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<document id="D1F843E18E73D35F03044A124B5056E7" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630297523349" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Phee, R. D. E. M &amp; Meldrum, Jeff" docDate="2006" docId="03C1AF66E179FFE5FFAD2C4FFE49FAC2" docLanguage="en" docName="N3516.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3516" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Xenothrix AMNHM" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFF8D71EE177FFF4FFD32E5DFFF6FFB0" masterDocTitle="Postcranial Remains of the Extinct Monkeys of the Greater Antilles, with Evidence for Semiterrestriality in Paralouatta" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1699219447323" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="35A564F57874B643D3C63F130F9B66BA">Postcranial Remains of the Extinct Monkeys of the Greater Antilles, with Evidence for Semiterrestriality in Paralouatta</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC2664DB42C42BCFC9D0C79353D03CFD">Phee, R. D. E. M</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9EA45CE7C9B4F937EE9BE118E8EB3899">Meldrum, Jeff</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3283ED06FA80CB6F520AACF85493FB87">Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 (meldd @ isu. edu).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="B8AE9D3F47A74C0DFE2A9AFE1DBF5D6B">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C1AF66E179FFE5FFAD2C4FFE49FAC2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C1AF66E179FFE5FFAD2C4FFE49FAC2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C1AF66E179FFE5FFAD2C4FFE49FAC2" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection id="C3724DFBE179FFFAFFAD2C4FFE97FDF7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E179FFFAFFAD2C4FFE3DFD9A" blockId="14.[126,459,530,554]" box="[126,459,530,554]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="D09FA91CE179FFFAFFAD2C4FFE3DFD9A" box="[126,459,530,554]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFFAD2C4FFE9AFD9A" authority="AMNHM" authorityName="AMNHM" box="[126,364,530,554]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFFAD2C4FFF1BFD9A" box="[126,237,530,554]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Xenothrix</emphasis>
AMNHM
</taxonomicName>
268002,
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E179FFFAFFAD2C71FE97FDF7" blockId="14.[126,353,556,583]" box="[126,353,556,583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">268008 268005, and 268008</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3724DFBE179FFE5FF4A2C3DFE49FAC2" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E179FFFAFF4A2C3DFEA8F9D2" blockId="14.[126,653,608,1752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The humerus is the best represented long bone in the
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFF2C2C20FE98FD25" box="[255,366,637,661]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFF2C2C20FE98FD25" box="[255,366,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Xenothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hypodigm (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFE202C20FDF1FD25" box="[499,519,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N</emphasis>
5 6;
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFD972C20FD71FD25" box="[580,647,637,661]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[110,148,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[316,956,209,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-147@15.[316,957,209,1211]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Xenothrix mcgregori, nearly complete humerus: AMNHM 268008 (R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), and distal (C) aspects. Specimen esentially intact except for damage to head; note overall robusticity, slight lateral convexity of shaft, presence of entepicondylar foramen, and moderate posterior projection (retroflexion) of medial epicondyle. Recovered just above a dated level in Drum Cave (see text), AMNHM 268008 is the only specimen of Xenothrix known to be of definite Pleistocene (as opposed to indefinite Quaternary) age." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">figs. 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFFAD2CC6FF7BFD03" box="[126,141,667,691]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" captionTargetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-287@16.[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Xenothrix mcgregori, other humeri: AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (A) and medial" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6</figureCitation>
; table 4). In 1991, the only known examples of this element were immature or highly incomplete, and none seemed conclusively primate (as opposed to large rodent). Now that several humeri of the same
<typeStatus id="54D3A0D2E179FFFAFEB72D4DFE62FC98" box="[356,404,784,808]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
have been recovered, including one nearly intact specimen, allocation is no longer in doubt. AMNHM 268008, an adult right humerus lacking only the proximal articular surface (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFE602DDBFE19FC2E" box="[435,495,902,926]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[110,148,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[316,956,209,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-147@15.[316,957,209,1211]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Xenothrix mcgregori, nearly complete humerus: AMNHM 268008 (R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), and distal (C) aspects. Specimen esentially intact except for damage to head; note overall robusticity, slight lateral convexity of shaft, presence of entepicondylar foramen, and moderate posterior projection (retroflexion) of medial epicondyle. Recovered just above a dated level in Drum Cave (see text), AMNHM 268008 is the only specimen of Xenothrix known to be of definite Pleistocene (as opposed to indefinite Quaternary) age." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 5</figureCitation>
), is obviously primatelike and can be immediately distinguished from that of the Jamaican coney (
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFF542D82FE81FC47" baseAuthorityName="J. Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[135,375,991,1015]" class="Mammalia" family="Capromyidae" genus="Geocapromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brownii">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFF542D82FE81FC47" box="[135,375,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geocapromys brownii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and most other caviomorphs by the lack of a large, flaring deltopectoral crest. The less complete specimens (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFF552A6AFF0FFBFF" box="[134,249,1079,1103]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" captionTargetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-287@16.[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Xenothrix mcgregori, other humeri: AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (A) and medial" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 6A–D</figureCitation>
) clearly represent the same species. Like AMNHM 268008, AMNHM 268002 was found at Drum Cave, but in another area (Molehole Passage). AMNHM 268005 is an unexpected addition to the hypodigm: it was found serendipitously while examining Jamaican faunal collections housed in the AMNH’s Department of Mammalogy. The specimen was retrieved from a small box containing an assortment of rodent bones and and a note reading ‘‘South Side New Cave,
<collectingCountry id="F37F5EE0E179FFFAFFAD2B26FF2CFA23" box="[126,218,1403,1427]" name="Jamaica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
—Karl Koopman, Max Hecht, 1950’’. All of the rest of the material in the box was found to belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFE5B2BEAFDEBFA7F" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1901" box="[392,541,1463,1487]" class="Mammalia" family="Capromyidae" genus="Geocapromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFE5B2BEAFDEBFA7F" box="[392,541,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geocapromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As the location of the cave and its local name are not recorded in any of Koopman’s notes, the only course available is to accept the box’s labeling and identify the site as ‘‘New Cave’’, location currently unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E179FFFAFF4A2835FC99FCEA" blockId="14.[126,653,608,1752]" lastBlockId="14.[700,1226,209,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Considering these specimens as a group, among New World monkeys the humerus of
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFFAD28FEFE98F90B" box="[126,366,1699,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcgregori">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFFAD28FEFE98F90B" box="[126,366,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Xenothrix mcgregori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be said to have roughly the size and proportions of the equivalent element of a small individual of
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFD6F2EB2FCBEFEB7" box="[700,840,239,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apella">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFD6F2EB2FCBEFEB7" box="[700,840,239,263]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cebus apella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFC842EB2FC21FEB7" box="[855,983,239,263]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[110,148,948,970]" captionTargetBox="[285,986,205,914]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[285,987,205,914]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 11. Comparative set, right humerus in anterior, posterior, and distal aspects: Cebus apella AMNHM 209927 (A–C); Alouatta seniculus AMNHM 23377 (D–F); Trachypithecus pileatus AMNHM 43071 (G–I); Lophocebus albigena AMNHM 52627 (J–L); Theropithecus gelada AMNHM 60568 (M–O); Erythrocebus patas AMNHM 34709 (P–R). Note differences in scale." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 11A–C</figureCitation>
). There are, however, notable differences. Compared to the brown capuchin, in
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFC802F76FC10FEF3" box="[851,998,299,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcgregori">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFC802F76FC10FEF3" box="[851,998,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">X. mcgregori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1) the diaphysis is more robust overall and more concave posteriorly, (2) the deltopectoral eminence is larger and more projecting, (3) the crest for insertion of teres major m. is more projecting, (4) the medial epicondyle is smaller, and (5) the lateral border of the intertubercular sulcus is much less distinct. In many other regards they are similar, such as in (1) the relative size and conformation of proximal and distal articular surfaces, (2) the presence of the entepicondylar foramen, (3) the size and disposition of the tubercles, and (4) the moderate development of the brachialis flange. Several of these contrasts, which hold for other similar-sized platyrrhines such as
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFC6B2CB4FB67FCB1" baseAuthorityName="Hoffmannsegg" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[952,1169,745,769]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Chiropotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="satanas">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFC6B2CB4FB67FCB1" box="[952,1169,745,769]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chiropotes satanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFD6F2D5AFB33FCAE" authority="pithecia (Fleagle and Meldrum, 1988)" authorityName="pithecia (Fleagle and Meldrum" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Fleagle and Meldrum" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[700,1221,774,799]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pithecia">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFD6F2D5AFC85FCAF" box="[700,883,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pithecia pithecia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E179FFFAFC522D5BFB4BFCAE" author="Fleagle, J. G. &amp; D. J. Meldrum" box="[897,1213,774,798]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref30534" refString="Fleagle, J. G., and D. J. Meldrum. 1988. Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas. American Journal of Primatology 16: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1988">Fleagle and Meldrum, 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, are discussed further under Functional Considerations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E179FFFAFD052D3DFBD4F967" blockId="14.[700,1226,209,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The proximal articular end, not well preserved on AMNHM 268008, is complete in AMNHM 268002 and 268005 (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFBF62DC1FB6DFC04" box="[1061,1179,924,948]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" captionTargetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-287@16.[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Xenothrix mcgregori, other humeri: AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (A) and medial" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 6A–D</figureCitation>
; see also AMNHM
<quantity id="4C90B395E179FFFAFC5F2DE7FBFEFC62" box="[908,1032,954,978]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6014854" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="259901.0">259901 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E179FFFAFBCC2DE7FCAFFC5F" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. &amp; J. G. Fleagle" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="287 - 321" refId="ref31629" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E., and J. G. Fleagle. 1991. Postcranial remains of Xenothrix mcgregori (Primates, Xenotrichidae) and other late Quaternary mammals from Long Mile Cave, Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206: 287 - 321." type="journal article" year="1991">MacPhee and Fleagle, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). In proximal aspect, the articular end appears ovate rather than rounded, much as in
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFC952A4EFC7FFB9B" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[838,905,1043,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFC952A4EFC7FFB9B" box="[838,905,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cebus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in posterior aspect its distal margin appears rather tapered, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFD6F2A12FCE1FBD7" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1840" box="[700,791,1103,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Cacajao" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFD6F2A12FCE1FBD7" box="[700,791,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cacajao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFCB02A12FC43FBD7" authorityName="Voigt in G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" box="[867,949,1103,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Saimiri" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFCB02A12FC43FBD7" box="[867,949,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Saimiri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is also less hemispherical overall (cf. ratio A, table 4) than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFD082AD7FCBDFB12" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in Humboldt" authorityYear="1812" box="[731,843,1162,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Lagothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFD082AD7FCBDFB12" box="[731,843,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lagothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E179FFFAFCA02AD7FC02FB12" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[883,1012,1162,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Brachyteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E179FFFAFCA02AD7FC02FB12" box="[883,1012,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brachyteles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The new material also helps to clarify the height relationship between the proximal articular surface and the tubercles (the scapular articulation rises above the level of the tubercles, but only slightly;
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFD6F2B42FCEEFA87" box="[700,792,1311,1335]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" captionTargetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-287@16.[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Xenothrix mcgregori, other humeri: AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (A) and medial" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). The tubercles themselves are as described previously, being moderately prominent and separated by the broad intertubercular groove. These features of the proximal end of the humerus are correlated in other anthropoids with limited shoulder movement outside of the extension–flexion plane (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E179FFFAFD6F2BB2FCB3F9B7" author="Rose, M. D." box="[700,837,1519,1543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="79 - 100" refId="ref32611" refString="Rose, M. D. 1997. Functional and phylogenetic features of the forelimb in Miocene hominoids. In D. R. Begun, C. V. Ward, and M. D. Rose (editors), Function, phylogeny, and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptation: 79 - 100. New York: Plenum Press." type="book chapter" year="1997">Rose, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The deltopectoral eminence is broad, V-shaped, and somewhat laterally displaced, so that in anterior view the lateral margin of the shaft bows slightly outward (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFD17283BFCE0F9CE" box="[708,790,1638,1662]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[110,148,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[316,956,209,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-147@15.[316,957,209,1211]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Xenothrix mcgregori, nearly complete humerus: AMNHM 268008 (R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), and distal (C) aspects. Specimen esentially intact except for damage to head; note overall robusticity, slight lateral convexity of shaft, presence of entepicondylar foramen, and moderate posterior projection (retroflexion) of medial epicondyle. Recovered just above a dated level in Drum Cave (see text), AMNHM 268008 is the only specimen of Xenothrix known to be of definite Pleistocene (as opposed to indefinite Quaternary) age." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), as in arboreal quadrupedal primates generally (cf.
<figureCitation id="135302F5E179FFFAFC8828D9FC50F92C" box="[859,934,1668,1692]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[110,148,948,970]" captionTargetBox="[285,986,205,914]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[285,987,205,914]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 11. Comparative set, right humerus in anterior, posterior, and distal aspects: Cebus apella AMNHM 209927 (A–C); Alouatta seniculus AMNHM 23377 (D–F); Trachypithecus pileatus AMNHM 43071 (G–I); Lophocebus albigena AMNHM 52627 (J–L); Theropithecus gelada AMNHM 60568 (M–O); Erythrocebus patas AMNHM 34709 (P–R). Note differences in scale." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 11</figureCitation>
). The specimen is robust for its length (ratios C and D, table 4), and there is no torsion of the head.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF174EF8E178FFFBFFBD2A80FEF3FAC8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[110,148,1245,1267]" targetBox="[316,956,209,1211]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E178FFFBFFBD2A80FEF3FAC8" blockId="15.[86,1186,1245,1400]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig. 5.
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E178FFFBFF1A2A80FE6FFB42" box="[201,409,1245,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcgregori">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFF1A2A80FE6FFB42" box="[201,409,1245,1266]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xenothrix mcgregori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nearly complete humerus: AMNHM 268008 (R) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFBCC2A80FBC6FB43" bold="true" box="[1055,1072,1245,1267]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFF8D2AA5FF98FABE" bold="true" box="[94,110,1272,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
), and distal (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFF282AA5FEFAFABE" bold="true" box="[251,268,1272,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
) aspects. Specimen esentially intact except for damage to head; note overall robusticity, slight lateral convexity of shaft, presence of entepicondylar foramen, and moderate posterior projection (retroflexion) of medial epicondyle. Recovered just above a dated level in Drum Cave (see text), AMNHM 268008 is the only specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E178FFFBFE792B15FDF8FAED" box="[426,526,1352,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFE792B15FDF8FAED" box="[426,526,1352,1373]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xenothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known to be of definite Pleistocene (as opposed to indefinite Quaternary) age.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E178FFFBFFA22BE8FC36F996" blockId="15.[86,612,1461,1752]" lastBlockId="15.[660,1186,1461,1753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The distal articular surface (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E178FFFBFE112BE8FDE2FA7D" box="[450,532,1461,1485]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[110,148,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[316,956,209,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-147@15.[316,957,209,1211]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Xenothrix mcgregori, nearly complete humerus: AMNHM 268008 (R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), and distal (C) aspects. Specimen esentially intact except for damage to head; note overall robusticity, slight lateral convexity of shaft, presence of entepicondylar foramen, and moderate posterior projection (retroflexion) of medial epicondyle. Recovered just above a dated level in Drum Cave (see text), AMNHM 268008 is the only specimen of Xenothrix known to be of definite Pleistocene (as opposed to indefinite Quaternary) age." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 5C</figureCitation>
) bears a relatively broad capitulum; it is quasispherical and distolaterally extensive, indicating a large range of extension and rotation at the elbow joint (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E178FFFBFF2D2871FDEEF9F4" author="Meldrum, D. J. &amp; J. G. Fleagle &amp; R. F. Kay" box="[254,536,1580,1604]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="413 - 422" refId="ref32346" refString="Meldrum, D. J., J. G. Fleagle, and R. F. Kay. 1990. Partial humeri of two Miocene Colombian primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81: 413 - 422." type="journal article" year="1990">Meldrum et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The capitulum and lateral epicondyle are only moderately rolled ventrally, relative to the long axis of the diaphysis, and the broad, shallow radial fossa is distinctly separated from the coronoid fossa (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E178FFFBFE79289DFDFFF968" box="[426,521,1728,1752]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[110,148,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[316,956,209,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-147@15.[316,957,209,1211]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Xenothrix mcgregori, nearly complete humerus: AMNHM 268008 (R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), and distal (C) aspects. Specimen esentially intact except for damage to head; note overall robusticity, slight lateral convexity of shaft, presence of entepicondylar foramen, and moderate posterior projection (retroflexion) of medial epicondyle. Recovered just above a dated level in Drum Cave (see text), AMNHM 268008 is the only specimen of Xenothrix known to be of definite Pleistocene (as opposed to indefinite Quaternary) age." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). Quadrupedal primates in which the elbow is habitually held in a semiflexed position usually exhibit this complex of features (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E178FFFBFD4F2853FC42F996" author="Napier, J. R. &amp; P. R. Davis" box="[668,948,1550,1574]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref32506" refString="Napier, J. R., and P. R. Davis. 1959. The forelimb skeleton and associated remains of Proconsul africanus. Fossil Mammals of Africa 16: 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1959">Napier and Davis, 1959</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E178FFE4FD7C2871FD16FE42" blockId="15.[660,1186,1461,1753]" lastBlockId="16.[700,1226,209,1443]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The lateral lip of the trochlea is indistinct in
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E178FFFBFD472817FCF2F9D2" box="[660,772,1610,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFD472817FCF2F9D2" box="[660,772,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xenothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the medial lip is likewise only moderately prominent in both distal and anterior directions. A prominent medial lip is characteristic of arboreal quadrupeds such as
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E178FFFBFD47289CFD10F969" authorityName="Voigt in G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" box="[660,742,1729,1753]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Saimiri" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFD47289CFD10F969" box="[660,742,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saimiri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E178FFFBFCF8289CFC99F969" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[811,879,1729,1753]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E178FFFBFCF8289CFC99F969" box="[811,879,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cebus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which it functions to resist adducting torques generated by the digital and carpal flexors when the forearm is pronated during quadrupedal progression (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FD172F74FC9CFEF1" author="Jenkins, F. A." box="[708,874,297,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="281 - 298" refId="ref31232" refString="Jenkins, F. A. 1973. The functional anatomy and evolution of the mammalian humero-ulnar articulation. American Journal of Anatomy 137: 281 - 298." type="journal article" year="1973">Jenkins, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FC532F74FB48FEF1" author="Fleagle, J. G. &amp; E. L. Simons" box="[896,1214,297,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="705 - 707" refId="ref30577" refString="Fleagle, J. G., and E. L. Simons. 1978. Humeral morphology of the earliest apes. Nature 276: 705 - 707." type="journal article" year="1978">Fleagle and Simons 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Platyrrhines employing greater frequencies of suspensory and clinging positional behaviors, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E167FFE4FCE02FDFFC8EFE2A" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1806" box="[819,888,386,410]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FCE02FDFFC8EFE2A" box="[819,888,386,410]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E167FFE4FC6E2FDFFC89FE07" authority="(Fleagle and Meldrum, 1988)" baseAuthorityName="Fleagle and Meldrum" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FC6E2FDFFBEEFE2A" box="[957,1048,386,410]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pithecia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FBE52FDFFC81FE07" author="Fleagle, J. G. &amp; D. J. Meldrum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref30534" refString="Fleagle, J. G., and D. J. Meldrum. 1988. Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas. American Journal of Primatology 16: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1988">Fleagle and Meldrum, 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, exhibit a trochlea that is more cylindrical, with a less prominent medial lip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD052FA5FC0DFCA9" blockId="16.[700,1226,209,1443]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The medial epicondyle is relatively short, tapered, and posteriorly (dorsally) directed (,54
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FD262C6EFD09FDFB" bold="true" box="[757,767,563,587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">°</emphasis>
; see table 6). Platyrrhines with posteriorly directed medial epicondyles (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E167FFE4FBAC2C0CFB34FDD9" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[1151,1218,593,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FBAC2C0CFB34FDD9" box="[1151,1218,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cebus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="135302F5E167FFE4FD6F2C33FCCEFD36" box="[700,824,622,646]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[110,148,948,970]" captionTargetBox="[285,986,205,914]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[285,987,205,914]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 11. Comparative set, right humerus in anterior, posterior, and distal aspects: Cebus apella AMNHM 209927 (A–C); Alouatta seniculus AMNHM 23377 (D–F); Trachypithecus pileatus AMNHM 43071 (G–I); Lophocebus albigena AMNHM 52627 (J–L); Theropithecus gelada AMNHM 60568 (M–O); Erythrocebus patas AMNHM 34709 (P–R). Note differences in scale." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 11A–C</figureCitation>
) are more quadrupedal in behavior than those in which the epicondyle projects directly medially. Functionally, posterior inclination redirects the line of pull of the digital and carpal flexors toward the dorsal trochlea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FD172D5CFCB5FCA9" author="Jolly, C. J." box="[708,835,769,793]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="427 - 457" refId="ref31261" refString="Jolly, C. J. 1967. The evolution of baboons. In H. Vogtborg (editor), The baboon in medical research: 2: 427 - 457. Austin: University of Texas." type="journal article" year="1967">Jolly, 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FC832D5CFC19FCA9" author="Jenkins, F. A." box="[848,1007,769,793]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="281 - 298" refId="ref31232" refString="Jenkins, F. A. 1973. The functional anatomy and evolution of the mammalian humero-ulnar articulation. American Journal of Anatomy 137: 281 - 298." type="journal article" year="1973">Jenkins, 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD052D7DFBFAFC58" blockId="16.[700,1226,209,1443]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The olecranon fossa is moderately deep but is unfenestrated, whereas it often is in
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E167FFE4FB552D60FD08FCC3" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apella">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FB552D60FD08FCC3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cebus apella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="135302F5E167FFE4FCDC2D07FC87FCC2" box="[783,881,858,882]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[110,148,948,970]" captionTargetBox="[285,986,205,914]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[285,987,205,914]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig. 11. Comparative set, right humerus in anterior, posterior, and distal aspects: Cebus apella AMNHM 209927 (A–C); Alouatta seniculus AMNHM 23377 (D–F); Trachypithecus pileatus AMNHM 43071 (G–I); Lophocebus albigena AMNHM 52627 (J–L); Theropithecus gelada AMNHM 60568 (M–O); Erythrocebus patas AMNHM 34709 (P–R). Note differences in scale." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 11A</figureCitation>
). The depth and shape of the olecranon fossa are determined by the interaction of several factors, primarily the depth of the trochlear notch and the prominence of its posterior border.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD052DB3FBC7FB42" blockId="16.[700,1226,209,1443]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
As already noted, AMNHM 259906 (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E167FFE4FD172A51FCECFB94" box="[708,794,1036,1060]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" captionTargetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-287@16.[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Xenothrix mcgregori, other humeri: AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (A) and medial" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 6E</figureCitation>
) from Long Mile Cave is clearly subadult because there is evidence that the proximal epiphysis was unfused at the time of death (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FCD92A39FBBEFBCC" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. &amp; J. G. Fleagle" box="[778,1096,1124,1148]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="287 - 321" refId="ref31629" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E., and J. G. Fleagle. 1991. Postcranial remains of Xenothrix mcgregori (Primates, Xenotrichidae) and other late Quaternary mammals from Long Mile Cave, Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206: 287 - 321." type="journal article" year="1991">MacPhee and Fleagle, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). However, the individual must have been close to adulthood because the distal epiphysis is completely fused in the other small humerus of similar size, AMNHM 259905 (
<figureCitation id="135302F5E167FFE4FC002A87FBD2FB42" box="[979,1060,1242,1266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" captionTargetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-287@16.[152,624,233,1746]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Xenothrix mcgregori, other humeri: AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (A) and medial" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 6F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD052AA5FB3CFA13" blockId="16.[700,1226,209,1443]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Because of the generally poor condition of the Long Mile specimens, it is difficult to define measurements that permit useful size comparisons with the single complete humerus, AMNHM 268008. However, one comparison of relevance can be managed by reference</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD6F2B88FD22FA57" blockId="16.[700,724,1493,1511]" box="[700,724,1493,1511]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">+</paragraph>
<caption id="DF174EF8E167FFE4FD07285AFB3CF988" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[724,762,1543,1565]" targetBox="[152,624,233,1746]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD07285AFB3DF9AD" blockId="16.[700,1227,1543,1751]" box="[724,1227,1543,1565]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig. 6.
<taxonomicName id="4C6865F3E167FFE4FCE82855FBE1F9AD" box="[827,1047,1544,1565]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Xenothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcgregori">
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FCE82855FBE1F9AD" box="[827,1047,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Xenothrix mcgregori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, other humeri:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD6F287FFB3CF988" blockId="16.[700,1227,1543,1751]" box="[700,1226,1570,1592]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
AMNHM 268002 (R) in posterior (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FBE7287FFBB3F988" bold="true" box="[1076,1093,1570,1592]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
) and medial
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD6F2861FB3CF9E2" blockId="16.[700,1227,1543,1751]" box="[700,1226,1596,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
(
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FD172861FD22F9E2" bold="true" box="[708,724,1596,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
) aspects; AMNHM 268005 (L [rev.]) in anterior
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD6F280AFB3CF9DD" blockId="16.[700,1227,1543,1751]" box="[700,1226,1623,1645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
(
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FD17280AFD23F9DD" bold="true" box="[708,725,1623,1645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
) and proximal (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FC4F280AFC58F9DD" bold="true" box="[924,942,1623,1645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
) aspects; and AMNHM
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE4FD6F282FFB3FF912" blockId="16.[700,1227,1543,1751]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
259906 (L) (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FCE9282FFCBCF938" bold="true" box="[826,842,1650,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
) and AMNHM 259905 (R) (
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FBA5282FFB72F938" bold="true" box="[1142,1156,1650,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
), both in posterior aspect.
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FC4628D1FC53F912" bold="true" box="[917,933,1676,1698]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FC3028D1FC07F912" bold="true" box="[995,1009,1676,1698]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
after
<bibRefCitation id="EFF96381E167FFE4FBEA28D1FB3FF912" author="MacPhee, R. D. E. &amp; J. G. Fleagle" box="[1081,1225,1676,1698]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="287 - 321" refId="ref31629" refString="MacPhee, R. D. E., and J. G. Fleagle. 1991. Postcranial remains of Xenothrix mcgregori (Primates, Xenotrichidae) and other late Quaternary mammals from Long Mile Cave, Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206: 287 - 321." type="journal article" year="1991">MacPhee and</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD71E70E167FFE5FD6F28FAFE49FAC2" blockId="16.[700,1227,1543,1751]" lastBlockId="17.[86,613,984,1394]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fleagle (1991). In
<emphasis id="B91CC262E167FFE4FCA728FAFC72F90D" bold="true" box="[884,900,1703,1725]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
, dashed line indicates presumed original contour of damaged area. To same scale. to the entepicondylar foramen, permitting measurement of ‘‘partial shaft length’’ (edge of proximal epiphyseal line on diaphysis to proximal border of bridge of entepicondylar foramen). Comparing these lengths in AMNHM 259906 and 268008 (table 4) reveals that the partial shaft of the Long Mile humerus is approximately 23% shorter than the comparable region of the Drum Cave specimen, even though the former is presumably fairly close to adult size. This accords with one’s general impression that the Long Mile partial humeri are more gracile than the Drum or New Cave specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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