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<document id="CF96A5753709DF62CDAAD21B7BA1FCBE" ID-ISSN="2295-0214" ID-ZooBank="7F779AD8-8098-4EF0-AC9C-B58094E48668" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1723147047777" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hasbroucq, Séverine, Casarin, Noemi, Czwienczek, Ewelina, Bragard, Claude &amp; Grégoire, Jean-Claude" docDate="2020" docId="594287AAFFE2FF90D0B2FB61FE3D6645" docLanguage="en" docName="BelgJEntomol.92.1-21.pdf" docOrigin="Belgian Journal of Entomology 92" docStyle="DocumentStyle:477BAB003B03482056C94CF3A43FB53D.1:BelgJEntomol.2015-2021.journal_article.type3" docStyleId="477BAB003B03482056C94CF3A43FB53D" docStyleName="BelgJEntomol.2015-2021.journal_article.type3" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Philaenus spumarius" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="A57BFFD2FFE5FF97D21EFFEFFFBD6171" masterDocTitle="Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1725608407969" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:namePart id="89216A3637DDF7B932F697E51BBF7DDD">Czwienczek, Ewelina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B0CFD0E38F2E0D0CB55A60F7E8D05BD">Bragard, Claude</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="8A1C81D0FFE2FF90D0B2FB61FC0E65D9" bold="true" box="[684,947,1166,1193]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFE2FF90D0B2FB61FC0E65D9" ID-CoL="4G4SL" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[684,947,1166,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Philaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE2FF90D0B2FB61FC0E65D9" bold="true" box="[684,947,1166,1193]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Philaenus spumarius</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE2FF90D2E9FB25FDA86595" box="[247,533,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="A9FC762CFFE2FF90D3AFFB25FDA86595" box="[433,533,1226,1252]" name="Belgium" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Belgium</collectingCountry>
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<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9FB14FAFF642A" blockId="7.[247,1385,1274,1371]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
It is present in all the country's ecological regions (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFE2FF90D178FB15FC136465" box="[870,942,1274,1300]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[247,284,928,950]" captionTargetBox="[395,1243,238,790]" captionTargetId="figure-44@8.[300,1331,178,908]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 1. Distribution map for Philaenus spumarius in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). During our field samplings, it was found in all 36 sites. The insects were caught in all environments, on ground vegetation (in meadows, dunes, bogs) as well as on trees and bushes (willows, oaks, birches…) (
<tableCitation id="9C690307FFE2FF90D6CAFAAFFA89642A" box="[1236,1332,1344,1371]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[247,304,186,208]" captionTargetId="graphics-23@7.[247,1385,220,1072]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4. Summary data relative to our field surveys." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9FA9FFE0064FB" blockId="7.[247,445,1392,1418]" box="[247,445,1392,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE2FF90D2E9FA9FFE0064FB" box="[247,445,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Adult phenology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9FA4FFE5C64AC" blockId="7.[247,1385,1440,1501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The adults can be found from April to November, with higher population from June to September (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFE2FF90D396FA2CFE6E64AC" box="[392,467,1475,1501]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[247,284,1641,1663]" captionTargetBox="[300,1175,1041,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-47@8.[300,1331,1041,1621]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Phenology of adult Philaenus spumarius in Belgium: Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9FA10FC8C6768" blockId="7.[247,817,1535,1561]" box="[247,817,1535,1561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE2FF90D2E9FA10FC8C6768" box="[247,817,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Oviposition, egg winter diapause and voltinism</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9F9C0FD7E67FE" blockId="7.[247,1386,1583,1680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">In the population observed in the laboratory, the eggs were observed at the base of grass blades, protected by a layer of hardened foam. In this univoltine species, the eggs overwinter and need a winter period to overcome diapause.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9F94AFCF867CE" blockId="7.[247,837,1701,1727]" box="[247,837,1701,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE2FF90D2E9F94AFCF867CE" box="[247,837,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Immature development under outdoor conditions</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE2FF90D2E9F93AFE3D6645" blockId="7.[247,1386,1748,1845]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
It took place between early April and early June (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFE2FF90D17CF93BFC13679F" box="[866,942,1748,1774]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[247,284,838,860]" captionTargetBox="[247,1212,178,810]" captionTargetId="figure-74@9.[247,1385,178,818]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Immature development of Philaenus spumarius under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016)." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). There are five instars, with spittle protection. Immature development lasted 53 to 63 days, with adults appearing between May 29 and June 6.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="26FB0E8FA9C2A2C2C39E6A003C3938BE" ID-ISSN="2295-0214" ID-ZooBank="7F779AD8-8098-4EF0-AC9C-B58094E48668" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1723147047777" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hasbroucq, Séverine, Casarin, Noemi, Czwienczek, Ewelina, Bragard, Claude &amp; Grégoire, Jean-Claude" docDate="2020" docId="594287AAFFE8FF98D0AEF90EFB2960BD" docLanguage="en" docName="BelgJEntomol.92.1-21.pdf" docOrigin="Belgian Journal of Entomology 92" docStyle="DocumentStyle:477BAB003B03482056C94CF3A43FB53D.1:BelgJEntomol.2015-2021.journal_article.type3" docStyleId="477BAB003B03482056C94CF3A43FB53D" docStyleName="BelgJEntomol.2015-2021.journal_article.type3" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Aphrophora salicina" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="A57BFFD2FFE5FF97D21EFFEFFFBD6171" masterDocTitle="Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1725608407969" updateUser="tatiana">
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<treatment id="594287AAFFE8FF98D0AEF90EFB2960BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13291361" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13291361" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:594287AAFFE8FF98D0AEF90EFB2960BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/594287AAFFE8FF98D0AEF90EFB2960BD" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE8FF9AD0AEF90EFC0D678D" blockId="13.[688,944,1761,1788]" box="[688,944,1761,1788]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="8A1C81D0FFE8FF9AD0AEF90EFC0D678D" bold="true" box="[688,944,1761,1788]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFE8FF9AD0AEF90EFC0D678D" ID-CoL="FKKP" authority="(Goeze, 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[688,944,1761,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Aphrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicina">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE8FF9AD0AEF90EFC0D678D" bold="true" box="[688,944,1761,1788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aphrophora salicina</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="99F16537FFE8FF98D2E9F8F2FB2960BD" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
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<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE8FF9AD2E9F8F2FDA86646" box="[247,533,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="A9FC762CFFE8FF9AD3AFF8F2FDA86646" box="[433,533,1821,1847]" name="Belgium" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Belgium</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE8FF9AD2E9F8A1FC8D66FB" blockId="13.[247,1385,1869,1931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFE8FF9AD2E9F8A1FEC56616" box="[247,376,1869,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Aphrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicina">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE8FF9AD2E9F8A1FEC56616" box="[247,376,1869,1896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. salicina</emphasis>
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was not found to be very widespread in the country (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFE8FF9AD61FF8A2FBE76616" box="[1025,1114,1869,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[247,284,932,954]" captionTargetBox="[298,1334,177,912]" captionTargetId="figure-82@14.[300,1331,180,910]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Distribution map for Aphrophora salicina in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). We caught it only in 6 sites out of 36, always on
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFE8FF9AD059F89FFD0166FA" box="[583,700,1904,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE8FF9AD059F89FFD3E66FB" box="[583,643,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Salix</emphasis>
spp.
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(table 4).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEBFF99D2E9FC4BFDA462A9" blockId="14.[247,1385,932,984]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 11. Distribution map for
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEBFF99D03AFC4BFD4862C8" box="[548,757,932,953]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Aphrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicina">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEBFF99D03AFC4BFD4862C8" box="[548,757,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Aphrophora salicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Belgium. Data: RBINS;
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEBFF99D60FFC4BFB0862C8" box="[1041,1205,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Observations.be</emphasis>
(2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEBFF99D2E9FC15FE006565" blockId="14.[247,445,1018,1044]" box="[247,445,1018,1044]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEBFF99D2E9FC15FE006565" box="[247,445,1018,1044]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Adult phenology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEBFF99D2E9FBC6FE7E6516" blockId="14.[247,1385,1065,1127]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Adults were found from June to October (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEBFF99D0F1FBC6FCF56532" box="[751,840,1065,1091]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[247,284,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[298,1334,1152,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-85@14.[300,1331,1154,1827]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 12. Phenology of adult Aphrophora salicina in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). We caught
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEBFF99D1F9FBC5FBD46532" box="[999,1129,1065,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Aphrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicina">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEBFF99D1F9FBC5FBD46532" box="[999,1129,1065,1092]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. salicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in higher numbers in July and August.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85946634FFEBFF99D2E9F8D5FDA4661F" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[247,284,1850,1872]" targetBox="[298,1334,1152,1830]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEBFF99D2E9F8D5FDA4661F" blockId="14.[247,1385,1850,1902]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 12. Phenology of adult
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEBFF99D005F8D5FD50663E" box="[539,749,1850,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Aphrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicina">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEBFF99D005F8D5FD50663E" box="[539,749,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Aphrophora salicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Belgium. Data: RBINS;
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEBFF99D611F8D5FB0E663E" box="[1039,1203,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Observations.be</emphasis>
(2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEAFF98D2E9FF55FC8C61A5" blockId="15.[247,817,186,212]" box="[247,817,186,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEAFF98D2E9FF55FC8C61A5" box="[247,817,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oviposition, egg winter diapause and voltinism</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEAFF98D2E9FF05FCD06056" blockId="15.[247,1385,234,342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Oviposition was observed in slits at the tip of
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEAFF98D138FF05FCDF6075" box="[806,866,234,260]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEAFF98D138FF05FCDF6075" box="[806,866,234,260]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shoots. In this univoltine species, the eggs overwinter and need a winter period to lift diapause.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEAFF98D2E9FED2FCF86027" blockId="15.[247,1385,234,342]" box="[247,837,316,342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEAFF98D2E9FED2FCF86027" box="[247,837,316,342]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Immature development under outdoor conditions</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEAFF98D2E9FE82FB2960BD" blockId="15.[247,1386,364,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
It took place between early April and early June (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEAFF98D147FE83FC0960F7" box="[857,948,364,390]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[247,284,1147,1169]" captionTargetBox="[247,1212,486,1117]" captionTargetId="figure-428@15.[247,1385,486,1126]" captionText="Fig. 13. Immature development of Aphrophora salicina under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). There are five instars, with spittle protection. The cephalic capsule width was 0.52,0 mm according to nymphal instar. Immature development lasted 63–76 days. The adults appeared between June 6 and 19.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="99F16537FFECFF9ED0D5FC92FC2862E9" box="[715,917,893,920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFECFF9ED0D5FC92FC2862E9" blockId="9.[715,917,893,920]" box="[715,917,893,920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="8A1C81D0FFECFF9ED0D5FC92FC2862E9" bold="true" box="[715,917,893,920]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFECFF9ED0D5FC92FC2862E9" ID-CoL="V6VM" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[715,917,893,920]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Cicadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFECFF9ED0D5FC92FC2862E9" bold="true" box="[715,917,893,920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cicadella viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="99F16537FFECFF9CD2E9FC55FEA563B5" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFECFF9ED2E9FC55FDA862A5" blockId="9.[247,533,954,980]" box="[247,533,954,980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFECFF9ED2E9FC55FDA862A5" box="[247,533,954,980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="A9FC762CFFECFF9ED3AFFC55FDA862A5" box="[433,533,954,980]" name="Belgium" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belgium</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFECFF9ED2E9FC05FE806556" blockId="9.[247,1385,1002,1063]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
It was found in all the ecological regions of the country (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFECFF9ED1BDFC05FC506575" box="[931,1005,1002,1028]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[247,284,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[395,1310,1145,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-77@9.[300,1331,1076,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 4. Distribution map for Cicadella viridis in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). We collected it in 28 sites out of 36.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85946634FFECFF9ED2E9F8CCFE556626" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[247,284,1827,1849]" targetBox="[395,1310,1145,1689]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFECFF9ED2E9F8CCFE556626" blockId="9.[247,1385,1827,1879]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 4. Distribution map for
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFECFF9ED006F8CCFD7F6649" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[536,706,1827,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Cicadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFECFF9ED006F8CCFD7F6649" box="[536,706,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cicadella viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Belgium. Data: RBINS;
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFECFF9ED1C0F8CCFB3F6649" box="[990,1154,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Observations.be</emphasis>
(2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFECFF9ED2E9F822FEA86696" blockId="9.[247,277,1997,2023]" box="[247,277,1997,2023]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FF55FE0061A5" blockId="10.[247,445,186,212]" box="[247,445,186,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD2E9FF55FE0061A5" box="[247,445,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adult phenology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FF05FC10603B" blockId="10.[247,1386,233,330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Adults were found from May to December (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEFFF9DD112FF05FCE86075" box="[780,853,233,260]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[247,284,1053,1075]" captionTargetBox="[299,1333,356,1033]" captionTargetId="figure-324@10.[300,1331,357,1031]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 5. Phenology of adult Cicadella viridis in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). We collected them in higher number from June to September, mostly in humid meadows but also along roads and in dry meadows, on a large range of plants but mostly on
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEFFF9DD0BCFEDEFC92603B" box="[674,815,304,330]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD0BCFEDEFD4B603B" box="[674,758,305,330]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Juncus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="9C690307FFEFFF9DD121FEDFFC22603B" box="[831,927,304,330]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[247,304,186,208]" captionTargetId="graphics-23@7.[247,1385,220,1072]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4. Summary data relative to our field surveys." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="85946634FFEFFF9DD2E9FBF2FE556520" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[247,284,1053,1075]" targetBox="[299,1333,356,1033]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FBF2FE556520" blockId="10.[247,1385,1053,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 5. Phenology of adult
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEFFF9DD011FBF2FD046543" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[527,697,1053,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Cicadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD011FBF2FD046543" box="[527,697,1053,1074]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cicadella viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Belgium. Data: RBINS;
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD1C5FBF2FBC26543" box="[987,1151,1053,1074]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Observations.be</emphasis>
(2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FB9CFC8C65FC" blockId="10.[247,817,1139,1165]" box="[247,817,1139,1165]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD2E9FB9CFC8C65FC" box="[247,817,1139,1165]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oviposition, egg winter diapause and voltinism</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FB4DFED465AE" blockId="10.[247,1385,1186,1247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Oviposition was observed in slits inside
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEFFF9DD0EFFB4CFCF865CD" box="[753,837,1187,1212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD0EFFB4CFCF865CD" box="[753,837,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Juncus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stems. The eggs overwinter and there is no diapause.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FB19FDB1647E" blockId="10.[247,524,1269,1295]" box="[247,524,1269,1295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD2E9FB19FDB1647E" box="[247,524,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Immature development</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FACAFAE864D8" blockId="10.[247,1386,1317,1532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Under outdoor conditions, development of the first generation started in late April and ended in mid-June (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEFFF9DD38BFAA7FE4A6412" box="[405,503,1352,1379]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[247,284,1149,1171]" captionTargetBox="[247,1378,734,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-370@11.[247,1385,733,1127]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 6A. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016. Fig. 6B. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under controlled conditions (21.5°C; D:L= 9:15)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). There are five instars and nymphs are mobile, without spittle protection. The cephalic capsule measures between 0,5–1,6 mm according to nymphal instar. Immature development lasts from 49 to 62 days. The adults appeared between June 6 and 19 (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEFFF9DD6F8FA61FAFA64D8" box="[1254,1351,1422,1449]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[247,284,1149,1171]" captionTargetBox="[247,1378,734,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-370@11.[247,1385,733,1127]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 6A. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016. Fig. 6B. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under controlled conditions (21.5°C; D:L= 9:15)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9FA51FD56648D" blockId="10.[247,1386,1317,1532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Under controlled conditions, immature development lasted 21–27 days. The last 5
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instar nymphs appeared after 25 days (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEFFF9DD060FA0EFD60648D" box="[638,733,1505,1532]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[247,284,1149,1171]" captionTargetBox="[247,1378,734,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-370@11.[247,1385,733,1127]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 6A. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016. Fig. 6B. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under controlled conditions (21.5°C; D:L= 9:15)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9F9FFFDF2675B" blockId="10.[247,591,1552,1578]" box="[247,591,1552,1578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD2E9F9FFFDF2675B" box="[247,591,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Local abundance in the field</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEFFF9DD2E9F9AFFED36620" blockId="10.[247,1386,1600,1873]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<materialsCitation id="61833CE1FFEFFF9DD2E9F9AFFED46620" collectionCode="R" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="R2" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-egg="4">
37 oviposition slits were measured and the eggs therein were counted. The slits were
<quantity id="16139B59FFEFFF9DD6EEF9AFFAD4672A" box="[1264,1385,1600,1627]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 8 mm</quantity>
long (mean: 5,9 ± 1,
<quantity id="16139B59FFEFFF9DD3F6F98CFD93670F" box="[488,558,1635,1662]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
) and contained a mean number of 10,3 ± 2,
<specimenCount id="C7EDFD35FFEFFF9DD62FF98CFB3E670F" box="[1073,1155,1635,1662]" count="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="egg">4 eggs</specimenCount>
. There was a linear relationship between the slits' length and the eggs they contained (y=1,7662x;
<specimenCode id="814D9EC7FFEFFF9DD6C1F968FB4067E5" box="[1247,1277,1665,1697]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
R
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=0,7177; p&lt;&lt;0.001), corresponding to 1.8 eggs/mm in the slits. 32% to 83% of the
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEFFF9DD665F945FB7267B2" box="[1147,1231,1706,1731]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEFFF9DD665F945FB7267B2" box="[1147,1231,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Juncus</emphasis>
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stems in the samples contained eggs. Extrapolating from the mean length of oviposition slits in each sample and from the linear relationship between slit length and egg load, we estimated that there were ca 500 to 3,300 eggs in the samples, corresponding to a density of 6,000 to 37,000 eggs per m
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(
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)
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEEFF9CD2E9FF55FBC561A1" blockId="11.[247,1144,185,208]" box="[247,1144,185,208]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Table 5. Results of the field assessment of oviposition by
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEEFF9CD122FF55FC2461BE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[828,921,186,207]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Cicadella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD122FF55FC2461BE" box="[828,921,186,207]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(La Hulpe, Belgium).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEEFF9CD34FFEECFAAB636D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D34FFF0DFE1D6046" box="[337,416,226,311]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD34FFEECFE1D6068" bold="true" box="[337,416,259,281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sample</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D3D2FF0DFDAA6046" box="[460,535,226,311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD3D2FF09FE5B6181" bold="true" box="[460,486,226,251]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">No</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD3F2FF0AFDB56046" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
of
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEEFF9CD3D2FEEBFDAA6068" box="[460,535,260,281]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD3D2FEEBFDAA6068" bold="true" box="[460,535,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Juncus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stems
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D056FF0DFD116046" box="[584,684,226,311]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD056FF1AFDDF618E" bold="true" box="[584,610,241,266]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">No</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD077FF1AFD116059" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">stems with eggs</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D0C8FF0DFC876046" box="[726,826,226,311]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD0C8FF1BFC876059" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">% stems with eggs</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D17BFF0DFC676046" box="[869,986,226,311]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD17BFF09FC7B6046" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Length of oviposition slits (cm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D61BFF0DFBC46046" box="[1029,1145,226,311]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD61BFF1BFBA2606C" bold="true" box="[1029,1145,244,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Calculated
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD61BFEFCFBA2606C" bold="true" box="[1029,1055,271,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">No</emphasis>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD638FEFCFBE96059" bold="true" box="[1062,1108,275,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">eggs</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D6BBFF0DFAAB6046" box="[1189,1302,226,311]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD6BBFEEBFB02607F" bold="true" box="[1189,1215,256,281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">No</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD6DDFEEEFAA86068" bold="true" box="[1219,1301,257,281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">eggs/m²</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6FDB34FEFFEE0068D34FFEA0FAAB6014" box="[337,1302,335,357]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D34FFEA0FE1D6014" box="[337,416,335,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</th>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D3D2FEA0FDAA6014" box="[460,535,335,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">106</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D056FEA0FD116014" box="[584,684,335,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">54</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D0C8FEA0FC876014" box="[726,826,335,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50,9</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D17BFEA0FC676014" box="[869,986,335,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2.6±2</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D61BFEA0FBC46014" box="[1029,1145,335,357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">969.6</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D6BBFEA0FAAB6014" box="[1189,1302,335,357]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10 773.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FDB34FEFFEE0068D34FFE92FAAB60E2" box="[337,1302,381,403]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D34FFE92FE1D60E2" box="[337,416,381,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</th>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D3D2FE92FDAA60E2" box="[460,535,381,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">151</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D056FE92FD1160E2" box="[584,684,381,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D0C8FE92FC8760E2" box="[726,826,381,403]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">31,8</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D17BFE92FC6760E2" box="[869,986,381,403]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3.3±3.2</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D61BFE92FBC460E2" box="[1029,1145,381,403]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">823.0</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D6BBFE92FAAB60E2" box="[1189,1302,381,403]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9 144.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FDB34FEFFEE0068D34FFE45FAAB60B1" box="[337,1302,426,448]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D34FFE45FE1D60B1" box="[337,416,426,448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</th>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D3D2FE45FDAA60B1" box="[460,535,426,448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">35</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D056FE45FD1160B1" box="[584,684,426,448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">29</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D0C8FE45FC8760B1" box="[726,826,426,448]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">82,9</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D17BFE45FC6760B1" box="[869,986,426,448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5±4</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D61BFE45FBC460B1" box="[1029,1145,426,448]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1 564</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D6BBFE45FAAB60B1" box="[1189,1302,426,448]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17 377.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FDB34FEFFEE0068D34FFE38FAAB609C" box="[337,1302,471,493]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D34FFE38FE1D609C" box="[337,416,471,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</th>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D3D2FE38FDAA609C" box="[460,535,471,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">105</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D056FE38FD11609C" box="[584,684,471,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">28</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D0C8FE38FC87609C" box="[726,826,471,493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">26,7</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D17BFE38FC67609C" box="[869,986,471,493]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4.6±3.8</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D61BFE38FBC4609C" box="[1029,1145,471,493]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">531.6</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D6BBFE38FAAB609C" box="[1189,1302,471,493]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5 906.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6FDB34FEFFEE0068D34FFDE9FAAB636D" box="[337,1302,518,540]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D34FFDE9FE1D636D" box="[337,416,518,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</th>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D3D2FDE9FDAA636D" box="[460,535,518,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">91</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D056FDE9FD11636D" box="[584,684,518,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D0C8FDE9FC87636D" box="[726,826,518,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">54,9</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D17BFDE9FC67636D" box="[869,986,518,540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6.8±5.7</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D61BFDE9FBC4636D" box="[1029,1145,518,540]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3 326.5</td>
<td id="2C0A5D82FFEE0068D6BBFDE9FAAB636D" box="[1189,1302,518,540]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">36 960.3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEEFF9CD2E9FDB7FB716300" blockId="11.[247,1228,599,625]" box="[247,1228,599,625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD2E9FDB7FD3E6300" box="[247,643,599,625]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Parasitism by the egg-parasitoid</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEEFF9CD094FDB8FCC96300" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[650,884,599,625]" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Anagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incarnatus">Anagrus incarnatus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD165FDB8FB716300" box="[891,1228,599,625]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
(
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEEFF9CD19AFDB8FB916300" box="[900,1068,599,625]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEEFF9CD626FDB8FB796300" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[1080,1220,599,625]" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D15436BCFFEEFF9CD2E9FD69FEA563B5" blockId="11.[247,1385,646,708]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Parasitism rates varied from 3.48% to 11.77% in the samples, with an average of 6.67% (
<tableCitation id="9C690307FFEEFF9CD73DFD69FEB463B5" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="16.[247,304,1612,1634]" captionTargetId="graphics-289@16.[310,1322,1647,1928]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Table 6. Egg parasitism of Cicadella viridis by Anagrus incarnatus in three samples from La Hulpe." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD0D6F981FC2467F8" bold="true" box="[712,921,1646,1673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aphrophora alni</emphasis>
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Distribution in
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<taxonomicName id="16EB4D3FFFEEFF9CD2E9F935FEF76785" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[247,330,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Aphrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alni">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFEEFF9CD2E9F935FEF76785" box="[247,330,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. alni</emphasis>
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was found in all the ecological regions of the country (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFEEFF9CD1E4F935FBF96785" box="[1018,1092,1754,1780]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[247,284,923,945]" captionTargetBox="[305,1327,177,903]" captionTargetId="figure-102@13.[308,1325,180,900]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 9. Distribution map for Aphrophora alni in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). It was collected in 28 sites out of 36, in various environments (tree rows, meadows, urban parks, forest edges, orchards) and on various plants (
<tableCitation id="9C690307FFEEFF9CD09FF8CFFD5C664B" box="[641,737,1824,1850]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[247,304,186,208]" captionTargetId="graphics-23@7.[247,1385,220,1072]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4. Summary data relative to our field surveys." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
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Fig. 7. Distribution map for
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in Belgium: Data: RBINS;
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE9FF9BD1FAFC4CFB3562C9" box="[996,1160,931,952]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Observations.be</emphasis>
(2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
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Fig. 8. Phenology of adult
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<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE9FF9BD018F94BFD7A67C9" box="[518,711,1699,1721]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cercopis vulnerata</emphasis>
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in Belgium. Data: RBINS;
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE9FF9BD1FEF94CFB3967C9" box="[992,1156,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Observations.be</emphasis>
(2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
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<paragraph id="D15436BCFFE9FF9BD2E9F916FE006662" blockId="12.[247,445,1785,1811]" box="[247,445,1785,1811]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE9FF9BD2E9F916FE006662" box="[247,445,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Adult phenology</emphasis>
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Adults were caught from May to November (
<figureCitation id="49D02A39FFE9FF9BD13CF8C6FCC06632" box="[802,893,1833,1859]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[247,284,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[305,1327,1000,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-106@13.[308,1325,1003,1665]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Phenology of adult Aphrophora alni in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), with a peak in July (our samplings) or two peaks, in July and September respectively (
<emphasis id="E39FEAAEFFE9FF9BD128F8A3FC476617" box="[822,1018,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Observations.be</emphasis>
).
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Distribution in
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was found in all the ecological regions of the country (
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), in 21 sites out of 36, in very diverse environments (meadows, vineyard, urban parks, forest edges, orchards, roadsides) and on various plants, mainly grasses, but also tree species such as oaks, fruit trees, elderberries, dogwoods (
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The adult stage is relatively short, occurring mostly in May, with a few individuals to be found in April and in June-August (
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).
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