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<mods:title id="491C2A52BD6E85E09A53A2A4DFA33DA4">New Records and Range Extensions of Some Marine Sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae and Homoscleromorpha) from the Andaman Islands, India; Part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0CB57978DF6D8C7ADE2C6757B13ECA6A">Ubare, Vibha V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="689EDB4659E571785781202C261B54F3">2018</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0B7525FC878FF88B399FB10FA8CFB62" bold="true" box="[965,1336,1184,1209]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C878FF88B399FB10FA8CFB62" ID-CoL="5WJCY" authority="(Topsent, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[965,1336,1184,1209]" class="Demospongiae" family="Biemnidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Biemnida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B399FB10FA8CFB62" bold="true" box="[965,1336,1184,1209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B399FB10FBC4FB62" bold="true" box="[965,1136,1184,1209]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Biemna fortis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C878FF88B422FB10FA85FB62" author="Topsent E." box="[1150,1329,1184,1209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="421 - 487" refId="ref9426" refString="Topsent E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie 4: 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C878FF88B475FB70FB60FB02" blockId="4.[965,1336,1151,1241]" box="[1065,1236,1216,1241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
(
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C878FF88B46CFB70FB36FB02" box="[1072,1154,1216,1241]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C878FF88B4E1FB70FB79FB02" box="[1213,1229,1216,1241]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,170,1954,1974]" captionTargetBox="[88,1459,1423,1927]" captionTargetId="figure-225@5.[76,1474,1412,1945]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 7. Geographical extension of Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825261/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B0F2FB6DFF5FFB2A" bold="true" box="[174,235,1245,1265]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C878FF88B0ABFB6DFD89FB2A" authority="(Lindgren, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Lindgren" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[247,573,1245,1265]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliothosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurivilli">
<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B0ABFB6DFE23FB2A" box="[247,407,1245,1265]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cliothosa aurivilli</emphasis>
(Lindgren, 1897)
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. (A) 
<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B234FB6DFD2BFB2A" box="[616,671,1245,1265]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">in situ</emphasis>
specimen. (B) Papillar connection with the inside body mass of sponge. (C) Space inside the dead coral bored by the sponges. (D1) Thick Tyalostyles. (D2) Thin Tyalostyles. (D3) Amphiaster. (E) Longitudinal section. (F) Transverse section.
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<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B30EFB4AFC02FAD5" box="[850,950,1274,1294]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Synonyms</emphasis>
: 
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<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B39EFB4BFBD1FAD4" box="[962,1125,1275,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Desmacella fortis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C878FF88B437FB4BFB45FAD4" author="Topsent E." box="[1131,1265,1275,1295]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="421 - 487" refId="ref9426" refString="Topsent E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie 4: 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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(genus transfer)
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<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B3D3FA86FB1BFA94" box="[911,1199,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d</emphasis>
: 2 e x., D O S M B
</paragraph>
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00129- 
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Andaman and 
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<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B0F2F811FF5FF86E" bold="true" box="[174,235,1953,1973]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Geographical extension of 
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C878FF88B1A9F811FC83F86E" authority="(Lindgren, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Lindgren" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[501,823,1953,1973]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliothosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurivilli">
<emphasis id="B9343921C878FF88B1A9F811FD21F86E" box="[501,661,1953,1973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cliothosa aurivilli</emphasis>
(Lindgren, 1897)
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: South Andaman: Chidiyatappu, Coll. Vibha Ubare, 
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; 
<specimenCount id="9D462EBAC879FF89B448FCCDFBECFC4D" box="[1044,1112,893,918]" count="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">5 ex.</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED517DF6C879FF89B43BFCCDFB78FC4C" box="[1127,1228,893,919]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DOSMB</collectionCode>
00140-00144, 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C879FF89B371FC2DFCC7FC6D" box="[813,883,925,950]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49842BD1C879FF89B3DEFC2DFAAAFC6D" box="[898,1310,925,950]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
: Middle Andaman: Mayabunder, Coll. P.M.Mohan and Vibha Ubare, 
<date id="FFFEC3F3C879FF89B386FC6DFBD7FC2D" box="[986,1123,989,1014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2013-12-15">15.xii.2013</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D462EBAC879FF89B42DFC6DFB07FC2D" box="[1137,1203,989,1014]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">2 ex.</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED517DF6C879FF89B49EFC6DFA91FC2C" box="[1218,1317,989,1015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DOSMB</collectionCode>
00145- 00146, 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C879FF89B3CFFC4DFC6CFBCD" box="[915,984,1021,1046]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49842BD1C879FF89B3B4FC4DFA36FBCD" box="[1000,1410,1021,1046]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
: Middle Andaman: Mayabunder, Coll. P.M.Mohan and Vibha Ubare, 
<date id="FFFEC3F3C879FF89B45FFB8DFB3CFB8D" box="[1027,1160,1085,1110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2014-07-29">29.vii.2014</date>
.
</paragraph>
</collectingRegion>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C879FF8AB335FBEDFE47FE4D" blockId="5.[813,1415,253,1335]" lastBlockId="6.[174,775,253,1846]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9343921C879FF89B335FBEDFC45FBAD" box="[873,1009,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
: This sponge is massive-flanged and finger shaped (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C879FF89B47DFBCDFB35FB4D" box="[1057,1153,1149,1174]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). It is mostly present in the sandy substratum and always covered by sand. It measures 
<quantity id="4CB848D6C879FF89B454FB0DFB04FB0D" box="[1032,1200,1213,1238]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.025" metricValueMax="4.26" metricValueMin="1.7899999999999998" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="30.25" valueMax="42.6" valueMin="17.9">17.9-42.6 mm</quantity>
. The live colour of the specimen is whitish and does not change much after preservation. Oscular chimneys are present. Sometimes only one or many oscular chimneys have been observed from a single specimen; it is oval to circular in shape and ranges 
<quantity id="4CB848D6C87AFF8AB226FEADFCB2FEED" box="[634,774,285,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="4.6" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="1.7">1.7-7.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter. The consistency is compact, brittle, and compressible. The surface of the specimen is uneven and rough to touch.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3FB5BBC879FF89B0D4FB65FD78FAE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" targetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C879FF89B0D4FB65FD78FAE6" blockId="5.[136,738,1237,1341]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9343921C879FF89B0D4FB65FF78FB32" bold="true" box="[136,204,1237,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C879FF89B082FB65FDBBFB32" authority="(Topsent, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[222,527,1237,1257]" class="Demospongiae" family="Biemnidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Biemnida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="B9343921C879FF89B082FB65FED2FB32" box="[222,358,1237,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biemna fortis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C879FF89B12BFB65FDBCFB32" author="Topsent E." box="[375,520,1237,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="421 - 487" refId="ref9426" refString="Topsent E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie 4: 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3FB5BBC879FF89B0D4F812FD59F86D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12825261" box="[136,749,1954,1974]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825261/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[136,170,1954,1974]" targetBox="[88,1459,1423,1927]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C879FF89B0D4F812FD59F86D" blockId="5.[136,749,1954,1974]" box="[136,749,1954,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9343921C879FF89B0D4F812FF72F86D" bold="true" box="[136,198,1954,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
Geographical extension of 
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C879FF89B193F812FD5DF86D" authority="(Topsent, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[463,745,1954,1974]" class="Demospongiae" family="Biemnidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Biemnida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="B9343921C879FF89B193F812FDF8F86D" box="[463,588,1954,1974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biemna fortis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C879FF89B20BF812FD57F86D" author="Topsent E." box="[599,739,1954,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="421 - 487" refId="ref9426" refString="Topsent E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie 4: 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<footnote id="E85BF93DC879FF89B0D4F86DFE2CF834" box="[136,408,2013,2031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C879FF89B0D4F86DFE2CF834" blockId="5.[136,408,2013,2031]" box="[136,408,2013,2031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C87AFF8AB0B6FE2DFE4BFCCD" blockId="6.[174,775,253,1846]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB0B6FE2DFEE6FE6D" box="[234,338,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spicules</emphasis>
: The spicules of the specimen are very pointed and sharp. Megascleres- The styles (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB0E9FE6DFEA2FE2D" box="[181,278,477,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB14AFE6DFE94FE2D" box="[278,288,477,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[813,847,1888,1908]" captionTargetBox="[812,1413,1341,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-723@1.[805,1426,1330,1874]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Study Area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825249/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</figureCitation>
) are slightly curved, the head region is round and the base is sharply pointed. The size ranges 923.0-1330.0/25.0-27.0 µm. Microscleres- Rhaphides are present in bundles known as Trichodragmas (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB133FDEDFE7CFDAD" box="[367,456,605,630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB194FDEDFE6CFDAD" box="[456,472,605,630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[850,889,1841,1861]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,931,1815]" captionTargetId="figure-508@2.[850,1451,931,1815]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Spheciospongia globularis (Dendy, 1922). (A) Specimen in situ. (B) Specimen after preservation. (C1) Large sized Tylostyles. (C2) Medium sized Tylostyles. (C3) Small sized Tylostyles. (C4) Spiraster. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Longitudinal section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825251/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</figureCitation>
) 24.0-178.0/9.0-16.0 µm. Three categories of sigmas are present. Large sized sigma (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB110FD2DFE1FFD6C" box="[332,427,669,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB1F7FD2DFE00FD6C" box="[427,436,669,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[813,847,1888,1908]" captionTargetBox="[812,1413,1341,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-723@1.[805,1426,1330,1874]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Study Area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825249/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</figureCitation>
) - C shaped 76.0-108.0/4.0- 7.0 µm; Medium sized sigma (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB26CFD0DFD25FD0C" box="[560,657,701,727]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB2CDFD0DFD15FD0C" box="[657,673,701,727]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[850,889,1841,1861]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,931,1815]" captionTargetId="figure-508@2.[850,1451,931,1815]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Spheciospongia globularis (Dendy, 1922). (A) Specimen in situ. (B) Specimen after preservation. (C1) Large sized Tylostyles. (C2) Medium sized Tylostyles. (C3) Small sized Tylostyles. (C4) Spiraster. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Longitudinal section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825251/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</figureCitation>
) - 21.0- 37.0/1.0-3.0 µm and Smaller sized sigma (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB28AFD6DFF65FCCC" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1237,1257]" captionTargetBox="[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[136,737,249,1211]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897). (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Styles. (B2) Trichodragmas. (C1) Large sized Sigma. (C2) Medium sized sigma. (C3) Small sized Sigma (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825259/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB08DFD4DFF54FCCC" box="[209,224,765,791]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,170,1953,1973]" captionTargetBox="[137,1413,1394,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[127,1432,1385,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Geographical extension of Spheciospongia globularis (Dendy, 1922). © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825253/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</figureCitation>
) - 15.0-19.0/1.0-1.5 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C87AFF8AB0B6FCADFE01FC4D" blockId="6.[174,775,253,1846]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB0B6FCADFEE6FCED" box="[234,338,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Skeleton</emphasis>
: The ectosomal skeleton is arranged vaguely. The choanosomal skeleton is arranged in an indefinite manner, in the plumose and plumoreticulate forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C87AFF8AB0B6FC2DFE52FB6D" blockId="6.[174,775,253,1846]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB0B6FC2DFEFDFC6D" box="[234,329,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Habitat</emphasis>
: This species prefers the sandy substratum and is fully covered by the thick layer of sand. Only the oscules are visible from the outside. It is always surrounded by the algae 
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C87AFF8AB2CCFC4DFF52FBED" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB2CCFC4DFCB2FBCD" box="[656,774,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Halimeda</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C87AFF8AB173FBADFE7AFBED" box="[303,462,1053,1078]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Dictyotaceae" genus="Padina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Dictyotales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB173FBADFE3EFBED" box="[303,394,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Padina</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
Similarly, polychaetes, nudibranchs, amphipods, and foraminifera (
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C87AFF8AB2E8FB8DFF57FBAD" class="Tubothalamea" family="Peneroplidae" genus="Sorites" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB2E8FB8DFCB3FB8D" box="[692,775,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sorites</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
) were observed inside the oscular chambers of this species. Brittle stars were always present with species of this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C87AFF8AB0B6FB0DFCB3F94D" blockId="6.[174,775,253,1846]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB0B6FB0DFE3DFB0D" box="[234,393,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB1FCFB0DFE57FB0D" box="[416,483,1213,1238]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
- East of Puri coast (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB0E9FB6DFE69FB2D" author="Burton M &amp; Rao HS" box="[181,477,1245,1270]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="299 - 356" refId="ref7578" refString="Burton M, Rao HS. 1932. Report on the Shallow-water marine Sponges in the collection of Indian Museum. Rec Indian Museum XXXIV: 299 - 356." type="book chapter" year="1932">Burton and Rao 1932</bibRefCitation>
), Minicoy Islands from 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB0F2FB4DFEE7FACD" box="[174,339,1277,1302]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lakshadweep</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB13EFB4DFDB9FACD" author="Thomas PA" box="[354,525,1277,1302]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref9303" refString="Thomas PA. 1980. Demospongiae of Minicoy Island (Indian Ocean) - Part 2 Order Poecilosclerida. JMBA 22: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1980">Thomas 1980</bibRefCitation>
) and Gulf of Mannar (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB0E8FAADFED2FAED" author="Thomas PA" box="[180,358,1309,1334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="205 - 365" refId="ref9384" refString="Thomas PA. 1985. Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. James PSBR (ed) Recent Advances in Marine Biology. Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 205 - 365." type="book chapter" year="1985">Thomas 1985</bibRefCitation>
) - It has been newly recorded in the Andaman Islands. The present study observed this species in North Andaman - Diglipur; Middle Andaman - Mayabunder and South Andaman - Badabalu, Burmanallah, Carbyns Cove, Chidiyatappu and Pongibalu; Elsewhere - Banda Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB0ACFA6DFDE8FA2D" author="Hooper JNA &amp; van Soest RWM &amp; New York, NY" box="[240,604,1501,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref7902" refString="Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM (eds). 2002. Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, NY (USA)." type="book" year="2002">Hooper and van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
), East African Coral Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB10CFA4DFDF7F9CD" author="Pulitzer-Finali G." box="[336,579,1533,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="247 - 350" refId="ref8804" refString="Pulitzer-Finali G. 1993. A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annales Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 89: 247 - 350." type="journal article" year="1993">Pulitzer-Finali 1993</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB204FA4DFD09F9CD" box="[600,701,1533,1558]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Malacca</collectingCountry>
Strait (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB0E9F9ADFE3CF9ED" author="Lim SC &amp; De Voogd NJ &amp; Tan KS" box="[181,392,1565,1590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref8392" refString="Lim SC, De Voogd NJ, Tan KS. 2008. A guide to sponges of Singapore. Science Centre Singapore." type="book" year="2008">Lim et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB1C3F9ADFD9FF9EC" box="[415,555,1565,1591]" name="Seychelles" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB262F9ADFD4FF9ED" author="Thomas PA" box="[574,763,1565,1590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref9329" refString="Thomas PA. 1981. A second collection of Marine Demospongiae from Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Zool Wet 233: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1981">Thomas 1981</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB0F2F98DFE9CF98C" box="[174,296,1597,1623]" name="Singapore" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB164F98DFE4CF98D" author="Lim SC &amp; De Voogd NJ &amp; Tan KS" box="[312,504,1597,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref8392" refString="Lim SC, De Voogd NJ, Tan KS. 2008. A guide to sponges of Singapore. Science Centre Singapore." type="book" year="2008">Lim et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB250F98DFDDAF98D" box="[524,622,1597,1622]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB222F98DFD48F98D" author="Levi C." box="[638,764,1597,1623]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="127 - 148" refId="ref8366" refString="Levi C. 1961. Eponges intercotidales de Nha Trang (Vietnam). Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale 100: 127 - 148." type="journal article" year="1961">Lévi 1961</bibRefCitation>
), Western and Northern 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB191F9EDFDD0F9AD" box="[461,612,1629,1654]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB229F9EDFEAAF94D" author="Barnes DKA &amp; Bell JJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="337 - 349" refId="ref7345" refString="Barnes DKA, Bell JJ. 2002. Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean: taxonomic affinities, richness and diversity. Afr J Ecol 40: 337 - 349." type="journal article" year="2002">Barnes and Bell 2002</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C87AFF8AB103F9CDFE1EF94D" box="[351,426,1661,1686]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB1E4F9CDFD2AF94D" author="Pulitzer-Finali G." box="[440,670,1661,1686]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="247 - 350" refId="ref8804" refString="Pulitzer-Finali G. 1993. A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annales Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 89: 247 - 350." type="journal article" year="1993">Pulitzer-Finali 1993</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C87AFF8AB2EFF9CDFD4EF94D" box="[691,762,1661,1686]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,170,1954,1974]" captionTargetBox="[88,1459,1423,1927]" captionTargetId="figure-225@5.[76,1474,1412,1945]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 7. Geographical extension of Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825261/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C87AFF8AB0B6F92DFDD9F8ED" blockId="6.[174,775,253,1846]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB0B6F92DFED5F96D" box="[234,353,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks</emphasis>
: This specimen was recorded by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C87AFF8AB08BF90DFE37F90D" author="Sollas IBJ" box="[215,387,1725,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="210 - 221" refId="ref9188" refString="Sollas IBJ. 1902. On the sponge collected during the &quot; Skeat Expedition &quot; to the Malay Peninsula, 1899 - 1900. Proc Zoo Soc London 2: 210 - 221." type="journal article" year="1902">Sollas (1902)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C87AFF8AB1E5F90DFD2DF90D" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1897" box="[441,665,1725,1750]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Desmacella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmacellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
<emphasis id="B9343921C87AFF8AB1E5F90DFD2DF90D" box="[441,665,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Desmacella fortis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the specimen colour was mentioned as violet and pink but other authors report the specimen colour as whitish and mostly overlaid with sand.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>