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144 lines
17 KiB
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<mods:title id="EBDD3A78E65981C62852938FA95D34A0">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="023560024960981A89BEDF18375D364C">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="16CDE883F6128BE3610D44554B08A6D5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32867FFF0F7F0FD17FC65B534" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047065" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844933" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047065" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32867FFF0F7F0FD17FC65B534" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32867FFF0F7F0FD17FC65B534" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2867FFF0F7F0FD17FE95B2D1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7F0FD17FDF7B294" blockId="39.[151,596,656,682]" box="[151,596,656,682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="D0F481A92867FFF0F7F0FD17FDF7B294" bold="true" box="[151,596,656,682]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F7F0FD17FDF7B294" bold="true" box="[151,596,656,682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F7F0FD17FF6DB294" bold="true" box="[151,206,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F7F0FD17FF6AB294" box="[151,201,656,682]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styx">styx</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F7B2FD17FDF7B294" authority="Scudder, 1889" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[213,596,656,682]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styx">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F7B2FD17FE3DB294" bold="true" box="[213,414,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lithopsyche styx</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F6C2FD17FDF7B294" author="Scudder" box="[421,596,656,682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7F0FD51FE95B2D1" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" box="[151,310,726,751]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F7F0FD51FE91B2D1" box="[151,306,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2867FFF0F7A0FD7CFD8EB4FD" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FD7CFC59B32C" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" box="[199,1018,762,787]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982867FFF0F7A0FD7CFC59B32C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739245" box="[199,1018,762,787]" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" location="Teller County" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552867FFF0F7A0FD7CFEA1B32D" box="[199,258,763,787]" name="United States of America" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F66AFD7DFEDBB32D" box="[269,376,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272867FFF0F66AFD7DFEDBB32D" box="[269,376,762,787]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E492867FFF0F6E4FD7DFDBCB32D" box="[387,543,762,787]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Teller County</collectingCounty>
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, Florissant; Late Priabonian, Late Eocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FC99FD85B309" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" box="[199,550,798,823]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Depository: MCZH (holotype).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FCC5FF4EB341" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F6FDFCC5FDDAB365" author="Emmel" box="[410,633,834,859]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F694FCC3FD80B365" box="[499,547,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402867FFF0F5E3FCC5FD60B365" box="[644,707,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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/2);
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F592FCC4FB8AB365" author="Murata" box="[757,1065,834,859]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 & 2), 4 - 17 & 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Figs 51, 52)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F352FCC5FF4AB341" author="Scudder" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">
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Scudder (1889: Pl. LII
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<figureCitation id="13382A402867FFF0F25CFCC5FA34B365" box="[1339,1431,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 13" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[211,1372,202,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[174,1418,193,1750]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 13. Ƒanessa pluto Heer, 1849. Figures copied from (1875), Plate II, figures 1, 17 and 7, respectively. (A), copied by Scudder from original description by Heer; (B) and (C), figures sent to Scudder by Mr. Brunner de Wattenwyl, made after the same object. Note differences in wing shape and other details. Figs 14 – 16. Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875. Figures copied from Scudder (1875), Plate III, figures 9, 1 and 3, respectively. (A), underside of fossil; (B), reconstruction of venation; (C), reconstruction of markings. In (A) two separate subcostal veins have been drawn in the forewing, an impossible configuration in Lepidoptera, and apparently a mistake, corrected in (B) and (C). Fig. 17. Cyllo sepulta Boisduval, 1841, wing venation after Scudder (1875). Fig. 18. Butterfly fossil recorded by Wangrin (1939), but shown to be a fraud by Ansorge (2015). Photo kindly provided by J. Ansorge, Horst, Germany (see text for explanation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583188/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
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, 16, 17)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FC0DFE8EB431" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">This specimen presents only an overlapping forewing and hindwing, the former without an apex. The forewing has a radial formula of radial formula 1, 2+(3+(4+5)) (forking of R4-R5 reconstructed, missing in fossil), R2 originating very close to upper corner of cell, cell closed. The hindwing cell is open. The wing pattern is obscure and irregular.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FB9DFD8EB4FD" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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According to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F606FB9DFDADB40D" author="Scudder" box="[353,526,1050,1075]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder (1889)</bibRefCitation>
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this fossil is closer to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F46FFB9BFC61B40D" box="[776,962,1050,1075]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculanidae" genus="Jupiteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanoida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charon">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F46FFB9BFC61B40D" box="[776,962,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Jupiteria charon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the same excavation site than it is to any living species (see entry under that species). The open hindwing cell is an apomorphic character state in (part of) the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F781FBE5FE22B445" box="[230,385,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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. The assignment also agrees with the radial vein arrangement. Any further statement about the relationship is unwarranted. Because of Scudder’s remark on its relationship to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F35EFB00FA3FB4A1" authority="Emmel et al. (1992)" authorityName="Emmel et al." authorityYear="1992" box="[1081,1436,1158,1183]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculanidae" genus="Jupiteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanoida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F35EFB00FB3DB4A0" box="[1081,1182,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Jupiteria</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F3D7FB01FA3FB4A1" box="[1200,1436,1158,1183]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F26CFB00FA9CB4A1" box="[1291,1343,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992)
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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listed the fossil under
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F6E9FB2DFD8AB4FD" box="[398,553,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2867FFF0F7A0FB49FC65B534" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FB49FC65B534" blockId="39.[151,1436,726,1291]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F7A0FB49FDA6B4D9" authority="Scudder, 1889" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[199,517,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F7A0FB49FEEDB4D9" box="[199,334,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lithopsyche</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F63CFB49FDA6B4D9" author="Scudder" box="[347,517,1230,1255]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is a junior homonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F425FB49FBC4B4D9" authority="Butler, 1889" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1889" box="[834,1127,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F425FB49FC6AB4D9" box="[834,969,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lithopsyche</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F4B1FB49FBC4B4D9" author="Butler" box="[982,1127,1230,1255]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Butler, A. G. (1889) Description of a new genus of fossil moths belonging to the geometrid family Euschemidae. Proceedings zoological Society London, 1889, 292 - 297." type="proceedings paper" year="1889">Butler, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type-species
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F273FB49FE98B535" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiqua">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F273FB49FF4EB535" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lithopsyche antiqua</emphasis>
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Butler
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</taxonomicName>
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, see above).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F6ACFB75FD2AB535" author="Cockerell" box="[459,649,1266,1291]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1909) A catalogue of the generic names based on American insects and arachnids from the Tertiary rocks, with indications of the type species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 26, 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1909">Cockerell (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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replaced it with
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F421FB75FC1CB535" box="[838,959,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F421FB75FC1CB535" box="[838,959,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lithodryas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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