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<mods:title id="1A820B7DA55907B58AEDA46A86446E6A">An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75F1BFDA5255F" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" box="[151,604,1302,1329]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<heading id="D0CC81DB9529FFCECFF75F1BFDA5255F" bold="true" box="[151,604,1302,1329]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349529FFCECFF75F1BFDA5255F" ID-CoL="R3Q8" ID-ENA="1214660" authority="(Nardo, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Nardo" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[151,604,1302,1329]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plumbeus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75F1BFDA5255F" bold="true" box="[151,604,1302,1329]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75F1BFE49255E" bold="true" box="[151,432,1302,1329]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Carcharhinus plumbeus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECEDF5F1BFDAD255F" author="Nardo" box="[447,596,1302,1328]" firstAuthor="Nardo" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="22 - 40" refId="ref110302" refString="Nardo, G. D. (1827) Prodromus observationum et disquisitionum Adriaticae ichthyologiae. Giornale di fisica, chimica e storia naturale, medicina, ed arti., Series 2, Dec. II, 10, 22 - 40." type="journal article" year="1827">Nardo, 1827</bibRefCitation>
)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75F36FEC2253A" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" box="[151,315,1339,1365]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Sandbar Shark</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C9529FFCECFF75F52FCEA263E" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75F52FB562516" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" box="[151,1199,1374,1401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2B11999529FFCECFF75F52FB562516" box="[151,1199,1374,1401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69529FFCECFF75F52FDDB2516" author="Nardo, G. D." box="[151,546,1375,1401]" page="26" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" year="1827">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349529FFCECFF75F52FDDB2516" ID-CoL="6ZFPY" authority="Nardo, 1827: 26" authorityName="Nardo" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1827" box="[151,546,1375,1401]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plumbeus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75F52FE9B2516" box="[151,354,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Squalus plumbeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECE095F52FDDB2516" author="Nardo" box="[361,546,1375,1401]" firstAuthor="Nardo" page="26" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="22 - 40" refId="ref110302" refString="Nardo, G. D. (1827) Prodromus observationum et disquisitionum Adriaticae ichthyologiae. Giornale di fisica, chimica e storia naturale, medicina, ed arti., Series 2, Dec. II, 10, 22 - 40." type="journal article" year="1827">Nardo, 1827: 26</bibRefCitation>
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, 35 (no. 24). No
<typeStatus id="548088159529FFCECD815F52FCE52516" box="[737,796,1375,1401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">types</typeStatus>
known.
<typeStatus id="548088159529FFCECC1D5F52FC4C2516" box="[893,949,1375,1401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Adriatic Sea.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75F8EFCEA263E" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75F8EFEA725F2" bold="true" box="[151,350,1411,1437]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Local synonymy</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349529FFCECE115F8EFC8025F2" ID-CoL="3C9SX" authority=": D'Aubrey, 1964 a: 30" authorityName="D'Aubrey" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1964" box="[369,889,1411,1437]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="milberti">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECE115F8EFD9625F2" box="[369,623,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Carcharhinus milberti</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECDE25F8EFC8025F2" author="D'Aubrey" box="[642,889,1411,1437]" firstAuthor="D'Aubrey" page="30" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref96632" refString="D'Aubrey, J. D. (1964 a) Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 8, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">DAubrey, 1964a: 30</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 14;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECCBF5F8EFB4E25F2" author="Davies" box="[991,1207,1411,1437]" firstAuthor="Davies" page="194" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref97185" refString="Davies, D. H. (1964) About Sharks and Shark Attack. Shuter &amp; Shooter, Pietermaritzburg, 257 pp." type="book" year="1964">Davies, 1964: 194</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECBA75F8EFA6125F2" author="Garrick" box="[1223,1432,1411,1437]" firstAuthor="Garrick" page="89" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref102137" refString="Garrick, J. A. F. (1967) A broad view of Carcharhinus species, their systematics and distribution. In: Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F. &amp; Rall, D. P. (Eds.), Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 85 - 91." type="book chapter" year="1967">Garrick, 1967: 89</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349529FFCECFA65FAAFD3A25AE" ID-CoL="R3Q8" authority=": Bass et al., 1973: 65" authorityName="Bass" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1973" box="[198,707,1446,1473]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plumbeus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFA65FAAFE2825AE" box="[198,465,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Carcharhinus plumbeus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECEBF5FAAFD3A25AE" author="Bass" box="[479,707,1446,1473]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bass" page="65" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref92862" refString="Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. &amp; Kistnasamy, N. (1973) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. I. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae). Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 33, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1973">
Bass
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECD7A5FAAFDAB25AE" box="[538,594,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
, 1973: 65
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 26;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECC445FAAFC0025AE" author="Garrick" box="[804,1017,1447,1473]" firstAuthor="Garrick" page="132" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 194" refId="ref102208" refString="Garrick, J. A. F. (1982) Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 445, 1 - 194." type="journal article" year="1982">Garrick, 1982: 132</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 6062;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECBEF5FAAFA6125AE" author="Compagno" box="[1167,1432,1447,1473]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="493" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="251 - 655" refId="ref95496" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 b) FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. No. 125. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO, Rome, pp. 251 - 655." type="book chapter" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Compagno, 1984b: 493</bibRefCitation>
, fig.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECF9A5FC6FE26258A" author="Bass, A. J. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V." box="[250,479,1483,1509]" editor="Smith, M. M. &amp; Heemstra, P. C." journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, Johannesburg" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="104 - 105" refId="ref93292" refString="Bass, A. J. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V. (1986) Families Echinorhinidae, Proscyllidae, Odontaspidiidae, Mitsukurinidae. In: Smith, M. M. &amp; Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Smith's Sea Fishes. Macmillan, Johannesburg, pp. 63 + 103 + 104 - 105." title="Families Echinorhinidae, Proscyllidae, Odontaspidiidae, Mitsukurinidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Smith's Sea Fishes" year="1986">
Bass
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECE555FC6FE9F258A" box="[309,358,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
., 1986: 76
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9.15;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECD345FC6FC95258A" author="Cliff &amp; Wilson" box="[596,876,1483,1509]" firstAuthor="Cliff" page="17" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref95251" refString="Cliff, G. &amp; Wilson, R. B. (1986) Natal Sharks Board's Field Guide to Sharks and Other Marine Animals. Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, 57 pp." type="book" year="1986">Cliff &amp; Wilson, 1986: 17</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECC175FC6FB9B258A" author="Compagno" box="[887,1122,1483,1509]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="7" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref95624" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988 a) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988" yearSuffix="a">Compagno, 1988a: 7</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECB0E5FC6FA6E258A" author="Compagno" box="[1134,1431,1483,1509]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="62" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref96138" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. &amp; Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECB8F5FC6FAE6258A" box="[1263,1311,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
., 1989: 62
</bibRefCitation>
, pl.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECF925FE2FE172666" author="Compagno" box="[242,494,1519,1545]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="120" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="75 - 120" refId="ref95720" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406" type="journal article" year="1999">Compagno, 1999: 120</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECE9B5FE2FC922666" author="Heemstra &amp; Heemstra" box="[507,875,1519,1545]" firstAuthor="Heemstra" page="60" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref104374" refString="Heemstra, P. C. &amp; Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heemstra &amp; Heemstra, 2004: 60</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECC175FE2FB4D2666" author="Compagno" box="[887,1204,1518,1545]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="304" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref95897" refString="Compagno, L., Dando, M. &amp; Fowler, S. (2005) Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, London, 368 pp." type="book" year="2005">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69529FFCECC175FE2FB852666" box="[887,1148,1518,1545]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECC995FE2FBD22666" box="[1017,1067,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</treatmentCitation>
: 304
</bibRefCitation>
, fig., pl. 58;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECA245FE2FED42642" author="Ebert, D. A. &amp; Fowler, S. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V." pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref99433" refString="Ebert, D. A., Fowler, S. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V. (2013) Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide to the Sharks of the World. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 528 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Ebert
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECAE85FE2FF1A2642" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
a: 473, fig., pl. 65;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECE9F5C1EFCE42642" author="Ebert &amp; Dando" box="[511,797,1555,1581]" firstAuthor="Ebert" page="43" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref99385" refString="Ebert, D. A. &amp; Dando, M. (2014) On Board Guide for the Identification of Pelagic Sharks and Rays of the Western Indian Ocean. SmartFish Programme, FAO, Rome &amp; Indian Ocean Commission, Port Louis, 109 pp." type="book" year="2014">Ebert &amp; Dando, 2014: 43</bibRefCitation>
, fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69529FFCECC3E5C1EFB832642" box="[862,1146,1554,1581]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECC3E5C1EFB832642" author="da Silva" box="[862,1146,1554,1581]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="da Silva" page="246" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="233 - 248" refId="ref96965" refString="da Silva C., Booth, A. J., Dudley, S. F. J., Kerwath, S. E., Lamberth, S. J., Leslie, R. W., McCord, M. E., Sauer, W. H. H. &amp; Zweig, T. (2015) A description and updated overview of the status and management of South Africa's chondrichthyan fisheries. South African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1044471" type="journal article" year="2015">
da Silva
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECCA05C1EFC0B2642" box="[960,1010,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
., 2015: 246
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECBE65C1EFF0A263E" author="Ebert &amp; van Hees" firstAuthor="Ebert" page="146" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="141 - 156" refId="ref99877" refString="Ebert, D. A. &amp; van Hees, K. E. (2015) Beyond jaws: rediscovering the &quot; Lost Sharks &quot; of southern Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 141 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1048730" type="journal article" year="2015">Ebert &amp; van Hees, 2015: 146</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECF9F5C3AFDF0263E" author="Compagno" box="[255,521,1591,1617]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="1296" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref95819" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (2016) Sharks. In: Carpenter, K. E. &amp; De Angelis, N. (Eds.), The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bivalves, Gastropods, Hagfishes, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, and Chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Rome, pp. 1122 - 1336." type="book" year="2016">Compagno, 2016: 1296</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469529FFCECD755C3AFCF6263E" author="Weigmann, S." box="[533,783,1590,1617]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="837 - 1037" refId="ref118762" refString="Weigmann, S. (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12874" type="journal article" year="2016">Weigmann, 2016: 858</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C9529FFCECFF75C57FBB126D2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75C57FE2826F6" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75C57FDFA261B" bold="true" box="[151,515,1626,1653]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F32C76279529FFCECFF75C57FED6261B" box="[151,303,1626,1652]" name="South Africa" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">South Africa</collectingCountry>
voucher material
</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECD725C56FD9F261A" box="[530,614,1627,1653]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
6085,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECDD45C56FCF1261A" box="[692,776,1627,1653]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
6086,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECC355C56FC50261A" box="[853,937,1627,1653]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
6088,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECC975C56FBB2261A" box="[1015,1099,1627,1653]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
6235,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECBF85C56FB15261A" box="[1176,1260,1627,1653]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
19822,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECA285C56FA65261A" box="[1352,1436,1627,1653]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
99188,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729529FFCECE7A5C72FE9726F6" box="[282,366,1663,1689]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
201702.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75CAFFBB126D2" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" box="[151,1096,1698,1725]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75CAFFE2A26D3" bold="true" box="[151,467,1698,1724]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">South African distribution</emphasis>
: Algoa Bay (EC) to the KZN border with
<collectingCountry id="F32C76279529FFCECCCD5CAEFBBC26D2" box="[941,1093,1699,1725]" name="Mozambique" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C9529FFCECFF75CCAFDED276A" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75CCAFA71268E" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" box="[151,1416,1735,1761]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75CCAFEFD268E" bold="true" box="[151,260,1735,1761]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Remarks</emphasis>
: A common species in KZN and to the north, but a seasonal visitor to
<collectingRegion id="49FFF8559529FFCECB775CCAFB5E268E" box="[1047,1191,1735,1761]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
during the summer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79529FFCECFF75CE7FDED276A" blockId="64.[151,1437,1302,1797]" box="[151,532,1770,1797]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59529FFCECFF75CE7FE7D276A" bold="true" box="[151,388,1770,1797]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Conservation status</emphasis>
: VU (2009).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>