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<document id="69D08D198FCA84E98C779A03EA22D767" ID-CLB-Dataset="3979" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.13" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a82cb38a-03d5-4d23-845c-436529542679" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5572417" ID-ZooBank="F94203E7-FCD1-4975-BAD3-0DF534806712" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634021882240" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Huys, Rony &amp; Mu, Fanghong" docDate="2021" docId="951887EAFF80FFDAFF51D602E723FD16" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5051.1.13.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5051 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.13" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Porirualia megarostrum, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="303" masterDocId="6921FF92FFC3FF9EFFC6D318E440FFDB" masterDocTitle="Johnwellsia, a new intertidal genus of Parastenheliidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the Taiwan Strait, China, including a review of the family and key to genera" masterLastPageNumber="318" masterPageNumber="236" pageNumber="303" updateTime="1699459569358" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="78AE8AC29708F8845A34AD3F86416617">Johnwellsia, a new intertidal genus of Parastenheliidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the Taiwan Strait, China, including a review of the family and key to genera</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="1267AB17D43F23EA28F5AE2804E226F3">Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="E7162FB74D75F653673F84750833A954">College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="951887EAFF80FFDAFF51D602E723FD16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5572482" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189091363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5572482" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:951887EAFF80FFDAFF51D602E723FD16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/951887EAFF80FFDAFF51D602E723FD16" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<subSubSection id="55AB6577FF80FFDDFF51D602E7F6FAEE" box="[151,950,1306,1333]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDDFF51D602E7F6FAEE" blockId="67.[151,950,1306,1333]" box="[151,950,1306,1333]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<heading id="46468190FF80FFDDFF51D602E7F6FAEE" bold="true" box="[151,950,1306,1333]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF51D602E7F6FAEE" bold="true" box="[151,950,1306,1333]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFF51D602E768FAEE" authority="(Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull, 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[151,808,1306,1333]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Porirualia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF51D602E5FDFAEE" bold="true" box="[151,445,1306,1333]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Porirualia megarostrum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFE0BD603E760FAEE" author="Wells, J. B. J. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C." box="[461,800,1307,1333]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="151 - 184" refId="ref82409" refString="Wells, J. B. J., Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C. (1982) Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9, 151 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1982.10423847" type="journal article" year="1982">Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull, 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFCE9D603E7F6FAEE" box="[815,950,1307,1333]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55AB6577FF80FFDDFF51D642E7EFFA6E" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDDFF51D642E691FAA9" blockId="67.[151,721,1370,1394]" box="[151,721,1370,1394]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFF51D642E691FAA9" authority="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull, 1982" authorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[151,721,1370,1394]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF51D642E5F2FAA9" box="[151,434,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Parastenhelia megarostrum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFE7ED642E691FAA9" author="Wells, J. B. J. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C." box="[440,721,1370,1394]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="151 - 184" refId="ref82409" refString="Wells, J. B. J., Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C. (1982) Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9, 151 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1982.10423847" type="journal article" year="1982">Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDDFF51D683E7EFFA6E" blockId="67.[151,1437,1435,2038]" box="[151,943,1435,1462]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF51D683E5D0FA6E" bold="true" box="[151,400,1435,1461]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Original description.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFE51D683E62AFA6E" author="Wells, J. B. J. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C." box="[407,618,1435,1461]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="151 - 184" refId="ref82409" refString="Wells, J. B. J., Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C. (1982) Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9, 151 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1982.10423847" type="journal article" year="1982">
Wells
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFE1BD684E655FA6E" box="[477,533,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">et al.</emphasis>
(1982)
</bibRefCitation>
: 159–164;
<figureCitation id="858A2A79FF80FFDDFD20D683E70BFA6D" box="[742,843,1435,1462]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox-0="[185,1407,194,1907]" captionTargetBox-1="[249,1337,188,1787]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@11.[172,1416,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Johnwellsia bipartita gen. et sp. nov. (♂): A, antennule, ventral (armature omitted); B, antennule, ventral (disarticulated, showing armature); C, P2 endopod, anterior; D, P3 endopod, anterior; E, P4 endopod, anterior; F, P5, anterior; G, P6; H, maxilliped." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Sexual dimorphism of P2 (A–E) and P4 (F–G) endopodal segmentation and armature within the Parastenheliidae. A, Foweya tertia (Kunz, 1975); B, Microthalestris costata (Pallares, 1982) comb. nov., M. variabilis sp. nov., Parastenhelia similis Thompson &amp; Scott, 1903, P. willemvervoorti sp. nov., Porirualia pyriformis (Song, Kim &amp; Chang, 2003) comb. nov.; C, Johnwellsia bipartita sp. nov.; D, Parastenhelia hornelli Thompson &amp; Scott, 1903 sensu Apostolov (1973); E, Parastenhelia oligochaeta Wells &amp; Rao, 1987; F, Microthalestris bulbosa (Gee, 2006) comb. nov., Parastenhelia willemvervoorti sp. nov.; G, Microthalestris minuta (Pallares, 1982) comb. nov., Penicillicaris penicillata sp. nov." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5572431" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5572433" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5572431/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5572433/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Figs 5–6</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="50330347FF80FFDDFC93D683E7EBFA6E" box="[853,939,1435,1461]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="54.[151,239,487,513]" captionTargetBox="[159,2025,571,1701]" captionText="TABLE 2. Differentiating characters between genera of Parastenheliidae (apo = spinous apophysis; dis = distal; benp = baseoendopod; enp = endopod; exp = exopod; lat = lateral)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/49CE6674FFF5FFA8FF51D2FFE48FFDFE" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" tableUuid="49CE6674FFF5FFA8FF51D2FFE48FFDFE">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55AB6577FF80FFDDFF01D6A7E57CF9FA" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDDFF01D6A7E57CF9FA" blockId="67.[151,1437,1435,2038]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<materialsCitation id="ADD93CA1FF80FFDDFF01D6A7E578F9FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3387337316" collectorName="Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour" country="New Zealand" elevation="200" location="North Island" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Wellington" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF01D6A7E527FA02" bold="true" box="[199,359,1471,1497]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<typeStatus id="C20A885EFF80FFDDFF01D6A7E542FA02" box="[199,258,1471,1497]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="65A6766CFF80FFDDFEA9D6D8E649FA02" box="[367,521,1471,1498]" name="New Zealand" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="186E6027FF80FFDDFDD0D6A7E6E7FA02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:951887EAFF80FFDAFF51D602E723FD16:186E6027FF80FFDDFDD0D6A7E6E7FA02" box="[534,679,1471,1497]" country="New Zealand" name="North Island" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" stateProvince="Wellington">North Island</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="DF75F81EFF80FFDDFD75D6A7E772FA02" box="[691,818,1471,1497]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Wellington</collectingRegion>
; Porirua Harbour, Pauatahanui Inlet (since renamed to
<collectorName id="B044532AFF80FFDDFF51D6FCE5AFFA25" box="[151,495,1507,1534]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour</collectorName>
); intertidal beach some
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<elevation id="969CD1CFFF80FFDDFD39D6FBE708FA25" box="[767,840,1507,1534]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</elevation>
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north-east of the State Highway 1 bridge; fine sand with some silt
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55AB6577FF80FFDAFF01D533E723FD16" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDDFF01D533E0CFF9B2" blockId="67.[151,1437,1435,2038]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF01D533E58DF99E" bold="true" box="[199,461,1579,1605]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
. This coincides with Wells
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFCE3D534E724F99E" box="[805,868,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">et al.</emphasis>
’s (1982) excellent description of
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFB39D533E56BF9B2" authorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFB39D533E56BF9B2" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Parastenhelia megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See below for differences with its only congener,
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFCA3D548E047F9B2" baseAuthorityName="Song, Kim &amp; Chang" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[869,1031,1615,1641]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyriformis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFCA3D548E047F9B2" box="[869,1031,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Po. pyriformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFBC8D557E0CFF9B2" bold="true" box="[1038,1167,1615,1641]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFBC8D557E0CFF9B2" box="[1038,1167,1615,1641]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDDFF01D56BE63CF80A" blockId="67.[151,1437,1435,2038]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF01D56BE551F956" bold="true" box="[199,273,1651,1677]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Notes.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFED0D56BE59EF956" author="Wells, J. B. J. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C." box="[278,478,1651,1677]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="151 - 184" refId="ref82409" refString="Wells, J. B. J., Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C. (1982) Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9, 151 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1982.10423847" type="journal article" year="1982">
Wells
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFE9FD56CE5CFF956" box="[345,399,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">et al.</emphasis>
(1982)
</bibRefCitation>
remarked that, despite discrepancies in his illustrations, based on locality and collection details, it appears that
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFE57D58FE61FF96A" author="Thomson, G. M." box="[401,607,1687,1713]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="93 - 116" refId="ref81234" refString="Thomson, G. M. (1883) On the New Zealand Copepoda. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, New Series, 15, 93 - 116, pls. V - XI." type="journal article" year="1883">Thomson’s (1883)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFDA0D58FE77CF96A" authorityName="sensu Monard" authorityYear="1928" box="[614,828,1687,1713]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Thalestridae" genus="Thalestris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forficula">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFDA0D58FE77CF96A" box="[614,828,1687,1713]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Thalestris forficula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFBDAD580E09DF96A" authorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1052,1245,1688,1713]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFBDAD580E09DF96A" box="[1052,1245,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Po. megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFB22D58FE124F96A" bold="true" box="[1252,1380,1687,1713]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFB22D58FE124F96A" box="[1252,1380,1687,1713]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
This claim is considered highly unlikely for a variety of reasons: (a) Thomson’s female specimens are significantly larger (
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<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF2ED5F8E4BFF922" box="[232,255,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">vs</emphasis>
665 μm); (b) there is no mention of the large rostrum which is one of the most conspicuous characters of
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFF51D41CE518F8C6" authorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[151,344,1796,1821]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF51D41CE518F8C6" box="[151,344,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Po. megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFE98D41BE59EF8C6" bold="true" box="[350,478,1795,1821]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFE98D41BE59EF8C6" box="[350,478,1795,1821]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; (c) the antennule is more slender; (d) P1 exp-2 is elongate, about 2.5 times the length of exp-1 (
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFEC2D430E55BF89A" box="[260,283,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">vs</emphasis>
subequal to exp-1); and (e) P1 enp-1 is comparatively longer and its inner seta shorter.
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFB24D43FE1DCF89A" author="Thomson, G. M." box="[1250,1436,1831,1857]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="93 - 116" refId="ref81234" refString="Thomson, G. M. (1883) On the New Zealand Copepoda. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, New Series, 15, 93 - 116, pls. V - XI." type="journal article" year="1883">Thomson (1883)</bibRefCitation>
also stated that the central caudal setae (seta V) are “… swollen just beyond their basal articulation, and marked along the greater part of their length with annular articulations” while in
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFC1FD468E0DBF852" authorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" authorityYear="1982" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[985,1179,1904,1929]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFC1FD468E0DBF852" box="[985,1179,1904,1929]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Po. megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFB62D477E166F852" bold="true" box="[1188,1318,1903,1929]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFB62D477E166F852" box="[1188,1318,1903,1929]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
all caudal ramus setae are unmodified. As stated above it is conceivable that
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFCBDD48CE0BCF876" authority="sensu Thomson (1883)" authorityName="sensu Thomson" authorityYear="1883" box="[891,1276,1939,1966]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Thalestridae" genus="Thalestris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forficula">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFCBDD48CE7B6F876" box="[891,1014,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">T. forficula</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF80FFDDFB84D48BE0BCF876" author="Thomson, G. M." box="[1090,1276,1939,1965]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" pagination="93 - 116" refId="ref81234" refString="Thomson, G. M. (1883) On the New Zealand Copepoda. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, New Series, 15, 93 - 116, pls. V - XI." type="journal article" year="1883">Thomson (1883)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFF16D4AFE5B5F80A" baseAuthorityName="Scott" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[208,501,1975,2001]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Miraciidae" genus="Microthalestris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF16D4AFE5B5F80A" box="[208,501,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Microthalestris antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFE3AD4AFE63CF80A" bold="true" box="[508,636,1975,2001]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFE3AD4AFE63CF80A" box="[508,636,1975,2001]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D0E36FCFF80FFDAFF01D4C3E723FD16" blockId="67.[151,1437,1435,2038]" lastBlockId="68.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF80FFDDFF01D4C3E598F82E" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[199,472,2011,2037]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Porirualia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFF01D4C3E598F82E" box="[199,472,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">Porirualia megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF80FFDDFE26D4C3E620F82E" bold="true" box="[480,608,2011,2037]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF80FFDDFE26D4C3E620F82E" box="[480,608,2011,2037]" pageId="67" pageNumber="303" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is so far endemic to
<collectingCountry id="65A6766CFF80FFDDFC8FD4C4E79FF82E" box="[841,991,2011,2038]" name="New Zealand" pageId="67" pageNumber="303">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
where it is found on fine silty intertidal sandbanks in practically all of the country’s major estuarine and harbour systems (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFBEAD38FE0AEFF6A" author="Wells, J. B. J. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C." box="[1068,1262,151,177]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="151 - 184" refId="ref82409" refString="Wells, J. B. J., Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C. (1982) Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9, 151 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1982.10423847" type="journal article" year="1982">
Wells
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFBB2D38FE0ECFF6A" box="[1140,1196,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
; Wells &amp; Hicks in
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFF73D3A3E5EEFF0D" author="Dahms, H. - U. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F." box="[181,430,187,214]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="11 - 22" refId="ref71186" refString="Dahms, H. - U. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. (1996) Naupliar development of Parastenhelia megarostrum (Copepoda: Harpacticoida), and its bearing on phylogenetic relationships. Journal of natural History, 30, 11 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939600770021" type="journal article" year="1996">Dahms &amp; Hicks 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Additional records from Porirua Harbour, including Pauatahanui Inlet, have been added by
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFF7DD3C7E509FF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[187,329,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="47 - 72" refId="ref72695" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1984) Spatio-temporal dynamics of a meiobenthic copepod and the impact of predation-disturbance. Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology, 81, 47 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (84) 90223 - 5" type="journal article" year="1984">Hicks (1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE93D3C6E5D0FF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[341,400,222,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="125 - 127" refId="ref72750" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1985) Biomass and production estimates for an estuarine meiobenthic copepod, with an instantaneous assessment of exploitation by flatfish predators. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 8, 125 - 127." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE5AD3C7E597FF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[412,471,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="159 - 170" refId="ref72793" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1986) Distribution and behaviour of meiofaunal copepods inside and outside seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 31, 159 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 031159" type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE24D3C7E65DFF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[482,541,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref72838" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1988) Sediment rafting: a novel mechanism from small-scale dispersal of intertidal estuarine meiofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 48, 69 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 048069" type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFDEFD3C7E624FF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[553,612,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="39 - 55" refId="ref72885" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1989) Does epibenthic structure negatively affect meiofauna? Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology, 133, 39 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (89) 90156 - 1" type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFDB6D3C7E6EAFF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[624,682,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="387 - 391" refId="ref72935" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1991) Monitoring with meiofauna: a compelling option for evaluating environmental stress in tidal inlets. In: Coastal Engineering - Climate for Change, Proceedings of the 10 th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, December 2 - 6, 1991. Water Quality Centre, DSIR Marine and Freshwater, Hamilton, New Zealand. Water Quality Centre Publications, 21, 387 - 391." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFD71D3C7E6B3FF22" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[695,755,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="15 - 21" refId="ref73015" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1992) Tidal and diel fluctuations in abundance of meiobenthic copepods on an intertidal estuarine sandbank. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87, 15 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 087015" type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFCC1D3C7E7ABFF22" author="Iwasaki, N." box="[775,1003,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="399 - 405" refId="ref73537" refString="Iwasaki, N. (1993) Distribution of meiobenthic copepods from various habitats in Pauatahanui Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of marine and freshwater Research, 27, 399 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.1993.9516581" type="journal article" year="1993">
Iwasaki
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFCA0D3C7E7E0FF22" box="[870,928,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
(1993
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFC31D3C7E070FF22" author="Iwasaki, N." box="[1015,1072,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="89 - 99" refId="ref73717" refString="Iwasaki, N. (1999) Horizontal zonation of meiobenthic copepods in the Pauatahanui Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealand Natural Sciences, 24, 89 - 99." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFBB7D3C7E12EFF22" author="Blaschke, P. &amp; Woods, J. &amp; Forsyth, F." box="[1137,1390,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" refId="ref68299" refString="Blaschke, P., Woods, J. &amp; Forsyth, F. (2010) The Porirua Harbour and its catchment: a literature summary and review. Report for Porirua City Council &amp; Wellington City Council, 95 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Blaschke
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFB26D3C7E159FF22" box="[1248,1305,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. On the North Island it has been recorded at localities extending northward from
<collectingRegion id="DF75F81EFF87FFDAFC34D21BE02EFEC6" box="[1010,1134,259,285]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Wellington</collectingRegion>
to Kaipara Harbour on the west coast and to Doubtless Bay on the east, occurring sympatrically with
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF87FFDAFC2AD23FE0AAFE9A" authorityName="Thompson &amp; Scott" authorityYear="1903" box="[1004,1258,295,321]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Parastenhelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hornelli">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFC2AD23FE0AAFE9A" box="[1004,1258,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Parastenhelia hornelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Whangateau Harbour (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFEC4D253E581FEBE" author="Wells, J. B. J. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C." box="[258,449,331,357]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="151 - 184" refId="ref82409" refString="Wells, J. B. J., Hicks, G. R. F. &amp; Coull, B. C. (1982) Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9, 151 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1982.10423847" type="journal article" year="1982">
Wells
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFE8FD253E5C0FEBE" box="[329,384,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
). The species has also been reported from the South Island, including Portobello Harbour (
<collectingRegion id="DF75F81EFF87FFDAFF59D277E4A5FE52" box="[159,229,367,393]" country="New Zealand" name="Otago" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Otago</collectingRegion>
Harbour) (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE99D277E608FE52" author="Stringer, T. J. &amp; Glover, C. N. &amp; Keesing, V. &amp; Northcott, G. L. &amp; Tremblay, L. A." box="[351,584,367,393]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="363 - 371" refId="ref80751" refString="Stringer, T. J., Glover, C. N., Keesing, V., Northcott, G. L. &amp; Tremblay, L. A. (2012 a) Development of a harpacticoid copepod bioassay: selection of species and relative sensitivity to zinc, atrazine and phenanthrene. Ecotoxicology and environmental Safety, 80, 363 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecoenv. 2012.04.008" type="journal article" year="2012">
Stringer
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFE07D277E5B9FE52" box="[449,505,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
2012a
</bibRefCitation>
), Papanui Inlet (
<collectingRegion id="DF75F81EFF87FFDAFD3DD277E701FE52" box="[763,833,367,393]" country="New Zealand" name="Otago" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Otago</collectingRegion>
Peninsula) (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFC0DD277E087FE52" author="Leduc, D. &amp; Probert, P. K." box="[971,1223,367,393]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="579 - 591" refId="ref75328" refString="Leduc, D. &amp; Probert, P. K. (2011) Small-scale effect of intertidal seagrass (Zostera muelleri) on meiofaunal abundance, biomass, and nematode community structure. Journal of the marine biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 579 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410001645" type="journal article" year="2011">Leduc &amp; Probert 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFB14D277E1D5FE52" author="Leduc, D. &amp; Probert, P. K. &amp; Duncan, A." box="[1234,1429,367,393]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="95 - 111" refId="ref75390" refString="Leduc, D., Probert, P. K. &amp; Duncan, A. (2009) A multi-method approach for identifying meiofaunal trophic connections. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 383, 95 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 07991" type="journal article" year="2009">
Leduc
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFAD8D277E115FE52" box="[1310,1365,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
) and Okains Bay,
<collectingRegion id="DF75F81EFF87FFDAFE93D28BE593FE76" box="[341,467,403,429]" country="New Zealand" name="Canterbury" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Canterbury</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE27D28BE68DFE75" author="Stringer, T. J. &amp; Korsman, J. C. &amp; Peralta, G. &amp; Keesing, V. &amp; Tremblay, L. A. &amp; Glover, C. N." box="[481,717,403,430]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="385 - 397" refId="ref80832" refString="Stringer, T. J., Korsman, J. C., Peralta, G., Keesing, V., Tremblay, L. A. &amp; Glover, C. N. (2012 b) Effects of environmental gradients on the distribution of harpacticoid copepods in an intertidal flat, Portobello Bay, Otago Harbour, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of marine and freshwater Research, 46, 385 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.2012.697069" type="journal article" year="2012">
Stringer
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFD82D28BE63CFE76" box="[580,636,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">et al.</emphasis>
2012b
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFD26D28BE7A5FE75" author="Dahms, H. - U. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F." box="[736,997,403,430]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="11 - 22" refId="ref71186" refString="Dahms, H. - U. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. (1996) Naupliar development of Parastenhelia megarostrum (Copepoda: Harpacticoida), and its bearing on phylogenetic relationships. Journal of natural History, 30, 11 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939600770021" type="journal article" year="1996">Dahms &amp; Hicks (1996)</bibRefCitation>
described all six nauplius stages of
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF87FFDAFAB0D28BE56BFE0B" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Porirualia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFAB0D28BE56BFE0B" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Po. megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFEF4D2AFE5F1FE0A" bold="true" box="[306,433,439,465]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF87FFDAFEF4D2AFE5F1FE0A" box="[306,433,439,465]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
while
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE3AD2AFE6DCFE0A" author="Dahms, H. - U." box="[508,668,439,465]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="195 - 245" refId="ref71157" refString="Dahms, H. - U. (1993) Copepodid development in Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda). Microfauna Marina, 8, 195 - 245." type="journal article" year="1993">Dahms (1993)</bibRefCitation>
provided details on the copepodid development of this species. Field experiments employing emergence traps indicate that adults do not swim or have only poorly developed swimming ability (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFF29D2E7E534FDC1" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[239,372,511,538]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="159 - 170" refId="ref72793" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1986) Distribution and behaviour of meiofaunal copepods inside and outside seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 31, 159 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 031159" type="journal article" year="1986">Hicks 1986</bibRefCitation>
) while nauplii and copepodids are passively mobile, being transported by shifting sandgrains they cling on (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFEFBD13BE581FDE6" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[317,449,547,573]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref72838" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1988) Sediment rafting: a novel mechanism from small-scale dispersal of intertidal estuarine meiofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 48, 69 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 048069" type="journal article" year="1988">Hicks 1988</bibRefCitation>
) or resuspended by tidal bottom shear currents (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFC2CD13BE032FDE6" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[1002,1138,547,573]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="15 - 21" refId="ref73015" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1992) Tidal and diel fluctuations in abundance of meiobenthic copepods on an intertidal estuarine sandbank. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87, 15 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 087015" type="journal article" year="1992">Hicks 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Nauplii have never been observed actively swimming (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFE29D15FE6AFFDB9" author="Dahms, H. - U. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F." box="[495,751,583,610]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="11 - 22" refId="ref71186" refString="Dahms, H. - U. &amp; Hicks, G. R. F. (1996) Naupliar development of Parastenhelia megarostrum (Copepoda: Harpacticoida), and its bearing on phylogenetic relationships. Journal of natural History, 30, 11 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939600770021" type="journal article" year="1996">Dahms &amp; Hicks 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="DAB14D7FFF87FFDAFCC3D15FE058FDBB" baseAuthorityName="Wells, Hicks &amp; Coull" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[773,1048,583,609]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Parastenheliidae" genus="Porirualia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megarostrum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFCC3D15FE058FDBB" box="[773,1048,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">Porirualia megarostrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2FC5EAEEFF87FFDAFBE4D15FE0E5FDBA" bold="true" box="[1058,1189,583,609]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34F65795FF87FFDAFBE4D15FE0E5FDBA" box="[1058,1189,583,609]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is the most abundant epibenthic metazoan on Mana Bank in Pauatahanui Inlet and the dominant food source for young flatfish (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFA9FD173E493FD72" author="Hicks, G. R. F." pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="47 - 72" refId="ref72695" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1984) Spatio-temporal dynamics of a meiobenthic copepod and the impact of predation-disturbance. Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology, 81, 47 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (84) 90223 - 5" type="journal article" year="1984">Hicks 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Study of flat fish predation on copepods at this site indicated that although predation was high, there was little impact on overall abundance of the copepod (
<bibRefCitation id="79204B0DFF87FFDAFD16D1ABE716FD16" author="Hicks, G. R. F." box="[720,854,690,717]" pageId="68" pageNumber="304" pagination="125 - 127" refId="ref72750" refString="Hicks, G. R. F. (1985) Biomass and production estimates for an estuarine meiobenthic copepod, with an instantaneous assessment of exploitation by flatfish predators. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 8, 125 - 127." type="journal article" year="1985">Hicks 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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