true" box="[144,332,291,317]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Description—</emphasis>
|
||||
Growth ring boundaries distinct (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A3399627568AFEE3FF6C9A2F" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3A‒C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In rings without compression woods, latewood narrow with 1–3 rows of radially narrow longitudinal tracheids. Average tangential diameter of earlywood tracheids 32 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275560FE70FE979A85" box="[283,323,432,458]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=7) in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962755EBFE70FE679A85" box="[400,435,432,458]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84886, 30 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962756F9FE70FD7E9A85" box="[642,682,432,458]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=7) µm in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3399627540BFE13FF4E9AA2" box="[112,154,467,493]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84889. Intertracheary pitting occasionally biseriate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A339962754C7FE36FECD995F" box="[188,281,502,528]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Transition from earlywood to latewood gradual.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFDFCFDF09935" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
Axial parenchyma abundant, diffuse and in short lines (3
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962754FCFDA0FF4B9935" box="[135,159,608,634]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962754D1FDA0FF6B9935" box="[170,191,608,634]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
|
||||
), end walls smooth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A339962755C5FDA0FDC29935" box="[446,534,608,634]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFD43FD0D98DC" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
Rays homocellular, all ray parenchyma (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275612FD43FD0D99D2" box="[617,729,643,669]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig.3G–I</figureCitation>
|
||||
),very rarely with some marginal ray cells possibly ray tracheids (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275402FD09FF0199AC" box="[121,213,713,739]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||||
), uniseriate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275502FD09FE2199AC" box="[377,501,713,739]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3D–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rarely with a biseriate portion one cell high; cross-field pits taxodioid, 2–4 (oc- casionally more) per cross field (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275678FCD0FD879865" box="[515,595,784,810]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||||
); horizontal and end walls of ray parenchyma smooth (Fig.
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275608FCF3FD5F9802" box="[627,651,819,845]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
|
||||
). Ray height 2–7–18 cells, average 146 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962755CDFC96FE09983F" box="[438,477,854,880]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=77) µm in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3399627561FFC97FD53983E" box="[612,647,855,881]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278–84886, 2–7–24 cells, 153 (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275522FCB9FE5698DB" box="[345,386,889,916]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15659" name="San Diego Natural History Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">SD</collectionCode>
|
||||
=115) µm in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275665FCBAFD9598DB" box="[542,577,890,916]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84889.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFC5CFDBE9895" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962754EBFC5CFE9798F9" bold="true" box="[144,323,924,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Specimens—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3399627553FFC5DFEB398F8" box="[324,359,925,951]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84886,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3399627566EFC5DFDEC98F8" box="[533,568,925,951]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278-84889, estimated maximum diameters
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A339962755B4FC00FDD89895" box="[463,524,960,986]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="4CDBE9F6A3399627566CFC7FFDB29895" box="[535,614,959,986]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFC23FDEC98B2" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" box="[144,568,995,1021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962754EBFC23FE9398B2" bold="true" box="[144,327,995,1021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Occurrence—</emphasis>
|
||||
Dietz Hill (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962755B1FC23FE2498B2" box="[458,496,995,1021]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3391798A339962754EBFBC6FB39992F" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFBC6FF349FE2" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962754EBFBC6FEE89F6F" bold="true" box="[144,316,1030,1056]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Comments—</emphasis>
|
||||
Ring width is quite variable in
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962756C7FBC7FD0B9F6E" box="[700,735,1031,1057]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
|
||||
278- 84886. Some growth rings have compression wood, indicated by longitudinal tracheids tending to be circular in outline with thickened walls in a broad latewood zone (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13185896A33996275402FB53FF069FE2" box="[121,210,1171,1197]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[111,182,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[189,1442,191,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-142@7.[189,1448,191,1781]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Cupressaceae. Taxodioxylon sp. A, C, E–I. UF 278-84886. B, D. UF 278-84889. A, B. Narrow latewood zone, axial parenchyma dif- fuse and in short tangential lines, TS. C. Latewood with compression wood, TS. D, E. Uniseriate rays, TLS. F. End walls of axial parenchyma smooth, TLS. G. Circular bordered pits on radial walls of longitudinal tracheids, occasionally biseriate; most rays homocellular composed of ray parenchyma, bottom ray with top marginal row possibly composed of ray tracheids (RT) RLS. H. Ray composed of ray parenchyma, horizontal and end walls smooth, RLS. I. Taxodioid cross-field pits, RLS. Scale bars=200 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G; 50 µm in F, H; 20 µm in I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBFB76FD249DAE" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962754EBFB76FD8F9F9F" bold="true" box="[144,603,1206,1232]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Comparisons with extant woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275620FB76FDB99F9F" box="[603,621,1206,1232]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||||
search for the
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A3399627540BFB19FF629FBC" box="[112,182,1241,1267]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">IAWA</collectionCode>
|
||||
softwood features: 40p, 43p, 61e, 72p, 73p, 76p, 80r, 85p, 87p, 94p, 98p, 99p, 103p, 107p, 109a, 110a, 118a with zero mismatches yields the following Cu- pressaceae:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275577FA83FEC79ECF" authority="(Siebold and Zucc.) Endl. (1847)" authorityName="Endl." authorityYear="1847" baseAuthorityName="Siebold and Zucc." class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Chamaecyparis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pisifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275577FA83FDCB9E12" box="[268,543,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chamaecyparis pisifer</emphasis>
|
||||
(Siebold and Zucc.) Endl. (1847)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275559FAA6FDE69ECF" box="[290,562,1382,1408]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cryptomeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275559FAA6FDE69ECF" box="[290,562,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cryptomeria japonica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Thunb. ex
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962756ABFAA6FD359ECF" box="[720,737,1382,1408]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
.f) D. Don (1839),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275565FA49FCCD9EEC" authority="Hayata (1908)" authorityName="Hayata" authorityYear="1908" box="[286,793,1417,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cunninghamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="konishii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275565FA49FD9F9EEC" box="[286,587,1417,1443]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cunninghamia konishii</emphasis>
|
||||
Hayata (1908)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3399627540BFA6CFD059E88" authority="(Lamb.) Hook. (1827)" authorityName="Hook." authorityYear="1827" baseAuthorityName="Lamb." box="[112,721,1452,1479]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cunninghamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627540BFA6CFE7B9E89" box="[112,431,1452,1478]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cunninghamia lanceolata</emphasis>
|
||||
(Lamb.) Hook. (1827)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3399627569AFA6DFCCF9EA5" authority="(Staunton ex D. Don) K. Koch (1873)" authorityName="K. Koch" authorityYear="1873" baseAuthorityName="D. Don" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Glyptostrobus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pensilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627569AFA6DFE929EA5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Glyptostrobus pensilis</emphasis>
|
||||
(Staunton ex D. Don) K. Koch (1873)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A3399627540BFA33FEAD9D42" box="[112,377,1521,1551]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Platycladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A3399627540BFA33FEAD9D42" box="[112,377,1521,1551]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Platycladus orientalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A339962755F1FA33FE4B9D42" box="[394,415,1523,1549]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
.) Franco (1949), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A339962756D5FA31FE3A9D7E" authority="Hayata (1906)" authorityName="Hayata" authorityYear="1906" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taiwania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cryptomerioides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962756D5FA31FEE29D7F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Taiwania cryptomerioides</emphasis>
|
||||
Hayata (1906)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275582F9D6FD3B9D7F" box="[505,751,1558,1584]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taxodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distichum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275582F9D6FD3B9D7F" box="[505,751,1558,1584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Taxodium distichum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275686F9D6FCC69D7F" box="[765,786,1558,1584]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||||
.) Rich. (1810) is among many other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275667F9F9FD129D1C" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1821" box="[540,710,1593,1619]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
having just one mismatch with the fossil: smooth instead of irregularly thickened or beaded transverse end wall of axial parenchyma (
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED32DCD6A33996275524F963FE7D9DF2" box="[351,425,1699,1725]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">IAWA</collectionCode>
|
||||
Softwood Feature 76), which often is of variable occurrence (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33996275581F906FD0B9DAF" author="Richter, H. G. & D. Grosser & I. Heinz & P. E. Gasson" box="[506,735,1734,1761]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref38808" refString="Richter, H. G., D. Grosser, I. Heinz and P. E. Gasson. 2004. IAWA List of microscopic features for softwood identification. IAWA Journal 25: 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="2004">Richter et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C4413A339962754EBF929FB39992F" blockId="6.[112,801,291,1938]" lastBlockId="6.[832,1521,195,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962754EBF929FD999C4C" bold="true" box="[144,589,1769,1795]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Comparisons with fossil woods—</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275635F92AFD3B9C49" authorityName="EMEND. GOTHAN" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="HARTIG" box="[590,751,1770,1798]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taxodioxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275635F92AFD3B9C49" box="[590,751,1770,1798]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Taxodioxylon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has long been used for fossil woods with distinct growth rings, abundant axial parenchyma, and predominantly taxodioid cross-field pits (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33996275586F893FD7D9C22" author="Krausel, R." box="[509,681,1875,1901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="83 - 203" refId="ref36449" refString="Krausel, R. 1949. Die fossilen Koniferenholzer (unter Ausschluss Araucarioxylon Kraus.) Palaeontographica B 89: 83 - 203." type="journal article" year="1949">Kraüsel 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962756BFF891FF009CDD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Taxodioxylon's</emphasis>
|
||||
features and variability have been reviewed multiple times (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33996275037FF03FA3E9B92" author="Van der Burgh, J. & J. J. F. Meijer" box="[1100,1514,195,221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="373 - 378" refId="ref40303" refString="Van der Burgh, J. and J. J. F. Meijer. 1996. Taxodioxylon gypsaceum and its botanical affinities. Current Science 70 (5): 373 - 378" type="journal article" year="1996">van der Burgh and Meijer 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A3399627573BFF26FC2F9A4F" author="Dolezych, M." box="[832,1019,230,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="25 - 46" refId="ref34265" refString="Dolezych, M. 2011. Taxodiaceous woods in Lusatia (Central Europe), including curiosities in their nomenclature and taxonomy, with a focus on Taxodioxylon. Japanese Journal of Historical Botany 19 (1 - 2): 25 - 46." type="journal article" year="2011">Dolezych 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and the overlap between the different species noted. It is common in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A33996275705FEECFB409A08" author="Elliott, W. S., Jr. & J. D. Foster" box="[894,1172,300,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref34553" refString="Elliott, W. S., Jr. and J. D. Foster. 2014. Petrified wood of south- western Oregon: Implications for Cenozoic climate change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 402: 1 - 11. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2014.03.004]." type="journal article" year="2014">Elliott and Foster 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A339962750E4FEECFC549A25" author="Akkemik, U. & N. N. Acarca Bayam" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="268 - 280" refId="ref32310" refString="Akkemik, U. and N. N. Acarca Bayam. 2019. The first Glyptostroboxylon and Taxodioxylon descriptions from the late Miocene of Turkey and palaeoclimatological evaluation. Fossil Imprint 75 (2): 268 - 280. [https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / if- 2019 - 0015]." type="journal article" year="2019">Akkemik and Acarca Bayam 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and has been used for fossil woods resembling not just
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275708FEB3FB7A9AC2" authority="Richard (1810)" authorityName="Richard" authorityYear="1810" box="[883,1198,371,397]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taxodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275708FEB3FC3F9AC2" box="[883,1003,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Taxodium</emphasis>
|
||||
Richard (1810)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but also
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275164FEB3FC4C9AFF" authority="Don (1838)" authorityName="Don" authorityYear="1838" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cryptomeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275164FEB3FA6D9AC2" box="[1311,1465,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cryptomeria</emphasis>
|
||||
Don (1838)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A339962757AFFE56FA729AFE" authority="R. Br. Ex Rich. (1826 a)" authorityName="R. Br. Ex Rich." authorityYear="1826" box="[980,1446,406,433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cunninghamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A339962757AFFE56FB539AFF" box="[980,1159,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cunninghamia</emphasis>
|
||||
R. Br. Ex Rich. (1826a)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB239E2A339962751C3FE56FC709A9C" author="Yi, T-M." pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 389" refId="ref41714" refString="Yi, T-M., C-S Li and J-X Xi. 2003. Late Miocene woods of Taxodiaceae from Yunnan, China. Acta Botanica Sinica 45 (4): 384 - 389." type="journal article" year="2003">Yi et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Miocene
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F3340483A3399627505AFE79FBB89A9B" box="[1057,1132,441,468]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
), two of the genera returned in our search of the InsideWood conifer database. Given that this Dietz Hill wood conforms to van der Burgh and Meijer's concept of the genus, we assign it to
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9579801A33996275117FDE3FCB8992E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C233F90A33996275117FDE3FCB3992E" authorityName="EMEND. GOTHAN" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="HARTIG" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Taxodioxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Taxodioxylon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
but not to a particular species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
152
data/03/CA/87/03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB.xml
Normal file
152
data/03/CA/87/03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="75975B8AB86F0E0DC5B85CF1E951C0C7">
|
||||
<mods:title id="2C65DA1B553D3F0E4DB7C7D7956BCCBA">Primula × chignolensis (Ericales: Primulaceae), a new primrose hybrid discovered in Val Seriana (northern Italy)</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="414952C6B5FA5B849DE58A45ABC860F0" type="personal">
|
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<mods:roleTerm id="BB7F655E89019D330DA34C9D6D0EFFDF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="5BAE24F8311CFEC7D58A0A96A6AFDAA6">Banfi, Enrico</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="A8F50666E96205FE1B59A626DE353F7D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="5D01FEDFBE1114699F3A63761416E309">Ferlinghetti, Renato</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="C72042AEE2725470ECC3E6077AFCCE7C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
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<mods:title id="14144386682B67CF98D50B502B60B6F9">Natural History Sciences</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="61C653384E1AEBF2597861216DA259B3">
|
||||
<mods:date id="C8C145A51B610848E445C469296DC279">2024</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="13526B3B5B62CB5AC4612792983F4682" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="5B9A3D213D149253A8FE53F0610A8142">2024-04-10</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location id="B27D374CA9C3C1B29BDD3424AD92A496">
|
||||
<mods:url id="0F9A8132475640D05A6B71E6D124F634">http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2024.4058</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="5407ED608322A29C1AAD00C129CB8846">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="237F7886508502AFA06429927C342758" type="CLB-Dataset">304154</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="76DCE87ECDFA527F2C82128A0646F942" type="DOI">10.4081/nhs.2024.705</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="D0BF5CA89831AADFF4FF4BFB84DD6459" type="GBIF-Dataset">9a2d724e-8f50-4276-9c61-2a0098c69021</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="C8830CAC8A8FA4A4E055298FD3F1A659" type="ISSN">2385-0922</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="B1A41E268511D6554AC99E240E26CFA6" type="Zenodo-Dep">12753733</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13890644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3796513FFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FD1379A4" box="[113,696,1157,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FD1379A4" blockId="3.[113,756,1128,1607]" box="[113,696,1157,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDBD79A4" authority="Banfi & Ferl." authorityName="Banfi & Ferl." authorityYear="2024" box="[113,534,1157,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" isHybrid="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chignolensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FF7B79A4" bold="true" box="[113,208,1157,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Primula</emphasis>
|
||||
×
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DAFC93D5FED379A4" bold="true" box="[231,376,1157,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">chignolensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Banfi & Ferl.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457F1FFBDFFA3D83A93D6FD1379A4" box="[545,696,1158,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" rank="species">nothosp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3796513FFBDFFA3DA8C93F4FDD479BA" box="[151,639,1188,1215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA8C93F4FDD479BA" blockId="3.[113,756,1128,1607]" box="[151,639,1188,1215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
Hybrid formula:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DB4E93F5FE4D79BA" box="[341,486,1188,1214]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albenensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DB4E93F5FE4D79BA" box="[341,486,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. albenensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
×
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3D81F93F5FDD479BA" box="[516,639,1188,1214]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3D81F93F5FDD479BA" box="[516,639,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. auricula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3796513FFBDFFA3DA8C9392FE4678AB" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA8C9392FEE37833" blockId="3.[113,756,1128,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DA8C9392FF4C79FE" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Corollae fauce lutea et foliorum margine valde crenato a specie</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DAF793B1FED079FE" box="[236,379,1248,1275]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albenensis">P. albenensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DB9A93B1FD0B79FE" box="[385,672,1248,1274]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">perspicue differt, a specie</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3D8BD93B1FF0B781C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auricula">P. auricula</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DABC93AEFEE37833" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">corollae limbo numquam luteo nec foliorum margine umquam albicante.</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA8C926BFE4678AB" blockId="3.[113,756,1128,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
Distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DB67926CFDBB7851" box="[380,528,1339,1365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albenensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DB67926CFDBB7851" box="[380,528,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. albenensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the corolla with a yellow throat and a definitely crenate leaf margin, from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DA6A9228FF467895" box="[113,237,1399,1425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DA6A9228FF467895" box="[113,237,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. auricula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the corolla limb never yellow and the leaf margin never whitish-contrasting.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3796513FFBDFFA3DA8C92E3FDCF78C9" box="[151,612,1459,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA8C92E3FDCF78C9" blockId="3.[113,756,1128,1607]" box="[151,612,1459,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Etymology: from the toponym Chignolo.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3796513FFBDFFA3DA8C9282FD5A7B43" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA8C9282FD5A7B43" blockId="3.[113,756,1128,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B0B3CC5FFBDFFA3DA8C9282FD467B43" collectedFrom="on limestone face" collectingDate="2022-05-23" collectionCode="MSNM" collectorName="Gianni Borlini" county="Bivacco La Plana" latitude="45.848984" location="Pre-Alps of Bergamo" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="9.802947" municipality="Chignolo d'Oneta" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
Type -
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DAF49281FEC978EF" box="[239,354,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54D8883AFFBDFFA3DAF49281FEC978EF" box="[239,354,1489,1515]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">Holotypus</typeStatus>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
: Herbarium
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE5DFFBDFFA3DBE19282FDFB78E8" box="[506,592,1490,1516]" collectionName="Italy, Milano, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">MSNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
52572 (Milano),
|
||||
<location id="8EBC6043FFBDFFA3DABE92BFFE3D7B0E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB:8EBC6043FFBDFFA3DABE92BFFE3D7B0E" box="[165,406,1519,1546]" county="Bivacco La Plana" latitude="45.848984" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="9.802947" municipality="Chignolo d'Oneta" name="Pre-Alps of Bergamo" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Pre-Alps of Bergamo</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="8EBC6043FFBDFFA3DBBA92A0FD9E7B0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA878EFFBDFFA3DA6A93D5FDC87AAB:8EBC6043FFBDFFA3DBBA92A0FD9E7B0D" box="[417,565,1519,1546]" county="Bivacco La Plana" latitude="45.848984" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="9.802947" municipality="Chignolo d'Oneta" name="Mount Alben" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mount Alben</location>
|
||||
group,
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB8ACE2FFBDFFA3D89792BFFF657B2C" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Chignolo d’Oneta</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="62BD4E14FFBDFFA3DAC1915EFE097B2C" box="[218,418,1550,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bivacco La Plana</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57505FFFBDFFA3DBB5915DFDE87B2C" box="[430,579,1549,1576]" degrees="45.848982" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="45.848984">45.848982 N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57505FFFBDFFA3D855915EFD797B2C" box="[590,722,1550,1576]" degrees="9.802947" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="9.802947">9.802947 E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, m 1247,
|
||||
<collectedFrom id="387F7565FFBDFFA3DAAC917CFED47B42" box="[183,383,1580,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">on limestone face</collectedFrom>
|
||||
, leg.
|
||||
<collectorName id="2696534EFFBDFFA3DBA0917CFDCB7B42" box="[443,608,1580,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Gianni Borlini</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="FFDD1058FFBDFFA3D877917CFD467B43" box="[620,749,1580,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2022-05-23">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EF99E9B0FFBDFFA3D877917CFD467B43" box="[620,749,1580,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2022-05-23">23.05.2022</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C3796513FFBDFFA3DA6A91D6FDC87AAB" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA6A91D6FF507BA4" blockId="3.[113,756,1670,1968]" box="[113,251,1670,1696]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DA6A91D6FF507BA4" bold="true" box="[113,251,1670,1696]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Description</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BDC3698FFBDFFA3DA8C91F4FDC87AAB" blockId="3.[113,756,1670,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||||
Rosulate herbaceous perennial, acaulescent. Obovatespatulate, somewhat fleshy leaves, about 3-8 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4C9B9B7DFFBDFFA3D8809192FD5B7BD9" box="[667,752,1730,1757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2-6 cm</quantity>
|
||||
, usually distinctly crenate, glandular especially at the margins, more or less farinose on the adaxial surface; margins green, not whitish like
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DBAE904EFD997A33" box="[437,562,1821,1847]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="auricula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DBAE904EFD997A33" box="[437,562,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. auricula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Flowering stem 5-25(-30) cm, flowers
|
||||
<quantity id="4C9B9B7DFFBDFFA3DB70906BFE107A51" box="[363,443,1851,1878]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.159" metricValueMax="3.048" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5-12 in</quantity>
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||||
terminal umbel, calyx more or less white-farinose, corolla throat pale yellow, scarcely or not farinose, limb magenta-colored, somewhat darker than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D1BFFBDFFA3DADE90C6FEFC7AAB" box="[197,343,1941,1967]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Primula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albenensis">
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<emphasis id="B917EA8AFFBDFFA3DADE90C6FEFC7AAB" box="[197,343,1941,1967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">P. albenensis</emphasis>
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. Flowering: April-May.
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||||
</paragraph>
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@ -1842,7 +1844,7 @@ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (sol
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**Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd.
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FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander
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<taxonomicName id="43DE4D089E11284FE413FCC4FA75FCB2" authority="Wynn, Highton & Jacobs, 1988" baseAuthorityName="Wynn, Highton & Jacobs" box="[1297,1485,822,842]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
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|
@ -1861,7 +1863,7 @@ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, max
|
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During the pre-TSW phase of courtship, the most frequent male behaviors were mental-gland sliding, mental-gland popping, foot dance/shuffle, tail arch, undulate tail, and position for TSW (
|
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<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE315F90FFDD9F8EB" box="[535,609,1789,1811]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[103,131,793,812]" captionTargetBox="[103,787,167,765]" captionTargetId="figure-538@7.[103,772,178,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. Duration of some behaviors and periods during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Close ¼ salamanders within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, tail undulation, nudging, and snout under). MG Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding on the skin of the female. ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. Position for TSW ¼ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *, **Probability values from Mann- Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749266/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE370F90CFD38F8EB" box="[626,640,1790,1811]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." pageId="7" pageNumber="244">3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE370F90CFD38F8EB" box="[626,640,1790,1811]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890569/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">3</figureCitation>
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). The male typically initiated mental-gland sliding on the female’s tail and then moved very slowly toward her head. If the male initially moved posteriorly during sliding, he would move anteriorly after reaching the tip of her tail. Total duration of sliding per pre-TSW hour was not significantly different between complete and incomplete courtships (two-way ANOVA on ranks,
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<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E11284FE032F820FEEDF81F" box="[304,341,2002,2023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
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F
|
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|
|
@ -1914,9 +1916,9 @@ t
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.—The male typically remained close to the female when he was not mental-gland sliding (
|
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<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE292F9C4FC76F9B4" box="[912,974,1590,1612]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[103,131,793,812]" captionTargetBox="[103,787,167,765]" captionTargetId="figure-538@7.[103,772,178,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. Duration of some behaviors and periods during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Close ¼ salamanders within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, tail undulation, nudging, and snout under). MG Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding on the skin of the female. ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. Position for TSW ¼ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *, **Probability values from Mann- Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749266/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). While close to the female or during sliding, the male would occasionally foot dance/shuffle, tail arch, and undulate tail (
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<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE506F983FBF8F97E" box="[1028,1088,1649,1671]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE506F983FBF8F97E" box="[1028,1088,1649,1671]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890569/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). For complete courtships, the male performed sliding and remained close to the female for about 17% and 45% of the pre-TSW phase, respectively (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E11284FE23FF93BFC28F926" box="[829,912,1737,1759]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E11284FE23FF93BFC28F926" box="[829,912,1737,1759]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). For incomplete courtships, the total duration of close per pre-TSW hour was significantly less (Mann-Whitney rank sum test,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E11284FE512F8F7FB83F8E1" box="[1040,1083,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||||
U
|
||||
|
|
@ -1935,22 +1937,22 @@ P
|
|||
0.038;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE486F8F6FA7AF8E1" box="[1412,1474,1796,1818]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[103,131,793,812]" captionTargetBox="[103,787,167,765]" captionTargetId="figure-538@7.[103,772,178,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. Duration of some behaviors and periods during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Close ¼ salamanders within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, tail undulation, nudging, and snout under). MG Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding on the skin of the female. ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. Position for TSW ¼ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *, **Probability values from Mann- Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749266/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For all courtships, mental-gland popping occurred often (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE23FF8CDFC3BF8AC" box="[829,899,1855,1877]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE23FF8CDFC3BF8AC" box="[829,899,1855,1877]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890569/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
) when the mental gland lost contact with the female’s skin during sliding. The mean time elapsed before the initial mental-gland pop was 33
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E11284FE5C7F888FB61F868" bold="true" box="[1221,1241,1914,1936]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">6</emphasis>
|
||||
12 min (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E11284FE43AF888FACDF877" box="[1336,1397,1914,1936]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[103,131,746,765]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,714]" captionTargetId="figure-718@9.[103,772,178,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749268/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For all courtships, there were significant, positive correlations between the frequency of female undulate tail and both foot dance/shuffle and mental-gland popping (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E11284FE444F820FA2FF81F" box="[1350,1431,2002,2024]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E11284FE444F820FA2FF81F" box="[1350,1431,2002,2024]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" tableUuid="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). For incomplete courtships, there was a significant, positive correlation between the duration of close and the frequency of foot dance/shuffle (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E072FAC7FE7BFAB2" box="[368,451,1333,1355]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E072FAC7FE7BFAB2" box="[368,451,1333,1355]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" tableUuid="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Mental-gland tap or swipe to the female’s head (but never nares), body, or tail was rare and infrequent (3/10 complete and 2/10 incomplete courtships with mean
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1E2840E052FA7DFEDAFA5B" bold="true" box="[336,354,1423,1443]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
0.71
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1E2840E098FA7CFE16FA5C" bold="true" box="[410,430,1422,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">6</emphasis>
|
||||
0.42 times/pre-TSW hour; Supplemental Fig. B; see Data Accessibility).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" startId="8.[142,189,179,198]" targetBox="[142,1529,511,1217]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8" targetType="table">
|
||||
<caption id="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" ID-Table-UUID="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" startId="8.[142,189,179,198]" targetBox="[142,1529,511,1217]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8461368B9E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" blockId="8.[142,1530,178,492]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1E2840E18CFF41FEE9FE29" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||||
Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander
|
||||
|
|
@ -2424,7 +2426,7 @@ In response to continued mental-gland sliding, the female would eventually perfo
|
|||
16 min (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E050F9A5FE29F994" box="[338,401,1623,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[103,131,746,765]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,714]" captionTargetId="figure-718@9.[103,772,178,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749268/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For all courtships, there was a significant, positive correlation between the duration of sliding and the frequencies of both foot dance/shuffle and female undulate tail (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E080F942FE6AF93D" box="[386,466,1712,1734]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E080F942FE6AF93D" box="[386,466,1712,1734]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" tableUuid="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
). In all courtships, snout high occurred occasionally during sliding (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E34EF93FFD28F91B" box="[588,656,1741,1763]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[103,131,800,819]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,768]" captionTargetId="figure-437@11.[103,772,178,769]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. Frequency of some female behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). **, *Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of both turn back and chin over." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749270/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Mean time elapsed before the initial snout high (118
|
||||
|
|
@ -2441,29 +2443,29 @@ In response to continued mental-gland sliding, the female would eventually perfo
|
|||
If the female contacted the male either incidentally when she moved or during snout under by the male, then the male reflexively exhibited position for TSW (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E0AFF864FE4AF854" box="[429,498,1942,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[859,887,1160,1179]" captionTargetBox="[862,1526,181,1129]" captionTargetId="graphics-677@6.[862,1526,244,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749264/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Thus, position for TSW occurred frequently (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E07BF846FE0DF831" box="[377,437,1972,1994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E07BF846FE0DF831" box="[377,437,1972,1994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890569/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), including early in the courtship (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E195F820FF6EF81F" box="[151,214,2002,2024]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[103,131,746,765]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,714]" captionTargetId="figure-718@9.[103,772,178,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749268/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and the total duration was more than 10 min per pre-TSW hour (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E50AFB08FBFEFAF7" box="[1032,1094,1274,1296]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[103,131,793,812]" captionTargetBox="[103,787,167,765]" captionTargetId="figure-538@7.[103,772,178,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. Duration of some behaviors and periods during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Close ¼ salamanders within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, tail undulation, nudging, and snout under). MG Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding on the skin of the female. ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. Position for TSW ¼ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *, **Probability values from Mann- Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749266/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and thus accounted for about 23% of the pre-TSW phase for complete courtships (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E456FAE5FA1DFAD4" box="[1364,1445,1303,1325]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E456FAE5FA1DFAD4" box="[1364,1445,1303,1325]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). However, a position for TSW most often did not lead to TSW, and thus the male would typically turn around to continue foot dance/shuffle and sliding (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E5D1FA9DFAAFFA7C" box="[1235,1303,1391,1413]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[859,887,1160,1179]" captionTargetBox="[862,1526,181,1129]" captionTargetId="graphics-677@6.[862,1526,244,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749264/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Occasionally, the male would move away from the female after an unsuccessful position for TSW but would soon relocate the female and continue sliding (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E550FA35FB37FA24" box="[1106,1167,1479,1501]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[859,887,1160,1179]" captionTargetBox="[862,1526,181,1129]" captionTargetId="graphics-677@6.[862,1526,244,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749264/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For complete courtships, there was a significant, positive correlation between the total duration of sliding and the total duration of unsuccessful position for TSW (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E525F9EDFBCEF9CC" box="[1063,1142,1567,1589]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E525F9EDFBCEF9CC" box="[1063,1142,1567,1589]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). For all courtships, there were significant, positive correlations between the frequency of position for TSW and the frequencies of foot dance/shuffle, female undulate tail, and chin over (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E40EF985FAD8F974" box="[1292,1376,1655,1677]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E40EF985FAD8F974" box="[1292,1376,1655,1677]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" tableUuid="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). For incomplete courtships, there was also a significant, positive correlation between the frequency of snout under and position for TSW (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E2C9F93DFBA6F91C" box="[971,1054,1743,1765]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1E2840E2C9F93DFBA6F91C" box="[971,1054,1743,1765]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" tableUuid="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Snout under occurred in 70% of courtships, and the mean time elapsed before its initial occurrence was 176
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1E2840E506F8F8FBA0F8D8" bold="true" box="[1028,1048,1802,1824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">6</emphasis>
|
||||
37 min (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E586F8F8FB7EF8E7" box="[1156,1222,1802,1824]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[103,131,746,765]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,714]" captionTargetId="figure-718@9.[103,772,178,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749268/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The frequency of snout under per pre-TSW hour (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E578F8D5FB0EF8C5" box="[1146,1206,1831,1853]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1E2840E578F8D5FB0EF8C5" box="[1146,1206,1831,1853]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[820,848,796,815]" captionTargetBox="[816,1513,166,765]" captionTargetId="figure-708@7.[821,1490,178,765]" captionText="FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13890569/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
) was significantly greater for incomplete courtships (Mann-Whitney rank sum test,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1E2840E259F891FC3CF88F" box="[859,900,1891,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||||
U
|
||||
|
|
@ -2575,7 +2577,7 @@ P
|
|||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1F2841E079F9E7FE35F9D1" bold="true" box="[379,397,1557,1577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
5.6 to 13.6).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" startId="9.[820,867,179,198]" targetBox="[820,1490,511,865]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9" targetType="table">
|
||||
<caption id="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" ID-Table-UUID="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" startId="9.[820,867,179,198]" targetBox="[820,1490,511,865]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8461368B9E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" blockId="9.[820,1491,178,492]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1F2841E236FF41FAD6FE29" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander
|
||||
|
|
@ -2683,11 +2685,11 @@ FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in
|
|||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8461368B9E1F2841E17DF9C0FDDDF8AB" blockId="9.[103,773,1021,2024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
For all courtships, there was a significant, positive correlation between the frequency of snout under and the duration of ffTSWd (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E1E4F99FFE8DF97A" box="[230,309,1645,1667]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E1E4F99FFE8DF97A" box="[230,309,1645,1667]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
). For complete courtships, there were significant, positive correlations between the total duration of ffTSWd and the total duration of sliding and unsuccessful position for TSW (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E03EF934FE36F924" box="[316,398,1734,1756]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E03EF934FE36F924" box="[316,398,1734,1756]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). For complete courtships, there was a significant, positive correlation between the frequency of mental-gland swipe and the duration of ffTSWd (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E172F8D2FF7EF8CD" box="[112,198,1824,1846]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E172F8D2FF7EF8CD" box="[112,198,1824,1846]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
). In some courtships, the pair would transition from ffTSWd to ffTSWc and vice versa (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1F2841E318F8CFFDEEF8AB" box="[538,598,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[859,887,1160,1179]" captionTargetBox="[862,1526,181,1129]" captionTargetId="graphics-677@6.[862,1526,244,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749264/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
|
|
@ -2714,7 +2716,7 @@ P
|
|||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1F2841E2BDFBE3FC69FBDD" bold="true" box="[959,977,1041,1061]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
0.057). For incomplete courtships, there were significant, negative correlations between the duration of ffTSWc and the frequencies of foot dance/shuffle and mental-gland popping (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E509FB9AFBE2FB86" box="[1035,1114,1128,1150]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E509FB9AFBE2FB86" box="[1035,1114,1128,1150]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8461368B9E1F2841E24FFB74FC7BF9C0" blockId="9.[820,1490,922,1593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
|
|
@ -2727,7 +2729,7 @@ The female occasionally exhibited snout high during ffTSWd (
|
|||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1F2841E573FB0EFBC7FAEA" box="[1137,1151,1276,1298]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[103,131,800,819]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,768]" captionTargetId="figure-437@11.[103,772,178,769]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. Frequency of some female behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). **, *Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of both turn back and chin over." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749270/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For all courtships, there was a significant, positive correlation between the frequencies of turn back and chin over (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E58AFAC5FB64FAB4" box="[1160,1244,1335,1357]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E58AFAC5FB64FAB4" box="[1160,1244,1335,1357]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Mean time elapsed before the initial chin over was 219
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1F2841E5D6FAA6FB50FA92" bold="true" box="[1236,1256,1364,1386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">6</emphasis>
|
||||
34 min (
|
||||
|
|
@ -2780,9 +2782,9 @@ Mouth grasping occurred infrequently during four complete and two incomplete cou
|
|||
0.35 times per pre-TSW hour; Supplemental Fig. B; see Data Accessibility) and always occurred at least 200 min after the courtship began (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1F2841E576F93CFB0FF91B" box="[1140,1207,1742,1764]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[103,131,746,765]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,714]" captionTargetId="figure-718@9.[103,772,178,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749268/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For incomplete courtships, there were significant, positive correlations between the duration of time apart and the frequencies of mouth grasp and female tail flex (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E55AF8D5FB1FF8C4" box="[1112,1191,1831,1853]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E55AF8D5FB1FF8C4" box="[1112,1191,1831,1853]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre- TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.02, **P, 0.01, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||||
) and a significant, positive correlation between the frequencies of mouth grasp and female tail flex per pre-TSW hour (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E5DFF890FA8BF88F" box="[1245,1331,1890,1912]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1F2841E5DFF890FA8BF88F" box="[1245,1331,1890,1912]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[820,867,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. CCoefficient for complete courtships, Icoefficient for incomplete courtships, Acoefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. *P, 0.025, **P, 0.015, ***P, 0.001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="D0A166039E1F2841E236FF41FB88FE14">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||||
). The female sometimes bit the male in response to mouth grasping.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8461368B9E1F2842E236F847FF76FAFB" blockId="9.[820,1490,1972,2024]" lastBlockId="10.[142,812,844,1283]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
|
|
@ -2799,7 +2801,7 @@ If the female did not step astride (i.e., tail straddle) the male’s tail durin
|
|||
). The duration of most TSW (8/11) ranged from 20 to 32 min (max.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E0FEFBECFDB6FBCA" bold="true" box="[508,526,1054,1074]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
223,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E349FBEFFD23FBCA" box="[587,667,1053,1075]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E349FBEFFD23FBCA" box="[587,667,1053,1075]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). There were significant, positive correlations between the duration of TSW and the total time apart and the total duration for ffTSW (i.e., both discontinuous and continuous forms combined;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1C2842E1E1FB67FE90FB52" box="[227,296,1172,1195]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[820,848,1149,1168]" captionTargetBox="[822,1489,179,1117]" captionTargetId="figure-546@11.[821,1490,178,1118]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. Total duration (min) of some behaviors and periods during complete courtships in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions, but this figure only includes data from the first spermatophore deposition. A ¼ Courtship duration from initial close encounter between salamanders until the retrieval or attempted retrieval of the first spermatophore cap. B ¼ Total of all periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. D ¼ Total duration for female-first TSW, which includes both discontinuous and continuous forms of the duet behavior. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients: r ¼ 0.882, P, 0.001 for B and D; r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for B and F; r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for C and E; r ¼ 0.961, P, 0.00001 for D and F. See Table 2 for additional data on the duration of other behaviors and periods." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749272/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Mean distance traveled during TSW was 3.93
|
||||
|
|
@ -2819,7 +2821,7 @@ n
|
|||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E3CBFB23FD63FB1D" bold="true" box="[713,731,1233,1253]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
1.0 to 23.2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" startId="10.[142,189,179,198]" targetBox="[142,1529,404,787]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10" targetType="table">
|
||||
<caption id="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" ID-Table-UUID="D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" startId="10.[142,189,179,198]" targetBox="[142,1529,404,787]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8461368B9E1C2842E18CFF41FE51FE79" blockId="10.[142,1530,178,385]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E18CFF41FF1BFE79" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">
|
||||
Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander
|
||||
|
|
@ -2946,7 +2948,7 @@ coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had
|
|||
75 min (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1C2842E201FA92FF24FA6B" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[103,131,746,765]" captionTargetBox="[104,771,179,714]" captionTargetId="figure-718@9.[103,772,178,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749268/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Mean time for deposition was 7.5 min (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E377FA8CFD7DFA6B" box="[629,709,1406,1428]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E377FA8CFD7DFA6B" box="[629,709,1406,1428]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). During deposition, the mean frequency of male tail undulations increased from 0.47
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E068FA4BFEC6FA37" bold="true" box="[362,382,1465,1487]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">6</emphasis>
|
||||
0.28 Hz at the beginning to 0.84
|
||||
|
|
@ -2954,11 +2956,11 @@ coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had
|
|||
0.28 Hz at the end (range
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E07AFA2AFE32FA14" bold="true" box="[376,394,1496,1516]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
0.31 to 0.61 and 0.67 to 0.95, respectively). Mean time for lead female over spermatophore was 0.4 min (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E1F5F9E1FEF0F9D0" box="[247,328,1555,1577]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E1F5F9E1FEF0F9D0" box="[247,328,1555,1577]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Mean time for female position on sperm cap (including successful and unsuccessful cap-retrieval attempts) was 0.6 min (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E090F9BCFE59F99C" box="[402,481,1614,1636]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E090F9BCFE59F99C" box="[402,481,1614,1636]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Females retrieved the sperm cap from 55% (6/11) of spermatophores with a success rate of 60% per courtship (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E093F978FE5BF967" box="[401,483,1674,1696]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E093F978FE5BF967" box="[401,483,1674,1696]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). In 80% of complete courtships, the male turned around and then bit or aggressively chased (e.g., repeatedly lunged and snapped at) the female either immediately after (4/10 courtships) or within 2 min after (4/10 courtships) position on sperm cap by the female (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1CE52A0E9E1C2842E195F8EDFF6CF8CC" box="[151,212,1823,1845]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[859,887,1160,1179]" captionTargetBox="[862,1526,181,1129]" captionTargetId="graphics-677@6.[862,1526,244,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13749264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13749264/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). For the 11 spermatophores, the male eventually ate the gelatinous base (
|
||||
|
|
@ -2982,15 +2984,15 @@ n
|
|||
The total duration of complete courtships from the first encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of a sperm cap ranged from 160 to 787 min (mean
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E21BF847FC93F831" bold="true" box="[793,811,1973,1993]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
370,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E1CEF820FE9BF81F" box="[204,291,2002,2024]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E1CEF820FE9BF81F" box="[204,291,2002,2024]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Duration of the pre-TSW phase for these courtships ranged from 39 to 715 min (mean
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E44CFCBFFAD8FC99" bold="true" box="[1358,1376,845,865]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
245,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E49EFCBEFA52FC9A" box="[1436,1514,844,866]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E49EFCBEFA52FC9A" box="[1436,1514,844,866]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Excluding periods when salamanders were apart after their initial encounter, total duration of courtship and mating ranged from 89 to 754 min (mean
|
||||
<emphasis id="B6AAEA999E1C2842E5D6FC55FB5EFC43" bold="true" box="[1236,1254,935,955]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">¼</emphasis>
|
||||
301,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E423FC54FAD7FC43" box="[1313,1391,934,956]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C95C03309E1C2842E423FC54FAD7FC43" box="[1313,1391,934,956]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[142,189,179,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="D0A166039E1E2840E18CFF41FE41FE14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
573
data/1F/46/39/1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99.xml
Normal file
573
data/1F/46/39/1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
|
|||
<document id="03F6E391A1CBF295BC5A69A4F6933D4A" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.650.2.6" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216353" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1722605369550" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lapo-Gonzalez, Nadia, Hágsater, Eric, Vélez-Abarca, Leisberth, Mendoza Uyaguari, Johny J., Kuethe, J. R. & Jiménez, Marco M." docDate="2024" docId="1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.650.2.6.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 650 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.650.2.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Epidendrum quimiense N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M. M. Jimenez & Velez-Abarca, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="191" masterDocId="E37F4134FFD8FFA9FF9E2131FFF91C3C" masterDocTitle="A new species of Epidendrum (Laeliinae: Orchidaceae) from the province of Zamora Chinchipe in Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="193" masterPageNumber="185" pageNumber="186" updateTime="1728049470968" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="20CA5D971840A49198A753004AFE10FE">A new species of Epidendrum (Laeliinae: Orchidaceae) from the province of Zamora Chinchipe in Ecuador</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="A401F38A7F49EA02831DEFE2B3E7C3C0">Grupo Científico Calaway Dodson: Investigación y Conservación de Orquídeas del Ecuador, Quito, 170510, Pichincha, Ecuador & Herbario HUTPL, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s / n 11 - 01 - 608, Loja, Ecuador, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFD9FFA8FF1624E5FC3019D2" authority="N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M.M.Jimenez & Velez-Abarca" authorityName="N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M. M. Jimenez & Velez-Abarca" box="[136,969,1492,1519]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FF1624E5FE7219D2" box="[136,395,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
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N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M.M.Jiménez & Vélez-Abarca
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</taxonomicName>
|
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,
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<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FC4924E4FBDF19D2" box="[983,1062,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="0FD494DFFFD9FFA8FBA224E5FB3C19D2" box="[1084,1221,1492,1518]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[136,229,1982,2004]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,229,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox-0="[303,1285,678,1951]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,190,1853]" captionTargetId-0="figure-226@2.[299,1288,674,1955]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@3.[151,1436,190,1853]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Epidendrum quimiense N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M.M.Jiménez & Vélez-Abarca. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Anther and pollinia. D. Column and ovary, lateral and longitudinal cut view. E. Detail of the column, ventral view. F. Column with lip, lateral view. G. Lip, adaxial and abaxial view. H. Dissected perianth. Illustration by Johny J. Mendoza Uyaguari, based on the holotype." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Lankester Composite Dissection Plate (LCDP) of Epidendrum quimiense N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M.M.Jiménez & Vélez-Abarca. A. Habit. B. Flower. B1. Anther and pollinia. C. Dissected perianth. D. Lip, adaxial and abaxial view. D1. Detail of the lip, abaxial view. E. Column with lip, lateral view. F. Column and ovary, lateral and longitudinal cut view. F1. Detail of the column, ventral view. Elaborated by N. Lapo-Gonzalez, from photos of the holotype by M.M. Jiménez." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216355" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216357" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13216355/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13216357/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Figures 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFD9FFA8FF162711FEA91A66" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFD9FFA8FF162711FEA91A66" blockId="1.[136,1452,1568,1806]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">
|
||||
Type:—
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="27878207FFD9FFA8FF4B2711FEA91A66" collectingDate="2023-01-17" collectionCode="LOJA" collectorName="N. Lapo-Gonzalez" country="Ecuador" elevation="1157" location="Cordillera del Condor" municipality="Valle del Quimi" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" specimenCode="LOJA 42885" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zamora Chinchipe" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="EFF8C8CAFFD9FFA8FF4B2711FEB41A09" box="[213,333,1568,1589]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFD9FFA8FEC92711FDF61A0A" box="[343,527,1568,1590]" country="Ecuador" name="Zamora-Chinchipe" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Zamora Chinchipe</collectingRegion>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="77341220FFD9FFA8FD862711FD4D1A0A" box="[536,692,1568,1590]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Valle del Quimi</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="9230DE81FFD9FFA8FD202711FC6D1A0A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99:9230DE81FFD9FFA8FD202711FC6D1A0A" box="[702,916,1568,1590]" country="Ecuador" municipality="Valle del Quimi" name="Cordillera del Condor" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="Zamora Chinchipe">Cordillera del Cóndor</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FC062711FC1B1A09" box="[920,994,1568,1590]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.157" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1157.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="1CC26F69FFD9FFA8FC062711FC1B1A09" box="[920,994,1568,1590]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.157" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1157.0">1157 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="E351AE9AFFD9FFA8FC722711FB901A09" box="[1004,1129,1568,1589]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" value="2023-01-17">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="F3155772FFD9FFA8FC722711FB901A09" box="[1004,1129,1568,1589]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" value="2023-01-17">17 Ene 2023</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FBEA2711FABB1A09" box="[1140,1346,1568,1589]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">
|
||||
<collectorName id="3A1AED8CFFD9FFA8FBEA2711FADD1A09" box="[1140,1316,1568,1589]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">N. Lapo-Gonzalez</collectorName>
|
||||
75
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="485436F8FFD9FFA8FAD12711FA511A0A" box="[1359,1448,1568,1590]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="C7492021FFD9FFA8FF232775FEBB1A66" box="[189,322,1604,1626]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">LOJA 42885</specimenCode>
|
||||
!).
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFD9FFA8FF162759FD9F1B32" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFD9FFA8FF162759FD9F1B32" blockId="1.[136,1452,1568,1806]" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">
|
||||
Similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFD9FFA8FF732759FD0B1A42" authority="Hagsater & Jimenez" authorityName="Hagsater & Jimenez" box="[237,754,1640,1662]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marci-jimeneziorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FF732759FDD21A41" box="[237,555,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum</emphasis>
|
||||
Hágsater & Jiménez
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Hágsater & Santiago (2018: 1681) from which it differs by having the leaves elliptic-lanceolate (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FE2527BDFE2C1A9D" box="[443,469,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
narrowly elliptic), the inflorescence 4.0–8.0 cm long (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FC7927BDFBFB1A9D" box="[999,1026,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FB9627BDFBC11A9D" box="[1032,1080,1676,1697]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long), the flowers 1–7-successive (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FA0F27BDFA551A9D" box="[1425,1452,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
3-successive), the ovary 22.0–25.0 mm long (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FDE42781FD6C1AF9" box="[634,661,1712,1733]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FD052781FD261AF9" box="[667,735,1712,1733]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long), the dorsal sepal 17.0 × 6.0 mm (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FBFC2781FB851AF9" box="[1122,1148,1712,1733]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
8.5 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FB222781FB011AF9" box="[1212,1272,1712,1733]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
); the lateral sepals 18.0 × 6.0 mm, oblanceolate (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FE4427E5FE0C1AD5" box="[474,501,1748,1769]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
9.0 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FDB127E5FD821AD5" box="[559,635,1748,1770]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, obliquely obovate), and the lip 13.0–15.0 × 14.0–18.0 mm, reniform, bilobed (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FAF027E5FA701AD5" box="[1390,1417,1748,1769]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
7.0 × 12.0 mm, sub-reniform, slightly 3–lobed).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFD9FFABFF16260DFE531EB1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFD9FFABFF16260DFE531EB1" blockId="1.[136,1452,1852,2059]" lastBlockId="2.[136,1452,158,653]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">
|
||||
Description:—Epiphytic, sympodial, scandent.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FD09260DFD281B6A" box="[663,721,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Herb</emphasis>
|
||||
up to
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FC8C260DFCAC1B6B" box="[786,853,1852,1879]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||||
tall, the new stems arising from a sub-apical internode of the previous stem.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FEE92650FE4E1B46" box="[375,439,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Roots</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FE232651FDE01B47" box="[445,537,1888,1915]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter, basal from primary stem, fleshy, green.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FBFC2651FB5A1B46" box="[1122,1187,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Stems</emphasis>
|
||||
6.0–18.3 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FAB62651FA5E1B47" box="[1320,1447,1888,1915]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.4 cm</quantity>
|
||||
, terete, thin, straight, produced from the middle of the previous stem, covered by 2 foliaceous, striate, papery sheaths, 0.4–0.6 × 1.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FEB02699FE841BFF" box="[302,381,1960,1987]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FE162698FE2F1BFE" box="[392,470,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||||
2–4 per stem, aggregate at the apical third of the stem, blade elliptic-lanceolate, acute, margin entire, 3.0–9.0 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FE3B26FDFDD11BDB" box="[421,552,1996,2023]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="1.7" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="0.9">0.9–2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFD9FFA8FDAA26FDFD791BDA" box="[564,640,1996,2022]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Spathe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FDAA26FDFD791BDA" box="[564,640,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Spathe</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lacking.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFD9FFA8FD7526FDFC781BDA" box="[747,897,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="186">Inflorescence</emphasis>
|
||||
4.0–8.0 cm long, apical, racemose, successively flowered, arched, rachis slightly flexuous, 2.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FD3526C1FD031437" box="[683,762,2032,2059]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="3.2">3.2 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long; pedicel 1.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFD9FFA8FC4626C1FBDE1437" box="[984,1063,2032,2059]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="186" unit="cm" value="1.8">1.8 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long; peduncle 2.0–3.0 cm long, laterally compressed.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFEE521AFFDF61C84" box="[379,527,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Floral bracts</emphasis>
|
||||
4.0–1.0 × 4.0–5.0 mm; triangular, acuminate, embracing.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFB0B21AFFB081C84" box="[1173,1265,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||||
1–7, successive, several open at once, yellowish green, column slightly suffused with purple at apex, lip paler towards margins and calli; fragrance unknown.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFE2021D6FDFD1D3D" box="[446,516,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Ovary</emphasis>
|
||||
22.0–25.0 × 4.0 mm, slightly arcuate, semi-terete, slightly furrowed, ventrally inflated along apical half.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFE2F203BFE031D18" box="[433,506,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Sepals</emphasis>
|
||||
15.0–18.0 × 5.0–6.0 mm, spreading, oblanceolate, acute, slightly reflexed, margins entire, longitudinally convex;
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFE40201FFD911D74" box="[478,616,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">dorsal sepal</emphasis>
|
||||
17.0 × 6.0 mm, spreading, oblanceolate, acute, margins entire, 4–veined;
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFF162063FEDD1D50" box="[136,292,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">lateral sepals</emphasis>
|
||||
18.0 × 6.0 mm, somewhat falcate, spreading, oblanceolate, acute, margins entire, 6–veined.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFAFB2063FA521D50" box="[1381,1451,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Petals</emphasis>
|
||||
15.0–18.0 × 4.0–5.0 mm, oblanceolate, apical half somewhat rhombic, apex acute, 3–veined, slightly revolute to base, margins entire.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFEE820AAFE621D88" box="[374,411,411,436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Lip</emphasis>
|
||||
13.0–15.0 × 14.0–18.0 mm, united to column, bilobed, reniform, fleshy, 12–veined, laterally revolute, lip apron-shaped in natural position, abaxial surface rugose, base cordate, apical margin slightly undulate, emarginate callus unornamented; lobes semi-orbicular 11.0 × 14.0 cm, margins entire, base with 2 fleshy, globose, separate calli.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFEB32337FE7F1E1C" box="[301,390,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Column</emphasis>
|
||||
10.0–11.0 mm long, short, straight, fleshy, thickened at apex, constricted at base.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFAAD2337FA861E1C" box="[1331,1407,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Anther</emphasis>
|
||||
2.0 mm wide, sub-spherical-reniform, lime-green.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFD06231BFD0B1E78" box="[664,754,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Pollinia</emphasis>
|
||||
4, ovate, slightly laterally compressed, pale yellow, caudicles granulose and soft.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFEF6237FFE211E54" box="[360,472,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Rostellum</emphasis>
|
||||
apical, slit; viscarium semi-liquid.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFCF2237FFC271E54" box="[876,990,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Cuniculus</emphasis>
|
||||
deep, penetrating half pedicellate ovary, narrow.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFF7A2343FEB91EB0" box="[228,320,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Capsule</emphasis>
|
||||
not seen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="C390D8D2FFDAFFABFF16268FFB691420" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" startId="2.[136,229,1982,2004]" targetBox="[303,1285,678,1951]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDAFFABFF16268FFB691420" blockId="2.[136,1452,1982,2076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFF16268FFF061BEF" bold="true" box="[136,255,1982,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDAFFABFE9B268FFAF41BE8" authority="N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M. M. Jimenez & Velez-Abarca. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Anther" box="[261,1293,1982,2004]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDAFFABFE9B268FFE1D1BE8" box="[261,484,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M.M.Jiménez & Vélez-Abarca. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Anther
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and pollinia. D. Column and ovary, lateral and longitudinal cut view. E. Detail of the column, ventral view. F. Column with lip, lateral view. G. Lip, adaxial and abaxial view. H. Dissected perianth. Illustration by Johny J. Mendoza Uyaguari, based on the holotype.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="C390D8D2FFDBFFAAFF162664FCDF1BEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216357" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216357/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" startId="3.[136,229,1877,1899]" targetBox="[151,1436,190,1853]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDBFFAAFF162664FCDF1BEB" blockId="3.[136,1453,1877,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDBFFAAFF162664FF041B56" bold="true" box="[136,253,1877,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
Lankester Composite Dissection Plate (LCDP) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDBFFAAFD412664FE9F1BB3" authority="N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M. M. Jimenez & Velez-Abarca. A. Habit. B. Flower. B" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDBFFAAFD412664FC451B57" box="[735,956,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
N. Lapo-Gonzalez, M.M.Jiménez & Vélez-Abarca. A. Habit. B. Flower. B
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
1. Anther and pollinia. C. Dissected perianth. D. Lip, adaxial and abaxial view. D1. Detail of the lip, abaxial view. E. Column with lip, lateral view. F. Column and ovary, lateral and longitudinal cut view. F1. Detail of the column, ventral view. Elaborated by N. Lapo-Gonzalez, from photos of the holotype by M.M. Jiménez.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="C390D8D2FFDCFFADFF16278DFC0C1AEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216359" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216359" box="[136,1013,1724,1746]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216359/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" startId="4.[136,229,1724,1746]" targetBox="[221,1374,200,1696]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDCFFADFF16278DFC0C1AEE" blockId="4.[136,1013,1724,1746]" box="[136,1013,1724,1746]" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFF16278DFF071AED" bold="true" box="[136,254,1724,1746]" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
Distribution map of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDCFFADFE59278DFD5D1AEE" box="[455,676,1724,1746]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFE59278DFD5D1AEE" box="[455,676,1724,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Elaborated by N. Lapo-Gonzalez.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFDCFFACFF232631FB071D3C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDCFFADFF232631FE24142B" blockId="4.[136,1451,1792,2071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">
|
||||
Distribution and ecology:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDCFFADFE612631FCFF1B26" box="[511,774,1792,1818]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFE612631FCFF1B26" box="[511,774,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is known from three locations in the province of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDCFFADFACA2630FF071B02" country="Ecuador" name="Zamora-Chinchipe" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Zamora Chinchipe</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, in southeastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="EFF8C8CAFFDCFFADFE222615FDE01B02" box="[444,537,1828,1854]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="0FD494DFFFDCFFADFDB72615FD741B03" box="[553,653,1828,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[221,1374,200,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[210,1377,190,1700]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Epidendrum quimiense. Elaborated by N. Lapo-Gonzalez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216359/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Two of them belong to the Cordillera del Cóndor, in the premontane forests of sandstone plateaus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F37EF5ABFFDCFFADFE7D2679FD9A1B5F" author="Neill, D." box="[483,611,1864,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" pagination="17 - 21" refId="ref4697" refString="Neill, D. (2005) Cordillera del Condor. Botanical treasures between the Andes and the Amazon. Plant Talk 41: 17 - 21." type="journal article" year="2005">Neill 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), at an altitudinal range that goes from
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDCFFADFBAF2678FB261B5F" box="[1073,1247,1865,1891]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="1000.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="800.0">800 to 1200 m</quantity>
|
||||
. The new species grows epiphytically at about
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDCFFADFE4C265CFE061BBB" box="[466,511,1901,1927]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||||
above the ground, in aggregates of few individuals separated by several dozens of meters.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDCFFADFF7F26A1FE1C1B96" box="[225,485,1936,1962]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFF7F26A1FE1C1B96" box="[225,485,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is associated with the remaining vegetation close to rivers, the ecotone areas between forests and pastures, and remnant trees in pastures. It shares the habitat with other orchid species such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDCFFADFABF2685FDAE1BCF" authority="Luer & Andreetta (1978: 373)" authorityName="Luer & Andreetta" authorityPageNumber="373" authorityYear="1978" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Masdevallia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guerrieroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFABF2685FF031BCE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Masdevallia guerrieroi</emphasis>
|
||||
Luer & Andreetta (1978: 373)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDCFFADFDFA26E9FC1D1BCF" authority="Garay (1958: 154)" authorityName="Garay" authorityPageNumber="154" authorityYear="1958" box="[612,996,2008,2035]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Stelis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nexipous">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFDFA26E9FCF51BCE" box="[612,780,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Stelis nexipous</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F37EF5ABFFDCFFADFC8D26E8FC1D1BCF" author="Garay, L. E." box="[787,996,2008,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" pagination="186 - 218" refId="ref3831" refString="Garay, L. E. (1958) Studies in American Orchids IV. Botanical Museum Leaflets 18: 186 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 295183" type="journal article" year="1958">Garay (1958: 154)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDCFFADFB8226E9FE2F142B" authority="Iturralde, Jimenez & Garzon (2024: 98)" authorityName="Iturralde, Jimenez & Garzon" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="2024" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Telipogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leisberthvelezii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDCFFADFB8226E9FAC41BCE" box="[1052,1341,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="189">Telipogon leisberthvelezii</emphasis>
|
||||
Iturralde, Jiménez & Garzón (2024: 98)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDDFFACFF2321AFFB071D3C" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
The third locality is on the edge of a river near the town of Zamora. Plants grow between the middle and lower strata on trees of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFEC721F2FE071CE1" box="[345,510,195,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipentodontaceae" genus="Perrottetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Huerteales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFEC721F2FE2A1CE0" box="[345,467,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Perrottetia</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFD8D21F3FD1B1CE0" box="[531,738,194,220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipentodontaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Huerteales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipentodontaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), in lower montane forests around
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFBE021F3FB2E1CE1" box="[1150,1239,194,221]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||||
in altitude on the Amazonian slope of the Andes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="0FD494DFFFDDFFACFE7021D7FDA81D3C" box="[494,593,230,256]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1336,1358]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,353,1311]" captionTargetId="figure-100@5.[291,1296,353,1311]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Epidendrum quimiense in situ. A. Plant growing epiphytically on tree trunk. B. Flower (front view). Elaborated by N. Lapo- Gonzalez (Photographed in situ by M.M. Jiménez.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216361" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216361/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In nature,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFD4621D6FC901D3C" box="[728,873,231,256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFD4621D6FC901D3C" box="[728,873,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">E. quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
blooms from January to November.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFDDFFACFF23203BFD4B1D75" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDDFFACFF23203BFD4B1D75" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
Etymology:—In reference to El Quimi Biological Reserve in the province of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDDFFACFB95203BFB2B1D18" box="[1035,1234,266,292]" country="Ecuador" name="Morona-Santiago" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Morona-Santiago</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, southeast
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="EFF8C8CAFFDDFFACFAD7203BFA501D18" box="[1353,1449,266,292]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. The new species has been found near the reserve.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="C390D8D2FFDDFFACFF162409FD85194E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216361" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216361" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216361/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" startId="5.[136,229,1336,1358]" targetBox="[291,1296,353,1311]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDDFFACFF162409FD85194E" blockId="5.[136,1451,1336,1394]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFF162409FF071971" bold="true" box="[136,254,1336,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFE9A2409FE181972" box="[260,481,1336,1358]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFE9A2409FE181972" box="[260,481,1336,1358]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in situ. A. Plant growing epiphytically on tree trunk. B. Flower (front view). Elaborated by N. LapoGonzalez (Photographed in situ by M.M. Jiménez.).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFDDFFACFF232491FEA81A3F" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDDFFACFF232491FEA81A3F" blockId="5.[136,1452,1440,2079]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="27878207FFDDFFACFF232491FD0C19E2" collectingDate="2022-09-27" collectionCode="ECUAMZ" collectorName="L. Velez-Abarca" country="Ecuador" elevation="1258" location="El Pangui" municipality="El Pangui" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
Additional specimens examined (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="485436F8FFDDFFACFDB02491FD641986" box="[558,669,1440,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
):—
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="EFF8C8CAFFDDFFACFD5B2491FCAA1986" box="[709,851,1440,1466]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDDFFACFCC52491FBCA1986" box="[859,1075,1440,1466]" country="Ecuador" name="Zamora-Chinchipe" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Zamora-Chinchipe</collectingRegion>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<location id="9230DE81FFDDFFACFBA22491FB521986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99:9230DE81FFDDFFACFBA22491FB521986" box="[1084,1195,1440,1466]" country="Ecuador" municipality="El Pangui" name="El Pangui" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe">El Pangui</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="9230DE81FFDDFFACFB2A2491FA5E1986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99:9230DE81FFDDFFACFB2A2491FA5E1986" box="[1204,1447,1440,1466]" country="Ecuador" municipality="El Pangui" name="Cordillera del Condor" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe">Cordillera del Cóndor</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFF1624F5FF2719E3" box="[136,222,1476,1503]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.258" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1258.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="1CC26F69FFDDFFACFF1624F5FF2719E3" box="[136,222,1476,1503]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.258" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1258.0">1258 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="E351AE9AFFDDFFACFF7424F5FE8E19E2" box="[234,375,1476,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" value="2022-09-27">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="F3155772FFDDFFACFF7424F5FE8E19E2" box="[234,375,1476,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" value="2022-09-27">27 Sep 2022</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFE1C24F4FDA019E2" box="[386,601,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
<collectorName id="3A1AED8CFFDDFFACFE1C24F4FDCF19E2" box="[386,566,1476,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">L. Vélez-Abarca</collectorName>
|
||||
89
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectionCode id="F1FE109FFFDDFFACFDF924F5FD1019E2" box="[615,745,1476,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">ECUAMZ</collectionCode>
|
||||
!)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="27878207FFDDFFACFD6124F5FEB71A3F" collectingDate="2023-05-14" collectionCode="HUTPL" collectorName="M. M. Jimenez" country="Ecuador" elevation="1014" location="Cerca de Zamora" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" specimenCount="1">
|
||||
<location id="9230DE81FFDDFFACFD6124F5FC3B19E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F46394CFFD9FFAFFF1624E5FB981B99:9230DE81FFDDFFACFD6124F5FC3B19E3" box="[767,962,1476,1503]" country="Ecuador" name="Cerca de Zamora" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Cerca de Zamora</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFC5324F5FBDA19E3" box="[973,1059,1476,1503]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.014" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1014.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="1CC26F69FFDDFFACFC5324F5FBDA19E3" box="[973,1059,1476,1503]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.014" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1014.0">1014 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="E351AE9AFFDDFFACFBB024F5FB3C19E2" box="[1070,1221,1476,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" value="2023-05-14">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="F3155772FFDDFFACFBB024F5FB3C19E2" box="[1070,1221,1476,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" value="2023-05-14">14 May 2023</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFB4E24F4FA5219E2" box="[1232,1451,1476,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
<collectorName id="3A1AED8CFFDDFFACFB4E24F4FA9419E3" box="[1232,1389,1477,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">M.M. Jiménez</collectorName>
|
||||
1772
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<collectionCode id="F1FE109FFFDDFFACFF1124D9FF131A3E" box="[143,234,1512,1538]" collectionName="HUTPL" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">HUTPL</collectionCode>
|
||||
15002!)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFDDFFACFF23273DFE561AC2" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDDFFACFF23273DFE561AC2" blockId="5.[136,1452,1440,2079]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
Conservation status:—To date,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFD84273DFCE51A1A" box="[538,796,1548,1574]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFD84273DFCE51A1A" box="[538,796,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is known only from three separate populations, where each population exhibits low abundance containing 1–3 plants per phorophyte, making it essentially a narrow endemic to
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="EFF8C8CAFFDDFFACFF162765FF111A52" box="[136,232,1620,1646]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. These populations were seen across an area of occupancy (AOO) of
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFB9B2765FBB71A52" box="[1029,1102,1620,1646]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="609A2512FFDDFFACFBD02765FBAF1A5E" attach="left" box="[1102,1110,1620,1634]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">2</superScript>
|
||||
, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFF602749FEB11AAE" box="[254,328,1656,1682]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="km" value="68.0">68 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="609A2512FFDDFFACFED92749FEB61ABA" attach="left" box="[327,335,1656,1670]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">2</superScript>
|
||||
. Within this distribution,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFDE72748FCF51AAE" box="[633,780,1657,1682]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFDE72748FCF51AAE" box="[633,780,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">E. quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was seen in disturbed forests (activities including mining, livestock breeding, and deforestation), hence the long-term conservation of this species could not be assured. For the reasons outlined above, the authors class
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFD1927F0FCE01AE6" box="[647,793,1729,1754]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFD1927F0FCE01AE6" box="[647,793,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">E. quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as EN (Endangered) in accordance with the
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F37EF5ABFFDDFFACFA8A27F1FA521AE6" author="IUCN" box="[1300,1451,1728,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" refId="ref4433" refString="IUCN (2017) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions" type="book" year="2017">IUCN (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
categories B2acC2aiibD1.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DFF5DBD1FFDDFFAFFF232639FB981B99" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDDFFAFFF232639FA5A1DE5" blockId="5.[136,1452,1440,2079]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,158,473]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">
|
||||
Taxonomic discussion:—
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDDFFACFE412639FD1F1B1E" box="[479,742,1800,1826]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDDFFACFE412639FD1F1B1E" box="[479,742,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="190">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
belongs to the informal taxonomic Incomptum group which is characterized by the successive lateral growths produced from the middle of the previous growth, the few leaves aggregated towards the apex of stems, a short apical inflorescence with fleshy green to violet-green flowers with short ovaries, and the lip entire, bilobed. The new species is recognized by the acute, elliptic-lanceolate leaves, the ovary ventrally inflated along the apical half, the greenish flowers with the dorsal sepal about
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFBCC26A9FB321B8F" box="[1106,1227,1944,1971]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, acute, slightly reflexed, oblanceolate, the petals 15–18 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFDFE268DFD461BEB" box="[608,703,1980,2007]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, acute, 3–veined, oblanceolate with the apical half subrhombic, the lip emarginate, bilobed, reniform with the lobes semi-orbicular, strongly revolute, apron-shaped in natural position, the margins entire, somewhat undulate at the apex and the column
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDDFFACFC172935FBFA1423" box="[905,1027,2052,2079]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10–11 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, straight, thick at the apex. It is somewhat similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFEEF21AEFD8B1C84" box="[369,626,159,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marci-jimeneziorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFEEF21AEFD8B1C84" box="[369,626,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">E. marci-jimeneziorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which has plants to
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFCC821AFFC621C85" box="[854,923,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
|
||||
tall (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFC4821AEFC0D1C84" box="[982,1012,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFC6521AFFBC61C85" box="[1019,1087,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||||
tall); inflorescence of
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFAA221AFFA8A1C85" box="[1340,1395,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFF0F21F2FF491CE0" box="[145,176,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFF2621F3FEF21CE1" box="[184,267,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="cm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long); flowers 3 (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFE4721F2FE011CE0" box="[473,504,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
flowers 1–7); petals 8.0 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFCB421F3FC7A1CE1" box="[810,899,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, inflexed (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFC6221F2FBE31CE0" box="[1020,1050,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
15–18 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFB1921F3FB1E1CE1" box="[1159,1255,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, slightly revolute to base); lip 7 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFED021D7FE5B1D3D" box="[334,418,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, sub-reniform (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFDC821D6FD8D1D3C" box="[598,628,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
13–15 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFD7621D7FC9F1D3D" box="[744,870,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14–18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, bilobed, reniform); column 6.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFB7821D7FAC71D3D" box="[1254,1342,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFA1321D6FA521D3C" box="[1421,1451,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFF16203BFEF91D19" box="[136,256,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10–11 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long); sepals partly spreading (
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFDFD203AFD7B1D18" box="[611,642,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
spreading).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFC93203BFA7C1D18" authority="Hagsater, Edquen & Cisneros" authorityName="Hagsater, Edquen & Cisneros" box="[781,1413,266,292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chisquillense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFC93203BFBC81D18" box="[781,1073,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum chisquillense</emphasis>
|
||||
Hágsater, Edquén & Cisneros
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in Hágsater & Santiago 2020: pl. 1806) has free, partly spreading petals, 1–veined, the sepals are 3–veined, revolute, somewhat falcate, the lip obreniform,base truncate, with three very short parallel low ribs and the anther is cordiformsubspherical.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFEBD2047FC561DAC" authority="Hagsater, Gerlach & Valenzuela" authorityName="Hagsater, Gerlach & Valenzuela" box="[291,943,374,400]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulcumanoae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFEBD2047FDC71DAC" box="[291,574,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum ulcumanoae</emphasis>
|
||||
Hágsater, Gerlach & Valenzuela
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in Hágsater & Santiago 2020: pl. 1844) has sepals and petals olive green to yellow-tinged somewhat brown, the ovary long, slightly ventrally inflated, apiculate, the lip obreniform, widest at the middle, the lateral lobes semi-orbicular, with a slightly receded mid-lobe (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="0FD494DFFFDEFFAFFAAD208FFA6C1DE5" box="[1331,1429,446,473]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1502,1524]" captionTargetBox="[295,1293,497,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-196@6.[295,1293,497,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Floral comparison of flowers (A) and lips (B) of morphologically similar species. A1. Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum. A2. Epidendrum quimiense. A3. Epidendrum chisquillense. A4. Epidendrum ulcumanoae. B1. Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum. B2. Epidendrum quimiense. B3. Epidendrum chisquillense. B4. Epidendrum ulcumanoae. Elaborated by N. Lapo-Gonzalez from photos of the Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum by R. Jiménez, Epidendrum quimiense by M.M. Jiménez, Epidendrum chisquillense by J.D. Edquén and Epidendrum ulcumanoae by E. de la Cadena." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216363/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C390D8D2FFDEFFAFFF1624EFFD9D1AB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13216363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216363/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" startId="6.[136,229,1502,1524]" targetBox="[295,1293,497,1478]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDEFFAFFF1624EFFD9D1AB8" blockId="6.[136,1452,1502,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFF1624EFFEF919C8" bold="true" box="[136,256,1502,1524]" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Floral comparison of flowers (A) and lips (B) of morphologically similar species. A1.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFBFB24EFFA5F19C8" box="[1125,1446,1502,1524]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marci-jimeneziorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFBFB24EFFA5F19C8" box="[1125,1446,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. A2.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFF2A2733FE641A24" box="[180,413,1538,1560]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFF2A2733FE611A24" box="[180,408,1538,1560]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">Epidendrum quimiense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
A3.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFE4F2733FD2C1A2B" box="[465,725,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFE4F2733FD281A2B" box="[465,721,1538,1559]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chisquillense">Epidendrum chisquillense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
A4.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFC942733FC071A2B" box="[778,1022,1538,1559]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulcumanoae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFC942733FC071A2B" box="[778,1022,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum ulcumanoae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. B1.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFBA72733FA831A24" box="[1081,1402,1538,1560]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marci-jimeneziorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFBA72733FA831A24" box="[1081,1402,1538,1560]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. B2.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFF162717FE9E1A00" box="[136,359,1574,1596]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFF162717FE9E1A00" box="[136,359,1574,1596]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. B3.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFE002717FD601A07" box="[414,665,1574,1595]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chisquillense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFE002717FD601A07" box="[414,665,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum chisquillense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. B4.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFD4E2717FC3A1A07" box="[720,963,1574,1595]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulcumanoae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFD4E2717FC3A1A07" box="[720,963,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum ulcumanoae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Elaborated by N. Lapo-Gonzalez from photos of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFF35277BFE101A5C" box="[171,489,1610,1632]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marci-jimeneziorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFF35277BFE101A5C" box="[171,489,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum marci-jimeneziorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by R. Jiménez,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFD1C277BFC991A5C" box="[642,864,1610,1632]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFD1C277BFC991A5C" box="[642,864,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by M.M. Jiménez,
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFB84277BFAC91A63" box="[1050,1328,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFB84277BFAEA1A63" box="[1050,1299,1610,1631]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chisquillense">Epidendrum chisquillense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
J.D. Edquén and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFF2F275FFE5B1ABF" box="[177,418,1646,1667]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulcumanoae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFF2F275FFE5B1ABF" box="[177,418,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum ulcumanoae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by E. de la Cadena.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9750885AFFDEFFAFFF232782FB981B99" blockId="6.[136,1452,1715,1957]" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">
|
||||
Furthermore, the four species are reported in the eastern slopes of the Andes,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFBA52782FAB81AF1" box="[1083,1345,1715,1741]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quimiense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFBA52782FAB81AF1" box="[1083,1345,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Epidendrum quimiense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
grows at lower elevations from
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFE1727E6FDB81ACD" box="[393,577,1751,1777]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="m" value="1150.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000 to 1300 m</quantity>
|
||||
, restricted to the warmer premontane forests near Zamora and the Cordillera del Cóndor in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDEFFAFFEAA27CAFD8E1B29" box="[308,631,1787,1813]" country="Ecuador" name="Zamora-Chinchipe" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Zamora Chinchipe Province</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="0FD494DFFFDEFFAFFD1627CAFD171B29" box="[648,750,1787,1813]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1336,1358]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,353,1311]" captionTargetId="figure-100@5.[291,1296,353,1311]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Epidendrum quimiense in situ. A. Plant growing epiphytically on tree trunk. B. Flower (front view). Elaborated by N. Lapo- Gonzalez (Photographed in situ by M.M. Jiménez.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13216361" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13216361/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
), while according to Hágsater & Santiago (2019),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFAA127CDFED91B05" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marci-jimeneziorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFAA127CDFED91B05" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">E. marci-jimeneziorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which inhabits towards the north of the new species, grows at higher altitudes from
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFB6A262EFA551B05" box="[1268,1452,1823,1850]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3605" metricValueMax="1.671" metricValueMin="1.05" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="m" value="1360.5" valueMax="1671.0" valueMin="1050.0">1050 to 1671 m</quantity>
|
||||
in lower montane and premontane forests of the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDEFFAFFD352672FC971B61" box="[683,878,1859,1885]" country="Ecuador" name="Morona-Santiago" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Morona Santiago</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDEFFAFFC3B2672FC1B1B61" box="[933,994,1859,1885]" country="Ecuador" name="Napo" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Napo</collectingRegion>
|
||||
provinces. To the south, the Peruvian
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFA0D2675FEE31BBD" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chisquillense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFA0D2675FEE31BBD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">E. chisquillense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="50EFF3D9FFDEFFAFFECC2659FE021BBD" box="[338,507,1895,1921]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ulcumanoae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A59B5448FFDEFFAFFECC2659FE021BBD" box="[338,507,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">E. ulcumanoae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
both grow at higher elevations between
|
||||
<quantity id="501725BFFFDEFFAFFC562656FB851BBD" box="[968,1148,1895,1921]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.112" metricValueMax="8.636" metricValueMin="5.587999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="191" unit="in" value="2800.0" valueMax="3400.0" valueMin="2200.0">2200 to 3400 in</quantity>
|
||||
montane and high Andean forests of the departments of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDEFFAFFE5026BAFDBD1B99" box="[462,580,1931,1957]" country="Peru" name="Amazonas" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(northeastern) and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="552B46B8FFDEFFAFFC8126BAFC991B99" box="[799,864,1931,1957]" country="Peru" name="Pasco" pageId="6" pageNumber="191">Pasco</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(central), respectively.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue