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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.602.8136" ID-PMC="PMC4978033" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-602-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFA86D39FFE2FFF3FF8AFFEBC209FFDE" ID-PubMed="27551193" ID-Zenodo-Dep="126863" ID-ZooBank="65EFA27673454AC69B78DBE7E98D6103" ModsDocID="1313-2970-602-1" checkinTime="1467777339758" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Neubauer, Thomas A." docDate="2016" docId="AE3D2F593D525EB6BCBA493D68EAF59D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 602: 1-358" docOrigin="ZooKeys 602" docPubDate="2016-07-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.602.8136" docTitle="Melanopsis praemorsa subsp. var. var. zonata Bourguignat 1864, [invalid]" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFA86D39FFE2FFF3FF8AFFEBC209FFDE" lastPageNumber="300" masterDocId="FFA86D39FFE2FFF3FF8AFFEBC209FFDE" masterDocTitle="A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Melanopsidae (Gastropoda, Cerithioidea)" masterLastPageNumber="358" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="300" updateTime="1668163284802" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Melanopsidae (Gastropoda, Cerithioidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Neubauer, Thomas A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-9941</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">thomas.neubauer@nhm-wien.ac.at</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">65EFA27673454AC69B78DBE7E98D6103</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFA86D39FFE2FFF3FF8AFFEBC209FFDE</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">126863</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182232963" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE3D2F593D525EB6BCBA493D68EAF59D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE3D2F593D525EB6BCBA493D68EAF59D" lastPageNumber="300" pageId="299" pageNumber="300">
<subSubSection pageId="299" pageNumber="300" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName LSID="AE3D2F59-3D52-5EB6-BCBA-493D68EAF59D" authority="Bourguignat, 1864" authorityName="Bourguignat" authorityYear="1864" class="Gastropoda" family="Melanopsidae" genus="Melanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanopsis praemorsa subsp. var. var. zonata" order="Sorbeoconcha" pageId="299" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="praemorsa" status="[invalid]" subSpecies="var." variety="zonata">Melanopsis praemorsa var. zonata Bourguignat, 1864</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="299" pageNumber="300">[invalid]</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="299" pageNumber="300" type="original source">
<paragraph pageId="299" pageNumber="300">Original source.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="299" pageNumber="300">
<bibRefCitation author="Bourguignat, JR" journalOrPublisher="Challamel Aine, Paris" pageId="303" pageNumber="304" publicationUrl="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106363page/9/mode/1up" refId="B42" refString="Bourguignat, JR, 1864. Malacologie de l'Algerie, ou, Histoire naturelle des animaux mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis jusqu'a ce jour dans nos possessions du nord de l'Afrique. Tome second. Challamel Aine, Paris, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106363page/9/mode/1up" title="Malacologie de l'Algerie, ou, Histoire naturelle des animaux mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis jusqu'a ce jour dans nos possessions du nord de l'Afrique. Tome second." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106363page/9/mode/1up" year="1864">Bourguignat 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 264.
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<subSubSection pageId="299" pageNumber="300" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="299" pageNumber="300">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="299" pageNumber="300">
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Biskra”">&quot;Biskra&quot;</normalizedToken>
, Algeria.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="299" pageNumber="300" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="299" pageNumber="300">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="299" pageNumber="300">
Junior homonym of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gassies" authorityYear="1856" class="Gastropoda" family="Melanopsidae" genus="Melanopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanopsis maroccana subsp. zonata" order="Pteropoda" pageId="299" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="maroccana" subSpecies="zonata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="299" pageNumber="300">Melanopsis maroccana zonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gassies, 1856 (see Note 1), which Bourguignat listed as well (p. 260-261).
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</treatment>
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<treatment id="AE3D3F190C863D0FE7C0C623EB62B0A6" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143935100" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE3D3F190C863D0FE7C0C623EB62B0A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE3D3F190C863D0FE7C0C623EB62B0A6" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">
<subSubSection id="AC172ACC354AF53E54CED3DD2849054E" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="92D131E781B059FEA25A310640E0807B" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="CC44EC9D3DBE1643D79EAAF1E6A9F210" ID-CoL="3PQ5N" authority="Sclater, 1892" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1892" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Ingerana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ingerana tenasserimensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenasserimensis">Ingerana tenasserimensis (Sclater, 1892)</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="B5197964F51B8E7106EBDD69D998D4D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4B558F8E99DE87333DDC26330B59FDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Adult females (n =3) 17.6-19.7 mm SVL.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="14E3C385CD0951A8BC5DE98937554E2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" type="natural history">
<paragraph id="F8B8F1A0EF196AE03BE12A2003742CAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Natural history notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="744B6DE7E92771213D0675E9CE9BD0D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">These frogs were found along the edges of streams in areas of low falls caused by flat rocky outcrops. All were gravid with two or three unpigmented ova.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="90DAFB3726FC5729F8926A0B75B4960C" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="40F1B4837BE18EDE20FE2A22C9976347" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">General Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD9817545CF24399E386566B69639A47" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Eastern Myanmar and adjacent Thailand to northern West Malaysia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="857DE9EB99B4065D87B72E181F9B5113" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" type="molecular data">
<paragraph id="E72C2E08ABF82CEA56862ECBFB0136E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Molecular Data.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F499152F7F864BDB1EBC2309C39C567" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">
We included three individuals from Mon State (USNM 587300, USNM 587302, and MBM USNM-FS 35684). These and our specimens were placed in two separate COI BINS (ADG3231 and ADG3230) that were 7.04% sequence divergence, and they all formed a 16S clade with another individual in GenBank from near Dawei (KF991266; CAS 246787) also identified as
<taxonomicName id="93C30C6695B83AEA85FDCABF71339F86" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Ingerana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ingerana tenasserimensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenasserimensis">Ingerana tenasserimensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8ED471061F8162913CDC27999E195976" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" type="comments">
<paragraph id="3079E36EC439264B76E7EF686D06AA7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E20CAE19B376B987D0B4CAD4D4778CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">
Two other specimens in GenBank are placed sister to our clade based on 16S, one (KR827831) identified as
<taxonomicName id="A85F3FCACD73B2508269303F6CCBCEC2" genus="I." lsidName="I." pageId="0" pageNumber="85" rank="genus">I.</taxonomicName>
tenasserimensis from Thailand (
<bibRefCitation id="A637C73A1FFF988E3A673D70FB8ADFAD" author="Grosjean, S" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Biologies" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" pagination="351 - 361" title="Improving biodiversity assessment of anuran amphibians using DNA barcoding of tadpoles. Case studies from Southeast Asia." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2015.03.015" volume="338" year="2015 b">Grosjean et al. 2015b</bibRefCitation>
) and another (KU589219) from India identified as &quot;I. sp. SB2016&quot;. These two individuals each probably represent a different species. The type locality for this species is Tenasserim, southern Myanmar. Therefore, if this species is split into multiple species, our specimens likely represent true
<taxonomicName id="40512E59BB8883D3449A6E4C582AF3D5" lsidName="I. tenasserimensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" rank="species" species="tenasserimensis">I. tenasserimensis</taxonomicName>
. Another sequence in GenBank (AY322302) is identical to another (DQ283235) identified as
<taxonomicName id="FAF5BB0F479566204367C6DF6A33E62C" lsidName="I. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="85" rank="species" species="borealis">I. borealis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE6A9AE9DAC86947F1D4FEFB577CF3F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCCAC2218B054CB3EEE303C9F04F445B" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">MBM- USNM-FS 35684, USNM 587300, USNM 587302, USNM 587306, USNM 586921-923.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="49389AE58A2770B149E9C5D1FF5412B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">Red List status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0455BB854E38664D0DFC289952B1A36" pageId="0" pageNumber="85">LC.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="73393AC39F5FA5707A66D38B72730F72" pageId="0" pageNumber="113952">NorthEast China to Korea, Japan</paragraph>
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3.2.1. Genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo, 2001 (Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cenemus</taxonomicName>
Saaristo, 2001: 19 (type species:
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Simon, 1898).
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Description.</paragraph>
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The three species currently included in this genus are extremely similar to each other. The redescription of the type species below thus covers the genus except for some minor details of the genitalia (cf.
<bibRefCitation author="Saaristo, MI" journalOrPublisher="Phelsuma" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" pagination="9 - 28" refId="B43" refString="Saaristo, MI, 2001. Pholcid spiders of the granitic Seychelles (Araneae, Pholcidae). Phelsuma 9: 9 - 28" title="Pholcid spiders of the granitic Seychelles (Araneae, Pholcidae)." volume="9" year="2001">Saaristo 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
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).
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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Large, long-legged pholcids with deep carapace pit and cylindrical abdomen; distinguished from similar
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(especially
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus</emphasis>
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; also
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Holocnemus</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopina</emphasis>
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Kraus, 1957) by the combination of: (1) male gonopore with six epiandrous spigots (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 29–37" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 29 - 37. Cenemus culiculus (Simon, 1898); male from Mahe, Morne Blanc (ZFMK Ar 23868). 29 Ocular area and carapace, dorsal-frontal view. 30 Left eye triad and AME, oblique frontal view (arrows: &quot; accessory lenses &quot;). 31 Gonopore. 32 Spinnerets. 33 - 34 Modified hair on cheliceral apophysis. 35 Pores on frontal cheliceral face. 36 Cheliceral stridulatory file. 37 Palpal coxa (endite), prolateral view. Scale bars: 100 µm (29, 30, 36); 10 µm (31 - 35); 20 µm (37)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures29-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807797" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">31</figureCitation>
; only two in
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopina</emphasis>
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); (2) ALS with only two spigots each (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 55–63" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 55 - 63. Cenemus culiculus (Simon, 1898); female from Mahe, Morne Blanc (ZFMK Ar 23869). 55 Palpal tarsal organ. 56 Left tarsus 3, showing distinct pseudosegmentation. 57 Tip of left tarsus 2 (arrow: tarsal organ). 58 - 59 Tarsal organ on tarsus 1. 60 - 61 Tarsal organs on tarsi 3 and 4. 62 - 63 Spinnerets. Scale bars: 10 µm (55, 58 - 63); 100 µm (56); 20 µm (57)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures55-63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807800" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">63</figureCitation>
; seven to eight in
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus</emphasis>
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and
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); (3) male chelicerae with one pair of apophyses, each with one conical hair at tip (Fig.
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; two or more hairs in certain
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Holocnemus</emphasis>
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and other
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; some
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without conical hairs); (4) male and female chelicerae with distinct stridulatory files (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 29–37" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 29 - 37. Cenemus culiculus (Simon, 1898); male from Mahe, Morne Blanc (ZFMK Ar 23868). 29 Ocular area and carapace, dorsal-frontal view. 30 Left eye triad and AME, oblique frontal view (arrows: &quot; accessory lenses &quot;). 31 Gonopore. 32 Spinnerets. 33 - 34 Modified hair on cheliceral apophysis. 35 Pores on frontal cheliceral face. 36 Cheliceral stridulatory file. 37 Palpal coxa (endite), prolateral view. Scale bars: 100 µm (29, 30, 36); 10 µm (31 - 35); 20 µm (37)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures29-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807797" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">36</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 47–54" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 47 - 54. Cenemus culiculus (Simon, 1898); female from Mahe, Morne Blanc (ZFMK Ar 23869). 47 Carapace pit. 48 AME and clypeus, oblique frontal view (arrow: modified area). 49 Cheliceral stridulatory file. 50 Pores on frontal cheliceral face. 51 Epigynum and anterior sclerite, lateral-ventral view. 52 Epigynum, ventral view (arrows: pockets). 53 Epigynal pit. 54 Internal female genitalia, dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted toward front (asterisk: pore plate). Abbreviations: da, dorsal arc; va, ventral arc. Scale bars: 100 µm (47, 48, 51, 52, 54); 20 µm (49); 10 µm (50, 53)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures47-54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807799" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">49</figureCitation>
; absent in
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (5) palpal tarsus without macrotrichia (Figs
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; often present in
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (6) procursus tip without ventral spine (Fig.
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; present in most other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
); (7) male anterior femora without spines (present in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brenske" authorityYear="1894" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crossopriza" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (8) prolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 absent (present in
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (9) tarsal pseudosegments distinct (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 55–63" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 55 - 63. Cenemus culiculus (Simon, 1898); female from Mahe, Morne Blanc (ZFMK Ar 23869). 55 Palpal tarsal organ. 56 Left tarsus 3, showing distinct pseudosegmentation. 57 Tip of left tarsus 2 (arrow: tarsal organ). 58 - 59 Tarsal organ on tarsus 1. 60 - 61 Tarsal organs on tarsi 3 and 4. 62 - 63 Spinnerets. Scale bars: 10 µm (55, 58 - 63); 100 µm (56); 20 µm (57)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures55-63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807800" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">56</figureCitation>
; indistinct in all other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
); (10) leg tarsal organs oval, with indentation in proximal median part of rim (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 55–63" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 55 - 63. Cenemus culiculus (Simon, 1898); female from Mahe, Morne Blanc (ZFMK Ar 23869). 55 Palpal tarsal organ. 56 Left tarsus 3, showing distinct pseudosegmentation. 57 Tip of left tarsus 2 (arrow: tarsal organ). 58 - 59 Tarsal organ on tarsus 1. 60 - 61 Tarsal organs on tarsi 3 and 4. 62 - 63 Spinnerets. Scale bars: 10 µm (55, 58 - 63); 100 µm (56); 20 µm (57)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures55-63" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807800" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">58-61</figureCitation>
; round and without indentation in all other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
Nothing has been published about the biology of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo, 2001 (Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
before. Given the high general similarity of the three known species, the basic observations on
<taxonomicName family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. culiculus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="species" species="culiculus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">C. culiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below are probably valid for all of them.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="relationships">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Relationships.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo, 2001 (Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is part of the northern group of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
. Its sister group remains unclear (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Composition and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
Three species endemic to the Seychelles (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Known distributions of the northern and southern groups of Smeringopinae and of Cenemus. Excluded from this map are three widely distributed synanthropic species: Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763); Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall, 1867); and Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall, 1858). Also excluded are Australian records of Smeringopus natalensis Lawrence, 1947. Note that the southern group ranges into the southern Arabian Peninsula but the respective blue dots are covered by orange dots." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807789" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">2</figureCitation>
):
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus culiculus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="culiculus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus culiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Simon, 1898) (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mahé">Mahe</normalizedToken>
and Silhouette);
<taxonomicName family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. silhouette" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="species" species="silhouette">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">C. silhouette</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Saaristo, 2001 (Silhouette); and
<taxonomicName family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. mikehilli" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="species" species="mikehilli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">C. mikehilli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Saaristo, 2002 (La Digue and Marianne). All available evidence suggests that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo, 2001 (Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indeed restricted to the Granitic Seychelles. Given the size of the spider and the easily visible large webs, it seems very unlikely that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo, 2001 (Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been overlooked in other regions.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807789" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Known distributions of the northern and southern groups of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
and of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo, 2001 (Family Pholcidae C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Excluded from this map are three widely distributed synanthropic species:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus pluchei" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Holocnemus pluchei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Scopoli, 1763);
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blackwall" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crossopriza lyoni" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lyoni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Crossopriza lyoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blackwall, 1867); and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blackwall" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blackwall, 1858). Also excluded are Australian records of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus natalensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Smeringopus natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lawrence, 1947. Note that the southern group ranges into the southern Arabian Peninsula but the respective blue dots are covered by orange dots.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/asp.81.e86793.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/807790" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" start="Figures 3–4" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Figures 3-4.</emphasis>
Typical habitat of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cenemus culiculus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="culiculus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Cenemus culiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Simon, 1898) on
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mahé">Mahe</normalizedToken>
, Casse Dent (arrow points at preferred microhabitat of adults), and web of
<taxonomicName family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. culiculus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="species" species="culiculus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">C. culiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mahé">Mahe</normalizedToken>
, Bel Ombre).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

163
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<taxonomicName id="BC3974592165E745E0C15B0679BC7179" ID-CoL="4VY9W" authority="(Thomas 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotorepens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balstoni">
<emphasis id="C36CDF8632C3ADB98757DAF6C950AED2" italics="true" pageNumber="468">Scotorepens balstoni</emphasis>
(Thomas 1906)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="19F7F20DE9C9A127773BDB8B669E9D83" pageNumber="468">
<treatmentCitation id="F0AD44A3D5A64A210C375D0F58946EF9" author="Thomas" authority="Thomas 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scoteinus" issue="31" journal="Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond." kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" page="2" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balstoni" title="Scoteinus balstoni" volume="1906" year="1906">
<taxonomicName id="607F55348C49FFDDB40CD8CD387763A5" ID-CoL="8LGVV" authority="Thomas 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scoteinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balstoni">
<emphasis id="BC406068A0926003CB8637294D815737" italics="true" pageNumber="468">[Scoteinus] balstoni</emphasis>
Thomas 1906
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="05479823053E21B6336375A21E37BC2F" author="Thomas" issue="31" journal="Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond." pageNumber="468" pagination="2" title="Scoteinus balstoni" volume="1906" year="1906">Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906 (31): 2</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F770DBD7907CBD2D33EEDBBE361E85BA" pageNumber="468" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AE63C98C6E6F49EBB97D463104A4D210" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="CDDDC691E07B23E51F8554A3CD14C769" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="468">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2D0011F999255A0DF91B774AF2EEF62D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867287348" country="Australia" elevation="503.0" pageNumber="468" stateProvince="Western Australia">
<collectingCountry id="B5283C0ACB8E19E3477D2EFBCC9A6E2D" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="3CB4E0392D379F28B0C1898FB869D425" country="Australia" name="Western Australia">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
, Laverton, North Pool,
<specimenCount id="44D6B9F949A90A7456D1A8925D3BC6EA" type="generic">
<quantity id="2997E5AF1617FD20541B0E6D48528777" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.029999999999999" unit="m" value="503.0">
<elevation id="9AC410D7D6AE33A88A2DAA3008DE9BDB">503 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="97EC8530C34B491638C7A5FDECF14923" pageNumber="468" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="28AF234459066C36F7BC0218275F2EE2" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="08CE42E1D8E52ADE3102C3B3EC45F93B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="468">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="8513F219DA588F9C213299F8BEBAA857" language="eng" pageNumber="468">Western Broad-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3D572E677C7B61AB9FBD15A0746178C1" pageNumber="468" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="E272AE9C2C900FDEB2F0CBE4BEAE9499" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="64924798CBDC38F1D4289F6EC3B239A5" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="468">Subspecies:</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC9067FECEC16265D5DF040ADC687F04" pageNumber="468">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="040CA0653B967525633607DA9DA8693D" authority="Thomas 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotorepens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="balstoni" subSpecies="balstoni">
<emphasis id="D0CA00027EF966CE0FB06E9D50509003" italics="true" pageNumber="468">Scotorepens balstoni</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D24943BF383D271C6FE5C5A2E3237236" italics="true" pageNumber="468">balstoni</emphasis>
Thomas 1906
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74775380CD79E779F4B6E8D347DD7E21" pageNumber="468">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="6AF1FCBB095948E30FDDBC02893C2D39" authority="Thomas 1924" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotorepens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="balstoni" subSpecies="influatus">
<emphasis id="448CBCD434D2871B43467721C69D2972" italics="true" pageNumber="468">Scotorepens balstoni</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="F44BF854D896758A5CA214A21C9464F1" italics="true" pageNumber="468">influatus</emphasis>
Thomas 1924
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="37875540B7EC8870D196F5A307541E4E" pageNumber="468" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2201EBC032ECFAC6F22F6E77AF883F9E" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="DA979A4C46EC1CFEF725F7B6AE477C5A" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="468">Distribution:</emphasis>
Mainland
<collectingCountry id="DAAF0E5F213CD39FF4AFC10C2C98AD23" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="06B3AA73BB0982D683F2560CF830DD24" pageNumber="468" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="83125C0D6BFC27E75AA10BD15DA6FEF4" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="77BCE5529667188F1A47DF610F6BB0B9" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="468">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="99037CA0D9CC868C8796C1518F16C588">IUCN</collectionCode>
2003 and
<collectionCode id="8C46ACDE4A79484CF71081ED651B29D5">IUCN</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="6953E4CB0ADDBE964FAC0177C25C80D4" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9wqd-8bvt" name="Sacramento State University" type="">SSC</collectionCode>
Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as
<taxonomicName id="E33B9F0ED1346FBCABE55D5F03AA1C10" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nycticeius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balstoni">
<emphasis id="FD26196B00FFA1D34D57D8897D1D23E2" italics="true" pageNumber="468">Nycticeius balstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78F6B27FF231E83CC1445698515A5546" pageNumber="468" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="90D22F52EF200AF11D26C7C94587AD62" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="12314FEA5C2BA580F14A1A2D058517FE" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="468">Discussion:</emphasis>
Includes
<emphasis id="76227FE0394C980905F0354361CAFC87" italics="true" pageNumber="468">influatus</emphasis>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="F89DE5B08736311411F12BE176DE5823" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; N. Caputi" refId="ref186715" refString="Kitchener, D. J., and N. Caputi. 1985. Systematic revision of Australian Scoteanax and Scotorepens (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with remarks on relationships to other Nycticeini. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 12: 85 - 146." year="1985">Kitchener and Caputi (1985)</bibRefCitation>
. Does not include
<taxonomicName id="FAAA193C385C10ACCB012BAE6ADE96FE" baseAuthorityName="Troughton" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotorepens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orion">
<emphasis id="B873E8505EFD7ADA8399AADE9CA891CB" italics="true" pageNumber="468">orion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4ABB044DA94F529C1201991C3122BA16" authorityName="Troughton" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotorepens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caprenus">
<emphasis id="11B4767FD289079DAB9A5511B5CB00E8" italics="true" pageNumber="468">caprenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="1D21D187771B0E6B17B997C1EC1AA331" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; N. Caputi" refId="ref186715" refString="Kitchener, D. J., and N. Caputi. 1985. Systematic revision of Australian Scoteanax and Scotorepens (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with remarks on relationships to other Nycticeini. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 12: 85 - 146." year="1985">Kitchener and Caputi (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, but also see
<bibRefCitation id="F17AF6A9D099A83C3BAC6D244445B508" author="Koopman, K. F." refId="ref193420" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978 a. The genus Nycticeius (Vespertilionidae) with special reference to tropical Australia. Proceedings of the Fourth International Bat Research Conference, Nairobi, 4: 165 - 171." year="1978">
Koopman (1978
<emphasis id="C3FBDFB702DA0FAC3BF1C642351CAC84" italics="true" pageNumber="468">a</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1F276961ACC02E1CD209097CE4045E01" author="Hall, L. S. &amp; G. C. Richards" refId="ref137782" refString="Hall, L. S., and G. C. Richards. 1979. Bats of Eastern Australia. Queensland Museum Booklet, 12: 1 - 66." year="1979">Hall and Richards (1979)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>