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<mods:title id="EDFFCB678FCD24BF626E728A2DFB34E3">Descriptions of two new genera of the spider family Caponiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) and an update of Tisentnops and Taintnops from Brazil and Chile</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E4C234B024D56E0347D52997988741C9">Brescovit, Antonio D.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="FE0772E732F52B9C68F697CC2233C09F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875820" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE0772E732F52B9C68F697CC2233C09F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE0772E732F52B9C68F697CC2233C09F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<paragraph id="71344A40744E44A3C1D9AC13DBD3C8DE" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Caponiidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="65F3B4E636A04C43337C38B8D61325FA" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FA046641472EBED719322DE6F71BA5BB" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="0491CA415F75545B10352831238C3D20" ID-CoL="648FR" authority="Platnick, 1994" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1994" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tisentnops Platnick, 1994</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D39B44D9B7409D581977392E447E9902" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DB806E8CE591B19A655D2575A30C9250" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="F3702BBA87C5E7167CD736AF9CD3FE9D" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tisentnops</taxonomicName>
Platnick, 1994b: 9 (Type species by original designation
<taxonomicName id="5F37152FB7EF53743E4AD5A5053C8C4E" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Caponina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caponina leopoldi" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leopoldi">Caponina leopoldi</taxonomicName>
Zapfe).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29B097DF334F6E4D9CD48ABC44AE513D" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="notes">
<paragraph id="DC0433894B95943765DBB236A7357FD8" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F43DD7687B27856D9863A18435D82190" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<bibRefCitation id="F84922EB6D0131B79C12B2A20E504664" author="Platnick, NI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="30" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 10" title="A review of the Chilean spiders of the family Caponiidae (Araneae, Haplogynae)." volume="3113" year="1994 b">Platnick (1994b</bibRefCitation>
: 9) reported that the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="B34783B6AFD82B141AF8232A00EC3436" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops leopoldi" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leopoldi">Tisentnops leopoldi</taxonomicName>
(Zapfe) was in the Museo de Historia Natural de Santiago de Chile, and this specimen, probably a female, was extremely deteriorated. The type was examined by the first author during a recent trip to Chile. Now, with specimens of
<taxonomicName id="0E1A6AF346F1381F85297AB3FED5305B" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops mineiro" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineiro">Tisentnops mineiro</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and
<taxonomicName id="EFDC8008EB373AA16E0A8FDC1B59FCEE" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops onix" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="onix">Tisentnops onix</taxonomicName>
sp. n., an emendation is presented to the generic description. The eyes previously used in
<bibRefCitation id="76E3021063D77BDA37FFBFC86C52E000" author="Platnick, NI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="30" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 10" title="A review of the Chilean spiders of the family Caponiidae (Araneae, Haplogynae)." volume="3113" year="1994 b">Platnick (1994b)</bibRefCitation>
as diagnostic characters are no longer applicable because some species in this genus lack eyes (Figs 1A, 5E).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DA6DB6513FEA3DA6E61775AF7650BEB9" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="91299359AADA75E00B5163358101ABCF" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName id="543C705CA3135A416478634399B372E2" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops mineiro" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineiro">Tisentnops mineiro</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male holotype (
<normalizedToken id="30B8DB4C3175F4CFB46D2E79EFF24192" originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
, J), female paratype, IBSP 191294 (
<normalizedToken id="1D59722D2A9B1CA6077B74FC80DE754D" originalValue="H–I">H-I</normalizedToken>
). A habitus, dorsal view B mouthparts, ventral view C leg I, prolateral view D left male palp, ventral view, showing alveolus (bulb removed) E male bulb, prolateral view F same, retrolateral view G left male palp, prolateral view (bulb removed) H female external genitalia, ventral view I carapace, ventral view J male femur I, retrolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="049B68AD25006C5C4DD981280F20EE09" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D05C5654C622DBE24C452BBBB8E693C8" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B54E3D584F1560222FE7EAD5BCCB895" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
Members of the genus can be easily separated from all other caponiid genera by the distally widened palpal endites, as in
<taxonomicName id="A98742BC3DB5622FD42814A01779F207" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Diploglena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diploglena" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diploglena</taxonomicName>
, but uniquely modified with a series of setae with elongated sockets in the sub-marginal and anterior margin(Fig. 2
<normalizedToken id="35C97FAD05A75C1A4820E091E1408E4D" originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
). These elongated sockets may also be present in anterior legs (Fig. 1C, J).
</paragraph>
<caption id="750A343B9B958A366A919B1950384620" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="A1B2202465ECCC3BFB607E2DD15CD49E" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
Figure 2. SEM images of
<taxonomicName id="600AF6C33AEA8F5B8818DEBA297DA819" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops mineiro" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineiro">Tisentnops mineiro</taxonomicName>
sp. n., female (IBSP 191297) (
<normalizedToken id="A273CFB47E8CC53896C5E7F894D95E5D" originalValue="A–L">A-L</normalizedToken>
).
<normalizedToken id="BCCD0CA58CC1006A236455FB53D99843" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
chelicerae, ventral view C left endite, ventral view D detail on left endite, ventral view E right endite and labium, ventral view F detail apical on right endite, ventral view G base of right endite, ventral view H left pedipalp, retrolateral view I tip detail of left pedipalp, retrolateral view J femur of left pedipalp, retrolateral view K right pedipalp, prolateral view L tip detail of right pedipalp, prolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D19C0AB507A7F778A94C30F67DF4ADE1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="718BCCCB1A799108CF1FD40DD6C389B4" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CFFE241F7F00A6E7A581A7E5896F94C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
Described by
<bibRefCitation id="53184A40301A1CA2321BE2EE5E2210F0" author="Platnick, NI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="30" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 10" title="A review of the Chilean spiders of the family Caponiidae (Araneae, Haplogynae)." volume="3113" year="1994 b">Platnick (1994b)</bibRefCitation>
, but new data are included here. Caponiids of moderate-size (Figs 1A; 17A,
<normalizedToken id="B1118AC1B01F68BF9A4ABFF2896AEEC5" originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
), eyeless (Figs 1A; 17A), or with two small eyes, near the anterior border of the carapace (Fig. 5E). Carapace broadly oval, anteriorly narrowed to less than half its maximum width, pars cephalica rounded, ocular tubercle not projecting forward; pars thoracica relatively flat, gradually sloping toward laterally and posteriorly, without submarginal elevations opposite the coxal bases or submarginal depressions opposite the coxal interspaces (Fig. 5C); cuticle smooth; clypeus unremarkable (Fig. 5E); thoracic groove obsolete (Figs 1A, 5D). Cheliceral paturon with long, relatively strong bristles; short fang with unmodified base (Fig. 2B);
<pageBreakToken id="F546AAE79E278D806D3A7A4ECC5E2491" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" start="start">median</pageBreakToken>
lamina long with short tooth-shaped tip and a white membranous lobe opposite the tip of the cheliceral fang (Fig. 2
<normalizedToken id="4D52F2FB6C500AEC94B7D62DBF4238DB" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
); lateral surface with short stridulatory ridges, pick on prolateral side of palpal femur, next to base of male palp (Fig. 4A, F) and inconspicuous on the female pedipalp (Fig. 2K). Endites convergent, distally widened and extending far beyond the posterior margin of the labium (Fig. 2E, G), not touching at tip, covered by setae with elongated sockets which form a row along the anterior margin (Figs 1B, I; 2
<normalizedToken id="FAE49249BFD19BF5AA4DF3606359501D" originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
; 5G), serrula absent. Labium almost pentagonal, much longer than wide, fused to sternum (Figs 1B, I; 5G), slightly invaginated at base, covered with a few scattered setae, distal area acuminate (Fig. 2
<normalizedToken id="1F16525EA38EBC9800558FF894A49E5F" originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
); labrum short, narrow, with few setae. Sternum longer than wide, covered with scattered large setae, without radial furrows between coxae, not fused to carapace (Fig. 1I); cephalothoracic membranes without epimeric sclerites, but short triangular sclerites extend from sternum between coxae I and II, II and III, and III and IV; shorter triangles extend to coxae II-IV. Leg formula 4123; legs without spines, legs I and II with setae with elongated sockets (Fig. 1C, J); metatarsi and tarsi entire, without sub-segmentation or membranous processes; tarsi with three claws; paired claws with approximately ten teeth on legs I-II, distal teeth largest (Fig. 3D); legs III-IV with paired claws very long, with two small basal teeth, distal teeth largest (Fig. 3E); unpaired claw shorter than paired ones on all legs, without teeth (Fig. 3
<normalizedToken id="603EA0DFE0091E6073DA7E69E3F08F84" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
). Tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi with long trichobothria in a single row (Figs 3A, 5H), bases with semicircular rim bearing low ridges (Fig. 3C); tarsal organ exposed, with very short longitudinal ridge in proximal end, covered by semicircular long ridges (Fig. 3B); female palpal tarsus moderately elongate, prolateral surface densely covered with setae, retrolateral surface covered by few setae (Fig. 2H, K). Abdomen with only slightly sclerotized epigastric area, with two pairs of respiratory spiracles; posterior spiracles connected by rebordered groove extending farther back at middle than at sides (Fig. 1H). Six spinnerets (Fig. 5I) in typical caponiid arrangement (
<bibRefCitation id="CB72F2F9926FBB1A02E3E62A67B6AB55" author="Platnick, NI" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="31" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 73" title="Spinneret morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae)." volume="3016" year="1991">Platnick et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 56,
<bibRefCitation id="C87E0603CE0DE4C6722D93E0194E635C" author="Sanchez-Ruiz, A" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="31" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 44" title="A new genus of the spider family Caponiidae (Araneae, Haplogynae) from the West Indies." url="10.1206/3705.2" volume="3705" year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="8C21CA0EC51E5F76BB93157335C75C85" originalValue="Sánchez-Ruiz">Sanchez-Ruiz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 96, 140). Male palpal patella and tibia short, unmodified; cymbium ovoid, circular alveolus, prolateral surface densely covered with strong setae; bulb stout and globose; cylindrical embolus, slightly curved with enlarged tip, directed retrolaterally (Figs 1
<normalizedToken id="1CA68BDF9154B21E1EA6AD503273E4AB" originalValue="D–G">D-G</normalizedToken>
; 4
<normalizedToken id="97E2E68B95C7A4EB9D3B14E4F10C89FC" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="48766F95639FA0ADA7E6E3D9CA9F45E0" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
). External female genitalia without scutum, weakly sclerotized (Figs 1H; 5F). Internal female genitalia with an elongate anteromedian membranous receptaculum accompanied by wide, transverse and anteriorly directed sclerotized bars that are coated with a transparent hyaline membrane, and by a V-shaped dorsal fold internally on the posterior plate (Figs 3
<normalizedToken id="0B45AC3B9028F104C2E4CEAE82676AF3" originalValue="G–L">G-L</normalizedToken>
, 4D).
</paragraph>
<caption id="6C1BF7F2DD1206D75D7591D9515F2AB2" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="5EE99D1B9C445E0FD68CB7A6F3A04282" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
Figure 3. SEM images of
<taxonomicName id="A5F973C0F77BE7BF58C1621F7ACEF16A" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops mineiro" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineiro">Tisentnops mineiro</taxonomicName>
sp. n., female (IBSP 191301) (
<normalizedToken id="2F76386ADC6F6CB9B22A61BC301DC915" originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
), female (IBSP 191297) (
<normalizedToken id="A5D2BF16CD7B12BD0B4CC833995828A4" originalValue="J–L">J-L</normalizedToken>
). A right tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I, prolateral view B tarsal organ on leg I, dorsal view C tricobothrial base on leg I, dorsal view D claws on left tarsus I, prolateral view E claws on left tarsus IV, prolateral view F same, detail unpaired claw, prolateral view G female internal genitalia, dorsal view H same, posterior view I same anterior view J same, dorsal view K same, detail of receptaculum, dorsal view L same, anterior view (mmr = membranous anteromedian receptaculum; psb = pair of sclerotized bars; Vb = V-shaped bar).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="ABFDE7F8AAEE3C19EECFFDD9963D0C64" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="D76BDB29843530AA5D12FDB6F3CFB18C" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
Figure 4.
<taxonomicName id="CB98C3F3DB15871167C203B5055CF20F" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops mineiro" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineiro">Tisentnops mineiro</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male from Moeda, Minas Gerais (
<normalizedToken id="FC720910021C30E24A368404E70351EF" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
), female from Santa
<normalizedToken id="E3C2A74ED347E94BC5B53BC6E3E715DD" originalValue="Bárbara">Barbara</normalizedToken>
, Minas Gerais (IBSP 191313) (
<normalizedToken id="39D7FDA50C0D2B8820DD0384314A0CC9" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
),
<taxonomicName id="67651C0FE056E858AE6724B32B0B93C8" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops onix" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="onix">Tisentnops onix</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male holotype (
<normalizedToken id="D91BB2FAC620766B1639C5901E9D008D" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
), female paratype (
<normalizedToken id="A74BCBE4B7F1F793B9D9B038114736C6" originalValue="I–J">I-J</normalizedToken>
).
<taxonomicName id="B2237512378BB40778A0BCE06C8A44A0" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Taintnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taintnops paposo" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paposo">Taintnops paposo</taxonomicName>
sp. n. from Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile (K). A left pedipalp, prolateral view B same, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D sclerotized parts of internal genitalia, ventral view E same, dorsal view F left pedipalp, prolateral view G same, ventral view H same, retrolateral view I sclerotized parts of internal genitalia, ventral view J same, dorsal view K internal genitalia, ventral view (mmr = membranous anteromedian receptaculum; psb = pair of sclerotized bars; Vb = V-shaped bar). Scale bars:
<normalizedToken id="A1CAF4C3815DDDA68F2ACD7DA97C104A" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="E448C04BC3F4F2410FAA29B4112AB2D3" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
= 1 mm,
<normalizedToken id="E6BEDF8713D1D09E7F692E2321FDB1DE" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="6FB998470E034DEB2C68148D4F72EBB9" originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
= 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E6AA6706DD7D7B5C7DD8F0330AF6AE39" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="BBACD72A4705B72865539BC417F57DF9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
Figure 5.
<taxonomicName id="EB771762B2F6A14D30FFE15A57C30263" class="Arachnida" family="Caponiidae" genus="Tisentnops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tisentnops onix" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="onix">Tisentnops onix</taxonomicName>
sp. n., female holotype (
<normalizedToken id="F801FF0A218DE85775C198B082060FCF" originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
). A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C same, lateral view D carapace, dorsal view E ocular area, dorsal view F abdomen, genital area, ventral view G mouthparts, ventral view H leg I, prolateral view, showing long hairs I spinnerets, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10173C2138992CBE0DC18A262CAD5BC4" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="929E48E7DBE5A6AF0FC213B56DE5E644" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0BEFBB77C57CD364E0BFEC427A4842F0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Known from Chile and southeastern Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

423
data/FE/07/A8/FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
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<mods:namePart>Verhaegen, Gerlien</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName LSID="FE07A83C-DB7C-5162-8797-BC5A593B1624" authority="Moser, 1925" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1925" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pyrostephidae" genus="Pyrostephos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vanhoeffeni">Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni Moser, 1925</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-11-25" collectingMethod="Sony Alpha 7 III camera equipped with a FE 90 mm F 2.8 Macro G OSS lens" collectorName="Identification, Dhugal Lindsay, Event, Sony Alpha, Macro G, Record Level, StillImage, Video" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" determinerName="Dhugal Lindsay" latitude="-77.637" location="Occurrence" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-11-25" collectingMethod="Sony Alpha 7 III camera equipped with a FE 90 mm F 2.8 Macro G OSS lens" collectorName="Identification, Dhugal Lindsay, Event, Sony Alpha, Macro G, Record Level, StillImage, Video, Emiliano Cimoli Type" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" determinerName="Dhugal Lindsay" latitude="-77.637" location="Occurrence" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:44107F6794ADCB3C1C472A9C4D9151CE" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Occurrence">Occurrence</location>
:
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individualID: MCMEC2019_
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:D063FDCB39A449DDC6DF6E7E1AA05D1B" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephos">Pyrostephos</location>
_vanhoeffeni_a; lifeStage:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:AF402E7683E206FD0D4A6A6E7BAD8806" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Taxon">Taxon</location>
:
</emphasis>
scientificName:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:B946D014F6990C62E82747F6709BF6EB" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephos">Pyrostephos</location>
vanhoeffeni; kingdom:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:B740707C755B8BD341B2CD33C62686DE" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Animalia">Animalia</location>
; phylum:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:ACBA1766DB4A2EF379068B26A92597A6" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</location>
; class:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:852DA3D802E14FE82E03C6A55E1B46E0" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</location>
; order:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:A76C74598FCB346B3192F979D39F047F" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Siphonophorae">Siphonophorae</location>
; family:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:0529370FC87F4BF26C5A22854685840C" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephidae">Pyrostephidae</location>
; genus:
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<collectingMunicipality>Location</collectingMunicipality>
:
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continent:
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<collectorName>Identification</collectorName>
:
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identifiedBy:
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<collectorName>Dhugal Lindsay</collectorName>
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;
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<collectorName>Event</collectorName>
:
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samplingProtocol:
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<collectorName>Sony Alpha</collectorName>
7 III camera equipped with a FE
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="mm" value="90.0">90mm</quantity>
F2.8
<collectorName>Macro G</collectorName>
OSS lens
</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
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;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Record Level</collectorName>
:
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type:
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,
<collectorName>Video</collectorName>
; language: en; rightsHolder:
<collectorName>
Emiliano Cimoli
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-11-29" collectingMethod="Sony Alpha 7 III camera equipped with a FE 90 mm F 2.8 Macro G OSS lens" collectorName="Identification, Dhugal Lindsay, Event, Sony Alpha, Macro G, Record Level, StillImage, Video, Emiliano Cimoli" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" determinerName="Dhugal Lindsay" latitude="-77.637" location="Occurrence" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-11-29" collectingMethod="Sony Alpha 7 III camera equipped with a FE 90 mm F 2.8 Macro G OSS lens" collectorName="Identification, Dhugal Lindsay, Event, Sony Alpha, Macro G, Record Level, StillImage, Video, Emiliano Cimoli" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" determinerName="Dhugal Lindsay" latitude="-77.637" location="Occurrence" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Other material</typeStatus>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:BB304B292625E64C53473D464D4BCA6F" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Occurrence">Occurrence</location>
:
</emphasis>
individualID: MCMEC2019_
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:0661D7F6587F07C4F0D957DEBA438782" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephos">Pyrostephos</location>
_vanhoeffeni_b; lifeStage:
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; associatedMedia: &quot;http://morphobank.org/permalink/?P3993&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/tW2Ko92f3Bo&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/2rrQCybEg0Q&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/G9tev_gdUvQ&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/NfJjKBRh5Hs&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/1-aLzxLpzWs&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/HnaIASH9yM0&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/OSTJ3ldg63w&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/d7OPyXn
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.4" unit="g" value="64.0">64g</quantity>
4&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/YE50FZg8mpU&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/csUoJl5Mapc&quot;, &quot;https://youtu.be/uc6cP0YSrwc&quot;;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:5D3DFC997CA4B8F232019989E60861A9" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Taxon">Taxon</location>
:
</emphasis>
scientificName:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:84A6C887E37026F6499BF55317FA4962" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephos">Pyrostephos</location>
vanhoeffeni; kingdom:
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; phylum:
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; class:
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; order:
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; family:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:3313447D47BF94ECE578B3D8C50E1DDD" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephidae">Pyrostephidae</location>
; genus:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE07A83CDB7C51628797BC5A593B1624:AF55AE6CE22AE85F3A12ADB5484AC640" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Pyrostephos">Pyrostephos</location>
;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectingMunicipality>Location</collectingMunicipality>
:
</emphasis>
continent:
<collectingCountry name="Antarctica">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
; waterBody:
<collectingCounty>McMurdo Sound</collectingCounty>
; maximumDepthInMeters: 1; decimalLatitude:
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; decimalLongitude:
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;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Identification</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Dhugal Lindsay</collectorName>
</determinerName>
;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Event</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Sony Alpha</collectorName>
7 III camera equipped with a FE
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="mm" value="90.0">90mm</quantity>
F2.8
<collectorName>Macro G</collectorName>
OSS lens
</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" value="2018-11-29">2018-11-29</collectingDate>
;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Record Level</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
type:
<collectorName>StillImage</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Video</collectorName>
; language: en; rightsHolder:
<collectorName>Emiliano Cimoli</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Antarctica: Ross Sea from under the ice (
<bibRefCitation author="Totton, A K" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049511" refString="Totton, A K, 1965. A synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London" title="A synopsis of the Siphonophora" year="1965">Totton 1965</bibRefCitation>
), from the Antarctic convergence to the south of the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas (
<bibRefCitation author="Mackintosh, Neil Alison" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="65 - 160" refId="B7048876" refString="Mackintosh, Neil Alison, 1934. Distribution of the Macroplankton in the Atlantic Sector of the Antarctic. Discovery Reports 9: 65 - 160" title="Distribution of the Macroplankton in the Atlantic Sector of the Antarctic" volume="9" year="1934">Mackintosh 1934</bibRefCitation>
), Croker Passage in the Antarctica Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation author="Hopkins, T. L." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="161 - 170" refId="B7048607" refString="Hopkins, T. L., 1985. The Zooplankton community of Croker Passage, Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 4 (3): 161 - 170" title="The Zooplankton community of Croker Passage, Antarctic Peninsula" volume="4" year="1985">Hopkins 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Panasiuk-Chodnicka, Anna A." journalOrPublisher="Polish Polar Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="115 - 131" refId="B7049409" refString="Panasiuk-Chodnicka, Anna A., Zmijewska, Maria I., Manko, Maciej, 2014. Vertical migration of siphonophora (cnidaria) and their productivity in the Croker Passage, the Antarctic. Polish Polar Research 35 (1): 115 - 131" title="Vertical migration of siphonophora (cnidaria) and their productivity in the Croker Passage, the Antarctic" volume="35" year="2014">Panasiuk-Chodnicka et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Panasiuk-Chodnicka, Anna A." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1131 - 1143" refId="B7048269" refString="Panasiuk-Chodnicka, Anna A., Zmijewska, Maria I., 2010. Cnidaria from the Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula) with a special focus on Siphonophorae. Polar Biology 33 (8): 1131 - 1143" title="Cnidaria from the Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula) with a special focus on Siphonophorae" volume="33" year="2010">
Panasiuk-Chodnicka and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Żmijewska">Zmijewska</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), Drake Passage (
<bibRefCitation author="Panasiuk, Anna" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="303 - 310" refId="B7048423" refString="Panasiuk, Anna, Jazdzewska, Anna, Slomska, Angelika, Irzycka, Marta, Wawrzynek, Justyna, 2018. Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters-the enigmatic taxon Mica micula and Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99 (2): 303 - 310" title="Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters-the enigmatic taxon Mica micula and Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni" volume="99" year="2018">Panasiuk et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
), South Georgia Island (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A." journalOrPublisher="Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049368" refString="Alvarino, A., 1981. Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental y metodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino." title="Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental y metodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino" year="1981">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, Alister Clavering" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 456" refId="B7048677" refString="Hardy, Alister Clavering, Gunther, E R, 1935. The plankton of the South Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters, 1926-1932. Discovery Reports 11: 1 - 456" title="The plankton of the South Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters, 1926 - 1932" volume="11" year="1935">Hardy and Gunther 1935</bibRefCitation>
), Weddell Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Pages, F." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="243 - 251" refId="B7049271" refString="Pages, F., Kurbjeweit, F., 1994. Vertical distribution and abundance of mesoplanktonic medusae and siphonophores from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 14 (4): 243 - 251" title="Vertical distribution and abundance of mesoplanktonic medusae and siphonophores from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica" volume="14" year="1994">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pagès">Pages</normalizedToken>
and Kurbjeweit 1994
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Pages, Francesc" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Systems" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="231 - 248" refId="B7049573" refString="Pages, Francesc, Schnack-Schiel, Sigrid B., 1996. Distribution patterns of the mesozooplankton, principally siphonophores and medusae, in the vicinity of the Antarctic Slope Front (eastern Weddell Sea). Journal of Marine Systems 9 (3-4): 231 - 248" title="Distribution patterns of the mesozooplankton, principally siphonophores and medusae, in the vicinity of the Antarctic Slope Front (eastern Weddell Sea)" volume="9" year="1996">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pagès">Pages</normalizedToken>
and Schnack-Schiel 1996
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Pages, Francesc" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="873 - 894" refId="B7048950" refString="Pages, Francesc, Pugh, P. R., Gili, J. M., 1994. Macro and megaplanktonic cnidarians collected in the eastern part of the weddell gyre during summer 1979. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74 (4): 873 - 894" title="Macro and megaplanktonic cnidarians collected in the eastern part of the weddell gyre during summer 1979" volume="74" year="1994">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pagès">Pages</normalizedToken>
et al. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Panasiuk, Anna" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="303 - 310" refId="B7048423" refString="Panasiuk, Anna, Jazdzewska, Anna, Slomska, Angelika, Irzycka, Marta, Wawrzynek, Justyna, 2018. Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters-the enigmatic taxon Mica micula and Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99 (2): 303 - 310" title="Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters-the enigmatic taxon Mica micula and Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni" volume="99" year="2018">Panasiuk et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Pugh, P. R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="341 - 360" refId="B7048306" refString="Pugh, P. R., Pages, F., Boorman, B., 1997. Vertical distribution and abundance of pelagic cnidarians in the Eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77 (2): 341 - 360" title="Vertical distribution and abundance of pelagic cnidarians in the Eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica" volume="77" year="1997">Pugh et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
), Falkland Islands (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A." journalOrPublisher="Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049368" refString="Alvarino, A., 1981. Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental y metodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino." title="Atlas del zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental y metodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino" year="1981">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lützow-Holm">Luetzow-Holm</normalizedToken>
Bay (
<bibRefCitation author="Toda, R." journalOrPublisher="Polar Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="387 - 404" refId="B7048342" refString="Toda, R., Moteki, M., Ono, A., Horimoto, N., Tanaka, Y., Ishimaru, T., 2010. Structure of the pelagic cnidarian community in Luetzow-Holm Bay in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Polar Science 4 (2): 387 - 404" title="Structure of the pelagic cnidarian community in Luetzow-Holm Bay in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean" volume="4" year="2010">Toda et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), Gauss Station (
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, F" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie IX Band" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B7050021" refString="Moser, F, 1925. Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Zoologie IX Band 17: 1 - 33" title="Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903" volume="17" year="1925">Moser 1925</bibRefCitation>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Urville">D'Urville</normalizedToken>
Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Grossmann, Mary M" journalOrPublisher="Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049467" refString="Grossmann, Mary M, 2010. A study of the gelatinous mesozooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) of Eastern Antarctica, summer 2008. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris" title="A study of the gelatinous mesozooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) of Eastern Antarctica, summer 2008" year="2010">Grossmann 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Toda, Ryoji" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="269 - 289" refId="B7048558" refString="Toda, Ryoji, Lindsay, Dhugal J., Fuentes, Veronica L., Moteki, Masato, 2014. Community structure of pelagic cnidarians off Adelie Land, East Antarctica, during austral summer 2008. Polar Biology 37 (2): 269 - 289" title="Community structure of pelagic cnidarians off Adelie Land, East Antarctica, during austral summer 2008" volume="37" year="2014">Toda et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
), Cosmonaut and Cooperation Seas (
<bibRefCitation author="Margulis, R Ya" journalOrPublisher="Discovery Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="125 - 134" refId="B7048193" refString="Margulis, R Ya, 1992. Siphonophora from the Indian Sector of the Antarctic. In: The Antarctic. The Committee Reports.: 125 - 134" title="Siphonophora from the Indian Sector of the Antarctic." volumeTitle="The Antarctic. The Committee Reports." year="1992">Margulis 1992</bibRefCitation>
), off the southern Victoria Land coast (
<geoCoordinate degrees="71" direction="south" minutes="2" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-71.03333">71°2'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="166" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="166.4">166°24'E</geoCoordinate>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, Angeles" journalOrPublisher="Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7350301" refString="Alvarino, Angeles, Martinez, M R, Wojtan, J M, 1990. . Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX 49" volume="49" year="1990">Alvarino et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
), east Antarctic (90°E) (
<bibRefCitation author="Totton, A K" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049511" refString="Totton, A K, 1965. A synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London" title="A synopsis of the Siphonophora" year="1965">Totton 1965</bibRefCitation>
); north of the Antarctic Convergence (
<geoCoordinate degrees="54" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-54.1">54°6'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="119" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-119.9">119°54'W</geoCoordinate>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, Angeles" journalOrPublisher="Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7350301" refString="Alvarino, Angeles, Martinez, M R, Wojtan, J M, 1990. . Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX 49" volume="49" year="1990">Alvarino et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
); Southern Chilean Fjords (
<bibRefCitation author="Palma, Sergio" journalOrPublisher="Oceanographic Committee National-Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049489" refString="Palma, Sergio, 2006. Advances in the oceanographic knowledge of Chilean inner waters, Puerto Montt to Cape Horn. Oceanographic Committee National-Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso" title="Advances in the oceanographic knowledge of Chilean inner waters, Puerto Montt to Cape Horn." year="2006">Palma 2006</bibRefCitation>
); South Atlantic Ocean (
<bibRefCitation author="Panasiuk, Anna" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="303 - 310" refId="B7048423" refString="Panasiuk, Anna, Jazdzewska, Anna, Slomska, Angelika, Irzycka, Marta, Wawrzynek, Justyna, 2018. Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters-the enigmatic taxon Mica micula and Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99 (2): 303 - 310" title="Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters-the enigmatic taxon Mica micula and Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni" volume="99" year="2018">Panasiuk et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
), Argentina continental shelf (
<bibRefCitation author="Araujo, Enilma M" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Natural Science of The Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049475" refString="Araujo, Enilma M, Guerrero, Elena, Lindsay, Dhugal J, Grossmann, Mary M, Canepa, Antonio, Gonzalez, Raul A, Genzano, Gabriel, Mianzan, Hermes W, Fuentes, Veronica, 2013. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni (Cnidaria, Siphonophora): New data on zooid development and an updated review on its distribution. In: XIth SCAR Biology Symposium." title="Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni (Cnidaria, Siphonophora): New data on zooid development and an updated review on its distribution" volumeTitle="XIth SCAR Biology Symposium." year="2013">Araujo et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and San Matias Gulf (
<bibRefCitation author="Guerrero, Elena" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="71 - 82" refId="B7049232" refString="Guerrero, Elena, Gili, Josep Maria, Rodriguez, Carolina, Araujo, Enilma M., Canepa, Antonio, Calbet, Albert, Genzano, Gabriel, Mianzan, Hermes W., Gonzalez, Raul A., 2013. Biodiversity and distribution patterns of planktonic cnidarians in San Matias Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina. Marine Ecology 34 (Supplement 1): 71 - 82" title="Biodiversity and distribution patterns of planktonic cnidarians in San Matias Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina" volume="34" year="2013">Guerrero et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
); New Zealand (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, Stephen D" journalOrPublisher="Canterbury University Press, Christchurch" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048802" refString="Cairns, Stephen D, Gershwin, Lisa-ann, Brook, Fred J, Pugh, Philip, Dawson, W, V, Oscar Ocana, Vervoort, Willem, Williams, Gary C, Watson, Jeanette, Opresko, Dennis M, Schuchert, Peter, Gordon, Dennis P, Campbell, J, Wright, Anthony J, Sanchez, Juan A, Fautin, Daphne G, 2009. New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch" title="New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity" year="2009">Cairns et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Original description after
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, F" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie IX Band" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B7050021" refString="Moser, F, 1925. Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Zoologie IX Band 17: 1 - 33" title="Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903" volume="17" year="1925">Moser (1925)</bibRefCitation>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
A-B): The original description is convoluted with much misapplied terminology, which was clarified and represented by
<bibRefCitation author="Totton, A K" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049511" refString="Totton, A K, 1965. A synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London" title="A synopsis of the Siphonophora" year="1965">Totton (1965)</bibRefCitation>
, whose description we present below. Syntypes locality: Gauss Station (66.03°S, 89.63°E), Antarctica.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Description after
<bibRefCitation author="Totton, A K" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049511" refString="Totton, A K, 1965. A synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London" title="A synopsis of the Siphonophora" year="1965">Totton (1965)</bibRefCitation>
of specimens at longitude 90°E, just off the Antarctic continent and from the Ross Sea from under the ice: we updated the terminology to describe
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1925" class="Scyphozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophorae</taxonomicName>
as in
<bibRefCitation author="Pugh, P. R." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="74 - 82" refId="B7049564" refString="Pugh, P. R., 2019. Two new species of Bargmannia (Pyrostephidae, Physonectae, Siphonophorae). Zootaxa 4686 (1): 74 - 82" title="Two new species of Bargmannia (Pyrostephidae, Physonectae, Siphonophorae)" volume="4686" year="2019">Pugh (2019)</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Pneumatophore</emphasis>
: apex not pigmented.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Nectosome</emphasis>
: relatively long, two rows of nectophores.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Nectophores</emphasis>
: minimum 20 mm in length, carried on narrow muscular lamellae, which are inserted into a long bow-shaped mantle (i.e.
<normalizedToken originalValue="“pallial”">&quot;pallial&quot;</normalizedToken>
) canal that lies in a groove on the pedicular side (i.e. &quot;adaxial side&quot; in original description) of the nectophore. The pedicular canal (i.e. &quot;adaxial canal&quot;) bifurcates almost at once to form the upper (i.e.
<normalizedToken originalValue="“dorsal”">&quot;dorsal&quot;</normalizedToken>
) and lower (i.e.
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ventral”">&quot;ventral&quot;</normalizedToken>
) radial canals. The two lateral radial canals arise separately from the upper canal and take an outward and ascending course on the pedicular nectosac-wall to cross over on to the lateral wall of the same. Here, each form first a small downward loop and then the main downward, lateral loop. After crossing under a fold in the lateral wall, each makes a final downward loop to run to the circular canal round the ostium. The lower radial canal is generally straight, but may have a few small bends. The upper canal usually has three or four more marked bends on the upper part of the nectosac. Nectosac has inpushing of the proximal (i.e. adaxial) side of its median part, absence of musculature from the median wall part similar to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1954" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pyrostephidae" genus="Bargmannia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bargmannia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Bargmannia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. or
<taxonomicName authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1954" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Marrus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Marrus" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Marrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Siphosome</emphasis>
: dioecious (single-sexed), gonophores budding from one another to form small bunches, with male gonophores sausage shaped (size at maturity 1.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5 mm) or female gonophores ovoid (0.5 mm in diameter), containing three to five eggs arranged meridionally and giving external appearance of the seams of a football. Continuous ventral line of budding gastrozooids (on the unsegmented stem), with young gastrozooids having an almost cylindrical basigaster and a conventional tentacle arising from a point very close to the junction of the basigaster with the pedicel (or pedicle). Mature gastrozooids (15
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 mm) spindle-shaped, consisting of three sections: the basigaster, the main stomach and a proboscis. Endodermal wall of the stomach vacuolated and consisting of four main types of cells. Each vacuole (ca. 0.07 mm in diameter) surrounded by 4-5 smaller more irregular vacuolated cells and forming transparent patches visible through the stomach wall. Small darker conical-shaped secretory cells (smaller than the large vacuoles) present in endoderm, located at the intersection of several cell boundaries, with their hemispherical surfaces projecting into the lumen of the gastrozooid and carrying stiff cilia (ca. 0.01 mm in length), similar to those described in the palpons of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" class="Hydrozoa" family="Apolemiidae" genus="Apolemia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apolemia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Apolemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Willem, V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Third Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="354 - 363" refId="B7049613" refString="Willem, V, 1894. La stucture des palpons de Apolemia uvaria Esch., et les phenomenes de l'absorption dans les organes. Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Third Series 27: 354 - 363" title="La stucture des palpons de Apolemia uvaria Esch., et les phenomenes de l'absorption dans les organes." volume="27" year="1894">Willem (1894)</bibRefCitation>
. Tentilla, up to 50 per tentacle. Hypertrophy of axial canal develops thickened mesogloeal walls and appears to form the extensile part of the cnidobattery, which has not been noted in any other species. It probably acts as an extensor on activation of the mechanism when the proximal end of the cnidoband breaks away from the pedicel and the whole cnidoband turns end to end and is flung on to the prey. In an early growth stage, the axial canal of a tentillum runs uniformly from the tentacle axis to the tip of the straight and short terminal filament. From the proximal end of this terminal filament, a diverticular canal of the axial canal runs back towards the pedicel alongside the proximal part of the axial canal. The epidermis on the opposite side to the axial canal of this diverticular canal forms the cnidoband. As growth proceeds, the lumen of the diverticular canal that lies under the cnidoband, comes to exceed the diameter of the axial canal and forms the cavity of the saccus. Five to seven lateral ovoid nematocysts (0.28
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.04 mm), located at the base of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="tentillum’s">tentillum's</normalizedToken>
saccus (i.e. &quot;cnidosac&quot;), which do not enter the wall of the saccus through the pedicel until the terminal filament, still in its straight uncoiled condition, reaches almost 0.5 mm in length. These nematocysts contain a large central structure which is probably the shaft with spines. The bracts (after
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, F" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie IX Band" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 33" refId="B7050021" refString="Moser, F, 1925. Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Zoologie IX Band 17: 1 - 33" title="Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903" volume="17" year="1925">Moser 1925</bibRefCitation>
) up to 23
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14 mm in size, very thick, flat underneath, convex above,and proximally coming to a long point much broadened distally and irregularly toothed. The bracteal canal is slender, drawn out and ends some distance from the distal end, the latter seems to be three pointed. In early growth stages, a shallow horizontal pocket is found on the upper side between the lateral pair of points. The palpons (i.e. oleocysts) seem to be arranged at the dorsal edges of the ventral tract of siphosomal appendages, as if to buoy up the stem.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Colour</emphasis>
: stem orange in adults, vermilion in juveniles; nectophores wine red in adults, pink in juveniles; ostia carmine; gastrozooids golden red with fiery red mouth; cnidosacs fiery red.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Description of and comments on observed material (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
C-H): N = 3 in 2018, N = 4 in 2019.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Pneumatophore</emphasis>
: non-retractable transparent tube (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
F).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Nectosome</emphasis>
: up to 12 pairs of nectophores (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
C), lacking axial wings. A colony was observed jetting backwards (https://youtu.be/YE50FZg8mpU, https://youtu.be/uc6cP0YSrwc) by angling the ostial velum of the nectophores to deflect extruded water anteriorally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
E). A similar velum alteration during forward and reverse swimming was previously observed in the physonect
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Delle Chiaje" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Scyphozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Nanomia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanomia bijuga" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bijuga">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Nanomia bijuga</emphasis>
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(
<bibRefCitation author="Mackie, G O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="366 - 391" refId="B7341298" refString="Mackie, G O, 1964. Analysis of locomotion in a siphonophore colony. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 159 (975): 366 - 391" title="Analysis of locomotion in a siphonophore colony" volume="159" year="1964">Mackie 1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Costello, John H." journalOrPublisher="Nature Communications" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 6" refId="B7341307" refString="Costello, John H., Colin, Sean P., Gemmell, Brad J., Dabiri, John O., Sutherland, Kelly R., 2015. Multi-jet propulsion organized by clonal development in a colonial siphonophore. Nature Communications 6: 1 - 6" title="Multi-jet propulsion organized by clonal development in a colonial siphonophore" volume="6" year="2015">Costello et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Ostium colourless (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
D).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Siphosome</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7048117" captionText="Figure 7. Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni. Drawing from the original account by Moser (1925) of a juvenile specimen (length ca. 25 mm) missing the pneumatophore and distal end (A) and a piece (length 6 mm) of another specimen including the nectosome with pneumatophore, but missing nectophores and a part of the siphosome (B), from Gauss Station, Antarctica. C-F. Specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ b observed on 29 / 11 / 2019: whole specimen (C), apex nectosome (D), part of nectosome when contracting (E) and pneumatophore (F). G-H. Siphosome of specimen MCMEC 2019 _ Pyrostephos _ vanhoeffeni _ a observed on 25 / 11 / 2019. Abbreviations: g., gastrozooids; nc., nectophore; ne., nematocysts; os., ostium; os. v., ostial velum; ol., oleocyst; pn., pneumatophore; s. b. z., siphosomal budding zone; t, tentacles. C-H photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/542762" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">7</figureCitation>
G-H): gastrozooids elongated, transparent and pink, oleocysts spherical to fusiform, oleocyst cavity transparent and bright red, the colour red being the brightest at the stem end of the oleocyst. Distal ridges of the bracts appear to be lined with nematocysts. Tentacles either contracted between the bracts or hanging down the siphosome with numerous white tentilla per tentacle. The number of pairs of nectophores vs. the minimum number of cormidia were counted for four individuals: 3p/31, 10p/27, 8p/12 and 12p/45.
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VI.
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plant 2- or more-leaved; ovary not with hooked-rostrate apex; lip spurred, entire; stigma lobes projecting beyond rostellum.</paragraph>
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(Lindl.) X.H. Jin, Schuit., Raskoti &amp; L.Q. Huang, here designated.
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8.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. clavigerum</emphasis>
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, 12.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. edgeworthii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 29.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. latilabre</emphasis>
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, 45.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. suave</emphasis>
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