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<mods:affiliation id="14A1C359B0D03C8927CD6991822E4E2A">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D946AEC1D18F8EFD2951A8FEE7079E1C">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CDCA89B76E2C68E117FBAD46F570D84E">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="85D3A43E3A0958671F0208A1884564B6">Kiel, Carrie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="605490FE49071F0231EAC8368C0843CC">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4545A8CAE2974B902C" ID-CoL="62332" box="[196,356,1019,1043]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily">Nelsonioideae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45441CCAE497A4902D" bold="true" box="[368,395,1021,1042]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">—</emphasis>
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This subfamily of mostly herbaceous and subshrubby species (ca. 175 spp.) is united by the following morphological characters: descending-cochlear corolla aestivation (unique in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4544E4CD429420904D" box="[392,527,1115,1138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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and proposed as a probable synapomorphy by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4544F9CD62948C90AD" author="Daniel, T. F. & McDade, L. A." box="[405,675,1147,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref53029" refString="Daniel, T. F. & McDade, L. A. 2014. Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae): Revision of genera and catalog of species. Aliso 32: 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5642 / aliso. 20143201.02" type="journal article" year="2014">Daniel & McDade, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE08B4547D7CD62953D90AD" box="[699,786,1147,1170]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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), presence of persistent endosperm in the seeds (versus usually exalbuminous seeds elsewhere in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45476FCDA294A290ED" box="[515,653,1211,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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, although the trait has yet to be thoroughly studied across the family and exceptions have been noted, e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B45448DCDE2953C912D" author="Mohan Ram, H. Y. & Wadhi, M." box="[481,787,1275,1298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="388 - 413" refId="ref56857" refString="Mohan Ram, H. Y. & Wadhi, M. 1964. Endosperm in Acanthaceae. Phytomorphology 14: 388 - 413." type="journal article" year="1964">Mohan Ram & Wadhi, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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), absence of cystoliths and retinacula (both features shared with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4545FBCC229765916D" box="[151,330,1339,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="107" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thunbergioideae">Thunbergioideae</taxonomicName>
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and Avicennioideae), capsules with 6–68 seeds (which separates this group from other non-retinaculate
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4545FBCC62970E91AD" box="[151,289,1403,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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, where fruits have 1–4 seeds) and, in many species, spirally arranged flowers in the inflorescence (versus opposite or secund in other
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4544CACCA2941D91ED" box="[422,562,1467,1490]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Thus, Nelsonioideae are relatively easy to separate from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45472FCCC294E291CD" box="[579,717,1499,1522]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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. Explosive capsule dehiscence and the presence of papilliform and/or elongate (but not indurate) modified funiculi are likely to be diagnostic, but this requires further investigation. The generic delimitation and diversity were considered globally by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4547B4CF42977992AD" author="Daniel, T. F. & McDade, L. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref53029" refString="Daniel, T. F. & McDade, L. A. 2014. Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae): Revision of genera and catalog of species. Aliso 32: 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5642 / aliso. 20143201.02" type="journal article" year="2014">Daniel & McDade (2014</bibRefCitation>
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; see also
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4544D1CF62945C92AD" author="Braz, D. M. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. & Gao, A. & Jawadi, S. & Monteiro, R." box="[445,627,1659,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="211 - 217" refId="ref51099" refString="Braz, D. M., Daniel, T. F., Kiel, C. A., Gao, A., Jawadi, S. & Monteiro, R. 2021. Aymoreana (Nelsonioideae, Acanthaceae), a new genus endemic to Brazil. Syst. Bot. 46: 211 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364421 X 16128061189530" type="journal article" year="2021">Braz & al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Six genera are currently recognized, and the subfamily is pantropical.
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|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location id="91E88E59CB5B66EDB31FCC0AD00B720A">
|
||||
<mods:url id="F2518F262F759D88F6C8A63C487192E3">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="C3ABF883DC423186F59CE04CF450E528">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="EB6E734B7B6968BA59F0E27C336A717C" type="DOI">10.1002/tax.12600</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="E010AEB6CF3D5CEA9D25745B3D9FC78D" type="ISSN">1996-8175</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5D06DA02B3D8BDDD1717DF942481CA95" type="Zenodo-Dep">14047424</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="03884F74FFE08B4545A8CFA39328970D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE08B4545A8CFA39328970D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE08B4545A8CFA39328970D" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4545A8CFA397BA92ED" bold="true" box="[196,405,1722,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE08B4545A8CFA3975A92ED" box="[196,373,1722,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE08B4545A8CFA3975A92ED" blockId="8.[151,799,187,1970]" box="[196,373,1722,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4545A8CFA3975E92ED" ID-CoL="62332" box="[196,369,1722,1746]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily">Avicennioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE08B454416CFA49328970D" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE08B454416CFA49328970D" blockId="8.[151,799,187,1970]" lastBlockId="8.[837,1486,187,1970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454416CFA497BA92ED" bold="true" box="[378,405,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">—</emphasis>
|
||||
This pantropical subfamily of ca. 8 species comprises the mangrove tree and shrub genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4547DECFC2953892CD" baseAuthorityName="Cornejo" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[690,791,1755,1778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4547DECFC2953892CD" box="[690,791,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Unique in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45446ECFE297A7932D" box="[258,392,1787,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, plants of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454483CFE2947A932D" baseAuthorityName="Cornejo" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[495,597,1787,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454483CFE2947A932D" box="[495,597,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
display adaptations to saltwater inundation, including the presence of pneumatophores (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B454583CE22979F936D" author="Tomlinson, P. B." box="[239,432,1851,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" refId="ref57953" refString="Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="1986">Tomlinson, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4544D0CE22945B936D" author="Verdcourt, B." box="[444,628,1851,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" refId="ref58697" refString="Verdcourt, B. 1992. Flora of Tropical East Africa: Verbenaceae. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema." type="book" year="1992">Verdcourt, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4547ECCE22953C936D" author="Daniel, T. F." box="[640,787,1851,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="163 - 189" refId="ref52866" refString="Daniel, T. F. 2016. Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 63: 163 - 189." type="journal article" year="2016">Daniel, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Plants lack cystoliths and have only tardily dehiscent, leathery fruits bearing a single seed (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4544D3CE62941B93AD" box="[447,564,1915,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mendoncia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4544D3CE62941B93AD" box="[447,564,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Mendoncia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454704CE62952D93AD" box="[616,770,1915,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Anomacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454704CE62952D93AD" box="[616,770,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Anomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4545FBCE82976A938D" box="[151,325,1947,1970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="107" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thunbergioideae">Thunbergioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have indehiscent drupaceous fruits). Floral morphology is variable: the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45410AC9A292E294ED" box="[1126,1229,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45410AC9A292E294ED" box="[1126,1229,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">A. marina</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group is unusual in having actinomorphic, 4-lobed corollas (number of corolla lobes = number of stamens) with valvate aestivation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B45407EC9E293EA952D" author="Tomlinson, P. B." box="[1298,1477,251,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" refId="ref57953" refString="Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="1986">Tomlinson, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE08B454621C80295B3950D" box="[845,924,283,306]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the only known occurrence of this aestivation pattern in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454632C82295CA956D" box="[862,997,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, other species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454198C8229375956D" baseAuthorityName="Cornejo" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1268,1370,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454198C8229375956D" box="[1268,1370,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have zygomorphic corollas with left-contort aestivation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B454022C842955395AD" author="Tomlinson, P. B." pageId="8" pageNumber="111" refId="ref57953" refString="Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="1986">Tomlinson, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4546E5C86292ED95AD" author="Borg, A. J. & Schonenberger, J." box="[905,1218,379,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="330 - 344" refId="ref50946" refString="Borg, A. J. & Schonenberger, J. 2011. Comparative floral development and structure of the black mangrove genus Avicennia L. and related taxa in the Acanthaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 172: 330 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 658159" type="journal article" year="2011">Borg & Schönenberger, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE08B4541B6C862931F95AD" box="[1242,1328,379,402]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The genus is composed of two monophyletic lineages: one of Atlantic-East Pacific taxa and a second of Indo-West Pacific taxa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B45401EC8A2955195CD" author="Li, X. & Duke, N. C. & Yang, Y. & Huang, L. & Zhu, Y. & Zhang, Z. & Zhou, R. & Zhong, C. & Huang, Y. & Shi, S." pageId="8" pageNumber="111" refId="ref55868" refString="Li, X., Duke, N. C., Yang, Y., Huang, L., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhou, R., Zhong, C., Huang, Y. & Shi, S. 2016. Re-evaluation of phylogenetic relationships among species of the mangrove genus Avicennia from Indo-West Pacific based on multilocus analyses. PLoS ONE 11: e 0164453. x https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0164453" type="journal volume" year="2016">Li & al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). A recent study of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45413CC8C2934A95CD" authority="(Cornejo, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Cornejo" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1104,1381,475,498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45413CC8C2929995CD" box="[1104,1206,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B4541A9C8C2937195CD" author="Cornejo, X." box="[1221,1374,475,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="231 - 235" refId="ref52019" refString="Cornejo, X. 2020. The reinstatement of Hilairanthus (Acanthaceae): A genus from Neotropical and Western-Paleotropical mangroves. Harvard Pap. Bot. 25: 231 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.3100 / hpib. v 25 iss 2.2020. n 11" type="journal article" year="2020">Cornejo, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
proposed subdivision of the genus into two distinct genera,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45400EC8E293E2962D" baseAuthorityName="Cornejo" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1378,1485,507,530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45400EC8E293E2962D" box="[1378,1485,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45461DCB0295DC960D" box="[881,1011,539,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hilairanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45461DCB0295DC960D" box="[881,1011,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Hilairanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, on the basis of monophyletic units in combination with morphological distinctiveness. However, the degree of morphological variation between these two lineages is comparable to variation among lineages within many other genera of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45460FCB8295C6968D" box="[867,1001,667,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454145CB82925C968D" authorityName=", Tripp" authorityYear="2007" box="[1065,1139,667,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454145CB82925C968D" box="[1065,1139,667,690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Ruellia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4541C5CB8292D0968D" box="[1193,1279,667,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Barleria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4541C5CB8292D0968D" box="[1193,1279,667,690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Barleria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Moreover, there is comparable variation within the lineage that includes the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFE08B4540CCCBA293E296ED" box="[1440,1485,699,722]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
alone,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4546E0CBC2926A96CD" box="[908,1093,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4546E0CBC2926A96CD" box="[908,1093,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia marina</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. As such, we recognize
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454025CBC2938096CD" baseAuthorityName="Cornejo" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1353,1455,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454025CBC2938096CD" box="[1353,1455,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Avicennia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as broadly circumscribed, especially given the numerous synapomorphies for the genus, as described above.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
81
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE08B4545FBCBC297B297CD.xml
Normal file
81
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE08B4545FBCBC297B297CD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
|||
<document id="8253C18EA89C3E7CA4186ADF4104361B" ID-DOI="10.1002/tax.12600" ID-ISSN="1996-8175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14047424" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1730917512589" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F. & Kiel, Carrie A." docDate="2022" docId="03884F74FFE08B4545FBCBC297B297CD" docLanguage="en" docName="TAXON.71.1.103-153.pdf" docOrigin="TAXON 71 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F.1:TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F" docStyleName="TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Acanthaceae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="111" masterDocId="FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F" masterDocTitle="Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="111" updateTime="1731190956947" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
|
||||
<mods:mods id="20BFDC809D4F3B2BACBE6AA5291A2A61" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="A542D2EA6D3DB79AC5288EEF237CCEE9">
|
||||
<mods:title id="8C7F0CABF193D49EE7CE1197184A4326">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="61C2A424118A00C0F0C46F274159D847" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="C238AD269AA3312F74C34D489B6D8943">
|
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<mods:roleTerm id="0F16CCC885C8FF5C762CE94DCEE38A2F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="0840C532AA93FEC43F51E7BD84B2ED76">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="72595311B0103996EFA871A5D733BF00">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="D23E345318BB4831892CDC1A693AC1D5" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="D5B95728574BB3D36E7314A99F4A976A">
|
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<mods:roleTerm id="5D29DA96AA3398CC9B4CFC77700724F4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="84216C0BCF1A15B0A21C0F49703B442A">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="B2D704A118F24D0BCF1B67E8692AAD35">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="70C09BEBE3BAD06AEB508F3EEEA0BCF5" type="personal">
|
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<mods:role id="74A00F335047E557061E70CDCC0CBF5F">
|
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<mods:roleTerm id="C8C1908ABEC50716F70ACC717A84BA32">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="18E33339C1BB61536EF1D3B994096C53">Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="69FE439824B4C26F5A6E52EE69C5C91B" type="personal">
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45445ECBC4976296CD" bold="true" box="[306,333,733,754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">—</emphasis>
|
||||
Below, we provide abridged descriptions of the four subfamilies and their tribes and subtribes, as a general overview of the phylogeny and upper-level classification of the family (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE08B454461CA229762976D" box="[269,333,827,850]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,183,1837,1858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1484,812,1801]" captionTargetId="graphics-270@6.[152,975,857,1795]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4. Schematic molecular phylogeny of the Acanthaceae, which serves as the foundation for the present reclassification. Phylogeny represents current understanding of evolutionary relationships among major lineages of Acanthaceae based on numerous phylogenetic works, as cited throughout this study. Depicted are the 4 subfamilies (capital letters), 10 tribes (bold), and 19 subtribes (not in bold, not in caps) recognized in the present study. Key diagnostic morphological characters for the subfamilies and tribes are provided in Table 1 and Fig. 5. Asterisks and dashed lines indicate uncertain phylogenetic placement of Physacantheae, either within or sister to Ruellieae or Acantheae (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047432/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). We caution that several genera of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4547D2CA2296E9974D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have yet to be included in phylogenetic analyses such that this synopsis remains a working hypothesis pending further phylogenetic studies. Key diagnostic morphological characters for the subfamilies and tribes are provided in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6A3CBD9FFE08B4547A6CAA2953197ED" box="[714,798,955,978]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="9.[103,156,187,208]" captionTargetBox="[114,1485,258,1655]" captionTargetId="graphics-15@9.[103,1916,914,1087]" captionText="Table 1. Key morphological characters for the major lineages of Acanthaceae. Table includes some exceptions to general trends within a given lineage but is not comprehensive in terms of all exceptions that exist. Character Nelsonioideae Avicennioideae Thunbergioideae Acantheae Physacantheae Andrographideae Cystoliths Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
and are discussed below.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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||||
135
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<mods:affiliation id="5AF5F9B8CBAA07458DDA2BF8393AEDEC">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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|
||||
.
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454150CA249278976D" bold="true" box="[1084,1111,829,850]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">—</emphasis>
|
||||
With ca. 260 species in five genera, plants of this pantropical and subtropical subfamily are primarily vines and lianas that climb by twining (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B454064CA6293EE97AD" author="Borg, A. J. & McDade, L. A. & Schonenberger, J." box="[1288,1473,891,914]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref51003" refString="Borg, A. J., McDade, L. A. & Schonenberger, J. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of the Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). Taxon 57: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 573012" type="journal article" year="2008">Borg & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), although a significant number of species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454044CA82938D978D" authorityName=", Schonenberger & Endress" authorityYear="1998" box="[1320,1442,923,946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Thunbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454044CA82938D978D" box="[1320,1442,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Thunbergia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are perennial herbs or shrubs, presumably secondarily. Clambering and vine-like plants are sometimes encountered elsewhere in the family, but twining climbers appear to be known only in, and synapomorphic for,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454120CD02932E900D" box="[1100,1281,1051,1074]" pageId="8" pageNumber="107" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thunbergioideae">Thunbergioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Other distinguishing characters (and probable synapomorphies) common to all genera in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4546C1CD429274904D" box="[941,1115,1115,1138]" pageId="8" pageNumber="107" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thunbergioideae">Thunbergioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
include an involucre or epicalyx of paired, large, spathaceous bracteoles subtending each flower, a highly reduced and modified calyx, and anthers that dehisce by pores or short, slit-like openings. In their study of floral development in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4546DDCDC2920A90CD" box="[945,1061,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mendoncia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4546DDCDC2920A90CD" box="[945,1061,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Mendoncia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45415CCDC2929E90CD" box="[1072,1201,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pseudocalyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45415CCDC2929E90CD" box="[1072,1201,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Pseudocalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45418BCDC29268912D" authority=", Schonenberger & Endress (1998)" authorityName=", Schonenberger & Endress" authorityYear="1998" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Thunbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45418BCDC2937090CD" box="[1255,1375,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Thunbergia</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B454007CDC29268912D" author="Schonenberger, J. & Endress, P. K." pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="446 - 465" refId="ref57521" refString="Schonenberger, J. & Endress, P. K. 1998. Structure and development of the flowers in Mendoncia, Pseudocalyx, and Thunbergia (Acanthaceae) and their systematic implications. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 159: 446 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 297563" type="journal article" year="1998">Schönenberger & Endress (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
demonstrated that these genera share similar
|
||||
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFE08B4546FDCC0295E7910D" box="[913,968,1307,1330]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
of inflorescences and features of the anther thecae. Several unusual
|
||||
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFE08B45469CCC229208916D" box="[1008,1063,1339,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
of pollen occur among, and are synapomorphic for, genera of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454158CC4292C9914D" box="[1076,1254,1371,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="107" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thunbergioideae">Thunbergioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The two tribes (Mendoncieae, Thunbergieae) are readily distinguishable by their fruits: fleshy and indehiscent (drupaceous) in Mendoncieae vs. woody and explosively dehiscent (capsular) in Thunbergieae. Like those in Nelsonioideae and Avicennioideae, plants of this subfamily lack cystoliths and retinacula. Based on phylogenetic studies to date,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45417CCF0292A1920D" box="[1040,1166,1563,1586]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pseudocalyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45417CCF0292A1920D" box="[1040,1166,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Pseudocalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is sister to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45419BCF029343920D" authorityName=", Schonenberger & Endress" authorityYear="1998" box="[1271,1388,1563,1586]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Thunbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45419BCF029343920D" box="[1271,1388,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Thunbergia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and both of these genera together are sister to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4541A3CF22936E926D" box="[1231,1345,1595,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mendoncia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4541A3CF22936E926D" box="[1231,1345,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Mendoncia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE08B45403ECF229553924D" author="Borg, A. J. & McDade, L. A. & Schonenberger, J." pageId="8" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref51003" refString="Borg, A. J., McDade, L. A. & Schonenberger, J. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of the Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). Taxon 57: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 573012" type="journal article" year="2008">Borg & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4546E1CF4295CB924D" baseAuthorityName="Bremekamp" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[909,996,1627,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Meyenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4546E1CF4295CB924D" box="[909,996,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Meyenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45417BCF429281924D" box="[1047,1198,1627,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Anomacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45417BCF429281924D" box="[1047,1198,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Anomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have yet to be included in a phylogenetic analysis. Among the five genera, only
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454001CF62954A928D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mendoncia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454001CF62954A928D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Mendoncia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
occurs natively in the NW, where it has undergone extensive speciation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
105
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE08B4646E4CFC29681950D.xml
Normal file
105
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE08B4646E4CFC29681950D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="4701C9574DEADCBACEB0026EA200D768">
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<mods:title id="2AB4965D0FF3634C71E09EFA40F059F0">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="4FA109974EAFB147AB629DF45307D27D" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="3C3BAF055F5154329B16BA54CFD1855D">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="C7934AFA21418C8C6F6577EF083BDD7B">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B53E08711E7986F9835026E5A68C75A5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="8D8C15761C2472FDE85215C1CA871F38">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="A1A2F1D83567E2B6101C176E1A1DB0DF">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A036A7A72401BFEDABA4114551972767">Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="5AF98FD6A28DBCDAF35A29EB95016EE5">Kiel, Carrie A.</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:affiliation id="4136E4747B30C6E443DF1FA908E4E7E3">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B02A1E51ED017C3A71CCEFCA8CE23B10">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E7A99D89AD7391EC4C8726131D55A712">TAXON</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9C30F2C8AB9459ACE6E08212539ECDA1">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F9F40C6F9FBEBD7662472022583EFCEA">2022-02-28</mods:number>
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|
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<mods:number id="EC08149F29A76AC4E2403E8CB51DA5F2">71</mods:number>
|
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|
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<mods:classification id="E277AC9CFDF8CA2C1D5F09FD6A1FBB2F">journal article</mods:classification>
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|
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<treatment id="03884F74FFE08B4646E4CFC29681950D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE08B4646E4CFC29681950D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE08B4646E4CFC29681950D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4546E4CFC2921892CE" box="[904,1079,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE08B4546E4CFC2920D92CD" box="[904,1058,1755,1778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4546E4CFC2923192CD" box="[904,1054,1755,1778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="tribe">Thunbergieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE08B464146CFC49681950D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE08B464146CFC49681950D" blockId="8.[837,1486,187,1970]" lastBlockId="11.[103,752,187,1586]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||||
– This tribe consists of ca. 160 species treated currently among three genera (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B4541B4CFE2931C932D" baseAuthorityName="Bremekamp" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[1240,1331,1787,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Meyenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B4541B4CFE2931C932D" box="[1240,1331,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Meyenia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B45402DCFE293E9932D" box="[1345,1478,1787,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pseudocalyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B45402DCFE293E9932D" box="[1345,1478,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Pseudocalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE08B454629CE0295EE930D" authorityName=", Schonenberger & Endress" authorityYear="1998" box="[837,961,1819,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Thunbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE08B454629CE0295EE930D" box="[837,961,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Thunbergia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) native to the Paleotropics and subtropics. Plants share numerous characteristics, including ovoid and prominently beaked capsules with the seeds borne in a subglobose to 4-partite capsular base, up to four seeds, and anther thecae showing considerable diversity in pubescence and appendages. These plants differ conspicuously from other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464724C9A294E394ED" box="[584,716,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the spiraperturate pollen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4644E6C9C2942394CD" box="[394,524,219,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pseudocalyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B4644E6C9C2942394CD" box="[394,524,219,242]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Pseudocalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46472EC9C2949594CD" authorityName=", Schonenberger & Endress" authorityYear="1998" box="[578,698,219,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Thunbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B46472EC9C2949594CD" box="[578,698,219,242]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Thunbergia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and the 7–9-lobate and -colpate pollen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464494C9E29685950D" authority="(Bremekamp, 1942)" baseAuthorityName="Bremekamp" baseAuthorityYear="1942" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Meyenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464494C9E2947A952D" box="[504,597,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Meyenia</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B46470EC9E2968D950D" author="Bremekamp, C. E. B." pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="166 - 175" refId="ref51172" refString="Bremekamp, C. E. B. 1942. The position of the genus Thomandersia Baill. Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 39: 166 - 175." type="journal article" year="1942">Bremekamp, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
129
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE38B41463ACB62975195CD.xml
Normal file
129
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE38B41463ACB62975195CD.xml
Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
|||
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<mods:affiliation id="C5A295E94372FE3C27BB126D10885E6F">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="32AE91B44C731792EFB2CB8BCEC3EDE9">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="2E2ADF97D6A9E3F40F4010C1DE7691B7">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="AD2960C1F263ED3CE3962FCFA0A538D1">71</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7E5BA9333702190CB82A79E71536CD14" type="DOI">10.1002/tax.12600</mods:identifier>
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B46463ACB6295CE96AD" box="[854,993,635,658]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE38B46463ACB6295E196AD" box="[854,974,635,658]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46463ACB6295E696AD" box="[854,969,635,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Barlerieae">Barlerieae</taxonomicName>
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.
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||||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE38B4146B8CB67975195CD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE38B4146B8CB67975195CD" blockId="11.[789,1438,186,1586]" lastBlockId="12.[151,799,187,1970]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">
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||||
– This lineage comprises 13 genera and ca. 500 species, with most of the species diversity occurring in two widespread genera: the largely Paleotropical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464183CBA2936996ED" box="[1263,1350,699,722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Barleria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464183CBA2936996ED" box="[1263,1350,699,722]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Barleria</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
and the Pantropical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4646FBCBC2920D96CD" box="[919,1058,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lepidagathis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B4646FBCBC2920D96CD" box="[919,1058,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Lepidagathis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Confirmed and putative members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464658CBE295B2972D" box="[820,925,763,786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Barlerieae">Barlerieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
share the synapomorphy of quincuncial corolla aestivation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B4646FECA02929E970D" author="Scotland, R. W. & Vollesen, K." box="[914,1201,795,818]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="513 - 589" refId="ref57620" refString="Scotland, R. W. & Vollesen, K. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bull. 55: 513 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4118776" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFE38B4646FECA0295C1970D" box="[914,1006,795,818]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
& Vollesen, 2000
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B4641D1CA0293B7970D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[1213,1432,795,818]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B464679CA229230976D" author="Darbyshire, I. & Fisher, A. E. & Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A." box="[789,1055,827,850]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="92 - 111" refId="ref53555" refString="Darbyshire, I., Fisher, A. E., Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A. 2019 a. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Barleria (Acanthaceae, Lamiales): Molecular data reveal complex patterns of morphological evolution and support a revised classification. Taxon 68: 92 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 12029" type="journal article" year="2019">Darbyshire & al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE38B464156CA2292A0976D" box="[1082,1167,827,850]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but they are otherwise morphologically diverse. For example, species may bear four or five androecial units, comprising variously two stamens plus two or three staminodes, or four stamens with or without one staminode. When there are four stamens, they may all be bithecous or may be configured with two bithecous + two monothecous. With the exception of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46412ACAE292B2902D" box="[1094,1181,1019,1042]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Barleria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B46412ACAE292B2902D" box="[1094,1181,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Barleria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Comito & al., in rev.), genera of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4646E8CD0295C2900D" box="[900,1005,1051,1074]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Barlerieae">Barlerieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are among the least-studied lineages of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464679CD2295B6906D" box="[789,921,1083,1106]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from a molecular phylogenetic perspective, with several having never been sequenced, and so the circumscription of this tribe must be considered provisional (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B46418ACD629576908D" author="Darbyshire, I. & Fisher, A. E. & Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="92 - 111" refId="ref53555" refString="Darbyshire, I., Fisher, A. E., Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A. 2019 a. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Barleria (Acanthaceae, Lamiales): Molecular data reveal complex patterns of morphological evolution and support a revised classification. Taxon 68: 92 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 12029" type="journal article" year="2019">Darbyshire & al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Following further studies, it may be possible to recognize subtribes, with morphological data suggesting at least three taxa: (1)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464602CDC295EB90CD" box="[878,964,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Barleria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464602CDC295EB90CD" box="[878,964,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Barleria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with strongly zygomorphic calyces that are 4- lobed due to partial or complete fusion of the two anterior lobes; corollas that are variously arranged from subrotate to strongly zygomorphic but always lacking a hooded upper lip; globose, tricolporate, coarsely reticulate pollen; and an androecium usually of two fully developed bithecous stamens and either two minute stamens that seem to function for self-pollination plus one staminode, or three staminodes (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B4641FECCA293BE91ED" author="Darbyshire, I. & Fisher, A. E. & Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A." box="[1170,1425,1467,1490]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="92 - 111" refId="ref53555" refString="Darbyshire, I., Fisher, A. E., Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A. 2019 a. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Barleria (Acanthaceae, Lamiales): Molecular data reveal complex patterns of morphological evolution and support a revised classification. Taxon 68: 92 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 12029" type="journal article" year="2019">Darbyshire & al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); (2)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464656CCC295BB91CD" box="[826,916,1499,1522]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Crabbea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464656CCC295BB91CD" box="[826,916,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Crabbea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and allies, with ± actinomorphic, 5-lobed calyces; weakly zygomorphic corollas without a hooded upper lip; globose to subprolate, tri- (or hexa-) porate, variously gemmate, verrucose, rugose to coarsely reticulate pollen; and an androecium of four bithecous stamens (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B41449EC9C2945094CD" author="Thulin, M." box="[498,639,219,242]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="501 - 506" refId="ref57901" refString="Thulin, M. 2007. Expansion of Crabbea (Acanthaceae) and the description of two new species from Somalia. Nordic J. Bot. 24: 501 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2004. tb 01629. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Thulin, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4147E7C9C29760952D" author="Onjalalaina, G. E. & Darbyshire, I." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" refId="ref57060" refString="Onjalalaina, G. E. & Darbyshire, I. 2016. An endangered new species of Podorungia (Acanthaceae), with notes on the tribe Barlerieae in Madagascar. Kew Bull. 71: 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 016 - 9657 - 2" type="journal volume" year="2016">Onjalalaina & Darbyshire, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); and (3)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4144D9C9E29413952D" box="[437,572,251,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lepidagathis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4144D9C9E29413952D" box="[437,572,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Lepidagathis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and allies, with often zygomorphic, 5-lobed or sometimes 4-lobed calyces due to partial fusion of the two anterior lobes; bilabiate corollas with a hooded upper lip; prolate, tricolporate, finely reticulate pollen; and an androecium of four bithecous stamens or two bithecous + two monothecous stamens or two bithecous stamens plus two staminodes (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4144ACC8A294AA95ED" author="Kameyama, C." box="[448,645,443,466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="565 - 581" refId="ref55499" refString="Kameyama, C. 2008. New species, nomenclatural changes and lectotypifications in Neotropical Lepidagathis Willd. (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 63: 565 - 581. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 008 - 9066 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Kameyama, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4147FEC8A2975C95CD" author="Champluvier, D. & Darbyshire, I." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="279 - 284" refId="ref51605" refString="Champluvier, D. & Darbyshire, I. 2012. Schaueriopsis: A new genus of Acanthaceae (Acanthoideae: Barlerieae) from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Pl. Ecol. Evol. 145: 279 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2012.657" type="journal article" year="2012">Champluvier & Darbyshire, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
98
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<mods:title id="A53702B7A86F41D0986BCB92DEFD270C">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="603C8FA3A9708376A149B7DFBFB325F6">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="9A7DC35C77B480C3BD1302D2FD4308DA">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:classification id="D080C32B4287AC214BA3967A0E20B49B">journal article</mods:classification>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03884F74FFE38B4645C4C82297D096AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE38B4645C4C82297D096AD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE38B4645C4C82297D096AD" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">
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|
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|
||||
.
|
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|
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||||
– Two genera (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46448FC82294AE956D" box="[483,641,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Anomacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B46448FC82294AE956D" box="[483,641,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Anomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4647E3C82296A8954D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mendoncia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B4647E3C82296A8954D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Mendoncia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) are currently treated in this tribe of ca. 100 spp., which occurs in Africa,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFE38B464445C862978695AD" box="[297,425,379,402]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFE38B4644DEC862942595AD" box="[434,522,379,402]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and the Neotropics. They share the synapomorphy of drupaceous fruits, these most frequently with a single, large seed (perhaps the largest in the family); drupes of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464449C8C297EF95CD" box="[293,448,475,498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Anomacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464449C8C297EF95CD" box="[293,448,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Anomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are 2-seeded.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B46473FC8C2970F962D" author="Schonenberger, J. & Endress, P. K." pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="446 - 465" refId="ref57521" refString="Schonenberger, J. & Endress, P. K. 1998. Structure and development of the flowers in Mendoncia, Pseudocalyx, and Thunbergia (Acanthaceae) and their systematic implications. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 159: 446 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 297563" type="journal article" year="1998">Schönenberger & Endress (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
confirmed that, like many other members of the family, the ovary of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464435CB0297E2960D" box="[345,461,539,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Mendoncia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464435CB0297E2960D" box="[345,461,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Mendoncia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is composed initially of two locules containing four ovules; however, later in development abortion yields a single locule with two fertile ovules, only one of which normally develops into a seed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
87
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE38B4645C4CD829422920D.xml
Normal file
87
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE38B4645C4CD829422920D.xml
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|
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|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4645C4CD829734908D" box="[168,283,1179,1202]" genus="Acantheae" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" rank="genus">Acantheae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE38B46444FCD84943F920D" blockId="11.[103,752,187,1586]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">
|
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE38B46444FCD849422920D" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" type="multiple">
|
||||
– Acantheae, with some ca. 550 species, are well-delimited morphologically: they are the only clade to combine retinaculate capsules with absence of cystoliths and presence of four monothecous stamens (the monogeneric tribe
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46450BCC02972E910D" box="[103,257,1307,1330]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" rank="tribe" tribe="Physacantheae">Physacantheae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the exception, see below). In addition, pollen of members of Acantheae are colpate and lack endoapertures, which are present in almost all other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46448FCC429459914D" box="[483,630,1371,1394]" pageId="11" pageNumber="109" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthoideae">Acanthoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Acantheae can be further divided into two lineages: Aphelandrinae consist of species with bilabiate or subrotate corollas that occur primarily in the Neotropics but with representation in the Paleotropics (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4645D1CCC2977891CD" box="[189,343,1499,1522]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Stenandriopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B4645D1CCC2977891CD" box="[189,343,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Stenandriopsis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and Acanthinae, which are restricted to the Paleotropics and have flowers with all five corolla lobes directed ventrally (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B464445CF02942B920D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. & Vollesen, K." box="[297,516,1563,1586]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="834 - 862" refId="ref56459" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Kiel, C. A. & Vollesen, K. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships among Acantheae (Acanthaceae): Major lineages present contrasting patterns of molecular evolution and morphological differentiation. Syst. Bot. 30: 834 - 862. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364405775097734" type="journal article" year="2005">McDade & al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
90
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE38B4645F8CB8294DF90AD.xml
Normal file
90
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE38B4645F8CB8294DF90AD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
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<mods:namePart id="66B46051E729112C0485D6542D03F0E9">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="107571E800E1947CD4A7173B19D95602">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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.
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, consisting of ca. 4450 species, comprise by far the greatest morphological diversity and species richness within
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4644E5CBC2943B96CD" box="[393,532,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This lineage is readily delimited morphologically by the presence of capsules with retinacula. The global “success” of this group in terms of overall species richness may be explained in part by the evolutionary innovation of retinacula. It has been demonstrated recently that retinacula facilitate efficient launching and backspin of seeds of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4645B6CA82974D978D" box="[218,354,923,946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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||||
at the fastest rate documented to date in nature (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B4645BFCAA297B097ED" author="Cooper, E. S. & Mosher, M. A. & Cross, C. M. & Whitaker, D. L." box="[211,415,955,978]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" refId="ref51958" refString="Cooper, E. S., Mosher, M. A., Cross, C. M. & Whitaker, D. L. 2018. Gyroscopic stabilization minimized drag on Ruellia ciliatiflora seeds. J. Roy. Soc. Interface 15: 20170901. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsif. 2017.0901" type="journal volume" year="2018">Cooper & al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). We speculate that this capacity to launch seeds distant from source parent plants both minimizes intraspecific competition (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B464402CAE297D9902D" author="Janzen, D. H." box="[366,502,1019,1042]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="501 - 528" refId="ref55459" refString="Janzen, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Amer. Naturalist 104: 501 - 528. https: // doi. org / 10. 1086 / 282687" type="journal article" year="1970">Janzen, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B464493CAE294A0902D" author="Connell, J. H." box="[511,655,1019,1042]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" pagination="298 - 312" refId="ref51891" refString="Connell, J. H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. Pp. 298 - 312 in: Den Boer, P. J. & Gradwell, G. R. (eds.), Dynamics of populations. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation." type="book chapter" year="1971">Connell, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and aids in the establishment of populations in new niches. The following eight tribes are, for the most part, clearly delimited, but at times delimitation requires evidence from multiple characters, as well as study of both microscopic and macroscopic features.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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94
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<mods:affiliation id="3935FF269CA4A314E911AE3F7DD64EFC">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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–
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B46414BC9A292EA94ED" box="[1063,1221,187,210]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" rank="tribe" tribe="Physacantheae">Physacantheae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with three species currently recognized, comprise the single continental African forest genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4646F7C9E29201952D" box="[923,1070,251,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Physacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B464157C9E29325952D" author="Tripp, E. A. & Fatimah, S. & Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A." box="[1083,1290,251,274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" refId="ref58395" refString="Tripp, E. A., Fatimah, S., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A. 2013 b. Origin of African Physacanthus (Acanthaceae) via wide hybridisation. PLoS ONE 8: e 55677. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0055677" type="journal volume" year="2013">Tripp & al. (2013b)</bibRefCitation>
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||||
hypothesized an ancient origin of “wide hybridization” between members of Acantheae and Ruellieae for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B464104C82292D4956D" box="[1128,1275,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Physacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B464104C82292D4956D" box="[1128,1275,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Physacanthus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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, and presented molecular and morphological evidence that supported this hypothesis.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE38B4646FFC862920A95AD" box="[915,1061,379,402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Physacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE38B4646FFC862920A95AD" box="[915,1061,379,402]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="114">Physacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
shares with Acantheae four monothecous stamens and absence of cystoliths but shares with Ruellieae colporate pollen and left-contort corolla aestivation. Given the likely hybrid origin of this lineage and intermediate (chimeric) morphologies of species (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE38B46407BC8E29577960D" author="Tripp, E. A. & Fatimah, S. & Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="114" refId="ref58395" refString="Tripp, E. A., Fatimah, S., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A. 2013 b. Origin of African Physacanthus (Acanthaceae) via wide hybridisation. PLoS ONE 8: e 55677. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0055677" type="journal volume" year="2013">Tripp & al., 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), it is difficult to place this lineage in either Acantheae or Ruellieae and, as such, a new tribe is proposed here and described formally below.
|
||||
</paragraph>
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143
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<mods:title id="F3C7FB870B26157E7784BB585DBB7336">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="95C32180BB6D82DD1019029BA8EC4871">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2B7FA84C6CF8C076B7555068AB06EF32">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4C96434DFC5E155DA92BC23F8C25BFB5">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1A965AF5E592C1DC72404BC5603DC5D5">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="817F54AA4DF5ACADB7ABDC7763C1E4E1">Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="407BA1CE49A5DBBF13B976025152D80C">Kiel, Carrie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1446F1804BBD459B164B4F8379512195">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="95840949C2960A16ED90F0A96FD6D847">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5B4905603DC90E7B84003F8D4FE78939">2022-02-28</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="16F5DEF731B74F008CDB69B361B584AF" type="DOI">10.1002/tax.12600</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03884F74FFE48B4046E4CFC2975C908D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE48B4046E4CFC2975C908D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE48B4046E4CFC2975C908D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4146E4CFC295C092CD" box="[904,1007,1755,1778]" genus="Ruellieae" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" rank="genus">Ruellieae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE48B404696CFC4975C908D" blockId="12.[837,1485,187,1970]" lastBlockId="13.[103,751,187,1970]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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– With 37 genera and ±1200 species, Ruellieae are pantropical to temperate plants that vary tremendously in growth form, floral morphology, and ecology. Although members of Ruellieae are primarily caulescent herbs (acaulescent in a few species) or shrubs, plants of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414078CE4293B2934D" box="[1300,1437,1883,1906]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B414078CE4293B2934D" box="[1300,1437,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414629CE62958493AD" box="[837,939,1915,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Bravaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B414629CE62958493AD" box="[837,939,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Bravaisia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are fully arborescent trees up to at least
|
||||
<quantity id="4CD95387FFE48B414022CE62935793AD" box="[1358,1400,1915,1938]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
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tall, extending to
|
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<quantity id="4CD95387FFE48B4146D2CE829232938D" box="[958,1053,1946,1970]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" unit="m" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 m</quantity>
|
||||
tall in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B40411ECE82969B94ED" authority="(Spreng.) Standl." authorityName="Standl." baseAuthorityName="Spreng." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Bravaisia" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="116" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integerrima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B41411ECE829370938D" box="[1138,1375,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Bravaisia integerrima</emphasis>
|
||||
(Spreng.) Standl.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4045AFC9A2940594ED" authority="Leonard" authorityName="Leonard" box="[195,554,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B4045AFC9A297E994ED" box="[195,454,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Trichanthera corymbosa</emphasis>
|
||||
Leonard
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404705C9A2977394CD" authority="(Bonpl.) Nees" authorityName="Nees" baseAuthorityName="Bonpl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B404705C9A296EE94CD" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Trichanthera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||||
(Bonpl.) Nees
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404406C9C297DB94CD" author="Daniel, T. F." box="[362,500,219,242]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="217 - 256" refId="ref52593" refString="Daniel, T. F. 1998. Pollen morphology of Mexican Acanthaceae: Diversity and systematic significance. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 50: 217 - 256." type="journal article" year="1998">Daniel, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B40476DC9C2946894CD" author="Daniel, T. F." box="[513,583,219,242]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref52832" refString="Daniel, T. F. 2015 b. Synopsis of Trichanthera (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 62: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2015">2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Among
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4047C3C9C296EE952D" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthoideae">Acanthoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Ruellieae are second only to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404778C9E29456952D" box="[532,633,251,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in species richness. Ruellieae are globally widespread, with the diverse genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4045D8C82296D0956D" authorityName=", Tripp" authorityYear="2007" box="[180,255,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B4045D8C82296D0956D" box="[180,255,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Ruellia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B40445FC8229792956D" box="[307,445,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Strobilanthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B40445FC8229792956D" box="[307,445,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Strobilanthes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
dominating the Western and Eastern Hemispheres, respectively, in taxonomic diversity. Ruellieae have been the focus of detailed phylogenetic investigation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B4045DBC88297AD958D" author="Tripp, E. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Fatimah, S. & McDade, L. A." box="[183,386,411,434]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="97 - 137" refId="ref58331" refString="Tripp, E. A., Daniel, T. F., Fatimah, S. & McDade, L. A. 2013 a. Phylogenetic relationships within Ruellieae (Acanthaceae) and a revised classification. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174: 97 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 668248" type="journal article" year="2013">Tripp & al., 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Synapomorphies for the tribe include (1) presence of a filament curtain (evolutionarily lost in some members), (2) left-contort corolla aestivation (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE58B4047E1C8C294CD95CD" box="[653,738,475,498]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), (3) presence of hygroscopic trichomes that cover seed surfaces (these reduced to the seed margins in some genera and/or species), and (4) bifid, filiform stigma lobes in which the dorsal lobe is often partially or fully reduced. Within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404734CB4294C4964D" box="[600,747,603,626]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthoideae">Acanthoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, only members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B40444DCB62979F96AD" box="[289,432,635,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
similarly have left-contort corolla aestivation, but genera within that clade possess several other features that separate them from Ruellieae (e.g., concentric ridges on seed surfaces and capitate stigmas). Compared to many other lineages of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404433CBE297CA972D" box="[351,485,763,786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the number of seeds per fruit is exceptionally diverse in Ruellieae, ranging from 2 to over 36 per capsule; seed number may vary markedly even within a single genus (e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404441CA429758974D" authorityName=", Tripp" authorityYear="2007" box="[301,375,859,882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B404441CA429758974D" box="[301,375,859,882]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Ruellia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Most Ruellieae have flowers with four stamens, but two stamens plus two staminodes are not uncommon. Ruellieae are most likely to be confused with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4047D9CA82968F97ED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the sister lineage, with which they share pollen bearing pseudocolpi in many taxa. There is no readily available macromorphological feature to differentiate the two tribes beyond corolla aestivation: left-contort in Ruellieae and ascending-cochlear in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404588CD229761906D" box="[228,334,1083,1106]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404726CD22949F906D" box="[586,688,1083,1106]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
more commonly have 2 (vs. 4) stamens and lack a filament curtain (but note that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404599CD62977690AD" box="[245,345,1147,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Asystasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B404599CD62977690AD" box="[245,345,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Asystasia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and allies within Graptophyllinae have four stamens, see below).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
135
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135
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE48B4145B5C8E2979391AD.xml
Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
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<mods:title id="2DC17CFFF82488225220FF40AB189087">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C69E898E92C951F8B3B107F15B4201F8">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D46B122730978D488303E36501045C2D">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E492B142CEB98C344D654DC4CCDA27E0">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1896FA6DEA4F66C56892016072C80E95">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D41714BB9B832ACE3A677FF64A95AE52">Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="535DD5F78AB765FF92BD7E473AB9E8D5">Kiel, Carrie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="67F1CC1D3B7F00BFA2AF953DED23CED4">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:classification id="E076A6E857B181C5A162B236EC027E91">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03884F74FFE48B4145B5C8E2979391AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE48B4145B5C8E2979391AD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE48B4145B5C8E2979391AD" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4145B5C8E29782962E" box="[217,429,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4145B5C8E297BA962D" box="[217,405,507,530]" genus="Andrographideae" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" rank="genus">Andrographideae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE48B4144CCC8E4979391AD" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE48B4144CCC8E4979391AD" blockId="12.[151,799,187,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
|
||||
– This lineage, comprising ca. eight genera and ca. 130 species, is unusual in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414752CB0294EA960D" box="[574,709,539,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in being restricted to tropical Asia. These genera share the synapomorphy of “daubenpollen”, i.e., pollen with the apertural margins and/or surfaces conspicuously thickened and intricately ornamented with conical spines (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B414487CB829534968D" author="Scotland, R. W. & Vollesen, K." box="[491,795,667,690]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="513 - 589" refId="ref57620" refString="Scotland, R. W. & Vollesen, K. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bull. 55: 513 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4118776" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFE48B414487CB829466968D" box="[491,585,667,690]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
& Vollesen, 2000
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4145FBCBA2975E96ED" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[151,369,699,722]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Although apparently not closely related (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4145F2CBC297A996CD" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[158,390,731,754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), taxa of Andrographideae can otherwise closely resemble members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414762CBE29458972D" box="[526,631,763,786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with these two tribes sharing ascending-cochlear aestivation (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE48B4147E7CA0294CE970D" box="[651,737,795,818]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), two stamens with or without two additional staminodes, and zygomorphic, often bilabiate corollas. However, in addition to the unique pollen
|
||||
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFE48B414443CA62977297AD" box="[303,349,891,914]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
of Andrographideae, they are usually also distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414409CA8297E4978D" box="[357,459,923,946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by ovule and seed number: Andrographideae typically have more than four ovules per ovary and the capsule is usually 6–20-seeded whereas
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4147DACAC2953097CD" box="[694,799,987,1010]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have two or four ovules/seeds per capsule. However, 4-seeded capsules are rarely recorded in Andrographideae, specifically occurring in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41444FCD22944B906D" box="[291,612,1083,1106]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Andrographis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Indoneesiella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B41444FCD229798906D" box="[291,439,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Andrographis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4144A4CD229475906D" box="[456,602,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Indoneesiella</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4147DACD2296C8904D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Sphinctacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4147DACD2296C8904D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Sphinctacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; the latter genus is only tentatively placed in Andrographideae here and with reference only to the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="549A40C0FFE48B41471CCD6294B090AD" box="[624,671,1147,1170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4147C0CD6297CD908D" authority="(T. Anderson) Benth. & Hook. f." authorityName="Benth. & Hook. f." baseAuthorityName="T. Anderson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Sphinctacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griffithii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4147C0CD62953090AD" box="[684,799,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">S. griffithii</emphasis>
|
||||
(T.Anderson) Benth. & Hook.f.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B414775CD829496908D" author="Hansen, B." box="[537,697,1179,1202]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="225 - 228" refId="ref54933" refString="Hansen, B. 1985 b. Notes on the genus Sphinctacanthus (Acanthaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 5: 225 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051. 1985. tb 01652. x" type="journal article" year="1985">Hansen, 1985b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4147A9CD82972090ED" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="97 - 116" refId="ref56658" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2018. The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae) revisited: Phylogenetic relationships reveal polyphyly of many New World genera accompanied by rampant evolution of floral morphology. Syst. Bot. 43: 97 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364418 X 697003" type="journal article" year="2018">McDade & al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; and footnote in the key, below). Molecular phylogenetic studies on Andrographideae have been very limited to date (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4145A3CDE2978A912D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[207,421,1275,1298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4144C3CDE29441912D" author="Arolla, R. G. & Cherukupalli, N. & Khareedu, V. R. & Vudem, D. R." box="[431,622,1275,1298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="91 - 97" refId="ref50391" refString="Arolla, R. G., Cherukupalli, N., Khareedu, V. R. & Vudem, D. R. 2015. DNA barcoding and haplotyping in different species of Andrographis. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 62: 91 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. bse. 2015.08.001" type="journal article" year="2015">Arolla & al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and generic circumscription is still in a state of flux (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B414745CC0294C7910D" author="Deng, Y. & Tan, Y. & Lin, Z. & Huang, Y." box="[553,744,1307,1330]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" refId="ref54064" refString="Deng, Y., Tan, Y., Lin, Z. & Huang, Y. 2020. Gymnostachyum morsei (Acanthaceae: Andrographideae), a new species from Guangxi, China. Kew Bull. 75: 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 020 - 09920 - 5" type="journal volume" year="2020">Deng & al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). For example, the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414417CC2297DB916D" box="[379,500,1339,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Haplanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B414417CC2297DB916D" box="[379,500,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Haplanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was recently reinstated as distinct from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41444ACC42979B914D" box="[294,436,1371,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Andrographis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B41444ACC42979B914D" box="[294,436,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Andrographis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on morphological evidence (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4145F2CC62979E91AD" author="Gnanasekaran, G. & Murthy, G. V. S. & Deng, Y. F." box="[158,433,1403,1426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="165 - 169" refId="ref54731" refString="Gnanasekaran, G., Murthy, G. V. S. & Deng, Y. F. 2016. Resurrection of the genus Haplanthus (Acanthaceae: Andrographinae). Blumea 61: 165 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 000651916 X 693185" type="journal article" year="2016">Gnanasekaran & al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
134
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Normal file
134
data/03/88/4F/03884F74FFE48B4145B5CC829227968D.xml
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
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<mods:title id="8FBAFC03E9007669E5152283CC0F071E">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCFE806B0FE3AF63F0E4BABC1A2A4874">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FDD45ED964417E13C4BBCB8988181C92">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0EDAA8780848C3B98299B1B01825D7EA">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DDD78EBF520A4A991D7196A3BB0ECD5E">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="40DE2C18FE7AEDD86EBD303814D9CE6F">Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D7C4EAB106CD840C1EF0E66E1C313D3">Kiel, Carrie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="44C3CA7B0AA390794AD6C3C802AF744D">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3128B96BDE6A34561585E83F4552E1EC">TAXON</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F761D87A71B7CEF10EC127AC04496627">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4E954483734690094ABB7ACAD0C365B9">2022-02-28</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="17FDAB777751DD81804C40526FDAC2BF">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C0F724350D92C772A4F21A3922EFCD62">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CE37EAE3DD66602EB539A43F3F521FD1" type="DOI">10.1002/tax.12600</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C45F88EE4C9CD14452CAE167EB18EF20" type="ISSN">1996-8175</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03884F74FFE48B4145B5CC829227968D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE48B4145B5CC829227968D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE48B4145B5CC829227968D" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4145B5CC8297AF918E" box="[217,384,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE48B4145B5CC829742918D" box="[217,365,1435,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4145B5CC829746918D" box="[217,361,1435,1458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
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||||
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<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE48B41441FCC849227968D" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE48B41441FCC849227968D" blockId="12.[151,799,187,1970]" lastBlockId="12.[837,1485,187,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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||||
– This small lineage of eight genera and ca. 33 species is confined to tropical Africa and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFE48B4147F3CCA2953091ED" box="[671,799,1467,1490]" name="Madagascar" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4145F2CCC2979F91CD" author="Grall, A. & Darbyshire, I." box="[158,432,1499,1522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="191 - 221" refId="ref54783" refString="Grall, A. & Darbyshire, I. 2021. A synopsis of the African genus Whitfieldia (Acanthaceae: Whitfieldieae) and a key to the species. Kew Bull. 76: 191 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 021 - 09941 - 8" type="journal article" year="2021">Grall & Darbyshire, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4144ADCCC2949091CD" author="Manktelow, M. & McDade, L. A. & Oxelman, B. & Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J." box="[449,703,1499,1522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref56088" refString="Manktelow, M., McDade, L. A., Oxelman, B., Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J. 2001. The enigmatic Tribe Whitfieldieae (Acanthaceae): Delimitation and phylogenetic relationships based on molecular and morphological data. Syst. Bot. 26: 104 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Manktelow & al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
first recognized the tribe
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41443ACCE297C9922D" box="[342,486,1531,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to accommodate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4147C5CCE29531922D" box="[681,798,1531,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Whitfieldia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4147C5CCE29531922D" box="[681,798,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Whitfieldia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
together with two Afro-Malagasy genera,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414732CF029531920D" box="[606,798,1563,1586]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Chlamydacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B414732CF029531920D" box="[606,798,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Chlamydacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4145A8CF22976E926D" box="[196,321,1595,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lankesteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4145A8CF22976E926D" box="[196,321,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Lankesteria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B414423CF22941B926D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[335,564,1595,1618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
recognized a strongly supported core
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414450CF4297E2924D" box="[316,461,1627,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade and found
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4147EACF42952C924D" box="[646,771,1627,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lankesteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4147EACF42952C924D" box="[646,771,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Lankesteria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be weakly supported as sister to it: these clades are here treated as subtribes, Whitfieldiinae and Lankesteriinae.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4147CBCF82970C92ED" author="Manktelow, M. & McDade, L. A. & Oxelman, B. & Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref56088" refString="Manktelow, M., McDade, L. A., Oxelman, B., Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J. 2001. The enigmatic Tribe Whitfieldieae (Acanthaceae): Delimitation and phylogenetic relationships based on molecular and morphological data. Syst. Bot. 26: 104 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Manktelow & al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
proposed several synapomorphies for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4147B3CFA296D692CD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, most notably the presence of concentric rings of ridges protruding from the testa of the seeds and pollen with a densely granular circular area surrounding the pores. The concentric ridges on the seeds are easily observed in Whitfieldiinae where the seeds lack trichomes, but they are hidden by the presence of dense hygroscopic trichomes in Lankesteriinae. Most species for which pollen has been sampled have lenticular, bipororate pollen grains with ectoapertures that are usually very large and pseudocolpi absent, similar to (but homoplasious with) the “gürtelpollen” of Isoglossinae,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4140F9C9E29555950D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4146E5C80292AB950D" author="Manktelow, M. & McDade, L. A. & Oxelman, B. & Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J." box="[905,1156,283,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref56088" refString="Manktelow, M., McDade, L. A., Oxelman, B., Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J. 2001. The enigmatic Tribe Whitfieldieae (Acanthaceae): Delimitation and phylogenetic relationships based on molecular and morphological data. Syst. Bot. 26: 104 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Manktelow & al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4141FDC802935F950D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[1169,1392,283,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Exceptions are
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4146CFC8229257956D" box="[931,1144,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Whitfieldia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4146CFC8229257956D" box="[931,1144,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Whitfieldia elongata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which has pantofororate pollen, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414618C84295DF954D" box="[884,1008,347,370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lankesteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B414618C84295DF954D" box="[884,1008,347,370]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Lankesteria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which has triporate pollen with a reticulate exine (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4146E5C862925395AD" author="Manktelow, M. & McDade, L. A. & Oxelman, B. & Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J." box="[905,1148,379,402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref56088" refString="Manktelow, M., McDade, L. A., Oxelman, B., Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J. 2001. The enigmatic Tribe Whitfieldieae (Acanthaceae): Delimitation and phylogenetic relationships based on molecular and morphological data. Syst. Bot. 26: 104 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Manktelow & al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414062C86293B195AD" box="[1294,1438,379,402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also combine left-contort aestivation (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE48B4141CCC88292DC958D" box="[1184,1267,411,434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and four androecial elements (usually four stamens in Whitfieldiinae, two stamens + two staminodes in Lankesteriinae), without any basal fusion of filaments and lacking a filament curtain. Ruellieae also have left-contort aestivation, but in that tribe, all but four of the genera have a well-developed filament curtain (see below). We note that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B4146C5CB429284964D" author="Manktelow, M. & McDade, L. A. & Oxelman, B. & Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J." box="[937,1195,603,626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref56088" refString="Manktelow, M., McDade, L. A., Oxelman, B., Furness, C. A. & Balkwill, M. - J. 2001. The enigmatic Tribe Whitfieldieae (Acanthaceae): Delimitation and phylogenetic relationships based on molecular and morphological data. Syst. Bot. 26: 104 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">Manktelow & al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported imbricate aestivation in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4146E1CB62926696AD" box="[909,1097,635,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Chlamydacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4146E1CB62926696AD" box="[909,1097,635,658]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Chlamydacanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but we have observed only contorted buds in that genus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
129
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<mods:namePart id="278529DF04CC90539D5157735EE20C41">Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="60AB2B95571A5589E045CAC602D51F1A">* Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DA8B0163662C68FF124500B4ED74B26D">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="29329C60C83C32AC61BAB0EE4164D2E7">* & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B85F483B247EFDB11182518926F020A0">Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="23E6ADBDD8E17DD7F33ED1BF8383F6D5">Kiel, Carrie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5D2B42347D319BFE51AC115C2F3CD4D2">California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5FA57043B988ADC10A8DDAD91A833919">TAXON</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="503B7A91AFBE0875C9730798F6989A9E">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="76F96861CBD5E46172A7A9AF7582E3A5">2022-02-28</mods:number>
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|
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<mods:number id="AD7A3457E10B0797767B5F9E8A9A6337">71</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03884F74FFE48B4146E6CBA2924A92ED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03884F74FFE48B4146E6CBA2924A92ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFE48B4146E6CBA2924A92ED" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4146E6CBA2926796EE" box="[906,1096,699,722]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4146E6CBA2920196ED" box="[906,1070,699,722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Neuracantheae">Neuracantheae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C33BADE9FFE48B414157CBA4924A92ED" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFE48B414157CBA4924A92ED" blockId="12.[837,1485,187,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">
|
||||
– This tribe comprises the enigmatic Paleotropical genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414175CBC292CA96CD" authority="Nees" authorityName="Nees" box="[1049,1253,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Neuracanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B414175CBC2928496CD" box="[1049,1195,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Neuracanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
Nees
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(32 spp.).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B41403BCBC29586972D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
found
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41469ECBE292AB972D" box="[1010,1156,763,786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Neuracanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B41469ECBE292AB972D" box="[1010,1156,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Neuracanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be monophyletic with strong support but were unable to place it with certainty within the phylogeny of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4146B9CA229271976D" box="[981,1118,827,850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Instead, it was found to be weakly supported as sister to a clade comprising (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414078CA4293AF974D" box="[1300,1408,859,882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Barlerieae">Barlerieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
+ Andrographideae) +
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41416ECA6292B997AD" box="[1026,1174,891,914]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Whitfieldieae">Whitfieldieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The proposed morphological synapomorphy for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41417CCA82928B978D" box="[1040,1188,923,946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Neuracanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B41417CCA82928B978D" box="[1040,1188,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Neuracanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and hence for tribe
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4140EFCA82958B97ED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Neuracantheae">Neuracantheae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, is a bilabiate calyx with three posterior lobes and two anterior lobes (i.e., in a 3 + 2 pattern) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B41404BCAC29550902D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1136 - 1152" refId="ref56526" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s. l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136 - 1152. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0800096" type="journal article" year="2008">McDade & al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The arrangement of the corolla is also unique among
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414629CD0295FF900D" box="[837,976,1051,1074]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: the two posterior lobes are largely fused to form a lobe similar in size and shape to each of the three anterior lobes, and these four broad, shallow lobes are arranged in a ± equidistant manner such that the limb is funnel-shaped and appears only weakly zygomorphic (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B41418FCD82955190ED" author="Bidgood, S. & Brummitt, R. K." pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref50855" refString="Bidgood, S. & Brummitt, R. K. 1998. A revision of the genus Neuracanthus (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 53: 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4110453" type="journal article" year="1998">Bidgood & Brummitt, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Other features are shared with members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B41400DCDA293E290ED" box="[1377,1485,1211,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Barlerieae">Barlerieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and thus tentatively support a close relationship with that tribe. For example, presence of hygroscopic trichomes on the seeds and exstipitate, 2- or 4-seeded capsules. The androecium is composed of four didynamous stamens, the anterior pair being bithecous and the posterior pair monothecous, an arrangement also found in some species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4141D9CC62936E91AD" box="[1205,1345,1403,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Lepidagathis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4141D9CC62936E91AD" box="[1205,1345,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Lepidagathis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414033CC6293E391AD" box="[1375,1484,1403,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Barlerieae">Barlerieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B414620CC829255918D" author="Bidgood, S. & Brummitt, R. K." box="[844,1146,1435,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref50855" refString="Bidgood, S. & Brummitt, R. K. 1998. A revision of the genus Neuracanthus (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 53: 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4110453" type="journal article" year="1998">Bidgood & Brummitt, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, the pollen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4140EECC8295B691ED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Neuracanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4140EECC8295B691ED" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Neuracanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is tricolporate with a perforate tectum, does not closely resemble pollen of any its putative relatives. The corolla aestivation pattern of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B4141E6CCE2930F922D" box="[1162,1312,1531,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Neuracanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE48B4141E6CCE2930F922D" box="[1162,1312,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Neuracanthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is described as induplicate by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE48B414689CF02933E920D" author="Balkwill, K. & Welman, W. G." box="[997,1297,1563,1586]" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" refId="ref50513" refString="Balkwill, K. & Welman, W. G. 2000. Acanthaceae. Pp. 34 - 45 in: Leistner, O. A. (ed.), Seed plants of southern Africa: Families and genera. Strelitzia 10. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute." type="journal volume" year="2000">Balkwill & Welman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, in which the corolla lobes are folded inwards at the margin and do not overlap (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131AE2E7FFE48B414621CF42958A924D" box="[845,933,1627,1650]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1865,1886]" captionTargetBox="[116,1420,1645,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-801@11.[104,1436,1642,1830]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the “open” aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14047434/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="115">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This represents a unique aestivation pattern in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE48B414629CF6295E392AD" box="[837,972,1659,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Attempts by the current authors to confirm this from herbarium material have been inconclusive (I. Darbyshire and T.F. Daniel, pers. obs.).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
149
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149
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<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4045C5CDA2973A90ED" box="[169,277,1211,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
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.
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||||
– With ca. 100 currently recognized genera and at least 2000 species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B40441DCDC297F890CD" box="[369,471,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are the largest of the major sublineages of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404591CDE297AD912D" box="[253,386,1275,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The work of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404766CDE294C5912D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Masta, S. E. & Riley, K. M." box="[522,746,1275,1298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="435 - 458" refId="ref56386" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Masta, S. E. & Riley, K. M. 2000 b. Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Justicieae (Acanthaceae): Evidence from molecular sequences, morphology, and cytology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 435 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2666140" type="journal article" year="2000">McDade & al. (2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B40450BCC0296B3910D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[103,156,1307,1330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) supports the monophyly of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4044A1CC029400910D" box="[461,559,1307,1330]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
consisting of four major clades: the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404448CC2297CF916D" box="[292,480,1339,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Pseuderanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseuderanthemum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lineage, Isoglossinae, the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B40450BCC429711914D" authority="lineage" authorityName="Lineage" box="[103,318,1371,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Tetramerium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tetramerium lineage</taxonomicName>
|
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, and the Justicioids, with Isoglossinae further subdivided by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404447CC62942791AD" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[299,520,1403,1426]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">McDade & al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
into Isoglossinae s.str. and the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4045D4CC82971E918D" box="[184,305,1435,1458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ptyssiglottis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ptyssiglottis</taxonomicName>
|
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lineage. The major clades of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404731CC82969E91ED" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Masta, S. E. & Riley, K. M." pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="435 - 458" refId="ref56386" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Masta, S. E. & Riley, K. M. 2000 b. Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Justicieae (Acanthaceae): Evidence from molecular sequences, morphology, and cytology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 435 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2666140" type="journal article" year="2000">McDade & al. (2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B4045D3CCA296DC91ED" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[191,243,1467,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) are here treated formally among five subtribes: Graptophyllinae, Isoglossinae, Monotheciinae, Tetrameriinae, and Justiciinae.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404467CCE29742922D" box="[267,365,1531,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are marked by the presence of tricolporate, hexapseudocolpate pollen, a morphology not known in other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4045CCCF22970A926D" box="[160,293,1595,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This pollen is known from all major lineages of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4045EFCF4296C8924D" box="[131,231,1627,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, possibly excepting Isoglossinae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B40472CCF4294C4924D" author="Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Champluvier, D." box="[576,747,1627,1650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="683 - 694" refId="ref55616" refString="Kiel, C. A., McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Champluvier, D. 2006. Phylogenetic delimitation of Isoglossinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) and relationships among constituent genera. Taxon 55: 683 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065644" type="journal article" year="2006">Kiel & al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B40450BCF62971192AD" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[103,318,1659,1682]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">McDade & al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), with subsequent evolutionary changes in pollen morphology occurring in all subtribes (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404753CF8294C5928D" author="Kiel, C. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A." box="[575,746,1691,1714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="645 - 674" refId="ref55675" refString="Kiel, C. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A. 2017. Unraveling relationships in the morphologically diverse and taxonomically challenging ' justicioid' lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae). Taxon 66: 645 - 674. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 663.8" type="journal article" year="2017">Kiel & al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2018;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B4045CBCFA2975692ED" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[167,377,1723,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">McDade & al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Isoglossinae are marked by “gürtelpollen”, i.e., bipororate (more rarely tri- or tetrapororate), usually lenticular pollen with a pronounced marginal girdle. Among Justiciinae some species retain tricolporate hexapseudocolpate pollen but in many other species, particularly NW Justiciinae, exine ornamentation and aperture number depart considerably. In contrast to Ruellieae, species of which have a wide range in seed number, members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404417CE8297F2938D" box="[379,477,1947,1970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
typically have two to four seeds per capsule.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4046BDC9A2921C94ED" box="[977,1075,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are also notable for their androecial diversity, with staminal elements ranging from two to four, together with additional innovations (see below). Plants of Graptophyllinae have four staminal elements, either as four stamens or as two stamens + two staminodes. In contrast, all other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404057C82293B2956D" box="[1339,1437,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have just two stamens and no staminodes, with the exception of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404679C862927495AD" authority="(Tetrameriinae)" baseAuthorityName="Tetrameriinae" box="[789,1115,379,402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Chalarothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B404679C862959D95AD" box="[789,946,379,402]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Chalarothyrsus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Tetrameriinae)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which has four stamens. Species of Justiciinae have corollas with a rugula (i.e., a medial furrow in the internal surface of the dorsal corolla lip and tube in which the style lies during anthesis). The rugula is lost secondarily in some genera including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B40413BC8E29292962D" box="[1111,1213,507,530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Dicliptera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B40413BC8E29292962D" box="[1111,1213,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Dicliptera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B404181C8E2937A962D" box="[1261,1365,507,530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9552270FFE58B404181C8E2937A962D" box="[1261,1365,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="116">Hypoestes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Additionally, taxa of Justiciinae often have “anther complexity” in which the thecae are not parallel, not evenly inserted on the filament (i.e., the pair are offset from one another), and/or are basally awned or spurred (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B4046B6CB6292A596AD" author="Kiel, C. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A." box="[986,1162,635,658]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="645 - 674" refId="ref55675" refString="Kiel, C. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L. A. 2017. Unraveling relationships in the morphologically diverse and taxonomically challenging ' justicioid' lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae). Taxon 66: 645 - 674. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 663.8" type="journal article" year="2017">Kiel & al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2018). Unevenly inserted and/or oblique thecae are also frequent in Isoglossinae but there the thecae are not awned or spurred (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B4041F8CBA2936596ED" author="Darbyshire, I." box="[1172,1354,699,722]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="401 - 427" refId="ref53242" refString="Darbyshire, I. 2009. Taxonomic notes and novelties in the genus Isoglossa (Acanthaceae) from east Africa. Kew Bull. 64: 401 - 427. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 009 - 9123 - 5" type="journal article" year="2009">Darbyshire, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404039CBA295EC96CD" author="Darbyshire, I. & Pearce, L. & Banks, H." pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="425 - 439" refId="ref53465" refString="Darbyshire, I., Pearce, L. & Banks, H. 2011. The genus Isoglossa (Acanthaceae) in west Africa. Kew Bull. 66: 425 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 011 - 9292 - x" type="journal article" year="2011">Darbyshire & al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B4046A3CBC2928A96CD" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[975,1189,731,754]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">McDade & al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Unevenly inserted and oblique thecae are uncommon elsewhere in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFE58B4041B9CBE29316972D" box="[1237,1337,763,786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="148" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Justicieae">Justicieae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, although awned or otherwise appendaged thecae are widespread in Graptophyllinae and occasional in Monotheciinae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404187CA229578974D" author="Darbyshire, I. & Tripp, E. A. & Chase, F. M." pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref53698" refString="Darbyshire, I., Tripp, E. A. & Chase, F. M. 2019 c. A taxonomic revision of Acanthaceae tribe Barlerieae in Angola and Namibia. Part 1. Kew Bull. 74: 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 018 - 9791 - 0" type="journal volume" year="2019">Darbyshire & al., 2019c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B40460FCA429211974D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[867,1086,859,882]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">McDade & al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). There are, at present, no known morphological synapomorphies for Tetrameriinae or Monotheciinae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B404633CA82921A978D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A." box="[863,1077,923,946]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" pagination="97 - 116" refId="ref56658" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F. & Kiel, C. A. 2018. The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae) revisited: Phylogenetic relationships reveal polyphyly of many New World genera accompanied by rampant evolution of floral morphology. Syst. Bot. 43: 97 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364418 X 697003" type="journal article" year="2018">McDade & al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB08393FFE58B40412CCA829258978D" author="McDade, L. A. & Daniel, T. F. & Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A." box="[1088,1143,923,946]" pageId="13" pageNumber="116" refId="ref56792" refString="McDade, L. A., Daniel, T. F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C. A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38 (1). https: // doi. org / 10. 5642 / aliso. 20213801.02" type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue