161 lines
18 KiB
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161 lines
18 KiB
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<document id="FFABBE7E36F59D208EBF58C25458B07B" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D3285DFFCAF7F0FD09FC4CB548" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Vanessa karaganica" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="20F800C8DB6B5355FAF11439DEA97000">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EC0DC889FBA187E32486579C86031D27">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7AA9226F3CCF99633CC5FF4D15BFE7D3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7462EB895A2564051BE13BF7745CF55D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="58B48747D0BE65087F9D34185BF3B0D3">
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<mods:date id="BC6AA235FD0B778B0635562EAC6A7DA0">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B0BB3677CF52835C02D956B89BFE4797">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="933F75FFC3C4AEF24CC6ECD3FA5083AC">63</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="2FB9800AE0B8D840477E90BEFC6250F0" type="CLB-Dataset">32975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4337D74DE298DD6366325B82F4B13B32" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="07588377FC7C0C158A559A1CD5CAD93F" type="GBIF-Dataset">6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0E6AD9EED6E61DB3C01666AACA680861" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8B91A24D44ABDCFFA64F76B733D9D105" type="Zenodo-Dep">583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285DFFCAF7F0FD09FC4CB548" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046996" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844930" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046996" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285DFFCAF7F0FD09FC4CB548" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285DFFCAF7F0FD09FC4CB548" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285DFFCAF7F0FD09FE95B2D0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7F0FD09FCA4B296" blockId="29.[151,775,654,680]" box="[151,775,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285DFFCAF7F0FD09FCA4B296" bold="true" box="[151,775,654,680]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF7F0FD09FCA4B296" bold="true" box="[151,775,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF7F0FD09FE85B296" bold="true" box="[151,294,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF7F0FD09FE80B296" ID-CoL="7FFCN" box="[151,291,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karaganica">karaganica</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF649FD09FCA4B296" authority="Nekrutenko, 1965" authorityName="Nekrutenko" authorityYear="1965" box="[302,775,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karaganica">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF649FD09FD83B296" bold="true" box="[302,544,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Vanessa karaganica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285DFFCAF540FD09FCA4B296" author="Nekrutenko" box="[551,775,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Nekrutenko, Y. P. (1965) Tertiary nymphalid butterflies and some phylogenetic aspects of systematic lepidopterology. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 4, 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1965">Nekrutenko, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7F0FD52FE95B2D0" blockId="29.[151,1436,725,1398]" box="[151,310,725,750]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF7F0FD52FE91B2D0" box="[151,306,725,750]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285DFFCAF7A0FD7EFC4CB548" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7A0FD7EFC22B32C" blockId="29.[151,1436,725,1398]" box="[199,897,761,786]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285DFFCAF7A0FD7EFC22B32C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739239" box="[199,897,761,786]" collectorName="N. Caucasus" country="Russia" location="Kraj Stavropol" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kraj Stavropol">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285DFFCAF7A0FD7EFEB7B32C" box="[199,276,761,786]" name="Russia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Russia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285DFFCAF678FD7EFE64B32C" box="[287,455,761,786]" country="Russia" name="Stavropol'" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kraj Stavropol</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285DFFCAF6B4FD7EFDE1B32C" box="[467,578,761,786]" country="Russia" name="Stavropol'" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Stavropol</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F65313285DFFCAF52AFD7DFD7FB32C" box="[589,732,762,786]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. Caucasus</collectorName>
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; late Miocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7A0FC9AFD7EB308" blockId="29.[151,1436,725,1398]" box="[199,733,797,822]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Depository: PIRAS (holotype, PIN 254/2936a).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7A0FCC6FD4FB364" blockId="29.[151,1436,725,1398]" box="[199,748,833,858]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285DFFCAF6FEFCC6FD4BB364" author="Nekrutenko" box="[409,744,833,858]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Nekrutenko, Y. P. (1965) Tertiary nymphalid butterflies and some phylogenetic aspects of systematic lepidopterology. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 4, 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1965">
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Nekrutenko (1965:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285DFFCAF513FCC6FD61B364" box="[628,706,833,858]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285DFFCAF5A8FCC5FD7DB364" box="[719,734,834,858]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7A0FCE2FC33B444" blockId="29.[151,1436,725,1398]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Hindwing only, of which tornal quarter and dorsal border are missing. Cell open, a nymphaline apomorphy found, for instance, in the recent genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF5F3FC0EFD78B39C" box="[660,731,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF5F3FC0EFD78B39C" box="[660,731,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aglais</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF596FC0EFCE0B39C" box="[753,835,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Inachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF596FC0EFCE0B39C" box="[753,835,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Inachis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF43DFC0EFC71B39C" box="[858,978,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF43DFC0EFC71B39C" box="[858,978,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nymphalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but also in some members of other subfamilies, e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF638FC29FDFAB3F8" authority="(Apaturinae)" baseAuthorityName="Apaturinae" box="[351,601,941,966]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Apatura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF638FC29FE18B3FB" box="[351,443,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apatura</emphasis>
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(Apaturinae)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF50EFC29FCD3B3F8" authority="(Limenitidinae)" baseAuthorityName="Limenitidinae" box="[617,880,941,966]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF50EFC29FD13B3FB" box="[617,688,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Neptis</emphasis>
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(Limenitidinae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, etc. According to Nekrutenko, the venation is typical for
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF674FC55FECEB3D7" box="[275,365,978,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF674FC55FECEB3D7" box="[275,365,978,1001]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Vanessa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and he compares the fossil with “
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF593FC55FCFFB3D7" box="[756,860,978,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF593FC55FCFFB3D7" box="[756,860,978,1001]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">V. urticae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L.” This species is now placed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF383FC56FA88B3D4" box="[1252,1323,977,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF383FC56FA88B3D4" box="[1252,1323,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aglais</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF25CFC55FA36B3D7" box="[1339,1429,978,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF25CFC55FA36B3D7" box="[1339,1429,978,1001]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Vanessa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as currently understood (
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<typeStatus id="54B88867285DFFCAF6CAFC71FE7CB430" box="[429,479,1014,1038]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF558FC72FCCAB430" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[575,873,1013,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atalanta">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF558FC72FD55B430" box="[575,758,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Papilio atalanta</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</taxonomicName>
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), has the hindwing cell closed. It is not clear what is typical (i.e. apomorphic) about the venation of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF59BFB9DFB9BB40C" authority="Nekrutenko" authorityName="Nekrutenko" box="[764,1080,1049,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF59BFB9DFCF5B40F" box="[764,854,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Vanessa</emphasis>
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sensu Nekrutenko
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</taxonomicName>
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, and therefore I consider the assignment of the fossil to an extant genus unwarranted. Moreover, it lacks the apparently apomorphic character of a crenulate hindwing termen, commonly found in vanessoid genera.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285DFFCAF7A0FB02FC4CB548" blockId="29.[151,1436,725,1398]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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The pattern of the wing (underside) is also visible in the fossil. It resembles that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF3D3FB01FA84B4A3" box="[1204,1319,1158,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF3D3FB01FA84B4A3" box="[1204,1319,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. urticae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and it is reminescent of forms of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF6CCFB2DFDB8B4FF" box="[427,539,1194,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF6CCFB2DFDB8B4FF" box="[427,539,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. urticae</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
bred at elevated temperatures.
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285DFFCAF41EFB2EFBECB4FC" author="Nekrutenko" box="[889,1103,1193,1218]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Nekrutenko, Y. P. (1965) Tertiary nymphalid butterflies and some phylogenetic aspects of systematic lepidopterology. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 4, 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1965">Nekrutenko (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
concluded that this condition could be of paleogeographical importance. Similar patterns on the underside of the hindwing, however, are not only found in several nymphaline genera, but also in a number of satyrine genera. Since the pattern is clearly cryptic, parallel and convergent evolution may be expected. The little evidence taken together does not allow a further identification than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF6A4FABEFDFDB56C" box="[451,606,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The assignment of this fragmentary fossil to the extant genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285DFFCAF248FABEFAD4B56C" box="[1327,1399,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285DFFCAF248FABEFAD4B56C" box="[1327,1399,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aglais</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285DFFCAF7F0FADAFE9EB548" author="Kozlov" box="[151,317,1373,1398]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refString="Kozlov, M. V. (1988) Paleontology of lepidopterans and problems of the phylogeny of the order Papilionida. In: Ponomarenko, A. G. (Ed.), The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Crisis in the Evolution of Insects. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 16 - 69. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kozlov (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
, already hinted at by Nekrutenko, lacks convincing evidence.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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|
|
</treatment>
|
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|
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</document>
|