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<document id="02C4FB736DCE01E0D22E6D6C1ABC29C5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157848" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d8cd1fd3-0d47-423c-ae7e-39fd0111adf6" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157848" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461012540927" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Triggiani, Oreste, Ek, Zdenek Mrá Č &amp; Reid, Alex" docDate="2004" docId="AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00460.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 460" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Steinernema apuliae Triggiani, Ek &amp; Reid, 2004, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="5256337FC279FFB4FFA5043B96205216" masterDocTitle="Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698567753432" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="1A1D263E9618C55E600430084374DDA5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="EF0123A42D9BEE675DB038C8FF2DA36E">Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="03F5FA397C86C67A1CF1C3FBCEFD4BB9">Triggiani, Oreste</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC50F5EC1A6F03557568A441E7BDF69D">Ek, Zdenek Mrá Č</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A0F8A2866BDFEBF24692F9DFEC56C043">Reid, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="78AE292C1AAD4C4357819C61DCF23B05">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D3B491037F074F13E241AE0E7AAA427B">2004</mods:date>
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<treatment id="AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5619141" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600586" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5619141" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" box="[264,759,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" blockId="2.[264,759,358,384]" box="[264,759,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="7D314D7DC27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" bold="true" box="[264,759,358,384]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" bold="true" box="[264,759,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27BFFB6FEAD055D94215396" box="[264,513,358,384]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD055D94215396" bold="true" box="[264,513,358,384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27BFFB6FDAD055D946A5396" box="[520,586,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27BFFB6FDFC055D94CD5396" box="[601,749,358,384]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1. A" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2. A" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId-0="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionStartId-2="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetBox-2="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC27BFFBCFEAD058A94C75060" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD058A94855055" blockId="2.[264,1324,433,579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD058A979253DC" box="[264,434,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Measurements</emphasis>
: Morphometrics of first and second generation
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FC7A058A926453DD" box="[991,1092,433,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27BFFB6FB10058A930B53DC" box="[1205,1323,433,458]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FB10058A930B53DC" box="[1205,1323,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27BFFB6FEAD05E2976753E5" box="[264,327,473,499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are given in Table 1, morphometrics of first and second generation
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FBC005E292EA53E5" box="[1125,1226,473,499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
females in
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27BFFB6FE83063A975E500D" box="[294,382,513,539]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[280,1288,380,1003]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation paratype females of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343">Table 2</tableCitation>
and morphometrics of the
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FD19063A9503500D" box="[700,803,513,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(third­stage infective juvenile) and of thirdstage
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FEE9061297915055" box="[332,433,553,579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
juveniles in
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27BFFB6FDE2061294805055" box="[583,672,553,579]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,352,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[280,1297,1153,1796]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 3: Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD069A926850CB" blockId="2.[264,1323,673,733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD069A975550AF" bold="true" box="[264,373,673,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TABLE 1</emphasis>
: Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FC20069A95C150AE" box="[901,993,673,696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27BFFB6FBEB0699930B50AF" box="[1102,1323,674,697]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FBEB0699930B50AF" box="[1102,1323,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27BFFB6FEAD06FE976150CA" box="[264,321,709,732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FE28073F92E95503" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<table id="54C608B1C27B004BFE8D073F92D95503" box="[296,1273,772,1813]" gridcols="3" gridrows="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D073F92D9510F" box="[296,1273,772,793]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D073F946F510F" box="[296,591,772,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Character</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B073F95B4510F" box="[670,916,772,793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">First generation (n = 20)</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51073F92D9510F" box="[1012,1273,772,793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Second generation (n = 20)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D071592D95155" box="[296,1273,814,835]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0715946F5155" box="[296,591,814,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Body length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B071595B45155" box="[670,916,814,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1412 ± 114 (1272 ­ 1616)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51071592D95155" box="[1012,1273,814,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1135 ± 112 (929 – 1394)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D076292D95178" box="[296,1273,857,878]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0762946F5178" box="[296,591,857,878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Greatest diameter</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B076295B45178" box="[670,916,857,878]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">104 ± 10.6 (86 – 124)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51076292D95178" box="[1012,1273,857,878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">76 ± 4.1 (70 – 89)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D07B892D9518E" box="[296,1273,899,920]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D07B8946F518E" box="[296,591,899,920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stoma length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B07B895B4518E" box="[670,916,899,920]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.5 ± 0.3 (3.2 – 4)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5107B892D9518E" box="[1012,1273,899,920]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3 ± 0.4 (2.4 –3.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D079592D951D5" box="[296,1273,942,963]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0795946F51D5" box="[296,591,942,963]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stoma width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B079595B451D5" box="[670,916,942,963]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10.3 ± 0.7 (8.7 ­ 12.2)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51079592D951D5" box="[1012,1273,942,963]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6 ± 0.6 (4.8 ­ 6.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D07E392D951FB" box="[296,1273,984,1005]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D07E3946F51FB" box="[296,591,984,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Anterior end to Excretory pore</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B07E395B451FB" box="[670,916,984,1005]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">141 ± 8.6 (124 – 153)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5107E392D951FB" box="[1012,1273,984,1005]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">135 ± 2.9 (113 – 162)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D003892D9560E" box="[296,1273,1027,1048]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0038946F560E" box="[296,591,1027,1048]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B003895B4560E" box="[670,916,1027,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">175 ± 9.7 (156 – 188)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51003892D9560E" box="[1012,1273,1027,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">184 ± 9.4 (164 – 199)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D001592D95655" box="[296,1273,1070,1091]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0015946F5655" box="[296,591,1070,1091]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B001595B45655" box="[670,916,1070,1091]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">38 ± 2.3 (33 – 41)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51001592D95655" box="[1012,1273,1070,1091]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">36 ± 2.8 (33 – 45)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D006392D9567B" box="[296,1273,1112,1133]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0063946F567B" box="[296,591,1112,1133]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Anal body width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B006395B4567B" box="[670,916,1112,1133]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">44 ± 2.4 (41 – 48)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51006392D9567B" box="[1012,1273,1112,1133]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">41± 3 (37 – 48)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D00B892D9568E" box="[296,1273,1155,1176]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D00B8946F568E" box="[296,591,1155,1176]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mucron length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B00B895B4568E" box="[670,916,1155,1176]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5100B892D9568E" box="[1012,1273,1155,1176]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D009692D956D4" box="[296,1273,1197,1218]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0096946F56D4" box="[296,591,1197,1218]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Spicule length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B009695B456D4" box="[670,916,1197,1218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">72 ± 5(64 – 80)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51009692D956D4" box="[1012,1273,1197,1218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">66 ± 3.1 (60 – 72)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D00E392D956FB" box="[296,1273,1240,1261]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D00E3946F56FB" box="[296,591,1240,1261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manubrium length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B00E395B456FB" box="[670,916,1240,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">21 ± 1.9 (18 – 24)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5100E392D956FB" box="[1012,1273,1240,1261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">21 ± 1.4 (18 – 22)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D013992D95701" box="[296,1273,1282,1303]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0139946F5701" box="[296,591,1282,1303]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manubrium width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B013995B45701" box="[670,916,1282,1303]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13 ± 1.3 (11 – 16)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51013992D95701" box="[1012,1273,1282,1303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12 ± 1 (10 – 13)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D011692D95754" box="[296,1273,1325,1346]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0116946F5754" box="[296,591,1325,1346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calomus</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B011695B45754" box="[670,916,1325,1346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9.8 ± 1 (8 – 12)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51011692D95754" box="[1012,1273,1325,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9 ± 0.7 (8– 10.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D016C92D9577A" box="[296,1273,1367,1388]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D016C946F577A" box="[296,591,1367,1388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Velum length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B016C95B4577A" box="[670,916,1367,1388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">25 ± 8 (18 – 26)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51016C92D9577A" box="[1012,1273,1367,1388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">23 ± 1.6 (21 – 25)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D01B992D95781" box="[296,1273,1410,1431]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D01B9946F5781" box="[296,591,1410,1431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gubernaculum length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B01B995B45781" box="[670,916,1410,1431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">50 ± 2.5 (46 – 54)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5101B992D95781" box="[1012,1273,1410,1431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">47 ± 1.4 (45 – 49)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D019792D957D7" box="[296,1273,1452,1473]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0197946F57D7" box="[296,591,1452,1473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gubernaculum width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B019795B457D7" box="[670,916,1452,1473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9.7 ± 0.4 (9.5 – 10.3)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51019792D957D7" box="[1012,1273,1452,1473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8.3 ± 0.8 (6 – 9.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D01EC92D957FA" box="[296,1273,1495,1516]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D01EC946F57FA" box="[296,591,1495,1516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B01EC95B457FA" box="[670,916,1495,1516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14 ± 1.3 (11 – 16)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5101EC92D957FA" box="[1012,1273,1495,1516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">15 ± 1.1 (13 – 17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D023A92D95400" box="[296,1273,1537,1558]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D023A946F5400" box="[296,591,1537,1558]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B023A95B45400" box="[670,916,1537,1558]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8.1 ± 0.7 (7.1 –10)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51023A92D95400" box="[1012,1273,1537,1558]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6.1 ± 0.7 (4.9 –7.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D021792D95457" box="[296,1273,1580,1601]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0217946F5457" box="[296,591,1580,1601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B021795B45457" box="[670,916,1580,1601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">38 ± 3.8 (31 – 48)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51021792D95457" box="[1012,1273,1580,1601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">31 ± 2.7 (26 – 37)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D026D92D9547D" box="[296,1273,1622,1643]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D026D946F547D" box="[296,591,1622,1643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C'</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B026D95B4547D" box="[670,916,1622,1643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.8 ± 0.1 (3.3 – 4.3)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51026D92D9547D" box="[1012,1273,1622,1643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.7 ± 0.3 (3.1 –4.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D02BA92D95480" box="[296,1273,1665,1686]" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D02BA946F5480" box="[296,591,1665,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D %</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B02BA95B45480" box="[670,916,1665,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">81 ± 0.9 (75 – 92)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5102BA92D95480" box="[1012,1273,1665,1686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">74 ± 8.6 (61 – 90)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D029792D954D7" box="[296,1273,1708,1729]" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0297946F54D7" box="[296,591,1708,1729]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">SW*</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B029795B454D7" box="[670,916,1708,1729]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.6 ± 0.03 (1.5 – 1.8)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51029792D954D7" box="[1012,1273,1708,1729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.6 ± 0.1 (1.4 – 1.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D02ED92D954FD" box="[296,1273,1750,1771]" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D02ED946F54FD" box="[296,591,1750,1771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">GS**</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B02ED95B454FD" box="[670,916,1750,1771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0.7 ± 0.01 (0.7 – 0.8)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5102ED92D954FD" box="[1012,1273,1750,1771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0.7 ± 0.03 (0.7 –0.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D033B92D95503" box="[296,1273,1792,1813]" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D033B946F5503" box="[296,591,1792,1813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manubrium length/width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B033B95B45503" box="[670,916,1792,1813]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.6 ± 0.2 (1.2 – 1.7)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51033B92D95503" box="[1012,1273,1792,1813]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.8 ± 0.1 (1.6– 2)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD030393265559" blockId="2.[264,1286,1848,1871]" box="[264,1286,1848,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">* spicule length divided by anal body width, ** gubernaculum length divided by spicule length.</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" ID-Table-UUID="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[280,1288,380,1003]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FEAD0520975A5325" bold="true" box="[264,378,283,307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation paratype females of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27AFFB7FBF50527930B5325" box="[1104,1323,284,307]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FBF50527930B5325" box="[1104,1323,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27AFFB7FEAD050597615343" box="[264,321,318,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FE2D054792F851FD" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="54C608B1C27A004BFEBD0547932851FD" box="[280,1288,380,1003]" gridcols="3" gridrows="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD054793285385" box="[280,1288,380,403]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD054794405385" box="[280,608,380,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Character</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220547958B5385" box="[647,939,380,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">First generation (n = 15)</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43054793285385" box="[998,1288,380,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Second generation (n = 20)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD059C932853A8" box="[280,1288,423,446]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD059C944053A8" box="[280,608,423,446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Body length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD22059C958B53A8" box="[647,939,423,446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5086 ± 1700 (2828 – 9474)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43059C932853A8" box="[998,1288,423,446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2362 ± 433 (1818 – 3192)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD05E9932853FF" box="[280,1288,466,489]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD05E9944053FF" box="[280,608,466,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Greatest diameter</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2205E9958B53FF" box="[647,939,466,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">271 ± 40 (227 – 383)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4305E9932853FF" box="[998,1288,466,489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">144 ± 25 (105 – 196)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD05C693285002" box="[280,1288,509,532]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD05C694405002" box="[280,608,509,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stoma length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2205C6958B5002" box="[647,939,509,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.1 ± 1.1 (6.4 – 11.5)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4305C693285002" box="[998,1288,509,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5.5 ± 0.6 (4.7 – 6.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD061393285029" box="[280,1288,552,575]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD061394405029" box="[280,608,552,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stoma width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220613958B5029" box="[647,939,552,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14 ± 1.2 (11 – 16)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43061393285029" box="[998,1288,552,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9.3 ± 0.8 (7.9 – 10.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD06689328507C" box="[280,1288,595,618]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD06689440507C" box="[280,608,595,618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anterior end to Excretory pore</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220668958B507C" box="[647,939,595,618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">184 ± 15 (141 – 199)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4306689328507C" box="[998,1288,595,618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">158 ± 18 (129 – 187)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD064693285082" box="[280,1288,637,660]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD064694405082" box="[280,608,637,660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220646958B5082" box="[647,939,637,660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">229 ± 11 (207 – 246)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43064693285082" box="[998,1288,637,660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">225 ± 24 (196 – 266)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD0693932850A9" box="[280,1288,680,703]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0693944050A9" box="[280,608,680,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220693958B50A9" box="[647,939,680,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">62 ± 8.2 (47 – 74)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC430693932850A9" box="[998,1288,680,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">61 ± 4.4 (51 – 67)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD06E8932850FC" box="[280,1288,723,746]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD06E8944050FC" box="[280,608,723,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anal body width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2206E8958B50FC" box="[647,939,723,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">69 ± 6.2 (54 – 78)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4306E8932850FC" box="[998,1288,723,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">46 ± 9.7 (35 – 70)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD06C593285103" box="[280,1288,766,789]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD06C594405103" box="[280,608,766,789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2206C5958B5103" box="[647,939,766,789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">19 ± 5.7 (11 – 33)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4306C593285103" box="[998,1288,766,789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16 ± 1.6 (12 – 19)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD071293285156" box="[280,1288,809,832]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD071294405156" box="[280,608,809,832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220712958B5156" box="[647,939,809,832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">22 ± 6.8 (13 – 39)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43071293285156" box="[998,1288,809,832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14 ± 2.1 (12 – 21)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD076F9328517D" box="[280,1288,852,875]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD076F9440517D" box="[280,608,852,875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD22076F958B517D" box="[647,939,852,875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">82 ± 29 (52 – 173)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43076F9328517D" box="[998,1288,852,875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">46 ± 5.6 (40 – 64)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD074593285183" box="[280,1288,894,917]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD074594405183" box="[280,608,894,917]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C'</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220745958B5183" box="[647,939,894,917]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3 ± 0.3 (2.4 – 3.6)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43074593285183" box="[998,1288,894,917]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.3 ± 0.1 (1 – 1.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD0792932851D6" box="[280,1288,937,960]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0792944051D6" box="[280,608,937,960]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220792958B51D6" box="[647,939,937,960]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">55 ± 1.8 (50 – 58)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC430792932851D6" box="[998,1288,937,960]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">57 ± 1.9 (55 – 61)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD07EF932851FD" box="[280,1288,980,1003]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD07EF944051FD" box="[280,608,980,1003]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D %</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2207EF958B51FD" box="[647,939,980,1003]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">80 ± 4.7 (68 – 87)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4307EF932851FD" box="[998,1288,980,1003]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">70 ± 5.1 (60 – 78)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" ID-Table-UUID="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[280,1297,1153,1796]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" blockId="3.[264,1323,1057,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FEAD001A9756562F" bold="true" box="[264,374,1057,1081]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 3</emphasis>
: Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27AFFB7FCD8001A927A562E" box="[893,1114,1057,1080]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FCD8001A927A562E" box="[893,1114,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27AFFB7FBC7001A92BD562E" box="[1122,1181,1057,1080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FED800BA92FE5512" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="54C608B1C27A004BFEBD00BA93315512" box="[280,1297,1153,1796]" gridcols="4" gridrows="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD00BA93315680" box="[280,1297,1153,1174]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD00BA941F5680" box="[280,575,1153,1174]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Character</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC300BA949F5680" box="[614,703,1153,1174]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holotype</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7900BA959E5680" box="[732,958,1153,1174]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratypes (n = 19)</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7800BA93315680" box="[989,1297,1153,1174]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Laboratory populations (n = 20)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD0092933156A8" box="[280,1297,1193,1214]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0092941F56A8" box="[280,575,1193,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Body length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC30092949F56A8" box="[614,703,1193,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1192</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD790092959E56A8" box="[732,958,1193,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1064 ± 66 (945 – 1212)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC780092933156A8" box="[989,1297,1193,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1063 ± 81 (869 – 1192)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD00EA933156F0" box="[280,1297,1233,1254]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD00EA941F56F0" box="[280,575,1233,1254]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Greatest diameter</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC300EA949F56F0" box="[614,703,1233,1254]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">38</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7900EA959E56F0" box="[732,958,1233,1254]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">37 ± 1.9 (34 – 41)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7800EA933156F0" box="[989,1297,1233,1254]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">36 ± 1.8 (33 – 40)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD00C293315718" box="[280,1297,1273,1294]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD00C2941F5718" box="[280,575,1273,1294]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anterior end to Excretory pore</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC300C2949F5718" box="[614,703,1273,1294]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">100</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7900C2959E5718" box="[732,958,1273,1294]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">95 ± 4.2 (86 – 102)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7800C293315718" box="[989,1297,1273,1294]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">93 ± 21 (41 – 57)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD011B93315723" box="[280,1297,1312,1333]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD011B941F5723" box="[280,575,1312,1333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anterior end to Nerve ring</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3011B949F5723" box="[614,703,1312,1333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">119</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79011B959E5723" box="[732,958,1312,1333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">111 ± 5.3 (103 – 104)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78011B93315723" box="[989,1297,1312,1333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">109 ± 6.7 (100 – 122)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01739331574B" box="[280,1297,1352,1373]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0173941F574B" box="[280,575,1352,1373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC30173949F574B" box="[614,703,1352,1373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">146</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD790173959E574B" box="[732,958,1352,1373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">145 ± 6.4 (137 – 159)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801739331574B" box="[989,1297,1352,1373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">147 ± 8.5 (134 – 164)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD014B93315793" box="[280,1297,1392,1413]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD014B941F5793" box="[280,575,1392,1413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3014B949F5793" box="[614,703,1392,1413]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">73</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79014B959E5793" box="[732,958,1392,1413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">71 ± 5.4 (63 – 80)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78014B93315793" box="[989,1297,1392,1413]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">74 ± 6.6 (64 – 83)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01A3933157BB" box="[280,1297,1432,1453]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD01A3941F57BB" box="[280,575,1432,1453]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hyaline tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC301A3949F57BB" box="[614,703,1432,1453]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">33</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7901A3959E57BB" box="[732,958,1432,1453]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30 ± 2.7 (25 – 34)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801A3933157BB" box="[989,1297,1432,1453]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31 ± 2.6 (27 – 35)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01FA933157CE" box="[280,1297,1473,1496]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD01FA941F57CE" box="[280,575,1473,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anal body width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC301FA949F57CE" box="[614,703,1473,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7901FA959E57CE" box="[732,958,1473,1496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">23 ± 1.4 (20 – 26)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801FA933157CE" box="[989,1297,1473,1496]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">23 ± 1.2 (21 – 25)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01D793315415" box="[280,1297,1516,1539]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD01D7941F5415" box="[280,575,1516,1539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC301D7949F5415" box="[614,703,1516,1539]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7901D7959E5415" box="[732,958,1516,1539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29 ± 1.4 (26 – 31)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801D793315415" box="[989,1297,1516,1539]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29 ± 2 (26 – 30)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD022D9331543B" box="[280,1297,1558,1581]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD022D941F543B" box="[280,575,1558,1581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3022D949F543B" box="[614,703,1558,1581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.2</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79022D959E543B" box="[732,958,1558,1581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.3 ± 0.3 (6.8 – 7.8)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78022D9331543B" box="[989,1297,1558,1581]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.2 ± 0.6 (6.5 – 7.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD027A9331544E" box="[280,1297,1601,1624]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD027A941F544E" box="[280,575,1601,1624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3027A949F544E" box="[614,703,1601,1624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16.3</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79027A959E544E" box="[732,958,1601,1624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15 ± 0.7 (14 – 17)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78027A9331544E" box="[989,1297,1601,1624]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14 ± 0.7 (14 – 16)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD025793315495" box="[280,1297,1644,1667]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0257941F5495" box="[280,575,1644,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C'</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC30257949F5495" box="[614,703,1644,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.9</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD790257959E5495" box="[732,958,1644,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.0 ± 0.2 (2.7 – 3.3)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78025793315495" box="[989,1297,1644,1667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.3 ± 0.3 (2.8 – 3.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD02AC933154B8" box="[280,1297,1687,1710]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD02AC941F54B8" box="[280,575,1687,1710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">E</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC302AC949F54B8" box="[614,703,1687,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.4</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7902AC959E54B8" box="[732,958,1687,1710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.3 ± 0.1 (1.2 – 1.5)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7802AC933154B8" box="[989,1297,1687,1710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.3 ± 0.1 (1.1 – 1.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD02F9933154CF" box="[280,1297,1730,1753]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD02F9941F54CF" box="[280,575,1730,1753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">H % *</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC302F9949F54CF" box="[614,703,1730,1753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">46</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7902F9959E54CF" box="[732,958,1730,1753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">42 ± 2.6 (38 – 47)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7802F9933154CF" box="[989,1297,1730,1753]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">41 ± 2.5 (35 – 45)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD02D693315512" box="[280,1297,1773,1796]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD02D6941F5512" box="[280,575,1773,1796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D %**</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC302D6949F5512" box="[614,703,1773,1796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">68</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7902D6959E5512" box="[732,958,1773,1796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">66 ± 2.3 (63 – 70)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7802D693315512" box="[989,1297,1773,1796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">66 ± 0.05 (58 – 77)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FEAD031C92FF552A" blockId="3.[264,1247,1831,1852]" box="[264,1247,1831,1852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">* Hyaline tail length in % of total tail length.**Anterior end to excretory pore in % of pharynx length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB0FEAD052797B95323" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" box="[264,409,284,309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FEAD052797B95323" box="[264,409,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB0FE9D057F97EF5708" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FE9D057F9464534B" box="[312,580,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">First generation males</emphasis>
: body curved ventrally posteriorly, tapering toward lip region, J­shaped in heat­relaxed specimens. Cuticle with very faint transverse striae, lateral fields absent. Head rounded, almost continuous with body. Six lips fused at base, each lip bearing a labial papilla. Outer circle of four cephalic papillae present. Amphids distinct, located laterally between labial and cephalic circle of papillae (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FBA405DF926653E8" box="[1025,1094,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B). Excretory pore (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FEB4063797745030" box="[273,340,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C) variable in position, rarely slightly anterior, mostly at, and sometimes posterior to nerve ring (ranging from 75% to 92% of the length from anterior body end to base of pharynx). Stoma short, shallow, cheilorhabdions distinct, sclerotized, followed by the sclerotized smaller, sometimes indistinct prorhabdions. Pharynx muscular with procorpus extending into slightly swollen nonvalvate metacorpus, a narrower isthmus region surrounded by a nerve ring, and a rounded basal bulb. Cardia rather long, intestine generally with a wide lumen. Distinct, papilliform deirids situated at or slightly behind pharyngeal bulb. Well developed and reflexed testis. Paired symmetrical, slightly curved spicules and light brown in colour, distally bluntly pointed (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FCEE077795B15170" box="[843,913,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G). Spicule manubrium distinctly elongated, with length: width ratio of 1.2–1.7:1; manubrium less then one third of spicule length (about 29%); calomus distinct, lamina slightly arched, ventral rostrum absent; velum narrow, indistinct, parallelly arched with lamina, extending from calomus to distal part of lamina. Gubernaculum boat­shaped in lateral view, distally much attenuated, proximal part varying from straight and bluntly pointed to slightly bent­like (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FB24002F92E65638" box="[1153,1222,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
H). Tail bluntly conoid, usually concave at ventral side, mucron absent. There are 23 genital papillae comprising 11 pairs and a single ventral papilla located just in front of the cloacal opening. Of the paired papillae, 6 pairs are located precloacal. Of these 5 pairs situated subventrally and 1 pair laterally. Five pairs postcloacal. Of these 2 pairs located adcloacal and subventral, very close to each other. The last 3 pairs are consistently located near the tail tip (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FEC1013F97855708" box="[356,421,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB0FE9D011794BE57A8" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FE9D011794405753" box="[312,608,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Second generation males</emphasis>
: similar to the first­generation males, but slightly smaller in the body length and other measurements (Table 1;
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FCD6016F95F45778" box="[883,980,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Greatest body width much smaller. Excretory pore located more anterior than in the first generation (Table 1;
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FB580147971057A8" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Tail mucron absent (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FD91019F945B57A8" box="[564,635,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB1FE9D01F794445348" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FE9D01F7947D57F3" box="[312,605,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">First generation females</emphasis>
: body long, usually C­shaped on heat relaxation (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FB1901F7933C57F0" box="[1212,1308,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Cuticle only faintly striated. Head bluntly rounded, slightly tapering anteriorly. Morphology of head region and pharynx similar to the males (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FC05022792215420" box="[928,1025,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Excretory pore located rarely anterior, mostly at, and sometimes posterior to the nerve ring. Genital tract amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries. Vulva asymmetrical and oblique slit to symmetrical and transverse slit, slightly (3 µm) to distinctly (35 µm) protruding from the body contour (depending on the age). Slant and short vagina, leading into paired uteri. Narrow rectum, distinct anal opening. Tail of mature females short and obtuse, with small postanal lobe, almost long as is wide; in young females a longer tail with conical­like tip, which is more prominent in older females with the obtuse tail. The tip bears one large and two or three minute protuberances or papillae protruding from the body contour (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27CFFB1FB8A052792565320" box="[1071,1142,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B, 3C and 3D). Pigmy forms rarely observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27CFFB1FEAD028B94495571" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27CFFB1FEAD028B94495571" blockId="5.[264,1323,1712,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27CFFB1FEAD028B97AA54DE" bold="true" box="[264,394,1712,1736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
A, first generation female of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27CFFB1FD62028B951254D1" box="[711,818,1712,1735]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27CFFB1FD62028B951254D1" box="[711,818,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27CFFB1FC9C028B955454D1" box="[825,884,1712,1735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27FFFB2FEAD07A394EB5606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27FFFB2FEAD07A394EB5606" blockId="6.[264,1322,920,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FEAD07A397AA51A6" bold="true" box="[264,394,920,944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A, SEM second generation male of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27FFFB2FCB407A2955B51A6" box="[785,891,921,944]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FCB407A2955B51A6" box="[785,891,921,944]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27FFFB2FC2607A2959751A6" box="[899,951,921,944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. n</taxonomicNameLabel>
, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27FFFB2FE9D007A946D5735" blockId="6.[264,1323,1089,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FE9D007A9454564C" box="[312,628,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Second generation females</emphasis>
: similar to first generation females in general morphology, but smaller in dimension (
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27FFFB2FDE5005294BC5695" box="[576,668,1129,1155]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[280,1288,380,1003]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation paratype females of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Excretory pore located more anterior than in the first generation females. Vulva distinctly asymmetrical and oblique slit in all observed specimens (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FEFF0082978256C5" box="[346,418,1209,1235]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E and 3F). Conical, pointed tail, with a short protuberance or papilla­like structures on its tip, but not mucronated; tail longer than body width at anus (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FB1900DA932456ED" box="[1212,1284,1249,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
G). Pygmy forms not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27FFFB2FE9D010A93095545" blockId="6.[264,1323,1089,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FE9D010A94BA575C" box="[312,666,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Infective third­stage juveniles</emphasis>
: body of heat­relaxed specimens slightly C­shaped to almost straight, slender, slightly tapering towards anterior and posterior ends. Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles are reported on
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27FFFB2FC9201BA95B0578D" box="[823,912,1409,1435]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,352,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[280,1297,1153,1796]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 3: Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D">Table 3</tableCitation>
. Specimens from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27FFFB2FBC601BA92E6578C" box="[1123,1222,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FBC601BA92E6578C" box="[1123,1222,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Galleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cultures often enclosed in second­stage cuticle that is indistinctly annulated and 1.5 to 2 µm thick in midbody region. Lateral fields at midbody region with eight equally distributed ridges (i.e. nine lines); all ridges and lines distinct and at approximately even distances (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FB1A01C293245405" box="[1215,1284,1529,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
H). Phasmids weekly developed, posterior to the anus, with their opening approximately 40% of tail length located at ventral edge of the lateral fields. Head portion finely rounded, mostly slightly off­set from body contour by a depression of 11–13 µm wide (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FB1A024A9324549D" box="[1215,1284,1649,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E). Four cephalic papillae and amphids indistinct. Papilliform deirids situated slightly behind pharyngeal bulb. Closed stoma. Pharynx with slightly expanded procorpus, narrower isthmus and subpyriform basal bulb with weakly developed valve apparatus. Basal bulb usually slightly displaced towards dorsal side by the excretory gland. Lentil­like hemizonid, about 5 µm long, mostly varying in position from beginning of bulb to its midsection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27EFFB3FEAD052795275058" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Excretory pore posterior to mid­pharynx region (on average about 66% of the length from the anterior end to the base of the pharynx), cuticularized, about 1 µm wide, excretory duct extending posteriorly to the cardia region (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27EFFB3FCA4055795685390" box="[769,840,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Fig.
<date id="5278DCD1C27EFFB3FC9C055795685390" box="[825,840,364,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</date>
</figureCitation>
I). Intestine separated from pharynx by a long cardia, which is followed by a slender bacterial vesicle. Gut filled with numerous fat globules, lumen not visible. Straight rectum, almost as long as anal body diameter. Anus 4­ 5 µm wide, sickle­shaped. Tail relatively wide (low ratio C'), conoid, straight, with terminus finely pointed, tip devoid of refractive inclusion (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27EFFB3FC25063795E25030" box="[896,962,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F). Hyaline portion occupying on average 41–42% of tail length (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27EFFB3FD3B060F94C35058" box="[670,739,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
L).
</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27EFFB3FEAD027294965576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27EFFB3FEAD027294965576" blockId="7.[264,1323,1609,1888]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27EFFB3FEAD027297AA5477" bold="true" box="[264,394,1609,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
A, SEM of first generation female of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27EFFB3FC86027195AE5477" box="[803,910,1610,1633]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27EFFB3FC86027195AE5477" box="[803,910,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27EFFB3FC30027295F05476" box="[917,976,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C271FFBCFEAD0527978A5323" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,630]" box="[264,426,284,309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEAD0527978A5323" box="[264,426,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DNA analysis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C271FFBCFE9D057F94C75060" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) profiles yielded by digestion of the ITS region with 17 restriction enzymes for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFC9D0557920A5393" box="[824,1066,364,389]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFC9D0557920A5393" box="[824,1066,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFB97055792525390" box="[1074,1138,364,390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C271FFBCFB21055792EB5390" box="[1156,1227,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[393,1173,668,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) were compared to a database containing over 50 different
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFC2E05AF923D53BB" box="[907,1053,404,429]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFC2E05AF923D53BB" box="[907,1053,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Steinernema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
isolates (including 22 described species). Examination of the RFLP profiles showed
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFBB7058792AD53C3" box="[1042,1165,444,469]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFBB7058792AD53C3" box="[1042,1165,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFB3F058792FE53C0" box="[1178,1246,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
to be unique.
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFEC205DF97FD53EB" box="[359,477,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEC205DF97FD53EB" box="[359,477,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFE4605DF940253E8" box="[483,546,484,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFCC105DF95DB53EB" box="[868,1019,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFCC105DF95DB53EB" box="[868,1019,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C271FFBCFBA905DF927353E8" box="[1036,1107,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[393,1173,668,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B) by 9/17 restriction enzymes (Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hha I,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFCB0063795705030" box="[789,848,524,550]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hind</collectingCountry>
III, Hinf I, Pvu II,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFB9F063792465030" box="[1082,1126,524,550]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rsa</collectingCountry>
I and Sal I) and from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFEEC060F9798505B" box="[329,440,564,589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEEC060F9798505B" box="[329,440,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C271FFBCFE6C060F942F5058" box="[457,527,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[393,1173,668,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C) by 11/17 enzymes (Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hha I,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFBC9060F92865058" box="[1132,1190,564,590]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hind</collectingCountry>
III, Hinf I, Hpa II, Pvu II,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFE1C066797C55060" box="[441,485,604,630]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rsa</collectingCountry>
I, Sal I and Sau3A I).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="72B9AA99C271FFBCFEAD029A976A5570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C271FFBCFEAD029A976A5570" blockId="8.[264,1323,1697,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEAD029A97AA54AF" bold="true" box="[264,394,1697,1721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
RFLP profiles for (A)
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFD270299957E54AF" box="[642,862,1698,1721]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFD270299957E54AF" box="[642,862,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFCC1029A95BF54AE" box="[868,927,1697,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (B)
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFC730299924054AF" box="[982,1120,1698,1721]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFC730299924054AF" box="[982,1120,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and (C)
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFB1A0299930454AF" box="[1215,1316,1698,1721]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFB1A0299930454AF" box="[1215,1316,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFB6E02FF930A54CD" box="[1227,1322,1732,1755]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="feltiae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFB6E02FF930A54CD" box="[1227,1322,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. feltiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau3A I; 16, Sau96 I; 17, Xba I.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC270FFBDFEAD05279428512B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFEAD0527940F5323" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,430]" box="[264,559,284,309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFEAD0527940F5323" box="[264,559,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFEAD0527971F5323" box="[264,319,284,309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
of locality and host
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D057F930953B8" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFED4057F97845348" box="[369,420,324,350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
population was collected by using
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFCFC057F9264534B" box="[857,1092,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellonella">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFCFC057F9264534B" box="[857,1092,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Galleria mellonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) larvae as bait from a soil sample picked up from a saltpan near Margherita di Savoia, in the district of Bari at an altitude of
<quantity id="E13E57F4C270FFBDFDA505AF941C53B8" box="[512,572,404,430]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
above sea level, in
<date id="5278DCD1C270FFBDFC8105AF95E853B8" box="[804,968,404,430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1996-10">October 1996</date>
. The natural host is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFEAD05DF97E853EB" blockId="9.[264,1323,484,750]" box="[264,456,484,509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFEAD05DF97E853EB" box="[264,456,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFEAD05DF971F53EB" box="[264,319,484,509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
of material
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D063795ED50F8" blockId="9.[264,1323,484,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFE9D063797855030" box="[312,421,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
infective juvenile,
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFD2E063794D05030" box="[651,752,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
third­stage juveniles, males and females of first and second generations are deposited in the Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Č eské Budĕjovice. Additional
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFBCD066792F85060" box="[1128,1240,604,630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(thirdstage juveniles, males and females) are at the Department of Biology and Chemistry, Section of Entomology and Zoology, University of Bari;
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFC26069795C850D0" box="[899,1000,684,710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
third­stage juveniles are in the Nematode Collection of
<collectionCode id="40D762D4C270FFBDFDF006EF94BB50F8" box="[597,667,724,750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zvf2-zx2b" name="CABI Genetic Resource Collection" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">CABI</collectionCode>
Bioscience, Egham,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C270FFBDFC3606EF95ED50F8" box="[915,973,724,750]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">U.K.</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFEAD071F9428512B" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" box="[264,520,804,829]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFEAD071F9428512B" box="[264,520,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC270FFBDFE9D0777952256D8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D0777952256D8" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE9D0777940D5173" box="[312,557,844,869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE9D0777940D5173" box="[312,557,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C270FFBDFD9D0777945B5170" box="[568,635,844,870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is mainly characterized by the following morphological characteristics: males with light brown, slightly curved spicules with longitudinally shaped manubrium and absence of a tail mucron in both generations. Females possess a characteristically asymmetrical oblique slit vulva distinctly behind the mid­body. Position of excretory pore is mostly posterior in both sexes. One distinct and two or three minute protuberances or papillae are located on the first female tail tip. Third­stage juveniles have long body, on average over 1000 µm. Hyaline tail portion is medium long, slightly over 40% of the tail length. Excretory pore is near the posterior­pharynx region (58­77%). Lip region broad, continuous, and rounded. Lateral fields with equally developed eight ridges (equivalent to nine lines) at even distances.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC270FFBDFE9D00E7930A5558" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D00E795895448" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE9D00E7940856E3" box="[312,552,1244,1269]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE9D00E7940856E3" box="[312,552,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steinernema glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDC900E7952A56E3" box="[620,778,1244,1269]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDC900E7952A56E3" box="[620,778,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only described
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB9200E792E956E3" box="[1079,1225,1244,1269]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB9200E792E956E3" box="[1079,1225,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steinernema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species found in Europe closely resembling
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD11013F950A570B" box="[692,810,1284,1309]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD11013F950A570B" box="[692,810,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C270FFBDFC94013F95505708" box="[817,880,1284,1310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in morphometrics and other morphological characters (
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFE40011794A05750" author="Poinar" box="[485,640,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="Poinar, G. O. (1978). Generation polymorphism in Neoaplectana glaseri Steiner (Steinernematidae: Nematoda), redescribed from Strigoderma arboricola (Fab.) (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in North Carolina. Nematologica, 24, 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1978">Poinar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; de
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFD0A011795F65750" author="Doucet" box="[687,982,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="de Doucet, M. M. A. &amp; Gabarra, R. (1994) On the occurrence of Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) (Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Heterorhabditidae) in Catalogne, Spain. Fundamental and applied Nematology, 17, 441 - 443." type="journal article" year="1994">Doucet &amp; Gabarra, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFC47011792EC5750" author="Mracek" box="[994,1228,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="Mracek, Z., Becvar, S. &amp; Kindlmann, P. (1999) Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes from the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditid) in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitologica, 46, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="1999">
Mráček
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFBE6011792575753" box="[1091,1143,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
). However, females of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE73016F946F577B" box="[470,591,1364,1389]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE73016F946F577B" box="[470,591,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C270FFBDFDFE016F94BD5778" box="[603,669,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
have an asymmetrical, oblique slit vulva, whereas
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFAB1016F97795783" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFAB1016F97795783" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE310147940D5783" box="[404,557,1404,1429]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE310147940D5783" box="[404,557,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females have a more symmetrical and transverse slit vulva. Vulval opening is slightly posterior in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD61019F951F57AB" box="[708,831,1444,1469]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD61019F951F57AB" box="[708,831,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females. Males of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB93019F928B57AB" box="[1078,1195,1444,1469]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB93019F928B57AB" box="[1078,1195,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess a hooked spicule tip that was never observed in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC9901F7959457F3" box="[828,948,1484,1509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC9901F7959457F3" box="[828,948,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC5701F792AC57F3" box="[1010,1164,1484,1509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC5701F792AC57F3" box="[1010,1164,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hyaline tail portion of IJs of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE6A01CF9465541B" box="[463,581,1524,1549]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE6A01CF9465541B" box="[463,581,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be slightly shorter. Pair of marginal ridges is slightly annulated in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE03022794395423" box="[422,537,1564,1589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE03022794395423" box="[422,537,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and smooth in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD7E022795565423" box="[731,886,1564,1589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD7E022795565423" box="[731,886,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC100227920F5423" box="[949,1071,1564,1589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC100227920F5423" box="[949,1071,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, PCR­RFLP analysis can be used to clearly differentiate these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D0257930A5558" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
More species, such as
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDE6025792B55490" authority="Mracek, Hernandez &amp; Boemare 1994" authorityName="Mracek, Hernandez &amp; Boemare" authorityYear="1994" box="[579,1173,1644,1670]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cubanum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDE6025794ED5493" box="[579,717,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. cubanum</emphasis>
Mráček, Hernández &amp; Boemare 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB070257945654B8" authority="Roman &amp; Figueroa 1994" authorityName="Roman &amp; Figueroa" authorityYear="1994" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB070257976954BB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
Roman &amp; Figueroa 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD2402AF920554B8" authority="Shen &amp; Wang 1992" authorityName="Shen &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1992" box="[641,1061,1684,1710]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD2402AF951754BB" box="[641,823,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. longicaudum</emphasis>
Shen &amp; Wang 1992
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB9402AF978354C0" authority="Waturu, Hunt &amp; Reid 1997" authorityName="Waturu, Hunt &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1997" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="karii">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB9402AF92A654BB" box="[1073,1158,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. karii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFB2902AF978354C0" author="Waturu" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="Hominick, W. M., Briscoe, B. R., del Pino, F. G., Heng, J., Hunt, D. J., Kozodoy, E., Mracek, Z., Nguyen, K. B., Reid, A. P., Spiridonov, S., Stock, P., Sturhan, D., Waturu, C., &amp; Yoshida, M. (1997) Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols, and definition. Journal of Helminthology, 71, 271 - 298." type="journal article" year="1997">Waturu, Hunt &amp; Reid 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE150287954B54C0" authority="Phan, Nguyen &amp; Moens, 2001" authorityName="Phan, Nguyen &amp; Moens" authorityYear="2001" box="[432,875,1724,1750]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="loci">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE15028797DB54C3" box="[432,507,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. loci</emphasis>
Phan, Nguyen &amp; Moens, 2001
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC010287976654E8" authority="Nguyen &amp; Duncan, 2002" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Duncan" authorityYear="2002" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="diaprepesi">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC010287921D54C3" box="[932,1085,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. diaprepesi</emphasis>
Nguyen &amp; Duncan, 2002
</taxonomicName>
, belong to the “glaseri­group”. There is an important zoogeographical barrier for torrid species of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE10033794615533" box="[437,577,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cubanum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE10033794615533" box="[437,577,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. cubanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDF6033795355533" box="[595,789,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDF6033795355533" box="[595,789,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC830337955E5533" box="[806,894,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="karii">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC830337955E5533" box="[806,894,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. karii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC60033792315533" box="[965,1041,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="loci">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC60033792315533" box="[965,1041,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. loci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The infective juvenile ratio (D%) is very low for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDE7030F94B7555B" box="[578,663,1844,1869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="karii">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDE7030F94B7555B" box="[578,663,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. karii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(56.6%) and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC93030F95A0555B" box="[822,896,1844,1869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="loci">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC93030F95A0555B" box="[822,896,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. loci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(57%), whereas 66% for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB0B030F9303555B" box="[1198,1315,1844,1869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB0B030F9303555B" box="[1198,1315,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC273FFBEFEAD052797AA5198" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFEAD0527940C5390" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The ratio c´for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE65052794565323" box="[448,630,284,309]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE65052794565323" box="[448,630,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. longicaudum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IJs is very high (4.22) due to the tail length over 90 µm tail length, as it is for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE4F057F948B534B" box="[490,683,324,349]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE4F057F948B534B" box="[490,683,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFD19057F9578534B" box="[700,856,324,349]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="diaprepesi">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFD19057F9578534B" box="[700,856,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. diaprepesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has shorter IJs, about 1000 µm, and a ratio (D%) close to 50%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFE9D05AF94615060" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The morphology of males is similar among these species; however,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFBD005AF92CE53BB" box="[1141,1262,404,429]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFBD005AF92CE53BB" box="[1141,1262,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a strongly asymmetrical vulva that differs from that with a double flapped epiptygma of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE2605DF946653EB" box="[387,582,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE2605DF946653EB" box="[387,582,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFDFF05DF94C753EB" box="[602,743,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cubanum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFDFF05DF94C753EB" box="[602,743,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. cubanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically and morphometrically very similar to
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE20063797DD5033" box="[389,509,524,549]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE20063797DD5033" box="[389,509,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, its vulva position is about 50% that of the body length whereas in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE29060F9421505B" box="[396,513,564,589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE29060F9421505B" box="[396,513,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is significantly, behind the mid­body, varying mostly between 55% to 57% of the body length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFEAD0697947750D3" blockId="10.[264,1323,684,910]" box="[264,599,684,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFEAD0697947750D3" box="[264,599,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Life cycle and crossbreeding</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFE9D06EF97AA5198" blockId="10.[264,1323,684,910]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE9D06EF940950FB" box="[312,553,724,749]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE9D06EF940950FB" box="[312,553,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C273FFBEFD9406EF945050F8" box="[561,624,724,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is easily reared on
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFCF306EF95D350FB" box="[854,1011,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellonella">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFCF306EF95D350FB" box="[854,1011,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G. mellonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae in the laboratory at 20 to 22°C. The
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE6F06C7940D5103" box="[458,557,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE6F06C7940D5103" box="[458,557,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Galleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were killed after two days of exposition to IJs; first generation of adults appeared three days after host death occurred and new IJs started to emerge after one week. There were no positive interbreedings of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFC0A077792065173" box="[943,1062,844,869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFC0A077792065173" box="[943,1062,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFBCF077792FA5173" box="[1130,1242,844,869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFBCF077792FA5173" box="[1130,1242,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFAB1077797A3519B" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFAB1077797A3519B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC273FFBEFEAD07FF945456B0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFEAD07FF940D51CB" blockId="10.[264,1323,964,1190]" box="[264,557,964,989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFEAD07FF940D51CB" box="[264,557,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFE9D07D7945456B0" blockId="10.[264,1323,964,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE9D07D7940A5613" box="[312,554,1004,1029]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE9D07D7940A5613" box="[312,554,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C273FFBEFD9707D794515610" box="[562,625,1004,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has been found exclusively in southern
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C273FFBEFBF407D792A75610" box="[1105,1159,1004,1030]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Italy</collectingCountry>
in the Apulia and Basilicata regions (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C273FFBEFD86002F944B5638" box="[547,619,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[264,368,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[558,1025,1286,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[527,1055,1259,1858]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Map of collecting sites. Solid circles are the sites where S. apuliae was found." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157852/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C273FFBEFD23002F95EB5638" author="Triggiani" box="[646,971,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" refString="Triggiani, O., Tarasco, E. (2002) Long Nematode strains from Italy. COST 850 Biocontrol Symbiosis - WG &quot; Biotechnology &quot; Workshop and Meeting (title: Molecular Identification and Taxonomy of Undescribed Species of &quot; Long-dauer Juvenile Phenotype from Europe and Southern Mediterranean Regions &quot;). Budapest and Debrecen, Hungary, April 4 - 6, 2002." type="journal article" year="2002">Triggiani &amp; Tarasco, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Isolates were only found in sandy soil with one exception in silty soil (Table 4). They prevailed on seacoast with scant vegetation and a pinewood forests where
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFD49005F920A566B" box="[748,1066,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Thaumetopoea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pityocampa">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFD49005F920A566B" box="[748,1066,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFB31005F93075668" box="[1172,1319,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFEAD00B797FC56B0" box="[264,476,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumetopoeidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumetopoeidae</taxonomicName>
) is common.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="19F2D4CEF225D3DCCD7AFF3984679B37">New Data About Snail-Killing Flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) In Iran</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE41FF8AFF7FF9655DF6F971" bold="true" box="[174,432,1707,1734]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Coremacera catenata</emphasis>
(Loew, 1847)
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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:
<collectingRegion id="E402F826FE41FF8AFDDBF9175F47F958" box="[522,769,1753,1775]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">East Azerbaijan Province</collectingRegion>
,
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(forest habitat) [
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,
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,
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, 2 ♂,
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;
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(grassland habitat) [
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,
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, 1 ♂,
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;
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<location id="2319601FFE41FF8AFF7FF8C15D54F892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE41FF89FF7FF9655EA6FE3D:2319601FFE41FF8AFF7FF8C15D54F892" box="[174,274,1807,1829]" country="Iran" latitude="37.733334" longLatPrecision="1180" longitude="46.316666" name="Kandovan" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Kandovan</location>
(moist grassland habitat) [
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,
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, 3 ♂,
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;
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<location id="2319601FFE41FF8AFC34F8C15877F892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE41FF89FF7FF9655EA6FE3D:2319601FFE41FF8AFC34F8C15877F892" box="[997,1073,1807,1829]" country="Iran" latitude="37.91625" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" name="Qurigol" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qurigol</location>
(lagoon habitat) [
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,
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,
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, 2 ♂ (
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leg.)
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.
</paragraph>
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Distribution. Palaearctic: From German to
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FCDFFF615F22FF7E" box="[782,868,175,201]" name="Poland" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Poland</collectingCountry>
. South Europe:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FBFAFF7E5838FF7D" box="[1067,1150,176,202]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FB5CFF615882FF7E" box="[1165,1220,175,201]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Italy</collectingCountry>
; Balkan region; Transcaucasia and Middle East:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD03FF015F6FFF5E" box="[722,809,207,233]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FCE4FF015F34FF5E" box="[821,882,207,233]" name="Syria" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Syria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FCAFFF1E5FF4FF5D" box="[894,946,208,234]" name="Iraq" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Iraq</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FC6DFF1E5FB7FF5D" box="[956,1009,208,234]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FC2AFF015882FF5D" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[1019,1220,207,234]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref6810" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1987. A review of the Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Biologia 86. Prirodovedecka Fakulta, Univerzita J. E. Purkyne, Brne, 1 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1987">Rozkošný (1987)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FF77FF215E8AFEBD" author="Seddighi Sadr, F. &amp; Mohammadzade Namin, S." box="[166,716,239,266]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref6894" refString="Seddighi Sadr, F., Mohammadzade Namin, S. 2016. The snail killing flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) in Gilan Province, with a new record for Iranian fauna. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 7 (1), 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="2016">Seddighi Sadr, Mohammadzade Namin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AFEC15EA6FE3D" blockId="2.[166,1225,175,394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
Biology. Only the morphological features of the egg and the first-instar larva have been described and figured by
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FD8BFEE15EAFFEFD" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[602,745,303,330]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. So, other information on the life cycle, developmental stages, and the prey remains lacking. This species appears univoltine and in
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FF77FEA15CB4FE3E" box="[166,242,367,393]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Russia</collectingCountry>
pupa are overwintering (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FDCBFEA15E93FE3D" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[538,725,367,394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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105
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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D i s t r i b u t i o n. South Europe, Middle-east:
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.
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: Knutson (1973);
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFBBBF9E25D7DF9D1" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Shagudian, E. R. &amp; Sahba, G. H." pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref6445" refString="Knutson, L. V., Shagudian, E. R., Sahba, G. H. 1973. Notes on the biology of certain snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae) from Khuzestan (Iran). Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2 (3), 145 - 155." type="journal article" year="1973">Knutson et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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(moist grassland habitat) [
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,
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],
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, 5 ♂,
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;
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(grove habitat) [
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,
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,
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, 2 ♂,
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(
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leg.)
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE41FF8AFF32FC355EAFFAE1" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE41FF8AFF32FC355846FBE1" blockId="1.[174,1232,1019,1366]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
Distribution. Palaearctic: From north Europe to souh Europe; North Africa, eastern
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFED8FBD55D1EFB82" box="[265,344,1051,1077]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Russia</collectingCountry>
. Oriental region. Middle East:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFD6EFBD55F6CFB82" box="[703,810,1051,1077]" name="Armenia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFCE4FBD55FFAFB82" box="[821,956,1051,1077]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Tadjikistan</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFC2BFBD558CBFB82" box="[1018,1165,1051,1077]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFB49FBD2588BFB81" box="[1176,1229,1052,1078]" name="Iran" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFF7FFBF55D89FBE1" author="Rozkosny, R. &amp; Elberg, K." box="[174,463,1083,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="167 - 193" refId="ref6845" refString="Rozkosny, R., Elberg, K. 1984. Family Sciomyzidae (Tetanoceridae). In: Soos, A. and Papp, L., eds. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 167 - 193." type="book chapter" year="1984">Rozkošný, Elberg (1984)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFE0AFBF55FBAFBE1" author="Seddighi Sadr, F. &amp; Mohammadzade Namin, S." box="[475,1020,1083,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref6894" refString="Seddighi Sadr, F., Mohammadzade Namin, S. 2016. The snail killing flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) in Gilan Province, with a new record for Iranian fauna. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 7 (1), 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="2016">Seddighi Sadr, Mohammadzade namin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE41FF8AFF32FB955EAFFAE1" blockId="1.[174,1232,1019,1366]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
Biology.
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFEB0FB955E6CFBC1" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[353,554,1115,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="117 - 160" refId="ref6777" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1967. Zur Morphologie und Biologie der Metamorphosestadien mitteleuropaischer Sciomyziden (Diptera). Acta Academiae Scientiarum, Brno, 1 (4), 117 - 160." type="journal article" year="1967">Rozkošný (1967)</bibRefCitation>
described the larval morphology, and
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFC2CFB925896FBC1" author="Bratt, A. D. &amp; Knutson, L. V. &amp; Foote, B. A. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[1021,1232,1115,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref5863" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A., Berg, C. O. 1969. Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). New York Agricultural Experiment Station of Ithaca Memoirs, 404, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1969">Bratt et al. (1969)</bibRefCitation>
described the life cycle and made the description of all immature stages. The larvae are predators of terrestrial and aquatic gastropods (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFD30FB555FEFFB01" author="Bratt, A. D. &amp; Knutson, L. V. &amp; Foote, B. A. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[737,937,1179,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref5863" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A., Berg, C. O. 1969. Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). New York Agricultural Experiment Station of Ithaca Memoirs, 404, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1969">Bratt et al., 1969</bibRefCitation>
). Oviposition stimulus is a substrate moistened with fresh snail faeces or mucus of helicid-prey (
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFBD5FB755C96FB41" authority="Da" authorityName="Da" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Cernuella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE41FF8AFBD5FB755896FB62" box="[1028,1232,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Cernuella virgata</emphasis>
Da
</taxonomicName>
Costa) (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFEEBFB155E44FB41" author="Coupland, J. B." box="[314,514,1243,1270]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="183 - 189" refId="ref6020" refString="Coupland, J. B. 1996. Influence of snail faeces and mucus on oviposition and larval behaviour of Pherbellia cinerella (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22, 183 - 189." type="journal article" year="1996">Coupland, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The puparium is formed outside the shell prey, and in southern
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFEF1FB325D36FAA1" box="[288,368,1276,1302]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">France</collectingCountry>
adults are overwintering (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFD7AFB355F6AFAA1" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[683,812,1275,1302]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala, 1989</bibRefCitation>
) but in
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFC5FFB355F9CFAA2" box="[910,986,1275,1301]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Russia</collectingCountry>
has been found that pupa are overwintering also (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFDD5FAD55EF8FA81" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[516,702,1307,1334]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). This species has a short developmental time and is multivoltine (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFE4BFAF55E5CFAE2" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[410,538,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala, 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFDF4FAF55E9BFAE1" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[549,733,1339,1366]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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176
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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(forests habitat) [
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,
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],
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<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE41FF8AFEDBFE275D35FE48" box="[266,371,489,511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" value="2009-06-15">15.06.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
, 1 ♂,
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</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE41FF8AFE06FE275C88FDAD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669302" collectingDate="2010-06-09" country="Iran" elevation="1943" location="Qurigol" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE41FF8AFE06FE275E65FE48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE41FF8AFF7FFE6E5E1AFC8C:2319601FFE41FF8AFE06FE275E65FE48" box="[471,547,489,511]" country="Iran" name="Qurigol" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qurigol</location>
(lagoon habitat) [37°54´.975 N, 46°41´,120 E,
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, 3 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE41FF8AFF7FFDCA5C88FDAD" box="[174,206,515,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE41FF8AFF08FDCA588BFDAD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669327" box="[217,1229,515,538]" collectingDate="2010-07-15" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="2500" latitude="37.766666" location="Kandovan" longLatPrecision="1179" longitude="46.266666" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE41FF8AFF08FDCA5D7BFDAD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE41FF8AFF7FFE6E5E1AFC8C:2319601FFE41FF8AFF08FDCA5D7BFDAD" box="[217,317,516,538]" country="Iran" latitude="37.766666" longLatPrecision="1179" longitude="46.266666" name="Kandovan" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Kandovan</location>
(moist grassland habitat) [
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,
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,
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],
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, 1 ♂,
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(
<collectorName id="8B335312FE41FF8AFBCEFDCA58DBFDAD" box="[1055,1181,516,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE41FF8AFF32FD8F5E1AFC8C" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE41FF8AFF32FD8F58F8FDCC" blockId="1.[174,1232,577,827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Widespread in North and South Europe, North Africa. Oriental Region; Middle East:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFE95FDAF5D95FDCC" box="[324,467,609,635]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFE0CFDAF5E75FDCC" box="[477,563,609,635]" name="Turkey" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFDECFDAF5EF6FDCC" box="[573,688,609,635]" name="Mongolia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE41FF8AFD6BFDAF5EA8FDCC" box="[698,750,609,635]" name="Iran" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFD26FDAF5FFDFDCC" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[759,955,608,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref6810" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1987. A review of the Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Biologia 86. Prirodovedecka Fakulta, Univerzita J. E. Purkyne, Brne, 1 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1987">Rozkošný (1987)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFC17FDAF58FDFDCC" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Shagudian, E. R. &amp; Sahba, G. H." box="[966,1211,608,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref6445" refString="Knutson, L. V., Shagudian, E. R., Sahba, G. H. 1973. Notes on the biology of certain snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae) from Khuzestan (Iran). Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2 (3), 145 - 155." type="journal article" year="1973">Knutson et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE41FF8AFF32FD4F5E1AFC8C" blockId="1.[174,1232,577,827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
Biology. Larvae are predators as well some terrestrial (
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFC50FD4F580BFD2C" authorityName="H. B. Baker" authorityYear="1925" box="[897,1101,641,667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Haplotrematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Haplotrematidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFB8BFD4F588AFD2C" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1114,1228,641,667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Helicidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFF7FFD6E5D7AFD0C" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1895" box="[174,316,672,699]" class="Gastropoda" family="Polygyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Polygyridae</taxonomicName>
) as freshwater gastropods (
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFD51FD6F5F52FD0C" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[640,788,673,699]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Lymnaeidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFCF0FD6F5FCBFD0C" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1833" box="[801,909,673,699]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Physidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFC48FD6E586AFD0C" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[921,1068,672,699]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Planorbidae</taxonomicName>
), and also the hygrophilous
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFE80FD0F5EFCFD6C" authority="(Bratt et al., 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Bratt" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[337,698,704,731]" class="Gastropoda" family="Succineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">
Succineidae (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFE3DFD0F5EF4FD6C" author="Bratt, A. D. &amp; Knutson, L. V. &amp; Foote, B. A. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[492,690,704,731]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref5863" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A., Berg, C. O. 1969. Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). New York Agricultural Experiment Station of Ithaca Memoirs, 404, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1969">Bratt et al., 1969</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Firstly,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFCCCFD0F5FA2FD6C" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[797,996,704,731]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="117 - 160" refId="ref6777" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1967. Zur Morphologie und Biologie der Metamorphosestadien mitteleuropaischer Sciomyziden (Diptera). Acta Academiae Scientiarum, Brno, 1 (4), 117 - 160." type="journal article" year="1967">Rozkošný (1967)</bibRefCitation>
described the larval and puparial stages. As
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE41FF8AFE15FD2F5FCFFD4C" authority=", Bratt et al. (1969)" authorityName="Bratt" authorityYear="1969" box="[452,905,736,763]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE41FF8AFE15FD2F5EE9FD4D" box="[452,687,737,763]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Pherbellia grisescens</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFD6CFD2F5FCFFD4C" author="Bratt, A. D. &amp; Knutson, L. V. &amp; Foote, B. A. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[701,905,736,763]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref5863" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A., Berg, C. O. 1969. Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). New York Agricultural Experiment Station of Ithaca Memoirs, 404, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1969">Bratt et al. (1969)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
described the entire life cycle and detailed all the immature stages. The puparium is formed inside the host snail, and overwinters there (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE41FF8AFE5AFCEF5E16FC8C" author="Bratt, A. D. &amp; Knutson, L. V. &amp; Foote, B. A. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[395,592,800,827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 247" refId="ref5863" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A., Berg, C. O. 1969. Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). New York Agricultural Experiment Station of Ithaca Memoirs, 404, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1969">Bratt et al., 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

145
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View file

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(Mayer, 1953)
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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:
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,
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(moist grassland habitat) [
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,
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,
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<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE42FF89FEB1F9A65D8FF9C9" box="[352,457,1640,1662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-05-20">20.05.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 2 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE42FF89FE2EF9A65E59F9C9" box="[511,543,1639,1662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FDFAF9A65D36F92E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669316" collectingDate="2010-06-14" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1770" latitude="38.85" location="Qaradagh" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.866665" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE42FF89FDFAF9A65ECCF9C9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE42FF89FF77F9D1583AF8FD:2319601FFE42FF89FDFAF9A65ECCF9C9" box="[555,650,1640,1662]" country="Iran" latitude="38.85" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.866665" name="Qaradagh" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qaradagh</location>
(forest habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FCFDF9A65FC1F9C9" box="[812,903,1640,1662]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="38.85">38°51´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FC40F9A65FA0F9C9" box="[913,998,1640,1662]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="46.866665">46°52´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE42FF89FC3EF9A6587CF9C9" box="[1007,1082,1640,1662]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="1770.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE42FF89FC3EF9A6587CF9C9" box="[1007,1082,1640,1662]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="1770.0">1770 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE42FF89FB9AF9A658F2F9C9" box="[1099,1204,1640,1662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-06-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE42FF89FB9AF9A658F2F9C9" box="[1099,1204,1640,1662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-06-14">14.06.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE42FF89FB6CF9A65CF3F92E" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectorName id="8B335312FE42FF89FF13F94D5D06F92E" box="[194,320,1667,1689]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE42FF89FF0AF97E583AF8FD" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AF97E58FDF97D" blockId="2.[166,1225,1711,1866]" box="[219,1211,1711,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Generally in Europe:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD46F9615E88F97E" box="[663,718,1711,1737]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD08F9615F19F97E" box="[729,863,1711,1737]" name="Macedonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FCBBF9615FF9F97E" box="[874,959,1711,1737]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Greece</collectingCountry>
. First record for
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FB53F97E58F1F97D" box="[1154,1207,1712,1738]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AF91E5D90F95E" blockId="2.[166,1225,1711,1866]" box="[219,470,1743,1770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">B i o l o g y. Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AF93E583AF8FD" blockId="2.[166,1225,1711,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
D i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r s: Antenna yellow, arista with white hairs (figs 1,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FB9EF9215830F8BE" box="[1103,1142,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">b, c</emphasis>
); wing pattern as in
<figureCitation id="BEFD2A41FE42FF89FE96F8C15DECF89E" box="[327,426,1807,1833]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[174,207,943,965]" captionTargetBox="[197,1164,178,924]" captionTargetId="figure-305@3.[193,1176,174,936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Euthycera sticticaria (Mayer, 1953): a — female habitus (lateral view); b — head (lateral view, male); c — antennal (lateral view, male); d — sternites 5 and 6 in male, e — sternite 5 (ventral view of abdomen, male); f — Epandrium and surstylus (caudal view, male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6404174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6404174/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 1</figureCitation>
,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FE6BF8DE5D8EF89E" box="[442,456,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">a</emphasis>
; sternite 5 with 2 small lobe at the middle (figs 1,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FBFDF8C1587DF89E" box="[1068,1083,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">d</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FB9BF8DE5810F89E" box="[1098,1110,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">e</emphasis>
), sternite 6 with 2 flat and asymmetrical projection at middle (fig. 1,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FC84F8E15F22F8FE" box="[853,868,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">d</emphasis>
), surstylus as in fig. 1,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FBBCF8E15833F8FE" box="[1133,1141,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">f</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

182
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<mods:title id="152B31B118CE1674EED6D600A83EC846">New Data About Snail-Killing Flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) In Iran</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE42FF89FF77FBC15D76FB3E" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF77FBC15ED0FB9D" blockId="2.[166,662,1039,1066]" box="[166,662,1039,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="7D3181A8FE42FF89FF77FBC15ED0FB9D" box="[166,662,1039,1066]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FF77FBC15ED0FB9D" ID-CoL="35LQP" authority="(Fabricius, 1805)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[166,662,1039,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Dichetophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliterata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FF77FBC15D8FFB9D" bold="true" box="[166,457,1039,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dichetophora obliterata</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1805)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AFBF35D76FB3E" blockId="2.[166,1225,1085,1161]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FF0AFBF35D28FBD9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669330" collectingDate="2010-06-14" collectingDateMax="2010-07-14" collectingDateMin="2010-06-14" collectorName="Horand &amp; Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1770" latitude="38.983334" location="Qaradagh" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="47.366665" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi">
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FE1FFBF35DBFFBE4" box="[462,505,1085,1107]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="E402F826FE42FF89FDD2FBF35EBFFBE4" box="[515,761,1085,1107]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">East Azerbaijan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="2319601FFE42FF89FCD2FBF35F24FBE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE42FF89FF77FBC15EB3FA4D:2319601FFE42FF89FCD2FBF35F24FBE4" box="[771,866,1085,1107]" country="Iran" latitude="38.983334" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="47.366665" name="Qaradagh" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi">Qaradagh</location>
(forest habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FBD9FBF35822FBE4" box="[1032,1124,1085,1107]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="38.85">38°51´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FBBEFBF35882FBE4" box="[1135,1220,1085,1107]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="46.866665">46°52´E</geoCoordinate>
,
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],
<date id="52781004FE42FF89FED0FB965D2CFBD9" box="[257,362,1112,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-06-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE42FF89FED0FB965D2CFBD9" box="[257,362,1112,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-06-14">14.06.2010</collectingDate>
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,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FEA2FB965823FBD9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669342" box="[371,1125,1111,1134]" collectingDate="2010-06-14" collectingDateMax="2010-07-14" collectingDateMin="2010-06-14" collectorName="Horand &amp; Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1770" latitude="38.983334" location="Qaradagh" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="47.366665" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi">
1 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE42FF89FE4FFB965DF8FBD9" box="[414,446,1111,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectorName id="8B335312FE42FF89FE1BFB965E50FBD9" box="[458,534,1112,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Horand</collectorName>
(grassland habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FD0AFB965F70FBD9" box="[731,822,1112,1134]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="38.983334">38°59´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FC91FB965FD2FBD9" box="[832,916,1112,1134]" degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="47.366665">47°22´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE42FF89FC4FFB965FAEFBD9" box="[926,1000,1112,1134]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="1370.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE42FF89FC4FFB965FAEFBD9" box="[926,1000,1112,1134]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</elevation>
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],
<date id="52781004FE42FF89FC29FB965827FBD9" box="[1016,1121,1112,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-07-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE42FF89FC29FB965827FBD9" box="[1016,1121,1112,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2010-07-14">14.07.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FBBBFB965D76FB3E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669335" collectingDate="2010-06-14" collectingDateMax="2010-07-14" collectingDateMin="2010-06-14" collectorName="Horand &amp; Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1770" latitude="38.983334" location="Qaradagh" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="47.366665" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi">
1 ♂ (
<collectorName id="8B335312FE42FF89FB46FB965CBCFB3E" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AFB6E5FFAFB4D" blockId="2.[166,1225,1183,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Widespread in Europe Scotland,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FCF2FB515FCEFB0E" box="[803,904,1183,1209]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">England</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FC42FB515FBEFB0E" box="[915,1016,1183,1209]" name="Belgium" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Belgium</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FBD2FB515820FB0E" box="[1027,1126,1183,1209]" name="Netherlands" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Holland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FBA3FB6E5883FB0D" box="[1138,1221,1184,1210]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FF77FB715D46FB6E" box="[166,256,1215,1241]" name="Austria" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FEC0FB715DC4FB6E" box="[273,386,1215,1241]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FE42FB715E66FB6E" box="[403,544,1215,1241]" name="Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FDE1FB715E32FB6E" box="[560,628,1215,1241]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD54FB715EFAFB6E" box="[645,700,1215,1241]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD1CFB715FCBFB6E" box="[717,909,1215,1241]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FC4CFB71584CFB6E" box="[925,1034,1215,1241]" name="Romania" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Romania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FBCAFB715836FB6E" box="[1051,1136,1215,1241]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Greece</collectingCountry>
. North Africa:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FF2CFB2E5D2DFB4D" box="[253,363,1248,1274]" name="Morocco" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Morocco</collectingCountry>
. Middle East:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FDDEFB115E20FB4E" box="[527,614,1247,1273]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FDA0FB2E5EE3FB4D" box="[625,677,1248,1274]" name="Iraq" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Iraq</collectingCountry>
.
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:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FD3FFB115FFEFB4D" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[750,952,1247,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref6810" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1987. A review of the Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Biologia 86. Prirodovedecka Fakulta, Univerzita J. E. Purkyne, Brne, 1 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1987">Rozkošný (1987)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AFACE5EB3FA4D" blockId="2.[166,1225,1183,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
B i o l o g y. I m m a t u r e s t a g e s:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FD9CFB315F49FAAD" author="Vala, J. - C. &amp; Caillet, C. &amp; Gasc, C." box="[589,783,1279,1306]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1675 - 1680" refId="ref7654" refString="Vala, J. - C., Caillet, C., Gasc, C. 1987. Biology and immature stages of Dichetophora obliterata, a snail killing fly (Diptera - Sciomyzidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1675 - 1680." type="journal article" year="1987">Vala et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
described and figured in details all the immature stages, provided information on the biology, and the life cycle. Eggs were often laid (after a long pre-oviposition period up to 2 months) on the shells of living terrestrial snails (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FF26FA915DF1FACD" author="Vala, J. - C. &amp; Caillet, C. &amp; Gasc, C." box="[247,439,1375,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1675 - 1680" refId="ref7654" refString="Vala, J. - C., Caillet, C., Gasc, C. 1987. Biology and immature stages of Dichetophora obliterata, a snail killing fly (Diptera - Sciomyzidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1675 - 1680." type="journal article" year="1987">Vala et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In the laboratory, the first-instar larvae fed as internal parasitoids on
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FF1AFA4E5DE2FA2E" baseAuthorityName="Da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[203,420,1407,1433]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lauriidae" genus="Lauria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FF1AFA4E5DE2FA2E" box="[203,420,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Lauria cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and later instars fed on more large size
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FCA1FAB15F93FA2E" authorityName="A. Ferussac" authorityYear="1821" box="[880,981,1407,1433]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Helicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FCA1FAB15F93FA2E" box="[880,981,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Helicella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FBDCFAB158C5FA2D" box="[1037,1155,1407,1434]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Theba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FBDCFAB15812FA2E" box="[1037,1108,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Theba</emphasis>
spp
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(
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). Overwintering occurs as the mature larva, then the puparium (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FB94FA515CA5FA6D" author="Vala, J. - C. &amp; Caillet, C. &amp; Gasc, C." pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1675 - 1680" refId="ref7654" refString="Vala, J. - C., Caillet, C., Gasc, C. 1987. Biology and immature stages of Dichetophora obliterata, a snail killing fly (Diptera - Sciomyzidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1675 - 1680." type="journal article" year="1987">Vala et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Pupariation occurs either in the shell of the host snail or away from it (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FB98FA715CA5FA4D" author="Vala, J. - C. &amp; Caillet, C. &amp; Gasc, C." pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1675 - 1680" refId="ref7654" refString="Vala, J. - C., Caillet, C., Gasc, C. 1987. Biology and immature stages of Dichetophora obliterata, a snail killing fly (Diptera - Sciomyzidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1675 - 1680." type="journal article" year="1987">Vala et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
). This species is univoltine (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FDF9FA115EAEFA4D" author="Vala, J. - C. &amp; Caillet, C. &amp; Gasc, C." box="[552,744,1503,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1675 - 1680" refId="ref7654" refString="Vala, J. - C., Caillet, C., Gasc, C. 1987. Biology and immature stages of Dichetophora obliterata, a snail killing fly (Diptera - Sciomyzidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1675 - 1680." type="journal article" year="1987">Vala et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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298
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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, 2 ♂,
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(moist grassland habitat) [
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, 3 ♂,
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, [
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,
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,
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],
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, 2 ♂,
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, [
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,
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,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE42FF89FC43FD865F9BFDE9" box="[914,989,584,606]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.005" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="3005.0">3005 m</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE42FF89FC3FFD86580CFDE9" box="[1006,1098,584,606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2011-06-06">6.06.2011</date>
, 6 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE42FF89FB53FD8658E5FDE9" box="[1154,1187,583,606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="female">5 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FB61FD865F97FDCE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669331" collectingDate="2012-10-08" country="Iran" elevation="2504" latitude="37.766666" location="Isperekhan" longLatPrecision="1179" longitude="46.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE42FF89FB61FD865CB9FDCE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE42FF89FF77FE615FE9FC5D:2319601FFE42FF89FB61FD865CB9FDCE" country="Iran" latitude="37.766666" longLatPrecision="1179" longitude="46.4" name="Isperekhan" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Isperekhan</location>
(dry grassland habitat) [
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,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FD82FDAD5EEEFDCE" box="[595,680,611,633]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="46.4">46°24´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE42FF89FD62FDAD5EB8FDCE" box="[691,766,611,633]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.504" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="2504.0">
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],
<date id="52781004FE42FF89FCC1FDAD5F31FDCE" box="[784,887,611,633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2012-10-08">
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, 1 ♂,
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<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FC0FFDAD5E2AFD23" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669307" collectingDate="2012-06-08" country="Iran" elevation="1920" latitude="37.9" location="Qurigol" longLatPrecision="1178" longitude="46.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE42FF89FC0FFDAD586EFDCE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE42FF89FF77FE615FE9FC5D:2319601FFE42FF89FC0FFDAD586EFDCE" box="[990,1064,611,633]" country="Iran" latitude="37.9" longLatPrecision="1178" longitude="46.7" name="Qurigol" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qurigol</location>
(lagoon habitat) [
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,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE42FF89FEB4FDB35DE9FD24" box="[357,431,637,659]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="1920.0">
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<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE42FF89FE6FFDB35E5CFD24" box="[446,538,637,659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="2012-06-08">8.06.2012</collectingDate>
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, 2 ♂,
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<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE42FF89FDA6FDB35E4CFD19" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669340" collectingDate="2012-07-09" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1943" latitude="37.91625" location="Qurigol" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE42FF89FDA6FDB35E87FD24" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE42FF89FF77FE615FE9FC5D:2319601FFE42FF89FDA6FDB35E87FD24" box="[631,705,637,659]" country="Iran" latitude="37.91625" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" name="Qurigol" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qurigol</location>
(lagoon habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE42FF89FCB9FDB35FAFFD24" box="[872,1001,637,659]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="54.975" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" precision="1" value="37.91625">37°54.975´N</geoCoordinate>
,
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,
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, 1 ♂,
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(
<collectorName id="8B335312FE42FF89FE8EFD565D9CFD19" box="[351,474,664,686]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.)
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AFD1E5E22FC9D" blockId="2.[166,1225,719,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Palaearctic: from
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FDA1FD015E83FD5E" box="[624,709,719,745]" name="Ireland" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Ireland</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD3FFD015F74FD5E" box="[750,818,719,745]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FCEEFD1E5FD4FD5D" box="[831,914,720,746]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">France</collectingCountry>
, European parts of
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FBACFD01588FFD5E" box="[1149,1225,719,745]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Russia</collectingCountry>
and Georgia. Middle East:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FE0CFD215E72FCBE" box="[477,564,751,777]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FDEEFD215EECFCBE" box="[575,682,751,777]" name="Armenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FD65FD215F01FCBE" box="[692,839,751,777]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Azerbaidjan</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE42FF89FC81FD3E5FC3FCBD" box="[848,901,752,778]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FC5EFD21581EFCBD" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[911,1112,751,778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref6810" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1987. A review of the Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Biologia 86. Prirodovedecka Fakulta, Univerzita J. E. Purkyne, Brne, 1 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1987">Rozkošný (1987)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FBB3FD215E19FC9D" author="Seddighi Sadr, F. &amp; Mohammadzade Namin, S." pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref6894" refString="Seddighi Sadr, F., Mohammadzade Namin, S. 2016. The snail killing flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) in Gilan Province, with a new record for Iranian fauna. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 7 (1), 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="2016">Seddighi Sadr, Mohammadzade Namin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE42FF89FF0AFCE15FE9FC5D" blockId="2.[166,1225,719,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
Biology. Based on Knutson (1973) laboratory studies; larvae are predator of a range of terrestrial snails (
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FE75FC815EC5FCDE" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[420,643,847,873]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochlicopidae" genus="Cochlicopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lubrica">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FE75FC815EC5FCDE" box="[420,643,847,873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Cochlicopa lubrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FD47FC9E5F5FFCDE" authorityName="Siemaschko" authorityYear="1847" box="[662,793,848,874]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochlicopidae" genus="Cochlicopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FD47FC9E5F5FFCDE" box="[662,793,848,874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FCFCFC9E5841FCDE" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[813,1031,847,873]" class="Gastropoda" family="Discidae" genus="Discus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rotundatus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FCFCFC9E5841FCDE" box="[813,1031,847,873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Discus rotundatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FBCAFC815F23FC3E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FBCAFC815882FCDE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1051,1220,847,873]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Helicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="itala">Helicella itala</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FF77FCBE5D77FC3E" authorityName="Montagu" authorityYear="1803" box="[166,305,880,905]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Helicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caperata">H. caperata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FEEFFCBE5E52FC3E" authority=", Eulota" authorityName="Eulota" box="[318,532,879,905]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Cernuella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgata">H. virgata, Eulota</taxonomicName>
fruticum,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FD43FCBE5F23FC3E" authorityName="Vala" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[658,869,879,905]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hygromiidae" genus="Hygromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hispida">Hygromia hispida</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE42FF89FC75FCA1580BFC3D" box="[932,1101,879,906]" class="Gastropoda" family="Oxychilidae" genus="Oxychilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE42FF89FC75FCA15851FC3E" box="[932,1047,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Oxychilus</emphasis>
spp
</taxonomicName>
), then became saprophagous on dead snail host. Knutson (1973) described all larval stages and stated that puparium is formed outside the host snail, and represents the overwintering stage. This species is strictly univoltine (Knutson, 1973;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE42FF89FD3AFC015FE5FC5D" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[747,931,975,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

123
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<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE43FF88FF7FF9F05DC8F9EF" bold="true" box="[174,398,1598,1625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Ilione turcestanica</emphasis>
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Material examined:
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:
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,
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(grassland habitat) [
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,
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,
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<quantity id="E13E9B21FE43FF88FF7FF95C5CABF91F" box="[174,237,1682,1704]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.38" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="738.0">738 m</quantity>
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,
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(
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leg.).
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D i s t r i b u t i o n. East Europe:
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, Greek. Asia:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FC88F9005FF6F95F" box="[857,944,1742,1768]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FC12F9005808F95F" box="[963,1102,1742,1768]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FBB0F900588AF95F" box="[1121,1228,1742,1768]" name="Armenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FF7FF9205D06F8BF" box="[174,320,1774,1800]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FE9AF9205DF5F8BF" box="[331,435,1774,1800]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FE6CF9215DB4F8BE" box="[445,498,1775,1801]" name="Iran" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FE2DF9215EB0F8BE" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Shagudian, E. R. &amp; Sahba, G. H." box="[508,758,1774,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref6445" refString="Knutson, L. V., Shagudian, E. R., Sahba, G. H. 1973. Notes on the biology of certain snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae) from Khuzestan (Iran). Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2 (3), 145 - 155." type="journal article" year="1973">Knutson et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE43FF88FF32F8C15D9BF89F" blockId="3.[174,1232,1742,1833]" box="[227,477,1806,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">B i o l o g y. Unknown.</paragraph>
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189
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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<location id="2319601FFE43FF88FDDFFBA25E2BFB35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE43FF88FF7FFBD65D3AF9AE:2319601FFE43FF88FDDFFBA25E2BFB35" box="[526,621,1132,1154]" country="Iran" latitude="38.85" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.866665" name="Qaradagh" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qaradagh</location>
(forest habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE43FF88FCC3FBA25F28FB35" box="[786,878,1132,1154]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="38.85">38°51´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE43FF88FCA8FBA25F89FB35" box="[889,975,1132,1154]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="46.866665">46°52´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE43FF88FC0BFBA25860FB35" box="[986,1062,1132,1154]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1770.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE43FF88FC0BFBA25860FB35" box="[986,1062,1132,1154]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1770.0">1770 m</elevation>
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],
<date id="52781004FE43FF88FBE6FBA258E6FB35" box="[1079,1184,1132,1154]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-06-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE43FF88FBE6FBA258E6FB35" box="[1079,1184,1132,1154]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-06-14">14.06.2010</collectingDate>
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, 3 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE43FF88FF7FFB495C94FB2A" box="[174,210,1158,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE43FF88FF30FB495FE6FB2A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669326" box="[225,928,1159,1181]" collectingDate="2010-07-14" collectingDateMax="2012-07-09" collectingDateMin="2010-07-14" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1370" latitude="37.91625" location="Qurigol" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" municipality="Horand" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<collectingMunicipality id="C61DACBEFE43FF88FF30FB495D6BFB2A" box="[225,301,1159,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Horand</collectingMunicipality>
(grassland habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE43FF88FE2FFB495E1BFB2A" box="[510,605,1159,1181]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="38.983334">38°59´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE43FF88FDBAFB495E85FB2A" box="[619,707,1159,1181]" degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="47.366665">47°22´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE43FF88FD00FB495F59FB2A" box="[721,799,1159,1181]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1370.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE43FF88FD00FB495F59FB2A" box="[721,799,1159,1181]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</elevation>
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],
<date id="52781004FE43FF88FCE2FB495FDAFB2A" box="[819,924,1159,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-07-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE43FF88FCE2FB495FDAFB2A" box="[819,924,1159,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-07-14">14.07.2010</collectingDate>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE43FF88FC78FB495FD4FB0F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669324" collectingDate="2010-07-14" collectingDateMax="2012-07-09" collectingDateMin="2010-07-14" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1370" latitude="37.91625" location="Qurigol" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" municipality="Horand" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
1 ♂;
<location id="2319601FFE43FF88FC0DFB49586EFB2A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE43FF88FF7FFBD65D3AF9AE:2319601FFE43FF88FC0DFB49586EFB2A" box="[988,1064,1159,1181]" country="Iran" latitude="37.91625" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" municipality="Horand" name="Qurigol" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qurigol</location>
(lagoon habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE43FF88FF62FB6C5D7AFB0F" box="[179,316,1186,1208]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="54.975" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="37.91625">37°54.975´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE43FF88FE97FB6C5D84FB0F" box="[326,450,1186,1208]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="41,120" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="46.685333">46°41,120´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE43FF88FE1DFB6C5E50FB0F" box="[460,534,1186,1208]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.943" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1943.0">
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],
<date id="52781004FE43FF88FDF7FB6C5EC2FB0F" box="[550,644,1186,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2012-07-09">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE43FF88FDF7FB6C5EC2FB0F" box="[550,644,1186,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2012-07-09">9.07.2012</collectingDate>
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, 1 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE43FF88FD69FB6C5E9EFB0F" box="[696,728,1185,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectorName id="8B335312FE43FF88FD35FB6C5F24FB0F" box="[740,866,1186,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.)
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE43FF88FF32FB115864FA8E" blockId="3.[174,1233,1246,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Palaearctic: Europe: widely distributed from Scandinavia to
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FB8DFB1058D8FB4F" box="[1116,1182,1246,1272]" name="Spain" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Spain</collectingCountry>
and the British Isles to Siberia. North Africa. Asia:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FD35FB305F7DFAAF" box="[740,827,1278,1304]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FC98FB305F9DFAAF" box="[841,987,1278,1304]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FC38FB30581DFAAF" box="[1001,1115,1278,1304]" name="Mongolia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FB56FB31588BFAAE" box="[1159,1229,1279,1305]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FF7FFAD15CA5FA8E" box="[174,227,1311,1337]" name="Iran" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FF3CFAD15DAAFA8E" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[237,492,1310,1337]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 58" refId="ref6384" refString="Knutson, L. V., Berg, C. O. 1963. Biology and immature stages of a snail-killing fly, Hydromya dorsalis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of Royal Entomological Society of London. Ser. A: Genetic Entomology, 38 (4 - 6), 45 - 58." type="journal article" year="1963">Knutson, Berg (1963)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FE26FAD05858FA8E" author="Seddighi Sadr, F. &amp; Mohammadzade Namin, S." box="[503,1054,1310,1337]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref6894" refString="Seddighi Sadr, F., Mohammadzade Namin, S. 2016. The snail killing flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) in Gilan Province, with a new record for Iranian fauna. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 7 (1), 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="2016">Seddighi Sadr, Mohammadzade Namin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE43FF88FF32FAF05D3AF9AE" blockId="3.[174,1233,1246,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
Biology. Larvae predate mainly the aquatic gastropods living on wet edge of various lentic freshwater habitats, predominantly
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE43FF88FD7AFA905F7CFACF" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[683,826,1374,1400]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Lymnaeidae</taxonomicName>
species and also attack their egg masses with or without embryos or not (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FD4DFAB05FD3FA2F" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[668,917,1406,1433]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 58" refId="ref6384" refString="Knutson, L. V., Berg, C. O. 1963. Biology and immature stages of a snail-killing fly, Hydromya dorsalis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of Royal Entomological Society of London. Ser. A: Genetic Entomology, 38 (4 - 6), 45 - 58." type="journal article" year="1963">Knutson, Berg, 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FC72FAB0581BFA2E" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[931,1117,1406,1433]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FBA3FAB05CBCFA0E" author="Vaillant, F." pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 258" refId="ref7318" refString="Vaillant, F. 1956. Recherches sur la faune madicole (hygropetrique, s. 1.) de France, de Corse et d'Afrique du Nord. Memoire du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Ser. A. Zoologie, 11, 1 - 258." type="journal article" year="1956">Vaillant (1956)</bibRefCitation>
found larvae in many madicole microhabitat in
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE43FF88FCF7FA515F3FFA0E" box="[806,889,1439,1465]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
. All the immature stages have been described by
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FE59FA715ECFFA6E" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[392,649,1470,1497]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 58" refId="ref6384" refString="Knutson, L. V., Berg, C. O. 1963. Biology and immature stages of a snail-killing fly, Hydromya dorsalis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of Royal Entomological Society of London. Ser. A: Genetic Entomology, 38 (4 - 6), 45 - 58." type="journal article" year="1963">Knutson, Berg (1963)</bibRefCitation>
. The puparia are formed outside of the snail host, on wet edge of the larval habitat (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FD96FA105F04FA4E" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[583,834,1502,1529]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 58" refId="ref6384" refString="Knutson, L. V., Berg, C. O. 1963. Biology and immature stages of a snail-killing fly, Hydromya dorsalis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of Royal Entomological Society of London. Ser. A: Genetic Entomology, 38 (4 - 6), 45 - 58." type="journal article" year="1963">Knutson, Berg, 1963</bibRefCitation>
). This species seems multivoltine (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE43FF88FF67FA305D36F9AE" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[182,368,1534,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

130
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(Scopoli, 1763)
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<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE44FF8FFF0AFA2D588FFA4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669309" box="[219,1225,1507,1529]" country="Iran" latitude="38.85" location="Qaradagh" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.866665" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi">
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFE1FFA2D5DBFFA4E" box="[462,505,1507,1529]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
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,
<location id="2319601FFE44FF8FFCD2FA2D5F24FA4E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE44FF8EFF77FA7A5E58FF5D:2319601FFE44FF8FFCD2FA2D5F24FA4E" box="[771,866,1507,1529]" country="Iran" latitude="38.85" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.866665" name="Qaradagh" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi">Qaradagh</location>
(forest habitat) [
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,
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,
</materialsCitation>
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],
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, 2 ♂ (Khaghaninia leg.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE44FF8FFF0AF9F45D7EF922" blockId="4.[166,1225,1594,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
Distribution. Widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region, North Africa, Mediterranean islands,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFE11F9945E51F9C3" box="[448,535,1626,1652]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, Siberia,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFD54F9945EB7F9C3" box="[645,753,1626,1652]" name="Armenia" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Armenia</collectingCountry>
.
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:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFCEEF9945806F9C2" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Shagudian, E. R. &amp; Sahba, G. H." box="[831,1088,1626,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref6445" refString="Knutson, L. V., Shagudian, E. R., Sahba, G. H. 1973. Notes on the biology of certain snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae) from Khuzestan (Iran). Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2 (3), 145 - 155." type="journal article" year="1973">Knutson et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
; Motamedi et al. (2006).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE44FF8EFF0AF9545E58FF5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE44FF8EFF0AF9545E58FF5D" blockId="4.[166,1225,1594,1844]" lastBlockId="5.[174,1232,175,234]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
Biology. From laboratory rearing,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFD44F9545F2DF902" author="Neff, S. E. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[661,875,1690,1717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref6735" refString="Neff, S. E., Berg, C. O. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 566, 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1966">Neff, Berg (1966)</bibRefCitation>
elucidated the life cycle and described all the immature stages. The larvae are typical aquatic predators of snails such
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFF3DF9145D19F943" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[236,351,1754,1780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Helisoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFF3DF9145D19F943" box="[236,351,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Helisoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFEA2F9145DFCF943" authorityName="Draparnaud" authorityYear="1801" box="[371,442,1754,1780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFEA2F9145DFCF943" box="[371,442,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Physa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFDD8F9145E3BF943" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[521,637,1754,1780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Planorbis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFDD8F9145E3BF943" box="[521,637,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Planorbis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whose tropical
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFC80F914587EF943" box="[849,1080,1754,1780]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFC80F9145FBFF943" box="[849,1017,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Biomphalaria</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
implicated as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma parasitizing human (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFC73F9345838F8A2" author="Neff, S. E. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[930,1150,1786,1813]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref6735" refString="Neff, S. E., Berg, C. O. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 566, 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1966">Neff, Berg, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). The puparium, formed out of the water, is unusually glued on the ventral side to an emerged substratum (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFE6FFF615ED7FF7D" author="Neff, S. E. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[446,657,175,202]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref6735" refString="Neff, S. E., Berg, C. O. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 566, 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1966">Neff, Berg, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). This species is multivoltine and overwinters as an adult (Berg et al., 1982).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

135
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE44FF8FFF77FC015E7AFC5D" blockId="4.[166,572,975,1002]" box="[166,572,975,1002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="7D3181A8FE44FF8FFF77FC015E7AFC5D" box="[166,572,975,1002]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFF77FC015E7AFC5D" ID-CoL="4WPWZ" authority="(Fabricius, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[166,572,975,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphegea">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFF77FC015D29FC5D" bold="true" box="[166,367,975,1002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Sepedon sphegea</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1775)
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFE01FC335DBDFBA4" box="[464,507,1021,1043]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="E402F826FE44FF8FFDD7FC335F46FBA4" box="[518,768,1021,1043]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">East Azerbaijan Province</collectingRegion>
,
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(grassland habitat) [
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,
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,
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, 3 ♂ (Khaghaninia leg.).
</paragraph>
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Distribution. Widespread in Palearctic Region.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFC9EFB9B5FC2FBD8" box="[847,900,1109,1135]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
: Tirgari, Massoud (1978); Motamedi et al. (2006).
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Biology.
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFE8CFB5A5E75FB18" author="Neff, S. E. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[349,563,1172,1199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref6735" refString="Neff, S. E., Berg, C. O. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 566, 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1966">Neff, Berg (1966)</bibRefCitation>
described the complete life cycle and figured all the immature stages. That was one of the first sciomyzids known as predators of aquatic snails (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFF2AFB1A5D8CFB58" author="Neff, S. E. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[251,458,1236,1263]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref6735" refString="Neff, S. E., Berg, C. O. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 566, 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1966">Neff, Berg, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Many snails species belonging to
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFC54FB1A5851FB59" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[901,1047,1236,1262]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Lymnaeidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFBF6FB1A58D6FB59" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1833" box="[1063,1168,1236,1262]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Physidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFF77FB3A5D72FAB9" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[166,308,1268,1294]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Planorbidae</taxonomicName>
particularly some
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFDDAFB3A5EA6FAB8" box="[523,736,1268,1295]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFDDAFB3A5EEDFAB9" box="[523,683,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Biomphalaria</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
implicated as intermediate host of human schistosomiasis (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFEBCFADA5E7EFA98" author="Neff, S. E. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[365,568,1300,1327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref6735" refString="Neff, S. E., Berg, C. O. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous Diptera of the genus Sepedon (Sciomyzidae). Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 566, 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1966">Neff, Berg, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFDA2FADB5EE1FA98" box="[627,679,1301,1327]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFD67FADA5F18FA98" author="Tirgari, S." box="[694,862,1300,1327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="103 - 104" refId="ref7073" refString="Tirgari, S. 1977. Theoretical and experimental evidences of biological control of aquatic snails by snail-killing flies in relation to schistosomiasis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) (Sepedon sphegea). Summary. First Mediterranean Conference of Parasitology, Oct. 5 - 10, 1977, Izmir, Turkey, 103 - 104." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Tirgari (1977)</bibRefCitation>
used their larvae for his field experiments against Planrbidae. Also,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFDB8FAFB5FCFFAF8" author="Mc Donnell, R. J. &amp; Mulkeen, C. J. &amp; Gormally, M. J." box="[617,905,1332,1359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="291 - 301" refId="ref6609" refString="Mc Donnell, R. J., Mulkeen, C. J., Gormally, M. J. 2005. Sexual dimorphism and the impact of temperature on the pupal and adult stages Sepedon spinipes spinipes, a potential biological control agent of fascioliasis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 115, 291 - 301." type="journal article" year="2005">Mc Donnell et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
collected third-instar larva feeding on
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFEF6FA9A5F7CFAD8" authority="(Annandale, Prashad, 1919)" baseAuthorityName="Annandale, Prashad" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[295,826,1364,1391]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gedrosiana">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFEF6FA9A5DA9FAD9" box="[295,495,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Radix gedrosiana</emphasis>
(Annandale, Prashad, 1919)
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFCAEFA9B5FF7FAD8" box="[895,945,1365,1391]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
(Shushtar). This species is multivoltine, and overwinters as adult (
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,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFC89FABB5856FA38" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[856,1040,1396,1423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
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115
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<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFF77FDE15DC9FDFD" bold="true" box="[166,399,559,586]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Psacadina verbekei</emphasis>
Rozkošný, 1975
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(grassland habitat) [
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, 4 ♂,
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D i s t r i b u t i o n. Most of Eurasia.
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.
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Biology. In laboratory,
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studied and described all immature stages, and provided details on larval biology. The larvae are semi-aquatic predators, attacking principally freshwater snails such
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living on the wet edge of aquatic habitats and also their egg masses (
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;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFCE3FCE15FACFCFD" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[818,1002,815,842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Pupariation takes place outside of the snails on the wet margin of aquatic habitats or soil, and represents the overwinter stage (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFEA8FCA15E28FC3D" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Rozkosny, R. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[377,622,879,906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref6499" refString="Knutson, L. V., Rozkosny, R., Berg, C. O. 1975. Biology and immature stages of Pherbina and Psacadina (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturlium Academiae Scientiarm Bohemicae Brno, 9 (1), 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1975">Knutson et al., 1975</bibRefCitation>
). This species is multivoltine (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFC03FCA15883FC3D" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Rozkosny, R. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[978,1221,879,906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref6499" refString="Knutson, L. V., Rozkosny, R., Berg, C. O. 1975. Biology and immature stages of Pherbina and Psacadina (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturlium Academiae Scientiarm Bohemicae Brno, 9 (1), 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1975">Knutson et al., 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFF77FC415D33FC1D" author="Barendregt, A. &amp; Mortelmans, J. &amp; Zuijlen, J. W." box="[166,373,911,938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="37 - 46" refId="ref5916" refString="Barendregt, A., Mortelmans, J., Zuijlen, J. W. 2014. Slakkendodende vliegen van het genus Psacadina in Nederland en Belgie (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 42, 37 - 46 [In Dutch]." type="journal article" year="2014">Barendregt, 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
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<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE44FF8FFF77FF615E68FF7D" ID-CoL="76WKP" authority="(Scopoli, 1763)" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[166,558,175,202]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryleti">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE44FF8FFF77FF615D31FF7D" bold="true" box="[166,375,175,202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Pherbina coryleti</emphasis>
(Scopoli, 1763)
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFE1EFF135DBCFF44" box="[463,506,221,243]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
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,
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(moist grassland habitat) [
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,
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,
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, 3 ♂,
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;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE44FF8FFDFAFF365DC7FE9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669314" collectingDate="2010-07-05" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1350" latitude="38.866665" location="Jolfa" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.016666" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="6" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE44FF8FFDFAFF365E11FEB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE44FF8FFF77FF615F13FDBD:2319601FFE44FF8FFDFAFF365E11FEB9" box="[555,599,248,270]" country="Iran" latitude="38.866665" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.016666" name="Jolfa" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Jolfa</location>
(grassland habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE44FF8FFCCDFF365F3EFEB9" box="[796,888,248,270]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" precision="925" value="38.866665">38°52´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE44FF8FFC53FF365F90FEB9" box="[898,982,248,270]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" precision="925" value="46.016666">46°01´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE44FF8FFC31FF36586DFEB9" box="[992,1067,248,270]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="1350.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE44FF8FFC31FF36586DFEB9" box="[992,1067,248,270]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE44FF8FFBEDFF3658DCFEB9" box="[1084,1178,248,270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-05">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE44FF8FFBEDFF3658DCFEB9" box="[1084,1178,248,270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-05">5.07.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 4 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE44FF8FFF77FEDD5C80FE9E" box="[166,198,274,297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" type="female">6 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectorName id="8B335312FE44FF8FFF02FEDD5D17FE9E" box="[211,337,275,297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.)
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="267936C4FE44FF8FFF0AFE9E5D15FE3D" blockId="4.[166,1225,335,522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Most of Eurasia.
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE44FF8FFDBBFE9E5ED9FEDD" box="[618,671,336,362]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Iran</collectingCountry>
: Yano (1987);
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFC9FFE815D09FE3D" author="Seddighi Sadr, F. &amp; Mohammadzade Namin, S." pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref6894" refString="Seddighi Sadr, F., Mohammadzade Namin, S. 2016. The snail killing flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) in Gilan Province, with a new record for Iranian fauna. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 7 (1), 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="2016">Seddighi Sadr, Mohammadzade Namin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE44FF8FFF0AFE415F13FDBD" blockId="4.[166,1225,335,522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
Biology.
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFE8BFE5E5E1DFE1D" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Rozkosny, R. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[346,603,399,426]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref6499" refString="Knutson, L. V., Rozkosny, R., Berg, C. O. 1975. Biology and immature stages of Pherbina and Psacadina (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturlium Academiae Scientiarm Bohemicae Brno, 9 (1), 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1975">Knutson et al. (1975)</bibRefCitation>
studied the larval development of this species, and described all immature stages. The larvae are predators of various freshwater and terrestrial gastropods, also hygrophilous Succinids (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFD47FE015FC8FE5D" author="Knutson, L. V. &amp; Rozkosny, R. &amp; Berg, C. O." box="[662,910,463,490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref6499" refString="Knutson, L. V., Rozkosny, R., Berg, C. O. 1975. Biology and immature stages of Pherbina and Psacadina (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturlium Academiae Scientiarm Bohemicae Brno, 9 (1), 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1975">Knutson et al., 1975</bibRefCitation>
). The species is univoltine and overwintering as a third-instar larva (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE44FF8FFD5EFE215F0CFDBD" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[655,842,495,522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE45FF8EFF7FFEDE5E0BFE9E" ID-CoL="55JZD" authority="Meigen, 1830" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[174,589,271,298]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Tetanocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arrogans">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFF7FFEDE5DEEFE9D" bold="true" box="[174,424,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Tetanocera arrogans</emphasis>
Meigen, 1830
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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,
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(grassland habitat) [
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,
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,
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(Khaghaninia leg.).
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D i s t r i b u t i o n. North Europe: Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway. South Europe: Ireland, Spain, Greece. Asia: Turkey.
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First record from
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.
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Biology.
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFEB6FE115E71FE4D" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[359,567,479,506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="117 - 160" refId="ref6777" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1967. Zur Morphologie und Biologie der Metamorphosestadien mitteleuropaischer Sciomyziden (Diptera). Acta Academiae Scientiarum, Brno, 1 (4), 117 - 160." type="journal article" year="1967">Rozkošný (1967)</bibRefCitation>
described the puparium and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the third instar larva extracted from this single puparium. The complete larval developmental and the life cycle have been explained by
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFCEFFDD15F8FFD8D" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[830,969,543,570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. In nature, third instar larva had been found to living as parasitoide in
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE45FF8EFD3EFD8E5FF7FDEE" box="[751,945,575,602]" class="Gastropoda" family="Succineidae" genus="Succinea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFD3EFD8E5FF7FDEE" box="[751,945,575,602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Succinea elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and many eggs jointed by their extremities and laid along the veins of
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE45FF8EFD26FDAE5FF0FDCE" box="[759,950,607,633]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudacorus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFD26FDAE5FF0FDCE" box="[759,950,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Iris pseudacorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFBC8FD9158D9FDCD" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[1049,1183,607,634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). In laboratory, larvae attacked also
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE45FF8EFDF4FD4E5F84FD2D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[549,962,639,666]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Cepaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nemoralis">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFDF4FD4E5EB3FD2E" box="[549,757,639,666]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Cepaea nemoralis</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE45FF8EFC2EFD4E5E52FD0D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758) (Vala, 1989)" authorityName="Vala" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Hygromiidae" genus="Hygromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFC2EFD4E5896FD2E" box="[1023,1232,639,665]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Hygromia hispida</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758) (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFE56FD515E4AFD0D" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[391,524,671,698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala, 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The puparium is formed outside of snail host and can be parasitized by
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFE83FD715D9BFD6E" box="[338,477,703,729]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Mesoleptsus</emphasis>
spp.(Icheuneumonidae) (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFCDDFD715FCAFD6D" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[780,908,703,730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). This species is multivoltine and overwinters as pupa (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE45FF8EFE0AFD115E1BFD4D" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[475,605,735,762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref7413" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Federation Francaise de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Paris. 1 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1989">Vala, 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE45FF8EFF32FCCE5F63FCCD" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE45FF8EFF32FCCE5F63FCCD" blockId="5.[174,1233,415,890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
D i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r s: whitish pruinose patches forming occipital spots fused in basal half (fig. 2,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFEAEFCEE5DCCFC8E" box="[383,394,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">c</emphasis>
), anterior orbital setae close to vertical setae than to anterior margin of frons (fig. 2,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFEB4FCF15D35FCEE" box="[357,371,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">b</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFE53FC8E5DCBFCEE" box="[386,397,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">c</emphasis>
); antenna yellow, arista with long brown hairs (fig. 2,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFBC3FCF15866FCEE" box="[1042,1056,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">b</emphasis>
); wing hyaline slightly darkened as in fig. 1,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFDD3FCAE5E56FCCE" box="[514,528,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">a</emphasis>
; surstylus as in fig. 1,
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE45FF8EFCDEFC915F58FCCE" box="[783,798,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">d</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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416
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M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:
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:
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<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFF2EFED35D6DFE84" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFF2EFED35D6DFE84" box="[255,299,285,307]" country="Iran" latitude="38.866665" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.016666" name="Jolfa" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Jolfa</location>
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,
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,
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, 4 ♂,
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<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFC02FED35874FE84" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFC02FED35874FE84" box="[979,1074,285,307]" country="Iran" latitude="38.85" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="46.866665" name="Qaradagh" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qaradagh</location>
(forest habitat) [
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,
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,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE46FF8DFEA0FEF65DFBFEF9" box="[369,445,312,334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1770.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE46FF8DFEA0FEF65DFBFEF9" box="[369,445,312,334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1770.0">1770 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE46FF8DFE1CFEF65E70FEF9" box="[461,566,312,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2010-06-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE46FF8DFE1CFEF65E70FEF9" box="[461,566,312,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2010-06-14">14.06.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 7 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE46FF8DFDBCFEF65EC8FEF9" box="[621,654,311,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">6 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE46FF8DFD4BFEF65D21FEDE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669343" collectingDate="2010-07-14" country="Iran" elevation="1370" latitude="38.983334" location="Horand" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="47.366665" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="8" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFD4BFEF65EA0FEF9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFD4BFEF65EA0FEF9" box="[666,742,312,334]" country="Iran" latitude="38.983334" longLatPrecision="1172" longitude="47.366665" name="Horand" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Horand</location>
(grassland habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFC7CFEF6584FFEF9" box="[941,1033,312,334]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="38.983334">38°59´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFBC2FEF6582EFEF9" box="[1043,1128,312,334]" degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="47.366665">47°22´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE46FF8DFBA2FEF658F8FEF9" box="[1139,1214,312,334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1370.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE46FF8DFBA2FEF658F8FEF9" box="[1139,1214,312,334]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE46FF8DFF77FE9D5D49FEDE" box="[166,271,339,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2010-07-14">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE46FF8DFF77FE9D5D49FEDE" box="[166,271,339,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2010-07-14">14.07.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 6 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE46FF8DFE97FE9D5D21FEDE" box="[326,359,338,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">8 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE46FF8DFEA5FE9D5885FEDE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669310" box="[372,1219,338,361]" collectingDate="2010-07-15" country="Iran" elevation="2500" latitude="37.766666" location="Kandovan" longLatPrecision="1179" longitude="46.266666" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFEA5FE9D5D9EFEDE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFEA5FE9D5D9EFEDE" box="[372,472,339,361]" country="Iran" latitude="37.766666" longLatPrecision="1179" longitude="46.266666" name="Kandovan" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Kandovan</location>
(moist grassland habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFD0CFE9D5F7FFEDE" box="[733,825,339,361]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="37.766666">37°46´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFC95FE9D5FDFFEDE" box="[836,921,339,361]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="46.266666">46°16´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE46FF8DFC75FE9D5FB6FEDE" box="[932,1008,339,361]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="2500.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE46FF8DFC75FE9D5FB6FEDE" box="[932,1008,339,361]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE46FF8DFBD0FE9D582CFEDE" box="[1025,1130,339,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2010-07-15">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE46FF8DFBD0FE9D582CFEDE" box="[1025,1130,339,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2010-07-15">15.07.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 2 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE46FF8DFB70FE9D5885FEDE" box="[1185,1219,338,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE46FF8DFF77FEA35FC1FE33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669325" box="[166,903,365,388]" collectingDate="2011-06-05" country="Iran" elevation="1790" latitude="37.416668" location="Maragheh" longLatPrecision="1181" longitude="46.416668" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="12" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFF77FEA35D4EFE34" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFF77FEA35D4EFE34" box="[166,264,365,387]" country="Iran" latitude="37.416668" longLatPrecision="1181" longitude="46.416668" name="Maragheh" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Maragheh</location>
(grove habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFE76FEA35E47FE34" box="[423,513,365,387]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="37.416668">37°25´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFDDBFEA35E18FE34" box="[522,606,365,387]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="46.416668">46°25´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE46FF8DFDB6FEA35EF7FE34" box="[615,689,365,387]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7899999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1790.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE46FF8DFDB6FEA35EF7FE34" box="[615,689,365,387]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7899999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1790.0">1790 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE46FF8DFD10FEA35F59FE34" box="[705,799,365,387]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2011-06-05">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE46FF8DFD10FEA35F59FE34" box="[705,799,365,387]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2011-06-05">5.06.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, 10 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE46FF8DFC8DFEA35FC1FE33" box="[860,903,365,388]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">12 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE46FF8DFC43FEA35E0DFE29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669319" collectingDate="2011-10-06" country="Iran" elevation="1530" latitude="38.433334" location="Ahar" longLatPrecision="1175" longitude="46.883335" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFC43FEA35F85FE34" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFC43FEA35F85FE34" box="[914,963,365,387]" country="Iran" latitude="38.433334" longLatPrecision="1175" longitude="46.883335" name="Ahar" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Ahar</location>
(grassland habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFB57FEA35CFFFE29" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="38.433334">38°26´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFF14FE465D5CFE29" box="[197,282,392,414]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="925" value="46.883335">46°53´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE46FF8DFEF4FE465D34FE29" box="[293,370,392,414]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1530.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE46FF8DFEF4FE465D34FE29" box="[293,370,392,414]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1530.0">1530 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE46FF8DFE55FE465DABFE29" box="[388,493,392,414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2011-10-06">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE46FF8DFE55FE465DABFE29" box="[388,493,392,414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2011-10-06">10.06.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, 3 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE46FF8DFDF9FE465E0DFE29" box="[552,587,391,414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96AE3C99FE46FF8DFD89FE465E54FE0E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748669301" collectingDate="2012-07-09" collectorName="Khaghaninia" country="Iran" elevation="1943" latitude="37.91625" location="Qurigol" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">
<location id="2319601FFE46FF8DFD89FE465EE2FE29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F87D2FE46FF8DFF77FF7E588FF888:2319601FFE46FF8DFD89FE465EE2FE29" box="[600,676,392,414]" country="Iran" latitude="37.91625" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="46.685333" name="Qurigol" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="East Azerbaijan Province">Qurigol</location>
(lagoon habitat) [
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFC84FE465F9DFE29" box="[853,987,392,414]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="54.975" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="1" value="37.91625">37°54.975´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="43F25003FE46FF8DFC36FE465820FE29" box="[999,1126,392,414]" degrees="46" direction="east" minutes="41,120" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" precision="1" value="46.685333">46°41,120´E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="E13E9B21FE46FF8DFBA0FE4658F8FE29" box="[1137,1214,392,414]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.943" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1943.0">
<elevation id="ADEBD1F7FE46FF8DFBA0FE4658F8FE29" box="[1137,1214,392,414]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.943" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1943.0">1943 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="52781004FE46FF8DFF77FE6D5D42FE0E" box="[166,260,419,441]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2012-07-09">
<collectingDate id="423CE9ECFE46FF8DFF77FE6D5D42FE0E" box="[166,260,419,441]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" value="2012-07-09">9.07.2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, 4 ♂,
<specimenCount id="30C0FD4DFE46FF8DFEE9FE6D5D1EFE0E" box="[312,344,418,441]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="female">5 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectorName id="8B335312FE46FF8DFEB5FE6D5DA4FE0E" box="[356,482,419,441]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Khaghaninia</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE46FF8DFF0AFE2E5D32FC6D" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF0AFE2E5CB8FDED" blockId="6.[166,1225,479,986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
D i s t r i b u t i o n. Very widespread, North Europe:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFC8FFE115F90FE4E" box="[862,982,479,505]" name="Denmark" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Denmark</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFC3BFE11580DFE4E" box="[1002,1099,479,505]" name="Sweden" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Sweden</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFB8EFE2E5885FE4D" box="[1119,1219,480,506]" name="Norway" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Norway</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFF77FE315D52FDAE" box="[166,276,511,537]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Scotland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFEF1FE315D3AFDAE" box="[288,380,511,537]" name="Ireland" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Ireland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFE59FE315DAEFDAE" box="[392,488,511,537]" name="Finland" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Finland</collectingCountry>
to Siberia. South Europe:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFCF6FE315F27FDAE" box="[807,865,511,537]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFCBCFE315FF3FDAE" box="[877,949,511,537]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFC11FDCE585EFDAD" box="[960,1048,512,538]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">France</collectingCountry>
. North Africa. Middle East:
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFE9DFDD15DEEFD8E" box="[332,424,543,569]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFE67FDEE5DA8FD8D" box="[438,494,544,570]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFE2AFDD15E89FD8D" author="Rozkosny, R." box="[507,719,543,570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref6810" refString="Rozkosny, R. 1987. A review of the Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera). Biologia 86. Prirodovedecka Fakulta, Univerzita J. E. Purkyne, Brne, 1 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1987">Rozkošný (1987)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFD0CFDD15CBCFDED" author="Seddighi Sadr, F. &amp; Mohammadzade Namin, S." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref6894" refString="Seddighi Sadr, F., Mohammadzade Namin, S. 2016. The snail killing flies (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) in Gilan Province, with a new record for Iranian fauna. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 7 (1), 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="2016">Seddighi Sadr, Mohammadzade Namin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF0AFD915D32FC6D" blockId="6.[166,1225,479,986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
Biology. The complete life cycle has been realized in laboratory by
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFBE6FD91588EFDCD" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[1079,1224,607,634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref7366" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1986. Description des stades larvaires et donnees sur la biologie et la phenologie de Trypetoptera punctulata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 22 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1986">Vala (1986)</bibRefCitation>
who described all the immature stages. If adult emerge from mid-April no matting is observed before August, due to a long pre-oviposition period, and flies are collected until early November (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFE6BFD715E04FD6D" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[442,578,703,730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref7366" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1986. Description des stades larvaires et donnees sur la biologie et la phenologie de Trypetoptera punctulata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 22 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1986">Vala, 1986</bibRefCitation>
). In laboratory, larvae attacked and fed the terrestrial gastropods
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFEEDFD115F51FD4D" authority="(Poiret, 1801)" baseAuthorityName="Poiret" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[316,791,735,762]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Candidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unifasciata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFEEDFD115E12FD4E" box="[316,596,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Candidula unifasciata</emphasis>
(Poiret, 1801)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFCFBFD2E5882FD4D" authority="(Muller, 1774)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[810,1220,735,762]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Cornu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aspersum">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFCFBFD2E5FBFFD4E" box="[810,1017,736,762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Cornu aspersum</emphasis>
(Müller, 1774)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFF77FCCE5E16FCAD" authority="(Costa, 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[166,592,767,794]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lauriidae" genus="Lauria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFF77FCCE5DD2FCAE" box="[166,404,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Lauria cylindracea</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="E402F826FE46FF8DFE7AFD315DB0FCAE" box="[427,502,767,793]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Costa</collectingRegion>
, 1778)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFD4AFD315836FCAD" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[667,1136,767,794]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hygromiidae" genus="Trochulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFD4AFD315FCCFCAE" box="[667,906,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Trochulus hispidus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFB56FD315CA5FC8E" author="Vala, J. - C." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref7366" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1986. Description des stades larvaires et donnees sur la biologie et la phenologie de Trypetoptera punctulata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 22 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1986">Vala, 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFF22FCD15DFEFC8D" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[243,440,799,826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). With the viviparous
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFD09FCEE5FC1FC8E" baseAuthorityName="Da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[728,903,799,825]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lauriidae" genus="Lauria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFD09FCEE5FC1FC8E" box="[728,903,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">L. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the first-instar larvae of
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFF77FC8E5D0BFCEE" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[166,333,831,857]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Trypetoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFF77FC8E5D0BFCEE" box="[166,333,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">T. punctulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fed firstly the young snails located in the pallial cavity of the mother host (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFF3AFC915D35FCCD" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[235,371,863,890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref7366" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1986. Description des stades larvaires et donnees sur la biologie et la phenologie de Trypetoptera punctulata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 22 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1986">Vala, 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Then, they fed the later before to leave the shell, and the second and third instar larvae attack larger snails (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFD58FCB15F55FC2D" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[649,787,895,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref7366" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1986. Description des stades larvaires et donnees sur la biologie et la phenologie de Trypetoptera punctulata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 22 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1986">Vala, 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Puparia are mostly formed inside the host snail´s shell. The species is univoltine and overwintering as pupa (
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFBEFFC515882FC0E" author="Vala, J. - C." box="[1086,1220,927,953]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref7366" refString="Vala, J. - C. 1986. Description des stades larvaires et donnees sur la biologie et la phenologie de Trypetoptera punctulata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 22 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1986">Vala, 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFF77FC715D2EFC6D" author="Gaponov, S. P." box="[166,360,959,986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="54 - 63" refId="ref6197" refString="Gaponov, S. P. 2016. Fauna and bioecology of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in the central black soil region of Russia. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Ser.: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 1, 54 - 63." type="journal article" year="2016">Gaponov, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDC654FFE46FF8DFF77FBEA588FF888" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="key">
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FBEA5847FBE3" blockId="6.[166,1112,1060,1108]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFF77FBEA5847FBE3" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
Key to the
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFEC0FBEA5D92FB8D" box="[273,468,1060,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFEC0FBEA5DCFFB8E" bold="true" box="[273,393,1060,1081]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coremacera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
occurring in Middle East and Central Asia (modified from
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFBF4FBEA5D74FBE3" author="Vala, J. - C. &amp; Leclercq, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref7502" refString="Vala, J. - C., Leclercq, M. 1981. Taxonomie et repartition geographique des especes du genre Coremacera Rondani, 1856, Sciomyzidae (Diptera) palearctiques. Bulletin de l'institInst royal de Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 53 (10), 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1981">Vala, Leclercq,1981</bibRefCitation>
) (Distribution follows
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFDC9FBF05F46FBE3" author="Rozkosny, R. &amp; Elberg, K." box="[536,768,1086,1108]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="167 - 193" refId="ref6845" refString="Rozkosny, R., Elberg, K. 1984. Family Sciomyzidae (Tetanoceridae). In: Soos, A. and Papp, L., eds. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 167 - 193." type="book chapter" year="1984">Rozkošný, Elberg,1984</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="42574B35FE46FF8DFCC1FBF15FBDFBE3" author="Leclercq, M. &amp; Schacht, W." box="[784,1019,1086,1108]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="57 - 63" refId="ref6577" refString="Leclercq, M., Schacht, W. 1986. The Sciomyzidae of Turkey (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Entomofauna, 7 (4), 57 - 63." type="journal article" year="1986">Leclercq, Schacht, 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FBB8588FFB3B" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" box="[166,1225,1142,1164]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">1. Face with a black round spot or black median strip below antenna. ..................................................... 2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FB5D588FFB1F" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" box="[166,1225,1171,1192]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">— Face without black spots blow antenna. ................................................................................................ 4</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FB7E588FFB55" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
2. Mainly black species; face with black median strip from base of antenna to the mouth edge (
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFBADFB7E5883FB72" box="[1148,1221,1200,1221]" name="Cyprus" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFF23FB035D7EFB55" box="[242,312,1229,1250]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFE93FB035DCAFB55" box="[322,396,1229,1250]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
). ......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC72FB03588FFB55" ID-CoL="6B3QH" authority="(Loew 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[931,1225,1228,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuripennis">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC72FB035800FB56" box="[931,1094,1228,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. obscuripennis</emphasis>
(Loew 1845)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FB24588FFB48" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" box="[166,1225,1258,1279]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">— Mainly brown species; face with a black round spots blow antenna. ................................................... 3</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FAC9588FFAC5" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
3. Wing: costal margin brown with several light spots; base of wing to anterior cross vein yellow, without reticulate patterns; mesonotum with a longitudinal median yellow dusting strips surrounding with 2 longitudinal grey strips (Central Europe and
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFD60FA8E5E9CFAE2" box="[689,730,1344,1365]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFD35FA8E5F16FAE2" box="[740,848,1344,1365]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
, Armtnia,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFC64FA8E5FB9FAE2" box="[949,1023,1344,1365]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
). .............................. ..........................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC00FA93588FFAC5" ID-CoL="YDDP" authority="(Loew, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[977,1225,1373,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catenata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC00FA935806FAC5" box="[977,1088,1373,1394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. catenata</emphasis>
(Loew, 1847)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FAB4588FFA7F" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
— Wing: uniformly reticulated pattern with small spots; hind margin with narrow brownish band; mesonotum dark brown covered by grey dusting with black spots at the base of bristles (
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFBF4FA5958D1FA1B" box="[1061,1175,1431,1452]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
). ..... ..................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC75FA7D588FFA7F" ID-CoL="YDDW" authority="(Elberg, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Elberg" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[932,1225,1459,1480]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkestanica">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC75FA7D5871FA7F" box="[932,1079,1459,1480]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. turkestanica</emphasis>
(Elberg, 1968)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77FA1E588FF9B5" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
4. Wing densely reticulate pattern, with a broad brown band from costal margin of wing to apex (Europe,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFF23FA235D7CF9B5" box="[242,314,1517,1538]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFE92FA235D28F9B5" box="[323,366,1517,1538]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Iran</collectingCountry>
). ...........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC72FA23588FF9B5" ID-CoL="YDDT" authority="(Fabricius 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[931,1225,1517,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC72FA235865F9B5" box="[931,1059,1517,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. marginata</emphasis>
(Fabricius 1775)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77F9C4588FF9A8" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" box="[166,1225,1546,1567]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">— Wing with normal reticulate pattern, costal margin of wing with whitish or brownish spots. ............. 5</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77F9E9588FF98B" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" box="[166,1225,1575,1596]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">5. Wing with transverse brown bands. ........................................................................................................ 6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77F98D588FF9C2" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
— Wing without transverse brown bands, with large light spots, apex of wing from R 2+3 to M 1+2 with a dark brown band (Eurasia, North and south Europe). ..........................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC15F9AE588FF9C2" ID-CoL="YDDR" authority="Rozkosny, 1981" authorityName="Rozkosny" authorityYear="1981" box="[964,1225,1632,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabricii">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC15F9AE5861F9C2" box="[964,1063,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. fabricii</emphasis>
Rozkosny, 1981
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77F9B3588FF97B" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
7. Wings dark brown, apical half with 2 light transverse bands separated by a small brown transverse band; mesonotum brownish with grey and yellow dusting, many small black and brown spots arranged symmetrically; (Europe,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFE0FF9785E60F97B" box="[478,550,1718,1740]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
). ............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC09F978588FF97B" ID-CoL="YDDV" authority="(Loew, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[984,1225,1718,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trivittata">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC09F9785801F97B" box="[984,1095,1718,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. trivittata</emphasis>
(Loew, 1860)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267936C4FE46FF8DFF77F91D588FF888" blockId="6.[166,1225,1142,1855]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
— Wings light brown, apical half with 2 rows of light spots separated by larger brown transverse bands; mesonotum light brown with whitish dusting, finely brown punctuated and 2 longitudinal rows of brown spots along the dorsocentral bristles and some small brown spots laterally (south Europe,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFB53F8C25880F895" box="[1154,1222,1804,1826]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="5ED17654FE46FF8DFF23F8E75D58F888" box="[242,286,1833,1855]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Iran</collectingCountry>
). ..............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="E1C64D47FE46FF8DFC30F8E4588FF888" ID-CoL="YDDM" authority="(Loew, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[993,1225,1833,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Coremacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amoena">
<emphasis id="14B2EAD6FE46FF8DFC30F8E45801F888" box="[993,1095,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">C. amoena</emphasis>
(Loew, 1835)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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66
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<taxonomicName LSID="AE6F8D1D-E417-AB29-C0E9-7BDA7E03C5D4" authority="Casey, 1924" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1924" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion subaerarium" order="Coleoptera" pageId="349" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subaerarium">Bembidion subaerarium Casey, 1924</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection pageId="349" pageNumber="350" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="349" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1924" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="349" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subaerarium">Bembidion subaerarium</taxonomicName>
Casey, 1924: 31. Type locality: &quot;Blue Lakes, Alpine Co[unty], California&quot; (original citation). Lectotype (♂), designated by Erwin (1984a: 183), in USNM [# 36896].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="349" pageNumber="350" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="349" pageNumber="350">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="349" pageNumber="350">This species is known only from the type locality in the Sierra Nevada in California.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="349" pageNumber="350" type="records">
<paragraph pageId="349" pageNumber="350">Records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="349" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="349" pageNumber="350">USA</emphasis>
: CA
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="FC20F748F2E85519AB1DAB8AB0B598DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E51634F9D55247E570E29A7A491AEEE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<taxonomicName id="A08594177CF63C6C4E75DB613019B7D8" LSID="AE6FBB35-2527-5918-A2A7-79F2186B7215" authority="" class="Polychaeta" family="Orbiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="sp" subSpecies="458">Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_458)</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="6490DEC82425C6C01B9CB86170136441" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E83B2E51BB22FFC894352B8A2CF71E64" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<materialsCitation id="8C8091664ED553F7241E7C756B2A002A" accessionNumber="OQ746521, OQ746837" collectingDate="2013-10-21" collectingDateMax="2021-04-20" collectingDateMin="2013-10-21" collectingMethod="USNEL Box Core" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Occurrence, Adrian Glover | Helena Wiklund | Thomas Dahlgren | Magdalena Georgieva, Adrian Glover, Helena Wiklund, Thomas Dahlgren, Magdalena Georgieva, Taxon, Orbiniidae, Animalia, Annelida, Polychaeta, Hartman, Location, Pacific, Clarion, Zone, Seabed Resources Ltd, Stratum A, Deployment BC, Station J, V Melville Cruise" country="UK" determinerName="Helena Wiklund | Lenka Neal | Thomas Dahlgren | Adrian Glover | Madeleine Brasier | Regan Drennan | Eva Stewart" latitude="13.90165" location="UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration area UK- 1 Stratum A" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" specimenCode="NHMUK ANEA 2023.432" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<emphasis id="0EFF7494281FBC5809369456FEF1F743" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3BAF664F5AA7C72EDC5C2460640C87A3" accessionNumber="OQ746521, OQ746837" collectingDate="2013-10-21" collectingDateMax="2021-04-20" collectingDateMin="2013-10-21" collectingMethod="USNEL Box Core" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Occurrence, Adrian Glover | Helena Wiklund | Thomas Dahlgren | Magdalena Georgieva, Adrian Glover, Helena Wiklund, Thomas Dahlgren, Magdalena Georgieva, Taxon, Orbiniidae, Animalia, Annelida, Polychaeta, Hartman, Location, Pacific, Clarion, Zone, Seabed Resources Ltd, Stratum A, Deployment BC, Station J, V Melville Cruise" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" determinerName="Helena Wiklund | Lenka Neal | Thomas Dahlgren | Adrian Glover | Madeleine Brasier | Regan Drennan | Eva Stewart" latitude="13.90165" location="UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration area UK- 1 Stratum A" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" specimenCode="NHMUK ANEA 2023.432" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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<collectorName id="271808A44D2C9D89DB0365B0ACA0E861">Occurrence</collectorName>
:
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catalogNumber:
<specimenCode id="B9EBDF0C3E99FD9652DFD8CAC85AFDA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">NHMUK ANEA 2023.432</specimenCode>
; recordNumber: NHM_0458; recordedBy:
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<collectorName id="B49DDB0245109A03AB82F5BD5CDE56B2">Adrian Glover</collectorName>
|
<collectorName id="DE79AA2BF745A8109411EBC800CCEF02">Helena Wiklund</collectorName>
|
<collectorName id="60EAE32040C46E98AAE27B275111FC23">Thomas Dahlgren</collectorName>
|
<collectorName id="EF37D4E5B07923800A0DCACA8584BB9A">Magdalena Georgieva</collectorName>
</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="FFAD9FAD79BE8818523447DD86447E18" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
; preparations: specimen stored in 80% non-denatured ethanol aqueous solution | DNA voucher stored in buffer; otherCatalogNumbers: 0174127328; associatedSequences:
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(16S) |
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(18S); occurrenceID:
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;
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<collectorName id="D3F4AC032780CFD356270EA9F2140C62">Taxon</collectorName>
:
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taxonConceptID:
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sp. (NHM_458); scientificName:
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; kingdom:
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; phylum:
<collectorName id="BEC99B867C87FCDA047B40C1A10BF10A">Annelida</collectorName>
; class:
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; family:
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; taxonRank: family; scientificNameAuthorship:
<collectorName id="8C09CDA416AD29E4EBB253F7DE64E5FA">Hartman</collectorName>
, 1942;
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<collectorName id="C00F542E64A05E64BF5C22274995C5AB">Location</collectorName>
:
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waterBody:
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; stateProvince:
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Clipperton
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; locality:
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exploration area UK-1
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; verbatimLocality:
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1
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; maximumDepthInMeters: 4163; locationRemarks:
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13; at
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; from R/
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no. MV1313; verbatimLatitude: 13°54.099; verbatimLongitude: 116°35.400; decimalLatitude:
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; decimalLongitude:
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; geodeticDatum: WGS84;
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<location id="4C68E48061EF5E64CC0BA39784EB2DE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:4C68E48061EF5E64CC0BA39784EB2DE4" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Identification">Identification</location>
:
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identifiedBy:
<determinerName id="E26843AC20F1081141073ECDA585DA7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<location id="6C464759FA9CB3275C05B1F4D820BC3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:6C464759FA9CB3275C05B1F4D820BC3F" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Helena Wiklund">Helena Wiklund</location>
|
<location id="0FE94A4B105860778718716098142AFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:0FE94A4B105860778718716098142AFA" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Lenka Neal">Lenka Neal</location>
|
<location id="4D5F709A90B0473A3D07318E928B8D4B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:4D5F709A90B0473A3D07318E928B8D4B" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Thomas Dahlgren">Thomas Dahlgren</location>
|
<location id="763CDC44C8BAD7D0EE136413F21138AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:763CDC44C8BAD7D0EE136413F21138AC" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Adrian Glover">Adrian Glover</location>
|
<location id="68FDCC330F41160A3B7B6F443463F416" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:68FDCC330F41160A3B7B6F443463F416" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Madeleine Brasier">Madeleine Brasier</location>
|
<location id="1CE337F4AC8E42330ACE8F0811B651A3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:1CE337F4AC8E42330ACE8F0811B651A3" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Regan Drennan">Regan Drennan</location>
|
<location id="4D16D4A4C0CD20F039E8C209E3ECAFE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:4D16D4A4C0CD20F039E8C209E3ECAFE3" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Eva Stewart">Eva Stewart</location>
</determinerName>
; dateIdentified:
<collectingDate id="84EB1210F3FCE5D96FFF5E93ACC9CCB1" value="2021-04-20">2021-04-20</collectingDate>
; identificationRemarks: identified by DNA and morphology;
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<location id="4BE1BE2548567D2959AC64E31F31D5BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:4BE1BE2548567D2959AC64E31F31D5BF" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Event">Event</location>
:
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eventID:
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1_AB01_BC13; samplingProtocol:
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USNEL
<location id="735796EB43550841C5C6E84C7783F8D6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:735796EB43550841C5C6E84C7783F8D6" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Box Core">Box Core</location>
</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate id="44644B026509E80768BE65C0597229DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" value="2013-10-21">2013-10-21</collectingDate>
; eventTime: 13:27; habitat:
<location id="5CC12FE274992E412815024E61234391" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:5CC12FE274992E412815024E61234391" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen Type" latitude="13.90165" longitude="-116.59" municipality="Record Level" name="Abyssal">Abyssal</location>
plain; fieldNotes: Collected from
<quantity id="0D17079DA7E1D047DBD1027240DC16F6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="cm" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0-2 cm</quantity>
layer of box core using a
<quantity id="C9AF5ECA4AC3FAF6D6581D24E286F6EC" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="<22>m" value="300.0">300 micron</quantity>
sieve;
<emphasis id="BD982116E63C9EBFC9EE0FE1AC44A48D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<collectingMunicipality id="048FB13D218CCCD4F67AD608B4039D60">Record Level</collectingMunicipality>
:
</emphasis>
language: en; institutionCode: NHMUK; collectionCode: ZOO; datasetName: ABYSSLINE; basisOfRecord:
<collectingCounty id="44B4CC30BB8CFD1FC236D09F5C918CF0">
PreservedSpecimen
<materialsCitation id="3DF4829ABD54B43802E0D345E4297D31" accessionNumber="OQ746528" collectingDate="2015-02-17" collectingDateMax="2021-04-20" collectingDateMin="2015-02-17" collectingMethod="Brenke Epibenthic Sledge, Collected from epi net" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Occurrence, Adrian Glover | Helena Wiklund | Thomas Dahlgren | Madeleine Brasier, Adrian Glover, Helena Wiklund, Thomas Dahlgren, Madeleine Brasier, Taxon, Orbiniidae, Animalia, Annelida, Polychaeta, Hartman, Location, Pacific, Clarion, Zone, Seabed Resources Ltd, Stratum B, Deployment EB, Station U, V Thomas G. Thompson Cruise" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" determinerName="Helena Wiklund | Lenka Neal | Thomas Dahlgren | Adrian Glover | Madeleine Brasier | Regan Drennan | Eva Stewart" latitude="12.38624" location="UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration area UK- 1 Stratum B" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" specimenCode="NHMUK ANEA 2023.433" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<emphasis id="B923D6BF8E3735A7A0AD49B01AD3151F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="F25F1BA59506CF5E0A3BA84F471E7882" accessionNumber="OQ746528" collectingDate="2015-02-17" collectingDateMax="2021-04-20" collectingDateMin="2015-02-17" collectingMethod="Brenke Epibenthic Sledge, Collected from epi net" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Occurrence, Adrian Glover | Helena Wiklund | Thomas Dahlgren | Madeleine Brasier, Adrian Glover, Helena Wiklund, Thomas Dahlgren, Madeleine Brasier, Taxon, Orbiniidae, Animalia, Annelida, Polychaeta, Hartman, Location, Pacific, Clarion, Zone, Seabed Resources Ltd, Stratum B, Deployment EB, Station U, V Thomas G. Thompson Cruise" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" determinerName="Helena Wiklund | Lenka Neal | Thomas Dahlgren | Adrian Glover | Madeleine Brasier | Regan Drennan | Eva Stewart" latitude="12.38624" location="UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration area UK- 1 Stratum B" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" specimenCode="NHMUK ANEA 2023.433" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<typeStatus id="4494A0FCF2CA891B0FE488BA651AB529" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Other material</typeStatus>
.
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<collectorName id="BD431DB557B9FB3ADABB8298DF0D529B">Occurrence</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
catalogNumber:
<specimenCode id="8175F2D2340B7BAB285ABCDF26D60B72" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">NHMUK ANEA 2023.433</specimenCode>
; recordNumber: NHM_0567; recordedBy:
<collectorName id="18C6AAE3E95BE1228C3065821140A108" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<collectorName id="A48596E42D8A37BFA8755AB4B6C3A52F">Adrian Glover</collectorName>
|
<collectorName id="266727DAD3FA3189CB96E0E859C5EEDE">Helena Wiklund</collectorName>
|
<collectorName id="1D7200393BF6D50D0673AED6A5F082DB">Thomas Dahlgren</collectorName>
|
<collectorName id="DB845847A3D4A8C4FEEBEF7C87A4D6A6">Madeleine Brasier</collectorName>
</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="294CAD188F04C704C963ADB4135795F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
; preparations: specimen stored in 80% non-denatured ethanol aqueous solution | DNA voucher stored in buffer; otherCatalogNumbers: 0174126623; associatedSequences:
<accessionNumber id="4F1A1E69471EF3DD4E11D1F577285CC9" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/OQ746528">OQ746528</accessionNumber>
(16S); occurrenceID:
<uuid id="A6C8C303C193CE0CF5CCA56BB0E2E20B">065B1B78-084E-5A12-B60F-BFB054EC2557</uuid>
;
<emphasis id="C6455A2F9C2AE7C256327E751F020257" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<collectorName id="A2D9B9F07A41CC85C2051B6BA5D7CB58">Taxon</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
taxonConceptID:
<collectorName id="1C289E4E83BEBEA44F429CE19D51CFE4">Orbiniidae</collectorName>
sp. (NHM_458); scientificName:
<collectorName id="393A3F366C77FA79E04969E58EF74F71">Orbiniidae</collectorName>
; kingdom:
<collectorName id="AFB123AAA66D9D1DE1A97DDF9F464C67">Animalia</collectorName>
; phylum:
<collectorName id="3BF63D19B2363E8199D31F4AE75FDDC3">Annelida</collectorName>
; class:
<collectorName id="287362DEB6DF16304B9D096D424881CC">Polychaeta</collectorName>
; family:
<collectorName id="299B98619BA1545B39D6E545533FDE53">Orbiniidae</collectorName>
; taxonRank: family; scientificNameAuthorship:
<collectorName id="7B64D1C7AC82510D51C3F8141C4793F9">Hartman</collectorName>
, 1942;
<emphasis id="096751FB3E24CFD8168EB5329B34EA6C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<collectorName id="512EDA1E3104D4956A9F91247E523F3A">Location</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
waterBody:
<collectorName id="154595634289458DF85C8BCF069E9F33">Pacific</collectorName>
; stateProvince:
<collectorName id="A97617E69E10FA0EC84C2DCE7F371F60">Clarion</collectorName>
Clipperton
<collectorName id="D659F3CB235C42F6DE7CC558D2B5AEC7">Zone</collectorName>
; locality:
<location id="F3FA4648515D22E273DCA685362F1F63" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:F3FA4648515D22E273DCA685362F1F63" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration area UK- 1 Stratum B" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<collectingCountry id="53807AA74AF0E6D93379D596F2C32319" name="United Kingdom">UK</collectingCountry>
<collectorName id="5B58ACCA31C7094AD2C8ADACF5A0E451">Seabed Resources Ltd</collectorName>
exploration area UK-1
<collectorName id="9D95795F1935FF201D0FCBEDB210ED45">Stratum B</collectorName>
</location>
; verbatimLocality:
<collectingCountry id="A000341FE09B799DF1773C8A02E6B4D0" name="United Kingdom">UK</collectingCountry>
1
<collectorName id="C82758016403769C980929896476A820">Stratum B</collectorName>
; maximumDepthInMeters: 4202; locationRemarks:
<collectorName id="4C5F062CD4D6EAE522970C84F2B59B4D">Deployment EB</collectorName>
01; at
<collectorName id="1505964091A52823AF9BD15F88D22C61">Station U</collectorName>
2; from R/
<collectorName id="6BC738811B6EC8E844B3D579F10499F6">V Thomas G. Thompson Cruise</collectorName>
no. TN319; verbatimLatitude: 12'23.17456; verbatimLongitude: 116'32.92021; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate id="ADBCA0D6E05D97A3E74D1705F1AC92BC" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" value="12.38624">12.38624</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate id="274C554472F2F9D165AB85A411013EDE" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" value="-116.54867">-116.54867</geoCoordinate>
; geodeticDatum: WGS84;
<emphasis id="69FFC6E4F5C9C1CB63B0E631B3A5DCA7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<location id="DC4AE9B96C99C3B1006D73AE5FE795C7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:DC4AE9B96C99C3B1006D73AE5FE795C7" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Identification">Identification</location>
:
</emphasis>
identifiedBy:
<determinerName id="6B5DE1CC08EFFB8D3A2255FC10B91ACB" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<location id="25AE0D41FB4D9FFB09A8C36D45ADBF7E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:25AE0D41FB4D9FFB09A8C36D45ADBF7E" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Helena Wiklund">Helena Wiklund</location>
|
<location id="391BB237718E801B2244161B486E1F3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:391BB237718E801B2244161B486E1F3F" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Lenka Neal">Lenka Neal</location>
|
<location id="A72AB10698CB47002873B84532C6ACEB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:A72AB10698CB47002873B84532C6ACEB" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Thomas Dahlgren">Thomas Dahlgren</location>
|
<location id="D7E7A99EC663E9174F01FCDA61CA3DF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:D7E7A99EC663E9174F01FCDA61CA3DF8" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Adrian Glover">Adrian Glover</location>
|
<location id="4DE8DB7CFB798A629213BDA5A6D3F171" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:4DE8DB7CFB798A629213BDA5A6D3F171" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Madeleine Brasier">Madeleine Brasier</location>
|
<location id="8E25D832EE85B1C0A64DB89CA2AF4B56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:8E25D832EE85B1C0A64DB89CA2AF4B56" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Regan Drennan">Regan Drennan</location>
|
<location id="61F2BDDDDE752307BCFC861E7403D08B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:61F2BDDDDE752307BCFC861E7403D08B" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Eva Stewart">Eva Stewart</location>
</determinerName>
; dateIdentified:
<collectingDate id="E2D82D9E97BDAAB12D3D431AA85BD27A" value="2021-04-20">2021-04-20</collectingDate>
; identificationRemarks: identified by DNA and morphology;
<emphasis id="0EB665AD11F947808968E7B17A7DF165" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<location id="A4E90E748546CACD780D7F9F2D1A21D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:A4E90E748546CACD780D7F9F2D1A21D7" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Event">Event</location>
:
</emphasis>
eventID:
<collectingCountry id="83ABA0B87FAF07DF89D22A3A3829C74F" name="United Kingdom">UK</collectingCountry>
1_AB02_EB01; samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod id="1B7DE83984E3B8F6DC4D5EE98AC4F90F" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<location id="949747D27E70E7F030E6B15D276729B7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:949747D27E70E7F030E6B15D276729B7" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Brenke Epibenthic Sledge">Brenke Epibenthic Sledge</location>
</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate id="5359442074DC377E320E97091BD4625D" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" value="2015-02-17">2015-02-17</collectingDate>
; eventTime: 05:15; habitat:
<location id="A43817F1FB994847457DDD0DF578EDE7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6FBB3525275918A2A779F2186B7215:A43817F1FB994847457DDD0DF578EDE7" country="UK" county="PreservedSpecimen" latitude="12.38624" longitude="-116.54867" municipality="Record Level" name="Abyssal">Abyssal</location>
plain; fieldNotes:
<collectingMethod id="843E4ACC606570996061F420AEE1BF39">Collected from epi net</collectingMethod>
(on the epibenthic sledge);
<emphasis id="7F2C00EFA482D154480C5C64FB554794" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
<collectingMunicipality id="2AE367B9B052FF017729A6AC6628FAF9">Record Level</collectingMunicipality>
:
</emphasis>
language: en; institutionCode: NHMUK; collectionCode: ZOO; datasetName: ABYSSLINE; basisOfRecord:
<collectingCounty id="DEE17E4573EB74A287173FD6C6362D55">PreservedSpecimen</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14AD50539877F631746EEF0AF25ACF74" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="06B4395BFC0AAB8D49D6B7A12FB39F04" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="982BBACBC84FB54D0AF1C7D7862394F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B997FE37BB2A957C6E68980543DBF38" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A07EBB7DAD72E1C7C35775927B5AE67B" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph id="48BF876F25BF434E9C7B4E286BA49F90" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">
Damaged specimens (Fig.
<figureCitation id="54F749A1CA18BE1A23018B477A2A6CFB" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="F7340041" captionText="Figure 61. Orbiniidae sp. (NHM _ 458), anterior fragment of live specimen NHM _ 567." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.11.e86921.figure61" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567113" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921">61</figureCitation>
) consistent with placement within family
<taxonomicName id="91782BB84BF0AC27AA78C9C40D0B2767" class="Polychaeta" family="Orbiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="0" pageNumber="86921" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Orbiniidae</taxonomicName>
, based on morphology and DNA.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>