Add updates up until 2025-04-09 20:11:02
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data/15/6F/18/156F1878106E596E9CA9357904D0B710.xml
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<document id="1AA258F64ABA5862D3178B133BB0C596" ID-DOI="10.3897/jhr.98.151036" ID-ZooBank="2BED85F9-E346-4C67-9DA8-DE1C4AB7DEC2" ID-publisher-id="151036" URI-arpha="D55A0FF8-1691-57FD-8C86-82A5CC850F7A" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/2BED85F9-E346-4C67-9DA8-DE1C4AB7DEC2" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1744211737512" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Morrison, Colin R., Armstrong, Wyatt R., Plowes, Robert M., Gilbert, Lawrence E. & Fernández-Triana, José L." docDate="2025" docId="156F1878106E596E9CA9357904D0B710" docLanguage="en" docName="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 483-498" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98" docSource="https://jhr.pensoft.net/article/151036/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Iconella melitaraevora Fernandez-Triana 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="498" masterDocId="D55A0FF8169157FD8C8682A5CC850F7A" masterDocTitle="A new species of Iconella (Mason, 1981) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a parasitoid of Melitara subumbrella (Dyar, 1925) cactus moth larvae from New Mexico with biological notes and an updated key to the American Iconella species" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="483" pageNumber="483" updateTime="1744229766435" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="78E2A52441D053B34AF8AD4987744877">
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<mods:title id="69D471E0D07974C596E8DFD55EE04125">A new species of Iconella (Mason, 1981) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a parasitoid of Melitara subumbrella (Dyar, 1925) cactus moth larvae from New Mexico with biological notes and an updated key to the American Iconella species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="ACA891EBA81463DDBE763A39108A61D8" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="CEA2E81ECBD47ABFD0662DDDBD1D2801">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F77202C2CB50877D2DED4227AB310C7D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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||||
<mods:namePart id="04CA8C5BA7D7CD9F2A8DC833E79F6E9E">Morrison, Colin R.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6B6F9A73140BDBDD486B28461D24995D" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2370-3617</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="6BB0897A7B49BCF9E06236722118B3F9">Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6A5EE4D583006308B6C319101AF577B3" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1CC1D4EDB46AFDCB2FCBAB8BD097DF4F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="124D5B7D0B9336AAB4D47E83C2907B38">Armstrong, Wyatt R.</mods:namePart>
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||||
<mods:affiliation id="7F6B983E95B3B8D3B5B487F3F4BD5570">Brackenridge Field Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2907 Lake Austin Blvd., Austin, TX, 78703, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="658A2C6CB09716F4E774B2FDEB0ACFCD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4B298752F9157B28EC59C53ECB713DE0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="41C151D00BE6BE165D2AD8CB1EC6D67F">Plowes, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C9C28B2D630B5EA20E6F92C1B2451125">Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E00A6C6C6A0B3AE8C5A781F31303C6CE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A64610E811E1EF9A468AB66AFDF8FA66">Gilbert, Lawrence E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E6E770DE6988AAA01A4462824D74BAE4">1689 NM- 344, Sandia Park, Santa Fe County, NM, 87047, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C1070331214BD88CC221DCC175453E30">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="D882AA62B31DDA0877A7F454BA4ACD80">Fernández-Triana, José L.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A95CD776A526FA51C549F38EFC76D28" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0425-0309</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="4234A41A30538F05961A0DC5587A729D">Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri – Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4EF2D4E179259F3A3813A5ACC7252269">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E00E1845037BE36261ADDCCA2C2CFCE3">
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||||
<mods:title id="D8177E51BC6E34D18F30F0D8A15C5DAA">Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5B445D1194850624A6CBFA8BBD076C01">
|
||||
<mods:date id="3CB341B9D72D88B7D5A235028A1F8887">2025</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="F8D59781CE4CA2940FFE0F6250BB0E27" type="pubDate">
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||||
<mods:number id="11CC20F78ABBC85825D0A365B9ABFC70">2025-04-09</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="779B47961ADA4269C37E4B265B96089F" type="volume">
|
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<mods:number id="3E50C2B84FDD81D7689E965BF2D45DE9">98</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="75A536F111303886713E7651B85A0353">483</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="B8CD5062D7B693A4B18D4958DEC3C173">498</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="1A4DAF78B386C45C5733BC2DE8760010">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="94DF418D4699E2728D4EC473ED086DDA" type="DOI">10.3897/jhr.98.151036</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier id="94BB6C2D29E1F2E3814AB2BAFC3D18D0" type="ZooBank">2BED85F9-E346-4C67-9DA8-DE1C4AB7DEC2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="156F1878106E596E9CA9357904D0B710" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15185834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15185834" ID-arpha="156F1878-106E-596E-9CA9-357904D0B710" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/FFB666D4-3A86-4E19-8ABA-5D1A4B589EB8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:156F1878106E596E9CA9357904D0B710" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FFB666D4-3A86-4E19-8ABA-5D1A4B589EB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/156F1878106E596E9CA9357904D0B710" scope_family="Braconidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
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||||
<subSubSection id="675E4188FA43950FD30831985D22400A" type="nomenclature">
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||||
<paragraph id="1A311D3568ED119E2EAA15A4519F5483">
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<taxonomicName id="09C2A33BD879F387FDAD173B0F87A527" authority="Fernandez-Triana" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="4B2E5DE26E040EFFF372363591AD75CA" italics="true">Iconella melitaraevora</emphasis>
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Fernandez-Triana
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="03729E5F1B5FB8E8A24BF0F0E3DDE05C" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2QAE" type="Holotype">
|
||||
<paragraph id="EAB799B63BC5CC509CDCACF8CA7B86D3">
|
||||
<heading id="4DEA9C610A5CA156B960881E5ACD5882" reason="title">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="DFCD7CDAAEC631BF5E715405A5FEFCD4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
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||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="9A6EB4376944B0BEE162C3D20DA52E54">
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||||
<materialsCitation id="9613B87530DAD30886B134CAEF341D1A" collectedFrom="ex. Melitara subumbrella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae)" collectingDate="2023-11-17" collectionCode="UTIC" collectorName="Wyatt Armstrong & Colin Morrison" country="United States of America" latitude="35.2268" location="Armstrong residence" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-106.208" municipality="Santa Fe" specimenCode="UTIC 396104" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="New Mexico" typeStatus="holotype">
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||||
<collectingCountry id="FE12695C8E94CF3BA369CD5D4301D7C7" name="United States of America">United States</collectingCountry>
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||||
•
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<specimenCount id="4E5C932542C7ED71E7B5F1AAE0D1C749" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EBRAE" xlink_title="University of Texas at Austin Insect Collection in Austin, TX">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="FC98862F5D2FD0E85F9BC9AB01C00D7D">UTIC</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
) •
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<collectingRegion id="F2379B6C98500BCAFA33905308A8BCFA" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="2ADCB76CDF7D34D5D8C062918D4A1157">Santa Fe</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
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||||
<location id="8D9A90827191DF29C7A1FFB79788ADD1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:156F1878106E596E9CA9357904D0B710:8D9A90827191DF29C7A1FFB79788ADD1" country="United States of America" latitude="35.2268" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-106.208" municipality="Santa Fe" name="Armstrong residence" stateProvince="New Mexico">Armstrong residence</location>
|
||||
;
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||||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EJRAE" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-106.208000,35.226800]}">
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="C08D7962DBCFA222DD3A7E1443A78DA0" degrees="35.2268" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="35.2268">35.2268</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="2D41D8ACE1CE707B597BF75C918A6EA8" degrees="106.2080" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-106.208">- 106.2080</geoCoordinate>
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||||
</named-content>
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||||
;
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||||
<date id="AF59CEC4C715B25D5031D21C7AC76CC0" value="2023-11-17">
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<collectingDate id="C261C616AC1BBF0DB4CC70D3344DEAEB" value="2023-11-17">17.xi.2023</collectingDate>
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</date>
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;
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<collectedFrom id="5F4543201E0BB688B6494AB27642E20D">
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ex.
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<taxonomicName id="241138A695CFC0BF4B03B4AEA2CF63F3" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
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<emphasis id="40CC50112B7741DC49920FB2D9152B5B" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
(
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<taxonomicName id="9B5F902CEDA7FD40B39BFDAA445533C1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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||||
,
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<taxonomicName id="D44D95B96E13DC5BD6859DBC2186A2D1" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Phycitinae)
|
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</collectedFrom>
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;
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<collectorName id="165AC873B2AAD48041907A3ECA66D94A">Wyatt Armstrong</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName id="6753219D6AE15C9202F120A9A944A5F7">Colin Morrison</collectorName>
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colls;
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<specimenCode id="8369634CBA7DCBBA025FD823E90D2C6D">UTIC 396104</specimenCode>
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||||
</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A68A3B856068A4BF03153741C8638671">
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||||
<heading id="AE5F6EB69D6A407DE7E7B4A18C1A35EB" reason="title">
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<typeStatus id="38CDC679D1F5A9E2816B8AA09DE485F2" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="32E911A2DD14750AC07E649AECC24407">
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<materialsCitation id="86F522004AF0F5A7709CCA5DFC14B94A" collectedFrom="ex. Melitara subumbrella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae)" collectingDate="2023-11-17" collectionCode="UTIC, CNC, USNM" collectorName="Wyatt Armstrong & Colin Morrison" country="United States of America" latitude="35.2268" location="Armstrong residence" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-106.208" municipality="Santa Fe" specimenCode="UTIC 396102, UTIC 396103, UTIC 396105, ISRL 148316.04, ISRL 148316.06, ISRL 148312.05" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="New Mexico" typeStatus="paratype">
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Same locality and dates as holotype.
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<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EOSAE" xlink_title="University of Texas at Austin Insect Collection in Austin, TX">
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||||
<collectionCode id="9D73513147DEBE9B61BB6E00E8493AF0">UTIC</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCount id="51FE5B7A848C39E5A683220CF5D3196C" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="634C4CFE3A61CE5422083E4E9C47C601">UTIC 396102</specimenCode>
|
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,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="6D50508792DE23B0DB932FD0153839A5" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="857C30E0026E6FB149343F37E82BC37B">UTIC 396103</specimenCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4796434D0341271D6C8D3789C88077E6" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="AB02401A5970EF7690366E65A6AB2719">UTIC 396105</specimenCode>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ETSAE" xlink_title="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes in Ottawa, Canada">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="9A7AE3891A3D762CDE8A944C014416F7" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" type="">CNC</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41594AC0696AE04B30E67AB7FF7672D8" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="30FA432731DAB0CA6BD6B0869421D72C">ISRL 148316.04</specimenCode>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EYSAE" xlink_title="Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C., USA">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="F6D2D5651FB02B0D9099E7622980700D" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||||
</abbrev>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCount id="F1A1D518A70BDFCB9FAE5F008FB4EEF7" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="5ED7E3555F3CA4986C593C3C833536E5">ISRL 148316.06</specimenCode>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="05DA3CAE4DE52026BB82E17C6FB089F8" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="22E4D75114AD740B5D79366219924500">ISRL 148312.05</specimenCode>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4SAE" type="distribution">
|
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<paragraph id="400267646584494EC54BD1AC86DED716">
|
||||
<heading id="CD6B47D55AFFA11AABD46DC362D3AD5D" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="2FE5112785DADCA9B147CFE0DA6F305F">
|
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<collectingRegion id="F319B40E7A3A412E11B3FECE182AAD03" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
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,
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<collectingCountry id="52FC49555B6D66C981C4B226505CCBA0" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. These specimens are the only known representatives of this species.
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECTAE" type="Etymolgy">
|
||||
<paragraph id="253945331276C44B480F4488DED50CCB">
|
||||
<heading id="0BB0CC444E056A6D6F47EBFFE49FE174" reason="title">Etymolgy.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="BA952E347149FA770D3107DCD91EDFE3">Named after its lepidopteran host species.</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EHTAE" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="1C40FD0D6A863E7CD4DD7B66219D0940">
|
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<heading id="4FF6456711B037924609243F173263E4" reason="title">Diagnostic description</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="D4C24D2F521F266CBB3D62C34E6CD330">
|
||||
also see key below. This species can be recognized as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="44C6D74C477711271E624D837BA7DC5A" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="629C33935FEFB430567656A7C284A2D0" italics="true">Iconella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on the features first described by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CED5BD634817560167FD99F91D788D3A" DOI="10.4039/entm113115fv" author="Mason WRM" firstAuthor="Mason" journalOrPublisher="The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pagination="1-147" refId="B19" refString="Mason WRM (1981) The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 113: 1–147. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm113115fv" title="The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae." volume="113" year="1981">Mason (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and further expanded and discussed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E6EF0417B13C0CFBD110C4F4C4C15418" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.321.5160" author="Fernandez-Triana" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernandez-Triana" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pagination="65-87" refId="B8" refString="Fernandez-Triana JL, Cardinal S, Whitfield JB, Hallwachs W, Smith MA, Janzenr DH (2013) A review of the New World species of the parasitoid wasp Iconella (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae). ZooKeys 321: 65–87. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.321.5160" title="A review of the New World species of the parasitoid wasp Iconella (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)." volume="321" year="2013">Fernandez-Triana et al. (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="42FF1FA54AAD6DC029D0DD7F06F86E70" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.920.39128.figure242" author="Fernandez-Triana" firstAuthor="Fernandez-Triana" refId="B7" refString="Fernandez-Triana J, Shaw MR, Boudreault C, Beaudin M, Broad GR (2020) Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). ZooKeys 920: 1 _ 1089. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.920.39128.figure242" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), namely: a sinuated vein cu-a in the hind wing and the presence of a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FBD61092891CF4DDDC06709AA997AC10" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F0EE4FD6C15C74DE35AA8EADE7633A05" italics="true">Iconella melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is very distinctive from most other described species in the New World (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BCB57B3AC7EEFB16C4B69C0D54AC1852" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Iconella melitaraevora, female holotype A habitus B head, frontal C wings D head, dorsal E metasoma, dorsal F mesosoma, dorsal." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304208">1</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C6D91534BE90F814B0BFF0BC5FFE6EB8" baseAuthorityName="Muesebeck" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isolata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="421F5308922C823ABF9BE40633BFAA4A" italics="true">Iconella isolata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a species recorded from the Caribbean and South America, has much lighter coloration of hind legs and veins in forewing, as well as mostly transparent or whitish pterostigma, with only thin brown margins (pterostigma almost completely brown, with only small whitish spot anteriorly in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="24DE93A94948337E1BBAB66F60EC4CB1" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F0A7AC0FA74F4F53E0FFD2B300A3FB04" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Two species recorded from Central America (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2BF31EA3EB0686A1161FE20AD367323C" name="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E9DBD7260A5AD1163B90C76F61A950C5" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="284040685ACBA6919459E97CC06D49DC" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andydeansi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="35A47148BA9E8C132E55D56935CFD9F3" italics="true">I. andydeansi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="846CB585926FD02CC1A527C9A3772BD8" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jayjayrodriguezae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E464F02E6E476CA0B9B595A65891B7C4" italics="true">I. jayjayrodriguezae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
both have mostly transparent or whitish pterostigma, with only thin brown margins (pterostigma almost completely brown, with only small whitish spot anteriorly in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B931E976D2358DCBB621DE8432676D75" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0F2507FFA9DC811ED25EF37CE0B81400" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); T 1 width at anterior margin 3.1 × or more its width at posterior margin (T 1 width at anterior margin 2.4–2.6 × its width at posterior margin in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3A9E9BB6F763CADF230EAF7B8A70E267" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8A4FAAF6414168ECAE9FDB09D390D50F" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); metatibia with smaller darker area posteriorly and with larger yellow spot on anterior half of first segment of metatarsus (metatibia dark on posterior half and first segment of metatarsus with very small yellow spot anteriorly in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0049B4B82E5F042BFBC931E928AA019C" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D42DDD3E9BC1458E57D634C6D11FF68A" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A38C8A7BCF25582359128570DFDE9AEA" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4578510FB02145290308E109FA82FBFE" italics="true">Iconella canadensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, recorded from Eastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="5F517F731AFA2D0D6ACEB07DAFC8ACF8" name="Canada">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, has different pterostigma color (mostly transparent or whitish versus mostly brown in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1DE39C302D07A4DEA01CE4B3E211123D" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="52DD9F23B1E7B36260A187FB4024F4CF" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); comparatively smaller ocelli size (ocular-ocellar line 1.6 × posterior ocellus diameter versus 2.0
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4990CAD0477410A7DB325B099353F0FF" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
×
|
||||
<emphasis id="EF492F01E8232C1D2818D30B37BCEBCB" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); and shorter ovipositor sheath (ovipositor sheath length 0.8 × or less metatibial length versus 1.06–1.12 × in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B9714C373D2B031E8FBB5BE42128957B" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B8BE52841844ADAB9F1A2D5EBC853A6D" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Also see key below for additional diagnostic description.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EA1508A6813DA8902BB12CDDDF4A8B6E" ID-DOI="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure1" ID-arpha="CC009648-9791-5AE5-BE7A-17BD1267F1A4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304208" startId="F1">
|
||||
<paragraph id="E090A2A269526F37A9D690DF6A83625B">
|
||||
<label id="3CC41E015E90882DE3EDD1942C26B949">Figure 1.</label>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="EA2D1EADAD78A002C3267134665D75CA">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E798EC3FE3D4EAC04A1257DAC8D00CD7" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="93CA439EB1974AF37AE11B3C80F27D13" italics="true">Iconella melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, female holotype
|
||||
<emphasis id="C4CCDE5B5C2B23DF444B4B5600A9B48A" bold="true">A</emphasis>
|
||||
habitus
|
||||
<emphasis id="84D6CFA7AB5BF65DEC5DB68A11CC331F" bold="true">B</emphasis>
|
||||
head, frontal
|
||||
<emphasis id="D4C5FC060B5E7F520F3EE34284C5C602" bold="true">C</emphasis>
|
||||
wings
|
||||
<emphasis id="61230C2C307DF0898DAD2986F08E63F3" bold="true">D</emphasis>
|
||||
head, dorsal
|
||||
<emphasis id="B0637FB15CD910A312E1929D08366F49" bold="true">E</emphasis>
|
||||
metasoma, dorsal
|
||||
<emphasis id="D454422B577AE558035654299A2D34AD" bold="true">F</emphasis>
|
||||
mesosoma, dorsal.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="482DFC138D6312284FCBC79D3254DC69">
|
||||
The most similar species is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0DF19139C46D1929099E1D5E0A19A4A3" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="72E9E2C302582A09084B989ED493869C" italics="true">I. etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is the only other species so far recorded from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="3AC859D6B74E04516D6ADFDC1A74E171" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, among several other states in the central and western
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="6B165ADB68A7CDC3DFD043E65B97C595" name="United States of America">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DA0969121E4F12EA2243D3723510C6DB" DOI="10.1111/icad.12003" author="Rodriguez" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rodriguez" journalOrPublisher="Insect Conservation and Diversity" pagination="530-536" refId="B30" refString="Rodriguez JJ, Fernández-Triana JL, Smith MA, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Erwin TL, Whitfield JB (2013) Extrapolations from field studies and known faunas converge on dramatically increased estimates of global microgastrine parasitoid wasp species richness (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Insect Conservation and Diversity 6: 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12003" title="Extrapolations from field studies and known faunas converge on dramatically increased estimates of global microgastrine parasitoid wasp species richness (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="6" year="2013">Rodriguez et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="655CCA12B7D5C461D54BDC81E7C80E36" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.920.39128.figure242" author="Fernandez-Triana" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernandez-Triana" refId="B7" refString="Fernandez-Triana J, Shaw MR, Boudreault C, Beaudin M, Broad GR (2020) Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). ZooKeys 920: 1 _ 1089. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.920.39128.figure242" year="2020">Fernandez-Triana et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The main morphological differences between these two species are the hind leg color (metatibia entirely yellow and metatarsus almost entirely yellow in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4B2C05AF5124D0F927B58978FA5F3540" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4CEBD9D190F58020B03D34E8B0242EFE" italics="true">etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, metatibia with posterior half dark brown to black and almost entire metatarsus dark brown to black in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A0FD435CFB23A90DB631D48176596E1A" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5DB7FFA3AF48C98585FD879A82700B4A" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); different size of ocelli (ocular-ocellar line 1.6 × posterior ocellus diameter in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4E281E2357F024EFAB26C98310E2F906" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="28AC45E9F6053E5C3C35F228E586A02F" italics="true">etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, 2.0 × in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="99B6A355408133521A449C9800CF3A1E" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5CDDF3A0637610141FA303A5E9334252" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); and T 1 width slightly different (T 1 width at anterior margin 2.4–2.5 × T 1 width at posterior margin in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6C6AAC33037CB8F6FAFC850ED84A6280" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1961B6D9F48AD4010A6AD647658C5931" italics="true">etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
versus 2.0 × in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0BC7B21FCF86176175A6278DD2F27F2B" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4D64F61FE5FD6CBCA07FCF3FD8CEC16F" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Additionally, the longitudinal median carina on propodeum is more strongly defined in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2974EE7E045CF8E3FDFE6E7F5607CC9C" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7D1D1A6C457E392AF095332D458B9D21" italics="true">etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(much thinner and weak in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="708B515A82BEC10C35B14458BFE4D6F6" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="20B73AAD356E49E3EC1A381B1F13BAEA" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), although this is a character difficult to assess unless several specimens from both species are at hand and available for comparison. The two species have different recorded caterpillar hosts within the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C7A233C17C9EB3466441ECC73CFB2E03" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="55C022EF51A1E878E09F20D6ADB63ABC" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Table
|
||||
<tableCitation id="8CB96C1CE0FBFBAFBD684C38FC421EB9" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Biological metadata, NBCI GenBank and BOLD accession numbers for specimens with COI sequences analyzed in Fig. 2." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF4B44D1CED972323AE4F6E2EE2564B" tableUuid="4BF4B44D1CED972323AE4F6E2EE2564B">1</tableCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6662EB7C45DE9215B06DBDF641922602" baseAuthorityName="Treitschke" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Etiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zinckenella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EEF717EB00FC25CD65FE8E48E0D7F5" italics="true">Etiella zinckenella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FDD94CBA5A7D44CBDDA8AAFD09F0B37E" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="junctolineella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6CC1B0E97062B8FB3F0B6E97C3C4932A" italics="true">Melitara junctolineella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="08A8A8C6694DCA49AEC397F59067B0A6" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Psorosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hammondi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EBEFE5381232CAC2DD2D49FDF92B4A8C" italics="true">Psorosina hammondi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="EBDB5FD1CA7A82D970D7D7D0FE7C8E0F" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Ufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubedinella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B947B498785C2AEF77EE534E20244A99" italics="true">Ufa rubedinella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9F7C75672000F9DB586F866355D0F4EC" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D6CF406F946D81E338E029E5B6202844" italics="true">etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="451DC3378E52AB9B0FC01F4CCAECC244" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E5DD0A711789203FACDD15B17988F2A4" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="724C7C3F2760C8975FCA0422C8C29989" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9FB04090BFC68CE7CE1AEC6D6930C18" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). There are also molecular differences based on DNA barcodes (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="F76A57115F4F0AEF18581A9C6BA37C32" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum likelihood CO 1 tree of described Nearctic and Neotropical Iconella species. Apanteles opuntiarum (Microgastrinae) from a laboratory culture originally collected in Santa Fe Province, Argentina was the outgroup. Bootstrap node support for the generic split is bolded. The scale bar is the nucleotide substitution rate visualized by the branch lengths." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304209">2</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with 43 / 552 bp different base pairs, or a 7.8 % difference, between the two species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F6F77029D9CA2E7A4B5C5A509A7781CA" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1E2822D5ADE09AE5370487972EE03420" italics="true">melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Process ID
|
||||
<ext-link id="1BD3B4903A240F4875954040C54DE1BB" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="https://portal.boldsystems.org/record/NACMA001-24" xlink_type="simple">NACMA 001-24</ext-link>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9CE52D15527F73251A2C33F116E44ED9" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="etiellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FEE74F7D0509EE80BBB32ECEA6B5CD94" italics="true">etiellae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Process ID
|
||||
<ext-link id="E78156F9476F7C9D3135A5E1CF455A6F" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="https://portal.boldsystems.org/record/HYCNE1332-11" xlink_type="simple">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="BCD22D8099D021B4A3E76B2C1545FF92">HYCNE</collectionCode>
|
||||
1332-11
|
||||
</ext-link>
|
||||
). The combination of morphology, biology and molecular data allows us to separate and distinguish these two species. It is important to note that there are many undescribed species accessioned on
|
||||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIAAG" xlink_title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</abbrev>
|
||||
, that are probably in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="71A391BE034872A59834744F2D245790" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B24DA2293D307BE98A3DB17A9AF7D333" italics="true">Iconella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and the CO 1 sequence data of this species differentiates it from those undescribed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="23959C9FD69F6A3A6C5CF25CD60F38F2" ID-DOI="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure2" ID-arpha="1314814D-FF6C-5D69-AD10-EFF87FB37FB2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304209" startId="F2">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B366E960E249D63B39F0AF4B9BD63C06">
|
||||
<label id="AB71C656818CE20FCDCFEC6458393492">Figure 2.</label>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8CFB3CC9B3EB531900F09BA0080482A3">
|
||||
Maximum likelihood CO 1 tree of described Nearctic and Neotropical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4E0A3326FC7785B87D42B3F214AE494C" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D092ABCAAEBA56707B45D9E7806CEAAB" italics="true">Iconella</emphasis>
|
||||
species.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F88B4F214AECC7DE49B8905C06C8AFB5" authority="(Microgastrinae)" baseAuthorityName="Microgastrinae" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opuntiarum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3602D1AF2BA00214339CF9343198031C" italics="true">Apanteles opuntiarum</emphasis>
|
||||
(Microgastrinae)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from a laboratory culture originally collected in Santa Fe Province, Argentina was the outgroup. Bootstrap node support for the generic split is bolded. The scale bar is the nucleotide substitution rate visualized by the branch lengths.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="A5ED8EE81AADDE1DAB87A848105F58AF">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5B2523044DF83D50B53D2F3692A94A09" bold="true" italics="true">Body measurements and proportions</emphasis>
|
||||
(measurements of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="C55BEE2AE56B5F5ACCA57FCDA666295B" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
provided first, followed, between parentheses, by range based on other specimens). Body L:
|
||||
<quantity id="0328292338BE1A26DDB09D8DD5580D07" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="06D290D80B8B838615960CF181E7F427" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.2" unit="mm" value="3.35" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.2">3.2–3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). Fore wing L:
|
||||
<quantity id="B1C9B4BEBE1F471849D0B4B3078489C9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="11C7C45651DB17630A3038F867533587" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="mm" value="3.55" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="3.5">3.5–3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). F 2 L / W:
|
||||
<quantity id="7E66526BFA796A02B15D06306E6716B6" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="AA175C76E64DE0F793CA8356BA0161FE" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="82CD11C4511EA2DEC02DE381086F5054" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.2" unit="mm" value="0.225" valueMax="0.23" valueMin="0.22">0.22–0.23 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="B6BD72F91A359E5769BD87A2C128DB17" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). F 14 L / W:
|
||||
<quantity id="B3F29D78D009EF7728EC1A9F1EC04D2D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="14E77C84B5B476DDF863FE54DA18F9E5" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="9F54B3C6546E6BB663E555DC4FD141B2" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/ 0.07–
|
||||
<quantity id="AD8D62DC10E9EC41101855506A324341" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). F 15 L / W:
|
||||
<quantity id="8C17C457057017FECC2A99263A8C76A4" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="C2B3A598D352DD1902FD166288BF28E2" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="43B3BD47E11C5B4428DFF4DE3FA6E72A" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="378201018B13EAED0FBC5730E7947809" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). Metafemur L / W:
|
||||
<quantity id="680D1A9661D3499340D35D589A344372" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" unit="mm" value="0.82">0.82 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="896AEC307FEFF957E234295A573AC293" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" unit="mm" value="0.26">0.26 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="12ECC355068A500E0EA4CB0273FA74AC" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="8.299999999999999" metricValueMin="8.2" unit="mm" value="0.825" valueMax="0.83" valueMin="0.82">0.82–0.83 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="1BDD61B6033ED7C39EDE54F8C83BD0DD" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.6" unit="mm" value="0.265" valueMax="0.27" valueMin="0.26">0.26–0.27 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). Metatibia L:
|
||||
<quantity id="368D3C2357D157D1823561FA36DFFAA7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" unit="mm" value="1.06">1.06 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="F57646D35B936146A285CEFE3AEC98FB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" metricValueMax="1.06" metricValueMin="1.02" unit="mm" value="1.04" valueMax="1.06" valueMin="1.02">1.02 – 1.06 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). Ovipositor L:
|
||||
<quantity id="6DAFE47EB34418D18EA90F05D502C5E9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.12" unit="mm" value="1.12">1.12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="C26D84C29438C1F636F2A3C2090B10EE" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" metricValueMax="1.18" metricValueMin="1.14" unit="mm" value="1.16" valueMax="1.18" valueMin="1.14">1.14–1.18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). OOL:
|
||||
<quantity id="8A937848775E8D3D85375EF4716657F6" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="CE4240D8183D8B81C140FD4AA7EA478A" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.3" unit="mm" value="0.135" valueMax="0.14" valueMin="0.13">0.13–0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). POL:
|
||||
<quantity id="1F524D9AD4A9FD36988ECAAC22FA4491" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="9C6CA2F9AB68F69B7821262930C48607" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="mm" value="0.145" valueMax="0.15" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). OD:
|
||||
<quantity id="B201D9E7E4BE241D1F38737F1FB9594D" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="CC55EA2964AF896578F2D6836F27E23F" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). T 1 W anterior margin / W posterior margin:
|
||||
<quantity id="004917A7BA774A819A4BB4D05559209A" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="4F776A014884B15E7ACE9522961B7C3F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="308C17B9396C93988C794527A01EE494" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="563D9136A3247C095B6B1DE64E4ED0BE" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="0.125" valueMax="0.13" valueMin="0.12">0.12–0.13 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). T 2 W posterior margin / L:
|
||||
<quantity id="703B6EFDD32CF7BFA80FF7CE0C171509" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="876050CC1551EFB31C7F6D1EDB28CEA8" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<quantity id="49840E86D726E45DEA9CEAB97C87A520" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.4" unit="mm" value="0.445" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.44">0.44–0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity id="7DEFEEF5BF862F7BA6C050C32C20935E" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" unit="mm" value="0.11499999999999999" valueMax="0.12" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). Ovipositor sheath L / metatibia L: 1.06 × (1.09–1.12 ×). Ocular-ocellar line / posterior ocellus diameter: 2.0 ×. T 1 width at anterior margin / T 1 width at posterior margin: 2.4–2.6 ×.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5BAG" type="biology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BF76CF123F9CFFDB2078083B73D75719">
|
||||
<heading id="090EF68C93338D691D8DA35D13CE677B" reason="title">Biology.</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="44E4BC30AD2690B671C400B77E16E9E6">
|
||||
The host for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="37E0D4AE857AB1D61ADCEC429F431C38" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8AB428D6604DDE2BAC92054FEEAF7D9A" italics="true">I. melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C2D49049B1F3C452E75F249C42F419AB" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2477246C1B6C3398D03A996D6CFF708A" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a host-specific herbivore on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="82EB9AD7401E8E5A8FBB4D032EF9D565" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5E2F1A8E0005291B9102B8B80B6F999A" italics="true">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which has been recorded from three
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ACD9D66B6EE771F088051BF199554D46" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B66D266118A6AB4E40C0D81A220B3277" italics="true">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8431088402C578B13CF5F5149AB33A3B" DOI="10.5479/si.03629236.256.1" author="Mann" firstAuthor="Mann" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pagination="1-158" refId="B17" refString="Mann J (1969) Cactus-feeding insects and mites. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 256: 1–158. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.256.1" title="Cactus-feeding insects and mites." volume="256" year="1969">Mann 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="76F5B64FEE664CE929284280F0CF3A50" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6177AFB6262836CB7945ECA64B02CFC5" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae were collected on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CADA4AFF78FB706465DCA5EFF919F5A9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phaeacantha">
|
||||
<emphasis id="818541A862A9605851DA354845A64EEB" italics="true">O. phaeacantha</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="022F4FDE75143970461DA615987FF0B2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="266FFB972D4CDB7CBEC1DCD5B794BC7C" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Iconella melitaraevora larval and host habitat images A Piñon-Juniper vegetation characteristic of the site where I. melitaraevora was collected in mid-elevation montane woodlands of Santa Fe County, New Mexico B host plant, Opuntia phaeacantha (Cactaceae) of Melitara subumbrella (Pyralidae) caterpillars, the wasp’s larval host, exuded larval frass is visible outside the swollen shelter where the caterpillar develops C excavated hole that M. subumbrella larvae used to exude frass from the interior of the host plant, note that the hole is covered with silk to prevent intruders from entering D mature M. subumbrella larva inside a tunnel it has excavated within its host plant E parasitized, ultimate instar M. subumbrella larva, parasitoid larval emergence was imminent when this image was taken F gregarious I. melitaraevora larvae emerging from their host and spinning cocoons, see Suppl. material 1 for a video of this moment G silken puparium woven by M. subumbrella larva, within which I. melitaraevora larvae emerged from the host carcass to spin cocoons and pupate." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304210">3 B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), a mid to high elevation
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A2672E8D0E2892620AEE4079336FFCD0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3816FA24B4289E9DDBCE394C413B76CD" italics="true">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
distributed in dryland habitats of North America from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="93048771C368C88488D8004A7AA362C4" country="Mexico" name="Baja California">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="BEB9FA848FAFED00B6DCE856455B69E6" country="United States of America" name="California">California</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8AACE699D223A3A159E3B05239E79FC2" country="United States of America" name="Nevada">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="3A3C86DA6744A8D5C39CE378EA0ACC0E" country="United States of America" name="Utah">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="AF8CEB8E8EBFFB679C8EBCB9903D711B" country="United States of America" name="Arizona">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="D6B0A82E358B580957B4669734494272" country="United States of America" name="Colorado">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="57A30E4A317FF280DFC2814038A798D4" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="D28D47C9B4FC9D4DF28A4A58384FB31B" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="1F027D92593FAF2C6399C4CF4571D1F8" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="62757C80E5A03FDEB01932CFC775740E" country="United States of America" name="Texas">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="071EAC44BCD4FB5E087B8FB295473DC0" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AC6B20CDE6D7C3475382A5618FF7F81D" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larval feeding causes the host plant cladode tissue to swell and create a shelter, which resembles a “ gall ”, and within which the larvae build tunnels and develop (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B259A770DFEC53213E20B69172FF7CF6" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Iconella melitaraevora larval and host habitat images A Piñon-Juniper vegetation characteristic of the site where I. melitaraevora was collected in mid-elevation montane woodlands of Santa Fe County, New Mexico B host plant, Opuntia phaeacantha (Cactaceae) of Melitara subumbrella (Pyralidae) caterpillars, the wasp’s larval host, exuded larval frass is visible outside the swollen shelter where the caterpillar develops C excavated hole that M. subumbrella larvae used to exude frass from the interior of the host plant, note that the hole is covered with silk to prevent intruders from entering D mature M. subumbrella larva inside a tunnel it has excavated within its host plant E parasitized, ultimate instar M. subumbrella larva, parasitoid larval emergence was imminent when this image was taken F gregarious I. melitaraevora larvae emerging from their host and spinning cocoons, see Suppl. material 1 for a video of this moment G silken puparium woven by M. subumbrella larva, within which I. melitaraevora larvae emerged from the host carcass to spin cocoons and pupate." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304210">3 B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This behavior and the associated plant-response is typical of shelter-building phycitine larvae that use
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="24D9E64F7083F046B1332F78DB8FA9F9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8429505526C3E4724A16CC7EC5ACBD10" italics="true">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
host plants (authors, unpublished data).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="B68E1863F3AE4100E424BABA5AD14776" ID-DOI="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure3" ID-arpha="720C122C-CF4C-5ED5-932A-31AAB72DD98C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304210" startId="F3">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2D2B9076B3912F994F0E6C6A04318EEF">
|
||||
<label id="71AAF25C5019D694063029072E20A144">Figure 3.</label>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="E32272C1AF03BCD7E2B606D1F775F0F2">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="42B8CA3067D3694CF791EA843E6D6836" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EA4B0CD942373F88F4616FDAE2FA57C1" italics="true">Iconella melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larval and host habitat images
|
||||
<emphasis id="E58A9D8B45ACB357054F9027D628BD57" bold="true">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Piñon-Juniper vegetation characteristic of the site where
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="77F44712CCBE5C7AC5E65FA09FDF333A" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="44D9D47D30DC56CE5CAB893CF35E9221" italics="true">I. melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was collected in mid-elevation montane woodlands of Santa Fe County, New Mexico
|
||||
<emphasis id="4507C95452A5891E4A7310090BBBBAE7" bold="true">B</emphasis>
|
||||
host plant,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1C10AF6CAE5BCC5DFCD55498F196DB4A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phaeacantha">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E02EA94A8073BD83C633026FE668FCD7" italics="true">Opuntia phaeacantha</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="62B5A5E07A48E37B8979AD3721B93C92" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="97EBBFA94EDAD2FDD752ECF1E03DAC5F" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F3DCBA3B749422007CD1BF4B33EF6925" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2814B8925B7335D6B9B3F0F930120CF2" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) caterpillars, the wasp’s larval host, exuded larval frass is visible outside the swollen shelter where the caterpillar develops
|
||||
<emphasis id="2828BA751BBDC00190C7951DF29774DA" bold="true">C</emphasis>
|
||||
excavated hole that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E552BC034F08094C2B9083492C70CC05" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1770D8726DEF930B722B33D7D16E3411" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae used to exude frass from the interior of the host plant, note that the hole is covered with silk to prevent intruders from entering
|
||||
<emphasis id="D2261EAE90E1EA9F2EE03F3DCD0A0A05" bold="true">D</emphasis>
|
||||
mature
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="412D6443FBF8414534ACB94FE756FC49" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FDBECC0C814BFAB89FEFF6C73DCD9176" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larva inside a tunnel it has excavated within its host plant
|
||||
<emphasis id="935E71229D7C4D646AB52A8FF7ABF500" bold="true">E</emphasis>
|
||||
parasitized, ultimate instar
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4995FCA6633FA96627F05ABD19AC53FB" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AF2C55DEC5F0A437C3EF5124742FDF1A" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larva, parasitoid larval emergence was imminent when this image was taken
|
||||
<emphasis id="9B6636E84414411796B82FFF7DA9AE66" bold="true">F</emphasis>
|
||||
gregarious
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FD5F89FAEBEC1423CAD9B1DC9FD201A5" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5345B7A2985F5AD43A3997857F973393" italics="true">I. melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae emerging from their host and spinning cocoons, see Suppl. material
|
||||
<xref id="7A204EF386AEA4F0E01460FE0BFE0DFD" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
|
||||
for a video of this moment
|
||||
<emphasis id="EEE7C07CEC9BB81CD757F5829EF2C58C" bold="true">G</emphasis>
|
||||
silken puparium woven by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C503411B51AFA233BCCAAA6011AFBD8F" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6C9889EED5C47C2BFDED36B946A27B0A" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larva, within which
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6F09883CB4613C0835C0E6339C96B9A0" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="01A5440BC348E73911781DE5E9DB13CB" italics="true">I. melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae emerged from the host carcass to spin cocoons and pupate.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B89D2B371EC1D6545C0968B34B8E2C3">
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4209B6BA4BEF515EF24FED98CA3218B9" count="12" type="generic">
|
||||
Twelve
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="391C800A0184190DEADC2BE21A8DBB17" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A9A7D4D73682978D7E2198DAAC3D65F8" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
larvae arrived at the laboratory alive. This number was based on the observation of conspicuous frass emission from host plant pads (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C2B4CCCA7F4F65EC7AF051403B6B0456" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Iconella melitaraevora larval and host habitat images A Piñon-Juniper vegetation characteristic of the site where I. melitaraevora was collected in mid-elevation montane woodlands of Santa Fe County, New Mexico B host plant, Opuntia phaeacantha (Cactaceae) of Melitara subumbrella (Pyralidae) caterpillars, the wasp’s larval host, exuded larval frass is visible outside the swollen shelter where the caterpillar develops C excavated hole that M. subumbrella larvae used to exude frass from the interior of the host plant, note that the hole is covered with silk to prevent intruders from entering D mature M. subumbrella larva inside a tunnel it has excavated within its host plant E parasitized, ultimate instar M. subumbrella larva, parasitoid larval emergence was imminent when this image was taken F gregarious I. melitaraevora larvae emerging from their host and spinning cocoons, see Suppl. material 1 for a video of this moment G silken puparium woven by M. subumbrella larva, within which I. melitaraevora larvae emerged from the host carcass to spin cocoons and pupate." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304210">3 B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Ultimate instar
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="57532E3A92EDB0550C9976BFBF376711" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5E73333693DF00FDE34A259AEEF42108" italics="true">Melitara subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae exited the host plant pads and formed puparia within the top
|
||||
<quantity id="34053F1E01736ABD65390DAF3C3BF5D3" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||||
of soil. This behavior is also typical of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C86C58582A8C14CFF8C33A2E461891DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="02BE089666E08AE86C30D68F8F2FFC83" italics="true">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specialist phycitine larvae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="63A5082F3FC51D48F902ED4961524ED4" DOI="10.5479/si.03629236.256.1" author="Mann" firstAuthor="Mann" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pagination="1-158" refId="B17" refString="Mann J (1969) Cactus-feeding insects and mites. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 256: 1–158. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.256.1" title="Cactus-feeding insects and mites." volume="256" year="1969">Mann 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<specimenCount id="583E9073B732BF5CB54A1A5969D3FA2A" count="5" type="generic">
|
||||
Five
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="844092BACA763D7EA14305C812ABD1CB" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58F8FBA93367C49E7A17C0B79C61B7E2" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
larvae had
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1BBAC7257C3B24EB007F7F6119755353" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="219C4D226D29D0D7C260C91DBE7A6109" italics="true">I. melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larval cohorts emerge (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="780A40B1E95C1E6D238732979886519B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Iconella melitaraevora larval and host habitat images A Piñon-Juniper vegetation characteristic of the site where I. melitaraevora was collected in mid-elevation montane woodlands of Santa Fe County, New Mexico B host plant, Opuntia phaeacantha (Cactaceae) of Melitara subumbrella (Pyralidae) caterpillars, the wasp’s larval host, exuded larval frass is visible outside the swollen shelter where the caterpillar develops C excavated hole that M. subumbrella larvae used to exude frass from the interior of the host plant, note that the hole is covered with silk to prevent intruders from entering D mature M. subumbrella larva inside a tunnel it has excavated within its host plant E parasitized, ultimate instar M. subumbrella larva, parasitoid larval emergence was imminent when this image was taken F gregarious I. melitaraevora larvae emerging from their host and spinning cocoons, see Suppl. material 1 for a video of this moment G silken puparium woven by M. subumbrella larva, within which I. melitaraevora larvae emerged from the host carcass to spin cocoons and pupate." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304210">3 F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and make cocoons within puparia that their caterpillar hosts constructed for pupation (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation id="47A9BE67FDF33C1FCABD8F95A5EDDF59" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Iconella melitaraevora larval and host habitat images A Piñon-Juniper vegetation characteristic of the site where I. melitaraevora was collected in mid-elevation montane woodlands of Santa Fe County, New Mexico B host plant, Opuntia phaeacantha (Cactaceae) of Melitara subumbrella (Pyralidae) caterpillars, the wasp’s larval host, exuded larval frass is visible outside the swollen shelter where the caterpillar develops C excavated hole that M. subumbrella larvae used to exude frass from the interior of the host plant, note that the hole is covered with silk to prevent intruders from entering D mature M. subumbrella larva inside a tunnel it has excavated within its host plant E parasitized, ultimate instar M. subumbrella larva, parasitoid larval emergence was imminent when this image was taken F gregarious I. melitaraevora larvae emerging from their host and spinning cocoons, see Suppl. material 1 for a video of this moment G silken puparium woven by M. subumbrella larva, within which I. melitaraevora larvae emerged from the host carcass to spin cocoons and pupate." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.98.151036.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1304210">3 G</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Suppl. material
|
||||
<xref id="6E1CE7ECE9791893E4FE7233F00D6579" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
|
||||
). The wasp larvae were gregarious, with a range of 8–20 successfully emergent individuals per caterpillar cohort (x ̄ = 16 wasps ± 4 S. E.). Adult wasps from four of five cohorts emerged successfully, the reason for failed emergence of the final cohort is unknown. The sex ratio was female skewed with
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4586C2E93E2B13FD80D18B962D554764" count="28" type="female">28 females</specimenCount>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<specimenCount id="C28854F78E237FBBD765FA3967854E0F" count="19" type="male">19 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
reared, overall. However, one cohort had more males than females (
|
||||
<specimenCount id="14AC9BA56D9D3A27DC8457036EEC4C0C" count="9" type="female">9 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCount id="F3636FDE3CF1BA1F2F6C9768DFAD0254" count="10" type="male">10 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="47F6FBAE560FB60BFC67287980A652F5">
|
||||
We do not know when
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="242115C8D84690F33FC46DACC71EA90F" authorityName="Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Iconella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melitaraevora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F0A4746884A9B1F3D76533B3D8A3EE42" italics="true">I. melitaraevora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
oviposition took place in the field. But the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="05C2ED889BC84873893F14266F107A97" baseAuthorityName="Dyar" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Melitara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subumbrella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4D0FBD7D68BB34823BB5F028C324A07F" italics="true">M. subumbrella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were clearly parasitized upon field collection on
|
||||
<date id="C33C71BC184F125B70A20B9EF7FE0832" value="2023-08-23">23 August 2023</date>
|
||||
because they were held in containment for the duration of their development which precludes the possibility that they were attacked by other braconid wasps in transit from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="174F4C1D6102B8EEF3B782A632F98C7D" country="Argentina" name="Santa Fe">Santa Fe</collectingRegion>
|
||||
County, NM to Austin, TX. We observed larvae from one cohort emerge from the host and pupate on 10 December and another cohort was observed pupating on 18 December. Ultimately, two cohorts emerged on approximately
|
||||
<date id="6037F5C7581D284DD8337E329B09D76E" value="2023-12-18">18 December 2023</date>
|
||||
, the third emerged on
|
||||
<date id="2AA2AE55923F3CDF1109274846173688" value="2023-12-25">25 December 2023</date>
|
||||
and the fourth on
|
||||
<date id="FDF9FEAA19AB6E29574795D7FC038A94" value="2024-12-27">27 December 2024</date>
|
||||
(we did not observe the other two cohorts pupating). So, pupal development time was 7–8 days (N = 2), and total immature development was at least 15–19 weeks (N = 4) under laboratory conditions.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue