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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.985.56974" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b0dd7df6-3fbd-4002-8ebc-eb9288773e2d" ID-PMC="PMC7661480" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-985-49" ID-Pensoft-UUID="E0D36A9E021E598DBBFC7C7269CE7828" ID-PubMed="33223874" ID-ZooBank="BAE9B72C81554DCB865C505E15BCAB01" ModsDocID="1313-2970-985-49" checkinTime="1604647791410" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ericson, Hannah C. &amp; Forbes, Andrew A." docDate="2020" docId="3912FE3D14545B798F145926AFEEB29D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 985: 49-60" docOrigin="ZooKeys 985" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.985.56974" docTitle="Coptera tonic Ericson &amp; Forbes 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="92F47ACC-5957-41E6-B297-80BE71905189" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="E0D36A9E021E598DBBFC7C7269CE7828" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="E0D36A9E021E598DBBFC7C7269CE7828" masterDocTitle="Description of the new species Coptera tonic (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae), a pupal parasitoid of Rhagoletis juniperina Marcovitch (Diptera, Tephritidae), and revised partial keys to Nearctic Coptera Say" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668169758685" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Description of the new species Coptera tonic (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae), a pupal parasitoid of Rhagoletis juniperina Marcovitch (Diptera, Tephritidae), and revised partial keys to Nearctic Coptera Say</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ericson, Hannah C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Iowa, Department of Biology, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Forbes, Andrew A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Iowa, Department of Biology, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8332-6652</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">andrew-forbes@uiowa.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>985</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>49</mods:start>
<mods:end>60</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.985.56974</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.985.56974</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-985-49</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">BAE9B72C81554DCB865C505E15BCAB01</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">E0D36A9E021E598DBBFC7C7269CE7828</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168815841" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:92F47ACC-5957-41E6-B297-80BE71905189" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3912FE3D14545B798F145926AFEEB29D" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName LSID="3912FE3D-1454-5B79-8F14-5926AFEEB29D" authority="Ericson &amp; Forbes, 2020" authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic" status="sp. nov.">Coptera tonic</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 1-4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 5 - 8. Male Coptera tonic 5 lateral habitus 6 antenna 7 dorsal view of mesosoma 8 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 5-8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Holotype</emphasis>
: USA • ♀; Ingham Co., East Lansing, MI;
<geoCoordinate degrees="42.7274" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="42.7274">42.7274</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="84.4777" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-84.4777">-84.4777</geoCoordinate>
; 3 Jul. 2011; Serdar Satar; reared from soil-collected pupa of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcovitch" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Rhagoletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhagoletis juniperina" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juniperina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Rhagoletis juniperina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; UIMNH ID: SUI:INS:04567.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Paratypes</emphasis>
: USA • ♀; Ingham Co., East Lansing, MI;
<geoCoordinate degrees="42.7274" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="42.7274">42.7274</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="84.4777" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-84.4777">-84.4777</geoCoordinate>
, 21 Aug. 2011; Serdar Satar; reared from pupa of
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. juniperina" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="juniperina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">R. juniperina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SUI:INS:04568 • 6♂; ibid; 8-9 Aug. 2011; SUI:INS:04569-04573, 04576 • ♂; ibid; 13 Aug. 2011, yellow pan trap; SUI:INS:04577 • ♀; Johnson Co., Iowa City, IA,
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.6509" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="41.6509">41.6509</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="91.5603" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-91.5603">-91.5603</geoCoordinate>
, 11 Sep. 2011, Andrew Forbes; yellow pan trap; SUI:INS:04574 • ♂; ibid; 10 Sep. 2011; SUI:INS:04565.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 1–4" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 1-4.</emphasis>
Female
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">1</emphasis>
lateral habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">2</emphasis>
dorsal view of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">3</emphasis>
dorsal view of mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">4</emphasis>
dorsal view of petiole.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">1-4</figureCitation>
) may be distinguished from female
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pomonellae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pomonellae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. pomonellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–12" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 12. Female Coptera pomonellae 9 lateral habitus 10 dorsal view of head 11 dorsal view of mesosoma 12 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures9-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471580" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9-12</figureCitation>
) most readily by the distance between the apical punctures on the scutellum. In
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this distance is small, less than 1/2 of the shortest diameter of either puncture (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">3</figureCitation>
), while in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pomonellae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pomonellae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. pomonellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the inter-puncture distance is subequal to the shortest diameter of each puncture (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–12" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 12. Female Coptera pomonellae 9 lateral habitus 10 dorsal view of head 11 dorsal view of mesosoma 12 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures9-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471580" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">11</figureCitation>
). Male
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 5 - 8. Male Coptera tonic 5 lateral habitus 6 antenna 7 dorsal view of mesosoma 8 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5</figureCitation>
) have each apical puncture partially or completely divided into two, such that there are indeterminately four apical punctures (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 5 - 8. Male Coptera tonic 5 lateral habitus 6 antenna 7 dorsal view of mesosoma 8 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7</figureCitation>
), compared to the two standard punctures in male
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pomonellae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pomonellae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. pomonellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–16" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 13 - 16. Male Coptera pomonellae 13 lateral habitus 14 antenna 15 dorsal view of mesosoma 16 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures13-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471581" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">15</figureCitation>
). Most flagellomeres of male
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are 2-2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than wide, with the apical segment 2.7-3.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than wide (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 5 - 8. Male Coptera tonic 5 lateral habitus 6 antenna 7 dorsal view of mesosoma 8 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</figureCitation>
), while the antennal segments of male
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pomonellae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pomonellae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. pomonellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shorter, less than 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide (final segment may approach 2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13–16" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 13 - 16. Male Coptera pomonellae 13 lateral habitus 14 antenna 15 dorsal view of mesosoma 16 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures13-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471581" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">14</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of both sexes differ from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. cingulatae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="cingulatae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. cingulatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the color of their antennae, which are dark brown to black in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and yellow to light brown in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. cingulatae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="cingulatae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. cingulatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(at least the first 3-4 flagellomeres; Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17, 18" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 17, 18. Coptera cingulatae male and female; lateral habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures17-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471582" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17, 18" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 17, 18. Coptera cingulatae male and female; lateral habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures17-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471582" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">18</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 5–8" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 5-8.</emphasis>
Male
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5</emphasis>
lateral habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7</emphasis>
dorsal view of mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">8</emphasis>
dorsal view of petiole.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures9-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471580" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 9–12" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 9-12.</emphasis>
Female
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muesebeck" authorityYear="1980" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera pomonellae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonellae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera pomonellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9</emphasis>
lateral habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">10</emphasis>
dorsal view of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">11</emphasis>
dorsal view of mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12</emphasis>
dorsal view of petiole.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Female.</emphasis>
Length 3.0 - 3.1 mm; wing length 2.1 - 2.2 mm. Holotype length 3.0 mm; Holotype wing length 2.1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Color</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">1</figureCitation>
) black; legs, including coxae, honey yellow; antennal scape black; flagellum testaceous; eyes and 3 ocelli yellow to white; wings slightly infuscated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Head.</emphasis>
Head about as long as broad; dorsum of head normally with several large punctures (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">2</figureCitation>
); distance from lateral ocelli to posterior margin of occiput longer than eyes; temples weakly round, in lateral view nearly as wide as eyes; malar space nearly half as long as eye; antennae strongly clavate and 12-segmented; first flagellomere twice as long as wide; second and third flagellomeres less than twice as long as wide but still longer than wide; all remaining flagellomeres wider than long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Mesosoma.</emphasis>
Pronotum smooth. Notaulices on mesoscutum fine and slightly broadened posteriorly; scutellum weakly convex; paired punctures at apex of scutellum moderately large and separated by less than the shortest diameter of either puncture (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">3</figureCitation>
); mesopleuron not impressed medially; metapleuron not impressed medially; metapleuron densely hairy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Petiole of abdomen about 1.5 times as long as wide; petiole with all three dorsal longitudinal carinae strong but median one reduced on some specimens (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Female Coptera tonic 1 lateral habitus 2 dorsal view of head 3 dorsal view of mesosoma 4 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471578" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">4</figureCitation>
); median sulcus of large tergite not reaching or extending beyond middle of segment; basal lateral sulci not developed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Male.</emphasis>
Length 2.5-3.0 mm; wing length 2.1-2.3 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Color.</emphasis>
Body black; legs (including coxae) honey yellow; antennal scape black; flagellum testaceous; eyes and 3 ocelli tan; wings slightly infuscated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Head wider than long; dorsum of head normally with several large punctures; distances from lateral ocelli to posterior margin of occiput slightly longer than eyes, temples roundly receding, in lateral view slightly narrower than eyes; malar space nearly half as long as eyes; antennae slender with uniform thickness throughout, 14-segmented; all flagellomeres at least twice as long as wide with apical segment about three times as long as wide (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 5 - 8. Male Coptera tonic 5 lateral habitus 6 antenna 7 dorsal view of mesosoma 8 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Mesosoma.</emphasis>
Pronotum smooth. Notaulices on mesoscutum fine, slightly broadened posteriorly; scutellum flat; paired punctures at apex of scutellum each subdivided into two smaller punctures (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 5–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 5 - 8. Male Coptera tonic 5 lateral habitus 6 antenna 7 dorsal view of mesosoma 8 dorsal view of petiole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures5-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471579" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7</figureCitation>
), though sometimes indistinctly; mesopleuron flat, not impressed medially; metapleuron densely hairy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Petiole about 1.5 times as long as wide; petiole with all three dorsal longitudinal carinae strong and complete; median sulcus of large tergite not reaching the middle of the segment; basal lateral sulci not defined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
The species name is a noun in apposition and refers to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">tonic</taxonomicName>
water; this parasitic wasp and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">tonic</taxonomicName>
water are both at their best when in close association with products of
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Juniperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cones.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ericson &amp; Forbes" authorityYear="2020" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera tonic" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a parasitoid of the juniper maggot fly,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcovitch" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Rhagoletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhagoletis juniperina" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juniperina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Rhagoletis juniperina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a parasite of the female cones of Eastern red cedar (
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus virginiana" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Juniperus virginiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and other members of genus
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Juniperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Though oviposition has not been directly observed in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these wasps have only been reared from pupae floated from soils, and not from larvae extracted from juniper cones, suggesting that attack likely occurs during the
<normalizedToken originalValue="fly’s">fly's</normalizedToken>
pupal stage after it has left the cone. Some pan trap collections of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., the female paratype labeled &quot;Crab Apple&quot;) were made under or near male
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Juniperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting that these wasps may use plant volatiles as an indicator for host searching. All known adults were captured or emerged from pupae between late July and early October (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1603/AN12012" author="Forbes, AA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="608 - 612" refId="B8" refString="Forbes, AA, Satar, S, Hamerlinck, G, Nelson, AE, Smith, JJ, 2012. DNA barcodes and targeted sampling methods identify a new species and cryptic patterns of host specialization among North American Coptera (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 105 (4): 608 - 612, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/AN12012" title="DNA barcodes and targeted sampling methods identify a new species and cryptic patterns of host specialization among North American Coptera (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1603/AN12012" volume="105" year="2012">Forbes et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), consistent with the phenology of
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. juniperina" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="juniperina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">R. juniperina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
Existing collections of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are limited to Iowa and Michigan. However,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcovitch" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Rhagoletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhagoletis juniperina" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juniperina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Rhagoletis juniperina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed across the continental United States and into southern Canada (
<bibRefCitation author="Bush, GL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="431 - 562" refId="B4" refString="Bush, GL, 1966. The taxonomy, cytology, and evolution of the genus Rhagoletis in North America (Diptera, Tephritidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 134: 431 - 562" title="The taxonomy, cytology, and evolution of the genus Rhagoletis in North America (Diptera, Tephritidae)." volume="134" year="1966">Bush 1966</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Frayer, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" publicationUrl="https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol48/iss1/5" refId="B9" refString="Frayer, M, Hulbert, D, Satar, S, Smith, JJ, 2015. Phenological attributes and phylogenetic relationships of Rhagoletisjuniperina Marcovitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Great Lakes region. The Great Lakes Entomologist 48(1 &amp; 2): 67-78. https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol48/iss1/5" title="Phenological attributes and phylogenetic relationships of Rhagoletisjuniperina Marcovitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Great Lakes region. The Great Lakes Entomologist 48 (1 &amp; 2): 67 - 78." url="https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol48/iss1/5" year="2015">Frayer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), so a wider distribution for
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tonic" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="tonic">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">C. tonic</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is possible, if not likely.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures13-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471581" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 13–16" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 13-16.</emphasis>
Male
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muesebeck" authorityYear="1980" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera pomonellae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonellae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera pomonellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">13</emphasis>
lateral habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">14</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">15</emphasis>
dorsal view of mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">16</emphasis>
dorsal view of petiole.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.985.56974.figures17-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/471582" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figures 17, 18" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figures 17, 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muesebeck" authorityYear="1980" class="Hexapoda" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptera cingulatae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulatae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Coptera cingulatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male and female; lateral habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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