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<mods:title id="EFEC6099D69E26C98DE3EA3A460E7E2A">Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7546E4576214636762BAEF25ED7B0FFB">Raghuraman, Savitri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CBE8900CB6A5DB9C10994DC65812F76A">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9A0A745FBE97724503C408DA774455DB">Alliance for a Sustainable Amazon, Potomac, MD, USA &amp; Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru &amp; Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="AFE7650DFFC0560CFF74FA2FFE51FA0E" box="[151,438,1437,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC0560CFF74FA2FFE51FA0E" authority="(Bell, 1932)" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[151,438,1437,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Dubia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC0560CFF74FA2FFEC0FA01" bold="true" box="[151,295,1437,1464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Dubia dubia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="836C4B77FFC0560CFED5FA2FFE4AFA0E" author="Bell, E. L." box="[310,429,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394" pagination="131 - 139" refId="ref6817" refString="Bell, E. L. (1932) Notes on some American Hesperiidae and descriptions of new species (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Brooklyn Entomological Society, 27 (3), 131-139." type="journal article" year="1932">Bell, 1932</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="E7423686FFC0560CFE5FFA2FFC03FA0E" blockId="4.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[444,996,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">
<materialsCitation id="57953CDBFFC0560CFE5FFA2FFC03FA0E" box="[444,996,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394" specimenCode="2022-FLP-IMM-0141" specimenCount="1">
(voucher
<specimenCode id="B75B9EFDFFC0560CFDC4FA2FFCC7FA0E" box="[551,800,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">2022-FLP-IMM-0141</specimenCode>
) (
<tableCitation id="AA7F033DFFC0560CFCD5FA2FFC6CFA0E" box="[822,907,1437,1463]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,244,550,574]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements in mm and time until next molt (“Duration”) for larval instars of Xeniades orchamus, Dubia dubia, and Tricrista canta. Body length was measured every day each larva was photographed, and the minimum and maximum values are shown for each instar. Each species is represented by one individual reared through stages of development. The instar prior to pupation of each larva is represented by ‘n’. Three head capsules were damaged after molt and precise measurement was not feasible (denoted by ‘-’), and head capsule measurement procedures were not applicable to pupae (denoted by ‘n/a’)." pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7FC62A03FFC0560CFC7AFA2FFC3CFA0E" box="[921,987,1437,1463]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,180,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[195,1392,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dubia dubia life stages: a, b) instar n-1 in lateral and dorsal view; c, d) instar n in lateral and dorsal view; e, f) pupa in lateral and dorsal view; g, h) adult in dorsal and ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215286/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC0560CFF24FA73FE78FA62" bold="true" box="[199,415,1473,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Larval instar n-1:</emphasis>
Head capsule dark brown with coarse, shallow sculpturing on anterior face, spiky texture laterally and dorsally. Epicranial suture extends to slightly less than halfway down front of capsule. Vertex flat with epicranial notch insignificant. White markings extending from adjacent to epicranial suture, upwards to vertex, and along lateral borders halfway down head capsule. White markings on adfrontal areas. Pair of small white oval markings along lower border of frons. Posterior side of head capsule with paired white markings along lateral border, one pair on either side of vertex and one pair on either side of mouthparts. 6 stemmata present, stemma 5 slightly larger than the others and closer to stemma 6 than stemma 4. Body with integument green, dorsally and dorsolaterally patterned with transverse stripes, alternating between several thin bright yellow stripes and pattern of one broad black transverse stripe between a pair of pale yellow stripes. Stripes thinner on T2 and T3 but otherwise similar patterning as abdomen. Prothoracic shield present as a broad black band on white T1. Spiracles black and tracheal system passing through. Pale green subspiracular longitudinal stripe. Body covered in short, transparent setae.Anal shield translucent gray with faint black posterior border and slightly longersetae than the other segments. Legs translucent white. Prolegs yellow.
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC0560CFF24F827FE62F816" bold="true" box="[199,389,1941,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Larval instar n:</emphasis>
Head capsule similar to previous instar but with more extensive cream coloration on anterior and posterior faces. Black anteriorly reduced to along lateral borders, epicranial suture, lateral adfrontal sutures, and two patches in the upper-center of each vertical hemisphere of the head capsule. Body with integument mostly black. Prothoracic shield visible as black band. T2 and T3 dorsally with narrow, bright yellow transverse bands.Abdominal segments dorsally with 2 pale yellow intermediately thick transverse bands, with alternating pattern of either 5 bright yellow thin bands or black space between. Yellow bands do not extend to dorsolateral area. Supraspiracular yellow markings present as in first instar, along with black spiracles and subspiracular band. Legs translucent light green with orange claws. Prolegs orange. Setae and anal shield same as previous instar. Wax glands ventrally on A4–A8.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E7423686FFC1560DFF74F825FCF8F86A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="395">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC1560DFF74F825FEF5F816" bold="true" box="[151,274,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="395">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC1560DFEFBF825FE70F816" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[280,407,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Dubia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="395" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC1560DFEFBF825FE70F816" box="[280,407,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="395">Dubia dubia</emphasis>
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life stages: a, b) instar n-1 in lateral and dorsal view; c, d) instar n in lateral and dorsal view; e, f) pupa in lateral and dorsal view; g, h) adult in dorsal and ventral view.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E7423686FFC2560EFF24FEF9FDEAFE68" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC2560EFF24FEF9FEE2FEDC" bold="true" box="[199,261,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">Pupa</emphasis>
: Overall yellow and largely coated in translucent white wax. Head with orange cephalic projection and orange borders of segments. Orange at wing bases. Thorax and abdomen with orange spiracles. Body relatively consistent in width throughout, tapering at cremaster. Cremaster dark orange and covered in dense patches of wax, attached to molt by silken thread.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<mods:title id="E2D7BB5385BAA5B3327E8A3CD887FBB2">Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC2560EFF74FE4DFE02FDA0" authority="(Evans, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[151,485,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tricrista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canta">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC2560EFF74FE4DFEA6FDA0" bold="true" box="[151,321,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">Tricrista canta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="836C4B77FFC2560EFEACFE4DFE3BFDA0" author="Evans, W. H." box="[335,476,510,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="396" refId="ref7854" refString="Evans, W. H. (1955) A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. Hesperiinae and Megathyminae. British Museum of Natural History, London, 550 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/301884]" type="book" year="1955">Evans, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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(voucher
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<tableCitation id="AA7F033DFFC2560EFC86FE4DFC5DFDA0" box="[869,954,511,537]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,244,550,574]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements in mm and time until next molt (“Duration”) for larval instars of Xeniades orchamus, Dubia dubia, and Tricrista canta. Body length was measured every day each larva was photographed, and the minimum and maximum values are shown for each instar. Each species is represented by one individual reared through stages of development. The instar prior to pupation of each larva is represented by ‘n’. Three head capsules were damaged after molt and precise measurement was not feasible (denoted by ‘-’), and head capsule measurement procedures were not applicable to pupae (denoted by ‘n/a’)." pageId="6" pageNumber="396">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7FC62A03FFC2560EFC2BFE4DFBEEFDA0" box="[968,1033,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,703,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[151,1436,702,1914]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tricrista canta life stages: a, b) instar n-3 in lateral and dorsal view; c, d) instar n-2 in lateral and dorsal view; e, f) instar n-1 in lateral and dorsal view; g, h) instar n in lateral and dorsal view; i, j) pupa in lateral and dorsal view; k, l) adult in dorsal and ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215288/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC2560EFF24FD91FE45FD85" bold="true" box="[199,418,546,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">Larval instar n-3:</emphasis>
Head capsule entirely dark brown except for translucent light brown labrum. Epicranial suture extends halfway down capsule. Capsule covered in white setae and wax coating, with short spikes at borders laterally and dorsally, otherwise with coarse, shallow sculpture. Six stemmata present, with stemma 5 larger than the others and closer to stemma 6 than stemma 4. Body with integument shiny, translucent yellow-green, covered in short, sparse setae. Testes noticeable as two creamy-white spots via semi-translucent dorsally on A6. Prothoracic shield visible as transverse black band. Body internally green due to contents of feeding. White spiracles particularly distinct on A8–9, with tracheal system passing through. Anal shield translucent gray with longer, denser setae. Prothoracic legs dark brown. Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs pale translucent orange. Prolegs translucent white.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC2560EFF74F826FEF3F815" bold="true" box="[151,276,1940,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC2560EFEF8F827FE56F815" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[283,433,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tricrista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canta">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC2560EFEF8F827FE56F815" box="[283,433,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="396">Tricrista canta</emphasis>
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life stages: a, b) instar n-3 in lateral and dorsal view; c, d) instar n-2 in lateral and dorsal view; e, f) instar n-1 in lateral and dorsal view; g, h) instar n in lateral and dorsal view; i, j) pupa in lateral and dorsal view; k, l) adult in dorsal and ventral view.
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<caption id="B382660EFFC3560FFF74F825FE99F86A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215290" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15215290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215290/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="397" startId="7.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[187,1400,181,1919]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="E7423686FFC3560FFF74F825FE99F86A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC3560FFF74F825FEF2F816" bold="true" box="[151,277,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="397">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Head capsule illustrations: a)
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC3560FFDB5F82AFD09F816" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[598,750,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tricrista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canta">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC3560FFDB5F82AFD09F816" box="[598,750,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="397">Tricrista canta</emphasis>
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instar n-3; b)
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC3560FFC6BF82AFBEDF809" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[904,1034,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Dubia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC3560FFC6BF82AFBEDF809" box="[904,1034,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="397">Dubia dubia</emphasis>
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instar n-2; c1–c4)
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFC3560FFB30F82AFA7BF809" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1235,1436,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xeniades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orchamus">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC3560FFB30F82AFA7BF809" box="[1235,1436,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="397">Xeniades orchamus</emphasis>
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instars n-3, n-2, n-1, n.
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<paragraph id="E7423686FFCC5600FF24FEF9FCE9FE68" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FF24FEF9FE46FEDD" bold="true" box="[199,417,330,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Larval instar n-2:</emphasis>
Head capsule dark brown, with a lighter brown vertical stripe on each side of epicranial suture. Body similar to previous instar but setae slightly longer and tracheal system visible as white longitudinal line along white spiracles, dorsal to a white subspiracular stripe. Integument duller than previously, shiny at intervals where integument folds inwards. Prothoracic legs black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFCC5600FF24FE69FC8DFDD8" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FF24FE69FE45FE4D" bold="true" box="[199,418,474,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Larval instar n-1:</emphasis>
Head capsule mostly white, with dark brown along epicranial suture, dorsal and lateral borders of capsule, and frons. Light brown setae. Coated in irregular patches of white wax. Body similar to previous instar with prothoracic shield reduced and thinner. T1–A6 dark green, A7 yellow-green, and A8–9 light yellow. Translucent white kidney-shaped testes visible dorsally in A5–6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFCC5600FF24FDD9FCD3FD48" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FF24FDD9FE65FD3C" bold="true" box="[199,386,618,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Larval instar n:</emphasis>
Head capsule similar to previous instar with more extensive wax coating after molt. Body with integument more wrinkled than previous instar, forming bunched pale yellow bands that are particularly obvious on the thorax. Prothoracic shield divided dorsomedially. Spiracles light pink in center, otherwise white. Testes light translucent orange. Wax glands visible ventrally on A6–A8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFCC5600FF24FD49FAF9FCE4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FF24FD49FEE8FCAC" bold="true" box="[199,271,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Pupa:</emphasis>
Head, thorax, and anterior region of abdomen dark reddish-brown, fading to dark orange on posterior abdomen. Abdominal intersegments light orange. Constricted slightly between prothorax and wing cases. Covered in a thin coating of white wax, with irregular dense patches. Orange cremaster attached to molt by wax.
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC6560AFF74F8B5FE9CF89B" bold="true" box="[151,379,1799,1826]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Xeniades orchamus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="836C4B77FFC6560AFE69F8B5FDC2F898" author="Cramer, P." box="[394,549,1799,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" refId="ref7406" refString="Cramer, P. (1777) De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique. Vol. 9. S. J. Baalde, Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven &amp; Comp., Amsterdam, 151 pp." type="book" year="1777">Cramer, 1777</bibRefCitation>
)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AFE7650DFFC6560AFDD6F8B5FBBCF898" box="[565,1115,1799,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E7423686FFC6560AFDD6F8B5FBBCF898" blockId="2.[151,1437,1799,2042]" box="[565,1115,1799,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">
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(voucher
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<tableCitation id="AA7F033DFFC6560AFC4DF8B5FBE4F898" box="[942,1027,1799,1825]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,244,550,574]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements in mm and time until next molt (“Duration”) for larval instars of Xeniades orchamus, Dubia dubia, and Tricrista canta. Body length was measured every day each larva was photographed, and the minimum and maximum values are shown for each instar. Each species is represented by one individual reared through stages of development. The instar prior to pupation of each larva is represented by ‘n’. Three head capsules were damaged after molt and precise measurement was not feasible (denoted by ‘-’), and head capsule measurement procedures were not applicable to pupae (denoted by ‘n/a’)." pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7FC62A03FFC6560AFBF2F8B5FBB7F898" box="[1041,1104,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1938,1962]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,703,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-240@3.[151,1436,702,1912]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Xeniades orchamus life stages: a, b) instar n-3 in lateral and dorsal view; c, d) instar n-2 in lateral and dorsal view; e, f) instar n-1 in lateral and dorsal view; g, h) instar n in lateral and dorsal view; i, j) pupa in lateral and dorsal view; k, l) adult in dorsal and ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215284/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="E7423686FFC6560BFF24F899FABEFEF8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1799,2042]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="393" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC6560AFF24F899FE7CF8FC" bold="true" box="[199,411,1835,1861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Larval instar n-3:</emphasis>
Head capsule mostly light brown, with dark brown along epicranial suture, lateral adfrontal lines, and broadly on center of face. One pair of light brown markings close to the epicranial suture above the frons and light brown adfrontal areas. Epicranial notch insignificant. Epicranial suture dark brown and extending over frons. Dark brown coloration present as raised sculpture on lateral areas of head capsule. Except for spiky areas near vertex, entire head capsule with coarse, shallow sculpture. Setae white and numerous. 6 stemmata present, stemma 5 slightly larger than others and closer to stemma 6 than stemma 4. Clypeus translucent orange and labrum translucent white. Body with prothoracic shield visible as black dorsal band. Testes noticeable as two creamy-white spots via semi-translucent dorsally on A6. Integument purple-brown on segments T1–3 and A8–9, solid green A2–6, and fading between colors on A1 and A7. Orange spiracles on T1 and A1–8, with tracheal system visible along spiracles through integument. Subspiracular ridge white, orange to pink below each spiracle. Medium-length dense setae interspersed with longer setae across body. Anal shield dark purple. Legs dark reddish-brown. Prolegs white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFC7560BFF24FEF9FCC9FE68" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC7560BFF24FEF9FE7DFEDD" bold="true" box="[199,410,330,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">Larval instar n-2:</emphasis>
Head capsule similar to previous instar with base color dark yellow and with more extensive dark brown frontally. Adfrontal areas dark brown, no longer light-colored. Setae white and longer than previous instar. Anteclypeus black. Body similar to previous instar but subspiracular ridge faded to translucent white, colors slightly darker, and anal shield black. Testes creamy-white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFC7560BFF24FE69FE98FD10" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC7560BFF24FE69FE7AFE4D" bold="true" box="[199,413,474,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">Larval instar n-1:</emphasis>
Head capsule similar to previous instar with base color orange and previously dark brown areas now black, more solid dark coloration frontally and increasingly intermixed with orange moving outwards. Long, sturdy setae. Clypeus orange and anteclypeus black with translucent cream transverse stripe. Body with integument entirely translucent dark purple, green internally. Bright red coloration surrounding spiracles, extending to the otherwise white subspiracular ridge. Legs light brown. Prolegs pink. Body covered in long white setae. Testes light translucent red.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E7423686FFC7560BFF74F820FE43F84B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1938,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC7560BFF74F820FEF4F813" bold="true" box="[151,275,1938,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC7560BFEFAF820FE38F813" box="[281,479,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="393">Xeniades orchamus</emphasis>
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life stages: a, b) instar n-3 in lateral and dorsal view; c, d) instar n-2 in lateral and dorsal view; e, f) instar n-1 in lateral and dorsal view; g, h) instar n in lateral and dorsal view; i, j) pupa in lateral and dorsal view; k, l) adult in dorsal and ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFC0560CFF24FF24FE2CFEA6" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC0560CFF24FF24FE6FFF09" bold="true" box="[199,392,150,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Larval instar n:</emphasis>
Head capsule similar to previous instar but dark reddish brown with wax in dense patches. Mouthparts dark. Setae longer and denser. Body similar to previous instar but with yellow internal structures visible on A5. White wax ventrally on A7–8. A8–9 black dorsally. Pink digestive tract visible inside abdomen dorsally. Testes light translucent red.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFC0560CFF24FE9BFD22FE4E" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFC0560CFF24FE9BFEE8FEFA" bold="true" box="[199,271,297,323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="394">Pupa:</emphasis>
Head and thorax dark reddish-brown, fading to orange-brown abdomen. Final abdominal segment and cremaster dark reddish-brown. Medium-length orange setae in patches on head and prothorax, with shorter setae on rest of body. Cylindrical cephalic projection, curved ventrally and with orange setae distally. Maxillae separated from body, extending slightly beyond cremaster. Head and thorax dorsally with patches of white wax, concentrated in crevices. Remainder of body with thin waxy coating, slightly less dense on posterior half of body. Cremaster attached to a densely woven silk shelter structure.
</paragraph>
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Host plant
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FEF8FC38FDE8FC1C" bold="true" box="[283,527,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Guadua weberbaueri</emphasis>
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Immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FE45FC1DFDD4FC70" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[422,563,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xeniades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orchamus">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FE45FC1DFDD4FC70" box="[422,563,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">X. orchamus</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FDA1FC1DFD43FC70" box="[578,676,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">D. dubia</emphasis>
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, and
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FD01FC1DFCDBFC71" box="[738,828,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">T. canta</emphasis>
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were collected from a stand of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FB41FC1DFAB5FC70" box="[1186,1362,943,969]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="weberbaueri">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FB41FC1DFAB5FC70" box="[1186,1362,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">G. weberbaueri</emphasis>
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plants found on property adjacent to FLP (
<figureCitation id="7FC62A03FFCC5600FDC7FC61FD62FC54" box="[548,645,978,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1883,1907]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,198,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-21@9.[151,1436,198,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Host plant Guadua weberbaueri: a) cluster growing at collection site; b) close-up view of nodes with spikes along main stem; c) close-up view of branching node growing off main stem; d) leaf growth pattern; e) close-up view of leaf; f) closeup view of pubescence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15215292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15215292/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Figure 5</figureCitation>
).
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<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FD79FC61FC6FFC54" box="[666,904,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Guadua weberbaueri</emphasis>
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is a large, clumping bamboo species that grows in open, disturbed tropical lowland forest throughout the region, as well as in large stands embedded within less disturbed forest areas. The stand of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FDD7FBA9FD01FB8C" box="[564,742,1051,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="weberbaueri">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FDD7FBA9FD01FB8C" box="[564,742,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">G. weberbaueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on which immature butterflies were found in this study was located near a fragment of swamp habitat dominated by the palm
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FC6FFB8DFB84FBE0" box="[908,1123,1087,1113]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Mauritiua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FC6FFB8DFB84FBE0" box="[908,1123,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">Mauritiua flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and surrounded by heavily disturbed agricultural land with sparse tree cover. Other similarly-sized and larger stands of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FB71FBD1FAA6FBC4" box="[1170,1345,1123,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="weberbaueri">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FB71FBD1FAA6FBC4" box="[1170,1345,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">G. weberbaueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also present in the area surrounding FLP.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7423686FFCC5600FF24FB19FBBBFAC0" blockId="8.[151,1437,906,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">
The larva of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FEB4FB19FE04FB7C" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[343,483,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xeniades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orchamus">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FEB4FB19FE04FB7C" box="[343,483,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">X. orchamus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from the abaxial side of a moderately damaged leaf approximately 0.5 meters above the ground, positioned evenly between the midrib and the margin near the apex of the leaf. The larva of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FF54FB41FEFDFAB4" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[183,282,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Dubia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FF54FB41FEFDFAB4" box="[183,282,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">D. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found approximately 1.6 meters above the ground on the abaxial side of an undamaged leaf, and the individual was situated at the apex of the leaf along the midrib. Finally, the larva of
<taxonomicName id="20FD4D05FFCC5600FB84FAA5FB26FA89" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1127,1217,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tricrista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canta">
<emphasis id="D589EA94FFCC5600FB84FAA5FB26FA89" box="[1127,1217,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="398">T. canta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from a leaf with light damage approximately 0.4 meters above the ground, positioned adaxially along the margin between the apex and base of the leaf. Larvae of all three species were found on mature leaves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>