From 02b83b39c11f4b7de05ebbc8d11706388fd11dd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2025 12:54:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-06-11 12:49:54 --- .../6C/03F66C5E5F12E958F18AFDE3BF5A4E65.xml | 118 ++--- .../6C/03F66C5E5F13E95BF23CFDF4BC994CC0.xml | 106 ++--- .../6C/03F66C5E5F14E959F278F9BFBF3B4931.xml | 120 ++--- .../87/933D87FE68370E46FBF5FA40E599880C.xml | 426 ++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 602 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/93/3D/87/933D87FE68370E46FBF5FA40E599880C.xml diff --git a/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F12E958F18AFDE3BF5A4E65.xml b/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F12E958F18AFDE3BF5A4E65.xml index dfafe95673a..d50ea1dffbd 100644 --- a/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F12E958F18AFDE3BF5A4E65.xml +++ b/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F12E958F18AFDE3BF5A4E65.xml @@ -1,71 +1,73 @@ - - - -Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species + + + +Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species - - -Author + + +Author -Rodrigues, Alene Ramos -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil -alenerodrigues@yahoo.com.br +Rodrigues, Alene Ramos +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +alenerodrigues@yahoo.com.br - - -Author + + +Author -Carvalho-Fernandes, Sheila Patrícia -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +Carvalho-Fernandes, Sheila Patrícia +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil - - -Author + + +Author -Maia, Valéria Cid -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +Maia, Valéria Cid +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil - - -Author + + +Author -Oliveira, Lázaro Araújo -Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil +Oliveira, Lázaro Araújo +Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil -text - - -Revista Brasileira de Entomologia +text + + +Revista Brasileira de Entomologia - -2020 - -e 201917 + +2020 + +e 201917 - -2020-03-16 + +2020-03-16 - -64 + +64 - -1 + +1 - -1 -8 + +1 +8 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2019-17 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2019-17 -journal article -10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2019-17 -1806-9665 -13196281 +journal article +310386 +10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2019-17 +2680d87b-efbc-4960-9067-e7b0502ba3fa +1806-9665 +13196281 - + Bruggmanniella sideroxyli Rodrigues & Maia @@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ( -Figs. 6 +Figs. 6 and 7 ) @@ -107,11 +109,11 @@ Body length: in male (n = 2); 2.47 –2.78 mm in female (n = 3). Head ( -Fig. 6a +Fig. 6a ): eye connate in vertex, facets circular closely approximated. Antenna: scape obconic, 1.4 times length of pedicel; pedicel globose; flagellomeres cylindrical with striated short necks in both sexes, first flagellomere equal in length to the second one in male (n = 2), and 1.2 – 1.4 times longer in female (n = 2). Male flagellomeres ( -Fig.6b +Fig.6b ) with slightly wavy circumfila, female flagellomeres ( -Fig. 6c +Fig. 6c ) with two connected ring-like circumfila. Frontoclypeus with 17 – 22 setae (n = 3). Labrum elongated, apex triangular. Hypopharynx elongated, apex triangular, longer than labrum, apically. Labella triangular, each with three short mesal setae and few lateral setae. Palpi setose three-segmented: first segment short and ovoid; second segment cylindrical; third segment elongated and cylindrical, as long as the second. @@ -122,12 +124,12 @@ Thorax:Wing length: male with (n = 3); R 5 joining C beyond wing apex. Anepimeron setose. Another pleura bare. Tarsal claws simple, curved beyond midlength, empodia almost as long as bending claws ( -Fig. 6d +Fig. 6d ). Male abdomen ( -Fig.6e +Fig.6e ): 1 st – 7 @@ -141,12 +143,12 @@ tergite not sclerotized with one pair of trichoid sensilla. 1 sternites rectangular with a posterior row of setae, lateral row of setae, some mesal setae, one anterior pair of trichoid sensilla, and elsewhere covered with setulae. 8 th sternite rectangular setose and covered with setulae, with one anterior pair of trichoid sensilla. Terminalia ( -Fig. 6f +Fig. 6f ): gonocoxite cylindrical with setae and microsetae, about 2.8 times length of gonostylus; gonostylus ovoid with short setae and microsetae, apical teeth triangular, slightly askew in lateral view; cerci narrow setulose with triangular lobes, slightly longer than hypoproct; hypoproct deeply bilobed, with setae and microsetulae; aedeagus narrow pointed at apex, longer than cerci. Female abdomen ( - + Fig. 6g @@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ sternite. : a) pupa, cephalic region and prothoracic spiracle, frontal view; b) pupa, apical plate and prothoracic right side, dorsal view; c) pupa, abdominal segment 5 with dorsal spines, dorsal view; d) pupa, terminal segment, dorsal view; e) larva, spatula, sternal and lateral papillae, ventral view.Scale bars in millimeters (mm). - + Figures 6. Bruggmanniella sideroxyli diff --git a/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F13E95BF23CFDF4BC994CC0.xml b/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F13E95BF23CFDF4BC994CC0.xml index f53991283c0..7177d8daf51 100644 --- a/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F13E95BF23CFDF4BC994CC0.xml +++ b/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F13E95BF23CFDF4BC994CC0.xml @@ -1,71 +1,73 @@ - - - -Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species + + + +Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species - - -Author + + +Author -Rodrigues, Alene Ramos -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil -alenerodrigues@yahoo.com.br +Rodrigues, Alene Ramos +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +alenerodrigues@yahoo.com.br - - -Author + + +Author -Carvalho-Fernandes, Sheila Patrícia -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +Carvalho-Fernandes, Sheila Patrícia +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil - - -Author + + +Author -Maia, Valéria Cid -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +Maia, Valéria Cid +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil - - -Author + + +Author -Oliveira, Lázaro Araújo -Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil +Oliveira, Lázaro Araújo +Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil -text - - -Revista Brasileira de Entomologia +text + + +Revista Brasileira de Entomologia - -2020 - -e 201917 + +2020 + +e 201917 - -2020-03-16 + +2020-03-16 - -64 + +64 - -1 + +1 - -1 -8 + +1 +8 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2019-17 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2019-17 -journal article -10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2019-17 -1806-9665 -13196281 +journal article +310386 +10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2019-17 +2680d87b-efbc-4960-9067-e7b0502ba3fa +1806-9665 +13196281 - + Key to @@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ Fig. 7. Larval spatula with pigmented surrounding area ( -Fig. 5e +Fig. 5e ) ...........8 @@ -247,9 +249,9 @@ Fig. 8. Larval spatula with all teeth acute ( -Fig.5e +Fig.5e ), pupa with antennal horns, highly concave ( -Fig. 5a +Fig. 5a ), fruit galls on Ocotea notata ( diff --git a/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F14E959F278F9BFBF3B4931.xml b/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F14E959F278F9BFBF3B4931.xml index f541aaf8564..0733040db76 100644 --- a/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F14E959F278F9BFBF3B4931.xml +++ b/data/03/F6/6C/03F66C5E5F14E959F278F9BFBF3B4931.xml @@ -1,71 +1,73 @@ - - - -Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species + + + +Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species - - -Author + + +Author -Rodrigues, Alene Ramos -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil -alenerodrigues@yahoo.com.br +Rodrigues, Alene Ramos +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +alenerodrigues@yahoo.com.br - - -Author + + +Author -Carvalho-Fernandes, Sheila Patrícia -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +Carvalho-Fernandes, Sheila Patrícia +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil - - -Author + + +Author -Maia, Valéria Cid -Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil +Maia, Valéria Cid +Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil - - -Author + + +Author -Oliveira, Lázaro Araújo -Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil +Oliveira, Lázaro Araújo +Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil -text - - -Revista Brasileira de Entomologia +text + + +Revista Brasileira de Entomologia - -2020 - -e 201917 + +2020 + +e 201917 - -2020-03-16 + +2020-03-16 - -64 + +64 - -1 + +1 - -1 -8 + +1 +8 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2019-17 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2019-17 -journal article -10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2019-17 -1806-9665 -13196281 +journal article +310386 +10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2019-17 +2680d87b-efbc-4960-9067-e7b0502ba3fa +1806-9665 +13196281 - + Bruggmanniella notatae Rodrigues & Maia @@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ sternite. Body length: 2.31 – 2.73 mm (n = 6). Cephalic region ( -Fig. 5a +Fig. 5a ): antennal horns concave laterally, with micro-serrated margin, 0.11 – 0.18 mm of length (n = 6); cephalic setae @@ -177,20 +179,20 @@ of length (n = 6); cephalic setae mm of length (n = 6); two pairs of lower lateral papillae (one setose and the other bare); three pairs of lateral papillae (two setose and one bare); upper facial margin thickened laterally; apical plate integument smooth ( -Fig. 5b +Fig. 5b ). Prothoracic spiracle cylindrical and elongated, slightly curved, 0.17 – 0.23 mm of length (n= 6) ( -Figs. 5a and b +Figs. 5a and b ). Prothoracic integument grainy as in the -Fig. 5b +Fig. 5b . 3 rd – 9 th abdominal segments with numerous dorsal spines ( -Fig. 5c +Fig. 5c ). Abdominal spiracles conical on 4 th – 7 @@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ abdominal segments with numerous dorsal spines ( segments, length of abdominal spiracle 5: 0.03 – 0.05 mm (n= 6). Terminal segment bilobed in males ( -Fig. 5d +Fig. 5d ) and rounded with a slightly reentrance in females, with dorsal spines. @@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ white, body cylindrical, rounded anteriorly and tapered to end, length: (n = 1), width: 0.07 mm (n = 1); four-toothed, internal teeth slightly longer than the external one; surrounding area pigmented; three setose lateral papillae at each side ( -Fig. 5e +Fig. 5e ). Terminal segment rounded without visible papillae. @@ -259,7 +261,7 @@ col.. :a) female head, frontal view; b) male flagellomere 4; c) female flagellomere 6; d) female tarsal claw and empodium of midleg; e) male, abdominal segments 6–8, dorsolateral view; f) male, terminalia, dorsolateral view; g) female, abdominal segments 5 – 8, dorsolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters (mm). - + Figures 5. Bruggmanniella notatae @@ -292,7 +294,9 @@ The specific name is the genitive of the host plant species. . notatae sp. nov. -and B. persae Gagné, 2004 are unique among the other congeneric species in having larva with sclerotized area around the prothoracic spatula, but the former differs by having prothoracic spatula with all teeth acute and pupal antennal horns strongly concave laterally, while the latter has the prothoracic spatula with mesal teeth less acute than the lateral and pupal antennal horns strongly concave laterally. +and B. persae +Gagné, 2004 +are unique among the other congeneric species in having larva with sclerotized area around the prothoracic spatula, but the former differs by having prothoracic spatula with all teeth acute and pupal antennal horns strongly concave laterally, while the latter has the prothoracic spatula with mesal teeth less acute than the lateral and pupal antennal horns strongly concave laterally. diff --git a/data/93/3D/87/933D87FE68370E46FBF5FA40E599880C.xml b/data/93/3D/87/933D87FE68370E46FBF5FA40E599880C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..32579b2505f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/3D/87/933D87FE68370E46FBF5FA40E599880C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ + + + +A macroscopic classification of the embryonic development of the one-sided livebearer Jenynsia multidentata (Teleostei: Anablepidae) + + + +Author + +López-Rodríguez, Nathalia C. +Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, 764, 27965 - 045 Macaé, RJ, Brazil +nathalya616@hotmail.com + + + +Author + +de Barros, Cíntia M. +Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Avenida São José do Barreto, 764, 27965 - 045 Macaé, RJ, Brazil. +cintiabarrosmacae@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Petry, Ana Cristina +Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Avenida São José do Barreto, 764, 27965 - 045 Macaé, RJ, Brazil. +petryanacristina@gmail.com + +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology + + +2017 + +2017-12-18 + + +15 + + +4 + + +e 160170 + + +1 +10 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160170 + +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-20160170 +1982-0224 + + + + + + +Results + + + + + + +In total, +155 females +that were deprived of males for 60 days and raised up to over 30 days after a mating attempt survived and were used for histological processing. Their total length ranged between 34.47 and +68.48 mm +(mean ± S.D.: 47.66 ± +6.95 mm +) and they showed a high variation in the degree of ovary development. Ovaries were in general small-sized, and resembled the virgin or resting (n = 77) stage, whereas others harbored embryos on early (n = 27) and later stages of development (n = 51), which were visible due to their pigmented eyes. According to the chronological ordering of the females throughout the 58 days, no sequence of advancing embryonic development was recorded. Despite recording the mating and harassments of females by males, it was not possible to determine whether females were fertilized if they presented ovaries in folliculogenesis, or even if they would be able to become pregnant under captive conditions. Additionally, spermatozoa were not detected in any of the 80 histological slides analyzed. + + +Characterization of the embryonic development stages. +According to the morphological analysis of the embryos, it was possible to discriminate eight stages of development, beginning from Stage 1, the fertilized egg (ovum) through Stage 8, in which the embryos are ready to birth ( +Tab. 1 +; +Fig. 1 +). + + +Stage 1: Fertilized egg +. Fertilized eggs measured approximately +0.3 mm +in diameter, with yolk granules and a well-defined perivitelinic zone. Although the eggs were found free inside the ovary, they were also seen grouped, forming sets on the cephalic region, from where they seemed to migrate along the ovary wall until the central cavity to continue the development ( +Figs. 1 +a-b). + + +Stage 2: Outline of the optic vesicle +. The embryo was unpigmented and the body curved with a diameter of approximately +0.9 mm +. The YSL was abundant. It was possible to distinguish the following three regions of the body: cephalic, corporal, and terminal. The outline of the optic vesicle was evident, and the somites had a pointed look, indicating its future division in dorsal and ventral muscle mass (epiaxial and hypoaxial, +sensu +Kimmel +et al +., 1995) ( +Figs. 1 +c-d). + + +Stage 3: Beginning of eye pigmentation +. The embryo was still curved with a diameter of approximately 1.5 mm. The YSL was present in most embryos. The greater development of the cephalic region, which represented approximately 30% of body size, was evident. The eye pigmentation begins in the layers of the retina. Pigmentation on the back of the head was first detected in few embryos. The optic nerve, three to five crests of branchial arches with hyaline cartilaginous tissue and neural tube were identified. Moreover, the liver occupying a large part of the abdominal cavity, and the portions of the intestine were observed. From this stage, it was possible to count the embryos, which could be differentiated based on the pigmentation of the retina and/ or iris ( +Figs. 1 +e-f). + + +Stage 4: Sprout of the caudal fin +. The body of the embryo began to distend, was thin, translucent and had little muscle mass. The low frequency of embryos at this stage and the greater variability in their size made it difficult to estimate their total body length. The head accounted for 25% of the body size. The mouth opening and the early development of the caudal fin were observed. The retinas were pigmented and the first punctate melanophores were identified in the dorsal region. Remnants of the YSL were still detected ( +Figs. 1 +g-h). + + + +Table 1. +Characterization of the embryos of the one-sided livebearer + +Jenynsia multidentata + +at the proposed eight stages of development. Scale bar of +0.5 mm +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
StageIndividual dry weight (mg) ± S.D.SketchesMorphological features
10.007 ± 0.006 +Fertilized egg +– Eggs presenting yolk granules. +
2 +Outline of optic vesicle +– Curved unpigmented embryo. Cephalic, corporal and terminal regions of relative similar size. Detectable outline of the optic vesicle and somites. +
0.032 ± 0.032
3 +Beginning of the eye pigmentation +– Curved embryo with a greater +
0.069 ± 0.028development of the cephalic region, almost 30% of the body size. Pigmentation of the layers of retina and of the top of the head. Detectable
optic nerve, three to five gill archs and intestine.
4 +Sprout of the caudal fin +– The body is thin and translucent. Detectable mouth +
0.093 ± 0.023opening and the early development of the caudal fin.The retinas are pigmented
and the first punctate melanophores are located in the dorsal region.
5 +Sprouts of dorsal and anal fins +– The body is thicker and the trunk is fully +
0.193 ± 0.074distended. Punctiform melanophores on the top of the head resemble a heart
and others scattered along the flanks. Detectable opercle, dorsal and anal fins.
6 +Intrusion of the ovary folds +– The embryo is fully distended. Three lines of +
0.746 ± 0.326punctiform melanophores along the dorsum. Large punctate chromatophores on the top of the head. Fully developed odd fins. The ovarian folds are inserted through the gills.
7 +Occurrence of dendritic melanophores +– The embryo increases in length +
and thickness and remains connected to the ovarian tissue through its folds.
1.869 ± 0.710Pigmentation is more intense in the mandibular region, dorsal and lateral sides
of the head. The upper mouth is evident and ovarian folds are inserted both
through the gills and the mouth.
8 +Mature embryo +– The body is robust. The pigmentation is spread throughout +
the body: around the mouth and eyes, in the dorsal region and upper the sideline
4.243 ± 1.524grouped melanophores resembled dendritic and stained spots. Pigmentation of
all layers of the retina. Embryos may maintain connection with the mother
throughout the ovarian folds.
+ + + +Fig. 1. +Stereoscopic (a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o) and light microscopy (b, d, f, h, j, l, n, p) images stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin of the stages of embryonic development of the one-sided livebearer + +Jenynsia multidentata + +. Y: yolk; PS: perivitelinic space; YG: yolk granule; Oov: outline optic vesicle; YSL: syncytial layer of the yolk; R: retine; Arrow head: somites; Nt: neural tube; L: liver; I: intestine; On: optic nerve; Cr: crest of branchial arch; Mo: mouth opening; *: miomers; B: brain; H: heart; Sb: swimbladder; Op: operculum; Baf: bud of the anal fin; Bdf: bud of the dorsal fin; Sc: spinal cord; Df: dorsal fin; Af: anal fin; Cf: caudal fin; Ra: rays of caudal fin; Bpp: branchial Pseudoplacenta; Vr: vertebra. Scale bars of 0.5 mm (a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o) and of 0.2 mm (b, d, f, h, j, l, n, p). + + + +Stage 5: Sprouts of the dorsal and anal fins +. The head was more developed. The arrangement of the dorsally punctiform melanophores resembled a heart. The body gets thicker, and in most embryos, the trunk is fully distended. The total length was approximately of +5 mm +. Punctiform melanophores were scattered along the flanks. The remnants of YSL were still visible in some embryos. The operculum and the dorsal and anal fins were visible ( +Figs. 1 +i-j). + + +Stage 6: Intrusion of ovarian folds +. The embryo was fully distended and cephalic and corporal regions of the body attained greater proportionality. The pigmentation was the most conspicuous feature for the identification of this phase. It was possible to identify three lines of punctiform melanophores along the dorsum, one in each sideline and one at the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and the concentration of large punctate chromatophores on the back of the head. The odd fins were much more developed and were observed as rays on the rounded caudal fin. The remnants of the YSL were not more evident and ovarian folds were inserted through the gills of all embryos to constitute the branchial pseudoplacenta ( +Figs. 1 +k-l). + + +Stage 7: Occurrence of dendritic melanophores +. The embryo increased in thickness and total length (which ranged between 6.9 and 9.0 mm) and remained connected to the ovarian tissue through its folds that resembled a cord. The muscles were more developed. Dendritic melanophores were detectable, and the pigmentation was more intense in the mandibular region and the dorsal and lateral sides of the head, advancing to the caudal direction. The upper mouth was evident, and in some embryos, the ovarian folds were inserted through the mouth ( +Figs. 1 +m-n). + + +Stage 8: Mature embryo +. The body was robust; the caudal peduncle was thicker compared to the previous phase, and TL varied between 11.6 and +14.3 mm +. The pigmentation was spread throughout the body – around the mouth and eyes. In the dorsal region of the head, there was a cluster of punctiform melanophores resembling a heart. In the dorsal region and the upper sideline, the grouped melanophores (with greater intensity) resembling spots showed the following two patterns: dendrite (or branched/ramified/starshaped) and staining (punctate melanophores together). The pigmentation of all retinal layers was completed. Through the thin ovarian membrane, it was possible to identify embryos that maintain their cord connection with the mother ( +Figs. 1 +o-p). + + +Structure connecting female-embryo. +The first detectable maternal-embryonic connection was a cord like structure, which was first recorded in almost elongated and highly pigmented embryos from Stage 6 onwards. This connection lay on the ovarian tissue folds (villus) and extended throughout the gills either via the oral (less frequently recorded) or pharyngeal cavity (most frequently recorded) of the embryo ( +Figs. 2 +a-b). In a single batch, all embryos were connected to the ovarian tissue (villus) through a cordlike structure, which was maintained until the final stages of development, when embryos were mature and ready to birth ( +Fig. 2c +). Histological analyses of villus revealed the occurrence of blood vessels located adjacent to epithelium in the connective tissue ( +Fig. 2d +). + + + +Fig. 2. +Morphology of maternal-embryonic connections from the one-sided livebearer + +Jenynsia multidentata + +, based on macroscopic embryo and maternal-embryo structure (a); histological section of the embryo and maternal-embryonic (b); cystovarian with villus forming a maternal-embryonic connection (c); and blood vessels from the maternal-embryonic connection (d). Arrow: maternal-embryonic connection; Arrow-head: blood vessels; OC: oral cavity; Emb: embryo; V: villus; E: epithelium; CT: connective tissue. Scale bars of 0.5 mm (a), 200 +M +m (b, c) and 20 +M +m (d). + + + +Variation in the weight of batches and reproductive tissues through embryonic development. +According to the dry weight recorded in 15-18 batches of each developmental stage, significant increases occurred in the total developing embryos despite minor changes in maternal reproductive tissues. On an average, the batches of embryos in the initial stages of development showed substantially smaller weight than those that are close to maturity or mature ( +Tab. 2 +). While the total dry weight of these mature embryos (Stage 8) increased steeply with the developmental stage (an increment of 66-folds, +Tab. 2 +), it increased only slightly in the other reproductive tissues. The significant interaction term between predictor variables ( +Tab. 3 +) indicated an effect on the stage of the development of the relation between the dry weight of the batch and the other reproductive tissues. + + + +Table 2. +Variation in dry weight of the batch of developing embryos (n) and reproductive tissues (mean ± S.D.) and their ratio across the developmental Stages 3 and 8 of the one-sided livebearer + +Jenynsia multidentata + +inhabiting coastal lagoons of the northern of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Stagen per LagoonDry weight (mg)Ratio (BDE/RT)
PitangaCatingosaGarçaBatches of developing embryos (BDE)Reproductive tissues (RT)
30690.6 ± 0.34.0 ± 2.00.1500
42941.1 ± 0.63.7 ± 1.50.2973
510354.2 ± 2.55.1 ± 2.40.8235
653711.8 ± 5.65.8 ± 1.72.0345
753734.3 ± 24.95.8 ± 2.45.9138
826754.6 ± 19.75.5 ± 1.69.9273
+ + +After controlling the effect of reproductive tissues, almost 90% of the variation in the total dry weight of the batch was explained by the developmental stages (ANCOVA, +F += 62.424, d.f. = 11;81, +r +2 += 0.880, +P +<0.001) ( +Tab. 2 +). According to the comparison of the adjusted means, total dry weight of developing embryos from the Stage 6 onwards was significantly heavier than those in Stages 3-4 ( +Fig. 3 +). Macroscopic records of the ovaries and embryos revealed that a thin layer (ovarian membrane) covers the batches of mature embryos. However, other maternal-embryonic structures ( +i.e. +, the cord-like structure) may override the losses represented by the thinning of the ovarian wall in the later developmental stages on the weight in maternal reproductive tissues. + + + + \ No newline at end of file