treatments-xml/data/85/3D/07/853D07C1AFBA5E84891A22FD1ACF4E24.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cd28da41-78ef-4362-bc21-5e114c6b2d05" ID-PMC="PMC7148385" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-144-81" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405" ID-PubMed="32296283" ModsDocID="1314-2003-144-81" checkinTime="1585985472313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="McPartland, John M. &amp; Small, Ernest" docDate="2020" docId="853D07C1AFBA5E84891A22FD1ACF4E24" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 144: 81-112" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 144" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700" docTitle="Cannabis sativa subsp. var. var. indica var. indica (Lam.) Persoon, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 618 1807" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405" masterDocTitle="A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1668139750943" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>McPartland, John M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405 USA &amp; GW Pharmaceuticals, Sovereign House, Histon, Cambridge, CB 24 9 BZ, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3385-2827</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">mcpruitt@myfairpoint.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Small, Ernest</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saunders Building, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number>144</mods:number>
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<mods:start>81</mods:start>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="163433676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:853D07C1AFBA5E84891A22FD1ACF4E24" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/853D07C1AFBA5E84891A22FD1ACF4E24" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName LSID="853D07C1-AFBA-5E84-891A-22FD1ACF4E24" authority="var. indica (Lam.) Persoon, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 618, 1807." authorityName="var. indica (Lam.) Persoon, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 618" authorityYear="1807" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cannabis sativa subsp. var. var. indica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="indica">Cannabis sativa subsp. indica var. indica (Lam.) Persoon, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 618, 1807.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Two varieties of C. sativa subsp. indica from South Asia. On left a var. indica. On right b var. himalayensis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/390914" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cannabis indica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">Cannabis indica</taxonomicName>
Lamarck, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Encyclopédie">Encyclopedie</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Méthodique">Methodique</normalizedToken>
1(2): 694-695, 1785 Basionym. See 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(92)90099-J" author="McPartland, JM" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="257 - 258" refId="B58" refString="McPartland, JM, 1992. C.H. Persoon: A phanerogamic footnote. Mycotaxon 45: 257 - 258, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(92)90099-J" title="C. H. Persoon: A phanerogamic footnote." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(92)90099-J" volume="45" year="1992">McPartland (1992)</bibRefCitation>
for justification of citing Persoon as the authority in the comb. nov, not Wehmer as treated in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1220524" author="Small, E" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="405 - 435" refId="B84" refString="Small, E, Cronquist, A, 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25 (4): 405 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1220524" title="A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1220524" volume="25" year="1976">Small and Cronquist (1976)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. indica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="indica">C. sativa var. indica</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Fristedt, Upsala 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Läkareförenings">Laekarefoerenings</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förhandlingar">Foerhandlingar</normalizedToken>
5: 504, 1869-1870.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" form="indica" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. f." order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="form" species="sativa" subSpecies="f.">C. sativa f. indica</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Voss in Siebert &amp; Voss, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vilmorin’s">Vilmorin's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blumengärtnerei">Blumengaertnerei</normalizedToken>
1: 912, 1896.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. indica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="indica">C. sativa var. indica</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Wehmer, Die Pflanzenstoffe p. 248, 1911.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. indica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="indica">C. sativa var. indica</taxonomicName>
Blume, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Indië">Indie</normalizedToken>
, p. 515, 1825.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. macrosperma" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="macrosperma">C. macrosperma</taxonomicName>
Stokes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Botanical Materia Medica</emphasis>
4: 539, 1812.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="sativa">C. sativa</taxonomicName>
B 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="macrosperma" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="macrosperma">macrosperma</taxonomicName>
(Stokes) Ascherson &amp; Graebner, Synopsis 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mitteleuropäischen">Mitteleuropaeischen</normalizedToken>
Flora 4: 599, 1911.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. macrosperma" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="macrosperma">C. sativa var. macrosperma</taxonomicName>
(Stokes) Chevalier, Revue de Botanique 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Appliquée">Appliquee</normalizedToken>
et 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Agriculture">d'Agriculture</normalizedToken>
Coloniale 24: 64, 1944.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="sativa">C. sativa</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="γ">γ</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">crispata</emphasis>
Hasskarl, Neuer 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schlüssel">Schluessel</normalizedToken>
zu 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rumph’s">Rumph's</normalizedToken>
Herbarium amboinense p. 112, 1886.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="sativa">C. sativa</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">vulgaris</emphasis>
de Candolle, Prodromus 16(1):31, 1869 (en part, based on plants cultivated in India).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. americana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="americana">C. americana</taxonomicName>
Houghton &amp; Hamilton, Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 55: 445, 1907, nomen nudum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. americana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="americana">C. americana</taxonomicName>
Wehmer, Die Pflanzenstoffe, 2: 157, 1911, nomen nudum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. madagascar" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="madagascar">C. madagascar</taxonomicName>
Pearson, Proc. Penna. Pharm. Assoc. 1909: 179, 1909, nomen nudum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. africana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="africana">C. africana</taxonomicName>
Glickman, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mulford’s">Mulford's</normalizedToken>
Veterinary Bulletin 4(2): 88, 1912, nomen nudum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
≡ 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. africana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="africana">C. sativa var. africana</taxonomicName>
Wehmer, Die Pflanzenstoffe 2: 39, 1935.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
= 
<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. mexicana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="mexicana">C. mexicana</taxonomicName>
Stanley, Am. J. Police Science 2(3): 252, 1931, nomen nudum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
India, likely Pondicherry, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Lamarck</emphasis>
, no date, annotated &quot;Chanvre rapporte de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Inde">l'Inde</normalizedToken>
par M. Sonnerat&quot; (herb. P). Most of Pierre 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sonnerat’s">Sonnerat's</normalizedToken>
herbarium specimens at herb. P were collected around Pondicherry between 1775 and 1778.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Plants with THC% ≥0.3% in inflorescence and a THC/CBD ratio always ≥7, often much more; central leaflet length:width ratio ≥6 in fan leaves near the base of inflorescences; mature achenes usually ≥ 3.6 mm long, the perianth mostly sloughed off, lacking a prominent protuberant base, and lacking a well-developed abscission zone that allows easy disarticulation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="morphology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Plants usually&gt;2.0 m tall (shorter in inhospitable situations). Central stem (stalk) internodes relatively long (often&gt;12 cm, shorter in shorter plants), somewhat hollow (up to 1/3 stem diameter). Branches flexible, diverging from the stalk at relatively acute angles (around 45°). Leaf palmately compound, largest leaves typically with at least 7 leaflets, leaflet edges not overlapping. Central leaflet long and narrow, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate in shape; margins with moderately coarse serrations, and rare secondary serrations. Female inflorescence (and infructescence) elongated and somewhat diffuse, with relatively obscure sugar leaves (a high perigonal bract-to-leaf index). Sugar leaves with CSGTs limited to the proximal half. Perigonal bract covered with a moderate density of CSGTs. Perianth membranous, hyaline with pigmented areas (brown and mottled or marbled in appearance); mostly sloughed off but sometimes persistent. Achene, usually ≥ 3.6 mm long, globose to elongate, exocarp green-brown; abscission zone poorly developed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="phytochemistry">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Phytochemistry.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Dried female inflorescences: THC ≥0.3%, in late 20th century accessions, nearly always&gt;1.0%; literature weighted x¯ = 3.97%, up to 12.5%. THC/CBD ratio ≥7, and often&gt;100. THCV is commonly present, especially in landraces from South Asia and Africa. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966" author="Hillig, KW" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="966 - 975" refId="B44" refString="Hillig, KW, Mahlberg, PG, 2004. A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (6): 966 - 975, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966" title="A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966" volume="91" year="2004">Hillig and Mahlberg (2004)</bibRefCitation>
report THCV+CBDV% content x¯ = 0.25%. Terpenoid profile often imparts an 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“herbal”">&quot;herbal&quot;</normalizedToken>
or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sweet”">&quot;sweet&quot;</normalizedToken>
aroma, with terpinolene, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
-caryophyllene, trans- 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
-farnesene, and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">a</emphasis>
-guaiene content significantly higher than Central Asian plants.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="genetics">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Genetics.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Landraces of South Asian heritage segregated from Central Asian landraces in an allozyme analysis (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-003-4452-y" author="Hillig, KW" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="161 - 180" refId="B42" refString="Hillig, KW, 2005a. Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52 (2): 161 - 180, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-003-4452-y" title="Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-003-4452-y" volume="52" year="2005 a">Hillig 2005a</bibRefCitation>
) and cpDNA haplotype study (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.10.025" author="Gilmore, S" journalOrPublisher="Forensic Science International" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="179 - 190" refId="B28" refString="Gilmore, S, Peakall, R, Robertson, J, 2007. Organelle DNA haplotypes reflect crop-use characteristics and geographic origins of Cannabis sativa. Forensic Science International 172 (2-3): 179 - 190, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.10.025" title="Organelle DNA haplotypes reflect crop-use characteristics and geographic origins of Cannabis sativa." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.10.025" volume="172" year="2007">Gilmore et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sativa”">&quot;Sativa&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Indica”">&quot;Indica&quot;</normalizedToken>
were segregated with STR loci (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.022" author="Knight, G" journalOrPublisher="Forensic Science International" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="36 - 44" refId="B49" refString="Knight, G, Hansen, S, Conner, M, Poulsen, H, McGovern, C, Stacy, J, 2010. The result of an experimental indoor hyroponic Cannabis growing study using the 'screen of green' (ScOG) method: Yield, tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) and DNA analysis. Forensic Science International 202 (1-3): 36 - 44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.022" title="The result of an experimental indoor hyroponic Cannabis growing study using the ' screen of green' (ScOG) method: Yield, tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) and DNA analysis." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.022" volume="202" year="2010">Knight et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), RAPD markers (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0001-5" author="Piluzza, G" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="2331 - 2342" refId="B67" refString="Piluzza, G, Delogu, G, Cabras, A, Marceddu, S, Bullitta, S, 2013. Differentiation between fiber and drug types of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from a collection of wild and domesticated accessions. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60 (8): 2331 - 2342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0001-5" title="Differentiation between fiber and drug types of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from a collection of wild and domesticated accessions." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0001-5" volume="60" year="2013">Piluzza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), and nDNA SNP haplotypes (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1553v2" author="Henry, P" journalOrPublisher="Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B37" refString="Henry, P, 2015. Genome-wide analyses reveal clustering in Cannabis cultivars: the ancient domestication trilogy of a panacea. PeerJ PrePrints. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1553v2" title="Genome-wide analyses reveal clustering in Cannabis cultivars: the ancient domestication trilogy of a panacea. PeerJ PrePrints." url="https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1553v2" year="2015">Henry 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1265363" author="Lynch, RC" journalOrPublisher="Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="349 - 363" refId="B56" refString="Lynch, RC, Vergara, D, Tittes, S, White, K, Schwartz, CJ, Gibbs, MJ, Ruthenburg, TC, deCesare, K, Land, DP, Kane, NC, 2016. Genomic and chemical diversity in Cannabis. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 35 (5-6): 349 - 363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1265363" title="Genomic and chemical diversity in Cannabis." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1265363" volume="35" year="2016">Lynch et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Other studies showed little or no genetic differences between 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sativa”">&quot;Sativa&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Indica”">&quot;Indica&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133292" author="Sawler, J" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B71" refString="Sawler, J, Stout, JM, Gardner, KM, Hudson, D, Vidmar, J, Butler, L, Page, JE, Myles, S, 2015. The genetic structure of marijuana and hemp. PLoS One 10(8): e0133292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133292" title="The genetic structure of marijuana and hemp. PLoS One 10 (8): e 0133292." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133292" year="2015">Sawler et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170522" author="Dufresnes, C" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B24" refString="Dufresnes, C, Jan, C, Bienert, F, Goudet, J, Fumagalli, L, 2017. Broad-scale genetic diversity of Cannabis for forensic applications. PLoS One 12(1): e0170522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170522" title="Broad-scale genetic diversity of Cannabis for forensic applications. PLoS One 12 (1): e 0170522." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170522" year="2017">Dufresnes et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), or their phenotypes matched poorly with their purported genotypes (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/332320" author="Schwabe, AL" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B73" refString="Schwabe, AL, McGlaughlin, ME, 2018. Genetic tools weed out misconceptions of strain reliability in Cannabissativa: implications for a budding industry. BioRxiv Preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/332320" title="Genetic tools weed out misconceptions of strain reliability in Cannabissativa: implications for a budding industry. BioRxiv Preprint." url="https://doi.org/10.1101/332320" year="2018">Schwabe and McGlaughlin 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Other characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Generally late maturing; monoecious plants relatively common compared to the other varieties; susceptible to black mildew caused by 
<taxonomicName authorityName="McPartland &amp; S. Hughes" authorityYear="1995" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Englerulaceae" genus="Schiffnerula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Schiffnerula cannabis" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cannabis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Schiffnerula cannabis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="provenance and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Provenance and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
Originally cultivated in India for 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<normalizedToken originalValue="gañjā">ganja</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
, and spread at an early date to southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/390914" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Two varieties of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. sativa subsp. indica" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="indica">C. sativa subsp. indica</taxonomicName>
from South Asia. On left 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">a</emphasis>
var. 
<taxonomicName lsidName="var. indica" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" variety="indica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On right 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">b</emphasis>
var. 
<taxonomicName lsidName="var. himalayensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" variety="himalayensis">himalayensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>