277 lines
35 KiB
XML
277 lines
35 KiB
XML
|
<document id="1BA94CD553375C8C79196CD1A5D246C9" ID-DOI="10.26879/756" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11062937" ID-ZooBank="5EE56527-5F98-4724-8120-18F7471BB497" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1714012330871" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="López-Torres, Sergi, Silcox, Mary T. & Holroyd, Patricia A." docDate="2018" docId="038D8789923F486C22D7FCF2FACEB659" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.21.3.37A.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (37 A) 21 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/756" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Walshina López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd 2018, GEN. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFB4FFF192354860222AFFE4F808B326" masterDocTitle="New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1715625529881" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
|
||
|
|
<mods:mods id="84DF6C8AED826689BD252A9195BFB130" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="EEE91C84BFF3F3BE36944EDE82A9267D">
|
||
|
|
<mods:title id="34E67227259ACD7E73182902C2786B0E">New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)</mods:title>
|
||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
|
|
<mods:name id="88A5D300892DE8028CA45DB75378C550" type="personal">
|
||
|
|
<mods:role id="5CFAC8BB2200950F4C9055FBEB9CAD43">
|
||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="68172EEDE9F5F66C1C0234234C0FB996">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="17CED88A2ABB1F5D9F27381973FAC9A6">López-Torres, Sergi</mods:namePart>
|
||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
||
|
|
<mods:name id="72C9F317A41B56684DE8E7F5E4E951E1" type="personal">
|
||
|
|
<mods:role id="EB1D5DE41836F3213A2306616A4D1E4F">
|
||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="17D3E3EEFDDB65CE78905C84BCDFD538">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="A432C7243458110C4EE1A157E9F70240">Silcox, Mary T.</mods:namePart>
|
||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
||
|
|
<mods:name id="04F65442D78CBFD75EC454A19E1C7867" type="personal">
|
||
|
|
<mods:role id="ACC6466CBDFEAC9382CF380F516067B1">
|
||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="8A7D9A44BE3E3FFCF7872D0BDB3E9985">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="9532102993F6E91DB7FEA251231CE4F8">Holroyd, Patricia A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
||
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="0AFF05CB2046B1B2AACA687279A9128B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="D0FB7F58CC6C7C935941B8B1A6B11520" type="host">
|
||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="13EF30DA08C92E0D704075F5DE17B420">
|
||
|
|
<mods:title id="E2A718923DC6585236EC33B79E25811F">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
|
||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
|
|
<mods:part id="FBFDC36E073168497D395B2AF052397A">
|
||
|
|
<mods:date id="73EDA4DA3DFCB9894118DB05A52F82AD">2018</mods:date>
|
||
|
|
<mods:detail id="24560391279D6A336E9E2AA6EB27466F" type="series">
|
||
|
|
<mods:title id="173CDD301D5A41F4AC8A0D830F29D1C5">37 A</mods:title>
|
||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
||
|
|
<mods:detail id="39AACAAA214381791BF7700D4D8D40A2" type="pubDate">
|
||
|
|
<mods:number id="AF8B5FE621BCF9FD4F21EB8E58ABADC5">2018-09-30</mods:number>
|
||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
||
|
|
<mods:detail id="1210B91A1FC05EDD8089FA9EA20114DB" type="volume">
|
||
|
|
<mods:number id="BB89E8BC07435D4140E1AC2D81E4D335">21</mods:number>
|
||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
||
|
|
<mods:detail id="04BCC114CC69A84E6789AF501111397A" type="issue">
|
||
|
|
<mods:number id="011C04C04B71D2780E8EE646E69FAF32">3</mods:number>
|
||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
||
|
|
<mods:extent id="D88361C37C837EDEC8644B65F4207F17" unit="page">
|
||
|
|
<mods:start id="5630BAEDC7C62FC40ADDD6DD6900817B">1</mods:start>
|
||
|
|
<mods:end id="A63E2BAAA974B9A60013408DDD5D803F">28</mods:end>
|
||
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
||
|
|
</mods:part>
|
||
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
|
|
<mods:location id="83DFE29460C72C638B36ED5003F65E21">
|
||
|
|
<mods:url id="4BF6674E17EED687548D1382C9EBC15C">http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/756</mods:url>
|
||
|
|
</mods:location>
|
||
|
|
<mods:classification id="80F02085CE7FE0BE1D0B269E1A5E3FE3">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="4DECF7235300E1D36F49E6347342D1B8" type="DOI">10.26879/756</mods:identifier>
|
||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="809EC401C375B5EB00C900AA17DB9C20" type="ISSN">1094-8074</mods:identifier>
|
||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="426FCDBC602AD5D3BBD2166CF4C1FEAF" type="Zenodo-Dep">11062937</mods:identifier>
|
||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="92C5FC68F70E6583774F0E8D3864297D" type="ZooBank">5EE56527-5F98-4724-8120-18F7471BB497</mods:identifier>
|
||
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
||
|
|
<treatment id="038D8789923F486C22D7FCF2FACEB659" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8789923F486C22D7FCF2FACEB659" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D8789923F486C22D7FCF2FACEB659" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C33E6514923F486A22D7FCF2FA74B076" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9B369F923F486A22D7FCF2FA74B076" blockId="10.[253,731,790,848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
<heading id="D0D381F3923F486A22D7FCF2FA74B076" allCaps="true" bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A22D7FCF2FAD3B016" bold="true" box="[253,731,790,816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2377FCD2FA74B076" bold="true" box="[349,636,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2377FCD2F9E4B076" authority="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd, 2018" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" box="[349,492,822,848]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">WALSHINA</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A23D9FCD2FA74B076" box="[499,636,822,848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">GEN. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</heading>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C33E6514923F486C22D0FC82FACEB659" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9B369F923F486A22D0FC82FD12B009" blockId="10.[192,793,870,1887]" lastBlockId="10.[840,1441,694,1135]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
In order to assess the phylogenetic position of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A22EAFC62F925B0B9" authority="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd, 2018" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,301,902,927]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A22EAFC62F925B0B9" box="[192,301,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Walshina</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A231DFC62F9ADB0B9" box="[311,421,902,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
among
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2023FC62FAA4B086" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1879" box="[521,684,902,928]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Omomyoidea">Omomyoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, we conducted a cladistic analysis based on the study by Ni et al. (2004), as modified by Holroyd and Strait (2008), who revised the coding for two species (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A22E3FBE2F9A7B739" authorityName="Van Valen" authorityYear="1994" box="[201,431,1030,1055]" class="Mammalia" family="Purgatoriidae" genus="Purgatorius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="janisae">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A22E3FBE2F9A7B739" box="[201,431,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Purgatorius janisae</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A23DAFBE2FA76B739" authorityName="Williams & Covert" authorityYear="1994" box="[496,638,1030,1055]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savagei">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A23DAFBE2FA76B739" box="[496,638,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. savagei</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
), and added new data for species of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A23DEFBC2FA59B719" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1940" box="[500,593,1062,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Loveina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A23DEFBC2FA59B719" box="[500,593,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Loveina</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. We chose this particular matrix rather than more recent studies (e.g., Ni et al., 2013, 2016) because it includes a trogolemurin,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2340FB62F9FAB7B9" box="[362,498,1158,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Trogolemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myodes">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2340FB62F9FAB7B9" box="[362,498,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tr. myodes</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. Having coding from a member of this family available in the original matrix was important to ensure that we were assessing characters in the same way as the original authors. The analysis also includes representative tarsioids, anthropoids, adapoids, crown strepsirrhines, and plesiadapiforms.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A20B9FAA2FB10B646" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1855" box="[659,792,1350,1376]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scandentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Scandentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was used as an outgroup to
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2031FA82FA80B659" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[539,648,1382,1407]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
. The rest of the trogolemurin primates were added to the matrix of Holroyd and Strait (2008):
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A203FFA42F964B6D9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A203FFA42FA9BB699" box="[533,659,1446,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Trogolemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplior">Tr. amplior</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A20B5FA42FB1CB699" box="[671,788,1446,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Trogolemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">Tr. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A22EAFA22F951B6F9" box="[192,345,1478,1503]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Trogolemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leonardi">Tr. leonardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A235DFA22FAD2B6F9" authorityName="Gunnell" authorityYear="1995" box="[375,730,1478,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Sphacorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burntforkensis">Sphacorhysis burntforkensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A20D2FA22F964B6D9" authority="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd, 2018" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="esmaraldensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">W. esmaraldensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A235EFA02FA27B6D9" box="[372,559,1510,1535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2016FA02FACFB6D9" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[572,711,1510,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcgrewi" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2016FA02FACFB6D9" box="[572,711,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">W. mcgrewi</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A20E5FA02F8FDB539" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
, and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A231EF9E2F9A3B539" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[308,427,1542,1567]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shifrae" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A231EF9E2F9A3B539" box="[308,427,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">W. shifrae</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A2399F9E2FA3CB539" box="[435,564,1542,1567]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
The microchoerine
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A22EAF9C2FA63B519" authority="(Hooker, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Hooker" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[192,619,1574,1599]" class="Mammalia" family="Microchoeridae" genus="Melaneremia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bryanti">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A22EAF9C2F9B9B519" box="[192,433,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Melaneremia bryanti</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(Hooker, 2007)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, and the anaptomorphins
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A237AF9A2FA19B579" baseAuthorityName="Gazin" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[336,529,1606,1631]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublettensis">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A237AF9A2FA19B579" box="[336,529,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. sublettensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Gazin, 1952, 1958),
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A22EAF982FAABB559" authority="(Bown and Rose, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Bown and Rose" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[192,675,1638,1663]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wortmani">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A22EAF982F96BB559" box="[192,355,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. wortmani</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(Bown and Rose, 1984)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A20DAF982FA46B5B9" authority="(Beard et al., 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Beard" baseAuthorityYear="1992" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natronensis">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A20DAF982F942B5B9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. natronensis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
(Beard et al., 1992)
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
were added as well. The coding for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2399F942FA3EB599" box="[435,566,1702,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Trogolemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myodes">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2399F942FA3EB599" box="[435,566,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tr. myodes</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was partially reassessed, as was the one for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A200CF922FAE4B5F9" box="[550,748,1734,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Microchoeridae" genus="Nannopithex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A200CF922FAB3B5F9" box="[550,699,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nannopithex</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
sp.
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(to include generic variation seen in
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A205EF902FB10B5D9" box="[628,792,1766,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Microchoeridae" genus="Nannopithex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zuccolae">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A205EF902FB10B5D9" box="[628,792,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Na. zuccolae</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
[Hooker, 2007]), and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2395F8E2FA4CB406" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1855" box="[447,580,1798,1824]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scandentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Scandentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was re-coded for character 13. A total of 303 characters (194 dental, 49 craniomandibular, 56 postcranial, and 4 soft tissue and physiological [only coded for extant taxa] characters) were scored for a total of 66 taxa (matrix available on publication from www.morphobank.org under project number P3264).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9B369F923F486A21A8FCD2FD19B749" blockId="10.[840,1441,694,1135]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
A parsimony analysis was performed using TNT v. 1.5 (Goboloff and
|
||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49E0F87D923F486A26ABFCB2FCF8B056" box="[1153,1264,854,880]" country="Spain" name="Catalunya" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Catalano</collectingRegion>
|
||
|
|
, 2016) with all characters equally weighted and ordered, following the original analysis (Ni et al., 2004; Holroyd and Strait, 2008). Multiple character states were set to be interpreted as polymorphisms, instead of uncertainties. A traditional search was implemented with 1000 repetitions. The tree-bisection-reconnection (TBR) algorithm was used for branch swapping, with 1000 trees to save per replication.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9B369F923F486A2162FB62FD12B7B9" blockId="10.[840,1306,1158,1183]" box="[840,1306,1158,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2162FB62FD12B7B9" bold="true" box="[840,1306,1158,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Results of the Phylogenetic Analysis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9B369F923F486A21A8FB52FD88B689" blockId="10.[840,1441,1206,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
The cladistic analysis yielded 90 equally parsimonious trees. A strict consensus tree was generated in TNT v. 1.5 from these trees (
|
||
|
|
<figureCitation id="131F2A1A923F486A26D4FB12FD60B629" box="[1278,1384,1270,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[202,293,1696,1719]" captionTargetBox="[418,1210,174,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-26@11.[395,1237,166,1677]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hypothesis of relationships of Walshina gen. nov. in the context of the Order Primates. Strict consensus cladogram based on data modified from Holroyd and Strait (2008), including the addition of seven newly-coded trogolemurins (Trogolemur amplior, Tr. fragilis, Tr. leonardi, Sphacorhysis burntforkensis, Walshina esmaraldensis gen. et sp. nov., W. mcgrewi comb. nov., and W. shifrae comb. nov.), a microchoerine (Melaneremia bryanti), and three anaptomorphins (Anemorhysis sublettensis, An. wortmani, and An. natronensis). Trogolemurins are marked in blue." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11062951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11062951/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
|
|
, see also Appendix 2). In the strict consensus tree,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2162FAD2FBBDB669" authority="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd, 2018" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" box="[840,949,1334,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2162FAD2FBBDB669" box="[840,949,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Walshina</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A21E8FAD2FC3CB669" box="[962,1076,1334,1359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
is found to be monophyletic, although the relationships among species of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2162FA92FBBDB6A9" authority="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd, 2018" authorityName="López-Torres & Silcox & Holroyd" authorityYear="2018" box="[840,949,1398,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Walshina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2162FA92FBBDB6A9" box="[840,949,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Walshina</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F6923F486A2195FA92FC26B6A9" box="[959,1070,1398,1423]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
|
|
remain unclear. The tribe
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A275AFA92FBCBB689" authorityName="Szalay" authorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Trogolemurini">Trogolemurini</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was also recovered as monophyletic.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9B369F923F486C21A8FA52FACEB659" blockId="10.[840,1441,1206,1903]" lastBlockId="12.[192,793,166,1407]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
|
|
The inclusion of the rest of trogolemurins and the four additional species of omomyoids, along with the revisions made by Holroyd and Strait (2008) and in the present paper, caused a few changes to the tree with respect to the topology found by Ni et al. (2004). The position of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2710F9B2FB7BB5A9" authorityName="Van Valen & Sloan" authorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Purgatoriidae" genus="Purgatorius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2710F9B2FB7BB5A9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Purgatorius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
is resolved in our tree, being the sister group to the rest of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A21E4F972FC3FB589" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[974,1079,1686,1711]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
sensu lato. The rest of Plesiadapiformes (excluding
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A26ABF952FD01B5E9" authorityName="Van Valen & Sloan" authorityYear="1965" box="[1153,1289,1718,1743]" class="Mammalia" family="Purgatoriidae" genus="Purgatorius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A26ABF952FD01B5E9" box="[1153,1289,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Purgatorius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) form one clade, sister group of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A2661F932FCFAB5C9" authorityName="Dashzeveg & McKenna" authorityYear="1977" box="[1099,1266,1750,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Altanius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orlovi">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A2661F932FCFAB5C9" box="[1099,1266,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Altanius orlovi</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, as in Ni et al. (2004). However, phylogenetic analyses of plesiadapiforms with greater taxon sampling for that group support the interpretation that this group of primates is paraphyletic and excludes
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C923F486A270EF8B2FD91B449" authorityName="Dashzeveg & McKenna" authorityYear="1977" box="[1316,1433,1878,1903]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Altanius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orlovi">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D923F486A270EF8B2FD91B449" box="[1316,1433,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">An. orlovi</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, which is interpreted as a euprimate (Silcox, 2001; Bloch and Boyer, 2002; Bloch et al., 2007, Silcox et al., 2010; Chester and Bloch, 2013; Chester et al., 2015; Ni et al. 2016). The tree differs from the results obtained by Ni et al. (2004) in resolving the position of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2362FEA2F9D2B279" authorityName="Szalay" authorityYear="1976" box="[328,474,326,351]" class="Mammalia" family="Adapidae" genus="Donrussellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2362FEA2F9D2B279" box="[328,474,326,351]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Donrussellia</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
as the sister taxon to the rest of Euprimates (except for
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2012FE82FA9EB259" authorityName="Dashzeveg & McKenna" authorityYear="1977" box="[568,662,358,383]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Altanius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2012FE82FA9EB259" box="[568,662,358,383]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Altanius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
). Our tree also resolves
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C235AFE62F9EEB2B9" authorityName="Wilson & Szalay" authorityYear="1977" box="[368,486,390,415]" class="Mammalia" family="Adapidae" genus="Mahgarita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C235AFE62F9EEB2B9" box="[368,486,390,415]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mahgarita</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2005FE62FA97B2B9" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1966" box="[559,671,390,415]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Rooneyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2005FE62FA97B2B9" box="[559,671,390,415]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rooneyia</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
as sister taxa. Although
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2352FE42F9E0B299" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1966" box="[376,488,422,447]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Rooneyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2352FE42F9E0B299" box="[376,488,422,447]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rooneyia</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
has been considered an omomyoid, it appears as being part of the strepsirrhine radiation, as it did in Ni et al. (2004). All species of
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2334FDE2F997B139" box="[286,415,518,543]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Teilhardina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2334FDE2F997B139" box="[286,415,518,543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Teilhardina</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
appear as basal haplorrhines, with unclear relationships among them.
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2086FDC2FB10B119" authorityName="Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang & Li" authorityYear="1994" box="[684,792,550,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Eosimiidae" genus="Eosimias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2086FDC2FB10B119" box="[684,792,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eosimias</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
appears in our tree as the sister taxon of crown haplorrhines (=Anthropoidea +
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2010FD82FA87B159" authorityName="Storr" authorityYear="1780" box="[570,655,614,639]" class="Mammalia" family="Tarsiidae" genus="Tarsius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2010FD82FA87B159" box="[570,655,614,639]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tarsius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
). Washakiins are monophyletic, although
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C201DFD62FA9CB1B9" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1940" box="[567,660,646,671]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Loveina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C201DFD62FA9CB1B9" box="[567,660,646,671]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Loveina</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
was found to be paraphyletic (consistent with the results of Holroyd and Strait, 2008). Our tree also resolves a clade that includes omomyins and macrotarsiins, in which omomyins are paraphyletic. Washakiins are resolved as the sister group to a subgroup of anaptomorphins, which include
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2008FCA2F943B0B9" authority=", Tetonius, Strigorhysis, Aycrossia, Anaptomorphus, and Absarokius." authorityName="Tetonius, Strigorhysis, Aycrossia, Anaptomorphus, and Absarokius." class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Uintanius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2008FCA2FAC5B059" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Uintanius, Tetonius, Strigorhysis, Aycrossia, Anaptomorphus,</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C22EAFC62F94CB0B9" box="[192,324,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Absarokius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
.
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
The rest of anaptomorphins (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2091FC62FA67B099" authority=", Tetonoides, and Arapahovius" authorityName="Tetonoides, and Arapahovius" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2091FC62F996B099" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anemorhysis, Tetonoides,</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C23F1FC42FA67B099" box="[475,623,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Arapahovius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) form another clade that is the sister group of trogolemurins. However,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C236BFC02F9D3B0D9" box="[321,475,998,1023]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C236BFC02F9D3B0D9" box="[321,475,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anemorhysis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
does not appear to be monophyletic. The sister group to the clade (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C20E2FBE2F915B719" authorityName="Szalay" authorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Trogolemurini">Trogolemurini</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
+
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C2367FBC2F9EFB719" box="[333,487,1062,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Anemorhysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C2367FBC2F9EFB719" box="[333,487,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anemorhysis</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
+
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C203DFBC2FA90B719" authorityName="Gazin" authorityYear="1962" box="[535,664,1062,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Tetonoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C203DFBC2FA90B719" box="[535,664,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tetonoides</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
+
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C20E2FBC2F905B779" baseAuthorityName="Gunnell" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Arapahovius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C20E2FBC2F905B779" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Arapahovius</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
) is the Microchoerinae from Europe. The position of trogolemurins is, therefore, in contrast with their position in the tree found by Ni et al. (2004), in which
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C244D1C9239486C238BFB42FA2FB799" authorityName=", Gunnell" authorityYear="1995" box="[417,551,1190,1215]" class="Mammalia" family="Omomyidae" genus="Trogolemur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
|
|
<emphasis id="B950EA8D9239486C238BFB42FA2FB799" box="[417,551,1190,1215]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Trogolemur</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
clustered together with the European microchoerines. Finding trogolemurins to be more closely related to North American anaptomorphins, rather than to European microchoerids is more biogeographically parsimonious, reducing the number of implied dispersal events between North America and Europe.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
</treatment>
|
||
|
|
</document>
|