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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.313.4823" ID-GBIF-Dataset="777f49d9-27c7-40bc-a530-17e56bc38e44" ID-PMC="PMC3701231" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-313-61" ID-PubMed="23840165" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-313-61" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 313" ModsDocTitle="Bones and genes: resolution problems in three Vietnamese species of Crocidura (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) and the description of an additional new species" checkinTime="1451247170190" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jenkins, Paulina D., Abramov, Alexei V., Bannikova, Anna A. &amp; Rozhnov, Viatcheslav V." docDate="2013" docId="05F3BFBA924868829EA5E4C1349D61A6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 313: 61-79" docOrigin="ZooKeys 313" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.313.4823" docTitle="Crocidura sapaensis Jenkins, Abramov, Bannikova &amp; Rozhnov, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="EF7EFFACC632FF9DFFA9FFE3FF93FFC0" masterDocTitle="Bones and genes: resolution problems in three Vietnamese species of Crocidura (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) and the description of an additional new species" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1668156085402" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Bones and genes: resolution problems in three Vietnamese species of Crocidura (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) and the description of an additional new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jenkins, Paulina D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Abramov, Alexei V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bannikova, Anna A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rozhnov, Viatcheslav V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>313</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>61</mods:start>
<mods:end>79</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.313.4823</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.313.4823</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-313-61</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152045822" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6016D7F3-D50E-4DBC-B571-EB54E5062D1E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/05F3BFBA924868829EA5E4C1349D61A6" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6016D7F3-D50E-4DBC-B571-EB54E5062D1E" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="63">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="63">ZIN 96433, genetic analysis code CVN108, BOLD Accession no. ABMIV114-08, field no. 132, male, body in ethanol, skull extracted, collected 25 May 2006 by A.V. Abramov.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="64" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Vicinity of Tram Ton Station of Hoang Lien National Park, north slope of Phansipan Mt. area, 6 km west of Sa Pa Town, Sa Pa District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.35">22°21'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="103.76667">103°46'E</geoCoordinate>
, altitude 2200m above sea level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="paratypes">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">ZIN 96262, genetic analysis code CVN93, GenBank no. HM587005, BOLD no. ABMIV100-08, field no. 13, male, collected 8 December 2005; ZIN 96264, genetic analysis code CVN94, GenBank no. HM587006, BOLD no. ABMIV101-08, field no. 15, female, collected 8 December 2005; ZIN 96269, genetic analysis code CVN99, BOLD no. ABMIV106-08, field no. 32, male, collected 15 December 2005; ZIN 96271, genetic analysis code CVN101, BOLD no. ABMIV108-08, female, collected 16 December 2005; ZIN 96274, genetic analysis code CVN102, BOLD no. ABMIV109-08, field no. 45, male, collected 17 December 2005; ZIN 96275, genetic analysis code CVN103, BOLD no. ABMIV110-08, field no. 46, male, collected 17 December 2005; ZIN 96276, genetic analysis code CVN104, BOLD no. ABMIV111-08, field no. 66, female, collected 22 December 2005; ZIN 96432, genetic analysis code CVN107, BOLD no. ABIOW074-08, field no. 131, male, collected 25 May 2006; ZIN 96434, genetic analysis code CVN109, BOLD no. ABIOW075-08, field no. 133, male, collected 25 May 2006; ZIN 96436, genetic analysis code CVN111, BOLD no. ABMIV116-08, field no. 136, male, collected 28 May 2006; ZIN 96438, genetic analysis code CVN113, BOLD no. ABMIV117-08, field no. 138, female, collected 28 May 2006; ZIN 96439, genetic analysis code CVN114, BOLD no. ABMIV118-08, field no. 139, female, collected 28 May 2006; ZIN 96442, genetic analysis code CVN117, BOLD no. ABIOW069-08, field no. 144, male, collected 31 May 2006; ZIN 99779, field no. 24, male, collected 10 May 2010. All bodies in ethanol, skulls extracted, collected by A.V. Abramov and A.V. Shchinov from the same locality as the holotype, altitude 1930-2200m above sea level.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Other material. FMNH 39029 Chapa [Sa Pa], Lao Cai Province; BMNH 1925.1.1.24; BMNH 1925.1.1.27 Ngai Tio, Lao Cai Province,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.6">22°36'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="103.666664">103°40'E</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">A small shrew distinguished by the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (cyt b) and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) and by the shape of the talonid of the third lower molar (m3).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Size small (see Table 1) with a moderately long tail relative to head and body length (62-84%). Dorsal pelage dark greyish brown; tail dark grey dorsally, slightly paler below (see Fig. 2). Skull with a rounded, short rostrum: moderately broad interorbital region; rounded, relatively deep braincase with subangular superior articular facets and lambdoid crests just evident laterally near the junction with the mastoid (see Fig. 3). The first upper incisor is slender with a relatively small posterior cusp, less than half the height of the first upper unicuspid; posterolingual border of upper premolar (P4) deep and rounded, in close contact with the anterolingual margin of M1 in occlusal view; last upper molar (M3) relatively narrow. Lower incisor with two distinct cusps on the occlusal surface in unworn dentition; posterolingual cuspid present on lower premolar (p4); talonid basin of m3 broad and deep with an entoconid ridge and low entoconid (see Fig. 4).</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="A6E3B4C4B06A212280523550A25993C6" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A6E3B4C4B06A212280523550A25993C6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Table 1. Comparison of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura guy" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guy">Crocidura guy</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura zaitsevi" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaitsevi">Crocidura zaitsevi</taxonomicName>
B are included as representatives of the very small species in Vietnam. Measurements in millimetres are presented as the mean, standard deviation and range, followed by sample size in parentheses.&lt;br/&gt;
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<table pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura zaitsevi" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaitsevi">Crocidura zaitsevi</taxonomicName>
B Bi Doup &amp; Hon Ba
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura guy" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guy">Crocidura guy</taxonomicName>
Na Hang
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
Mt Tay Con Linh II
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
Sa Pa
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
Bi Doup
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Figure 2. Photograph of adult male
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 99779).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Figure 3. Comparison of crania of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 274153),
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 96433) and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 97668). Top row from left to right: dorsal views of the skulls of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
, ventral views of the skulls in the same order. Lower row: left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Figure 4. Occlusal (left) and lingual (right) views of right lower third molar to show differences in development of the talonid. Upper row left
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
AMNH 274168; upper row right
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
ZIN 96439; lower row
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
ZIN 97671. Scale equals 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="comparison with other species">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Comparison with other species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="65" start="start">Crocidura</pageBreakToken>
sapaensis
</taxonomicName>
averages larger than the very small species of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crocidura</taxonomicName>
recorded from Vietnam. The condyloincisive length is greater than that of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura guy" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guy">Crocidura guy</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura annamitensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annamitensis">Crocidura annamitensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura kegoensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kegoensis">Crocidura kegoensis</taxonomicName>
, within the upper part of the range of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura zaitsevi" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaitsevi">Crocidura zaitsevi</taxonomicName>
and the braincase is deeper than that of all four small species.
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
are in the same size range.
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
is smaller than or at the lower end of the size range of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
with a relatively shorter tail (see Table 1 and Fig. 5).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Figure 5. Bivariate plot to show differences in skull size and relative tail length. Horizontal axis: condyloincisive length; vertical axis: ratio of tail length to condyloincisive length.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
are distinguished by differences in cyt b sequences.
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura zaitsevi" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaitsevi">Crocidura zaitsevi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
in the cyt b and COI gene sequences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
Differences in the shape of the talonid of m3 in northern Vietnamese populations serve to distinguish
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
(see Fig. 4). In specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
from northern Vietnam the talonid basin is broad and deep with an entoconid ridge and low entoconid, whereas in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
the talonid basin is narrow. In
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
the talonid basin is broad and deep with a hypoconid, entoconid and marked entoconid ridge (see Fig. 4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">The new species is named after Sa Pa, the capital of Sa Pa District in Lao Cai Province of northern Vietnam, with the Latin suffix - ensis (belonging to).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
The series of type specimens was collected from a variety of habitats in the vicinity of Tram Ton Station of Hoang Lien National Park: mixed evergreen forest; forested banks of small streams; open grassy glades (Fig. 6); primary forest with large trees at an elevation 1930-2200m (
<bibRefCitation author="Abramov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Contemporary Problems of Ecology" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" pagination="593 - 595" title="Study of insectivorous mammals in North Vietnam." url="10.1134/S1995425508050135" volume="1" year="2008 b">Abramov et al. 2008b</bibRefCitation>
). During 2005-2010 a total of 190 shrews was captured in this area, including 4 species (
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="66" start="start">Crocidura</pageBreakToken>
sapaensis
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Blarinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blarinella griselda" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griselda">Blarinella griselda</taxonomicName>
Thomas, 1912,
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Anourosorex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anourosorex squamipes" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squamipes">Anourosorex squamipes</taxonomicName>
Milne Edwards, 1872, and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Episoriculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Episoriculus leucops" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucops">Episoriculus leucops</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Horsfield, T" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="13" pageNumber="74" title="Brief notices of several new or little-known species of Mammalia, lately discovered and collected in Nepal, by Brian Houghton Hodgson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (2) 16: 101 - 114." url="10.1080/037454809495489" year="1855">Horsfield 1855</bibRefCitation>
)).
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
was the most numerous species (90% of the total captures), followed by
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Anourosorex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anourosorex squamipes" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squamipes">Anourosorex squamipes</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Blarinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blarinella griselda" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griselda">Blarinella griselda</taxonomicName>
(5.3% and 4.2% respectively), while only one
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Episoriculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Episoriculus leucops" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucops">Episoriculus leucops</taxonomicName>
was captured (
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Abramov et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
was more abundant in slightly disturbed mixed forest (2.2-3.0 specimens per 100 trap/nights), the occurrence in open glades, amongst shrubs on stream banks and in undisturbed primary forest was 0.3-2.6 specimens per 100 trap/nights. The proportion of males to females in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
was greater in all seasons; on average the male to female ratio is 2.3. Pregnant females were recorded from May to mid-July. Mean litter size in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
was 3.0 (2-4, n=15).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
Figure 6. Habitat typical of the area where
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
was found.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
Confirmed specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
are recorded from Lao Cai Province, Sa Pa District on the basis of cyt b analysis and morphology of m3. On the basis of morphology, specimens from the northern part of Lao Cai Province, Ngai Tio (elevation 1450m) and from the vicinity of Cat Cat Village near Sa Pa Town (elevation 1400-1450m) in relatively close geographical proximity also probably belong to the same species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
Populations of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="67" start="start">Crocidura</pageBreakToken>
wuchihensis
</taxonomicName>
identified on the basis of cyt b and those probably representing this species on the basis of morphology (from Pa Kha and Thai Nien,
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="68" start="start">both</pageBreakToken>
in Lao Cai Province) all occur in northeastern Vietnam in localities to the east of the Song Hong (Red River). The observation that this river marks the border between the two species, with
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
to the east and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
to the west, was made by
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Bannikova et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, however this apparent biogeographical separation is based on few locality records. These authors also observed that, in the cyt b analysis, the two northern Vietnamese populations of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
(from Mt Tay Con Linh II [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.766666">22°46'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="104.816666">104°49'E</geoCoordinate>
] and Tam Dao [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="21.45">21°27'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="105.63333">105°38'E</geoCoordinate>
]) were separated by a p- distance of 2.1% suggesting that they probably represent distinct geographic populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
The population of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
recorded from Huong Son, Ha Tinh Province in the southern Annamites by
<bibRefCitation author="Lunde, DP" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Study" pageId="13" pageNumber="74" pagination="27 - 36" title="Description of a new species of Crocidura (Soricomorpha: Soricidae, Crocidurinae) from Ke Go Nature Reserve, Vietnam." url="10.3106/mammalstudy.29.27" volume="29" year="2004">Lunde et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Jenkins, PD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="74" pagination="356 - 405" title="Descriptions of new species of Crocidura (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from mainland Southeast Asia, with synopses of previously described species and remarks on biogeography." url="10.1206/582-10.1" volume="331" year="2009">Jenkins et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, does of course, occur west of the Song Hong and samples have not been included in any of the previous molecular studies. Specimens from Mt Tay Con Linh II are larger on average (CIL 15.7-17.1, mean 16.4) than those from Huong Son (CIL 15.8-16.4, mean 16.0). The Canonical Variate Analysis reported in
<bibRefCitation author="Jenkins, PD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="74" pagination="356 - 405" title="Descriptions of new species of Crocidura (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from mainland Southeast Asia, with synopses of previously described species and remarks on biogeography." url="10.1206/582-10.1" volume="331" year="2009">Jenkins et al. (2009: Fig. 10)</bibRefCitation>
shows that these two groups respectively from northern Vietnam and the southern Annamites are moderately well separated from each other. In view of the problems outlined in this paper, lacking further evidence from molecular studies, it is impossible to predict if the population from Huong Son is correctly assigned to
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura wuchihensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wuchihensis">Crocidura wuchihensis</taxonomicName>
, could belong to
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
, or might indeed represent a further undescribed species.
</paragraph>
<subSection pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="crocidura attenuata and c. tanakae">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
Characters separating
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
The population from Mt Tay Con Linh II, Ha Giang Province in northern Vietnam recognised by molecular analysis of cyt b as
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
, falls within the size range of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
and both species are morphologically very similar in appearance. The two species may be separated by the following characters. The basioccipital region in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
is narrow and ridged particularly anterior to the position of the basioccipital suture, whereas in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
the basioccipital region is broad and flat to concave (see Fig. 7). The palatal suture in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
is a rounded to flat-topped
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘n’">'n'</normalizedToken>
shape, whereas in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
the suture is a shallow to more marked
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘m’">'m'</normalizedToken>
shape (see Fig. 8). The two species also differ in the shape of the talon of the upper premolar (P4). In occlusal view, the talon of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
is broader and more angular than that of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
, the lingual border is straight to concave, with the posterior border shallowly indented so that the whole tooth looks larger in occlusal view. In
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
the lingual border of P4 is rounded and the posterior border of the tooth is deeply indented (see Fig. 8).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
Figure 7. Comparison of crania of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 91190) and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 274152). Top row from left to right: dorsal views of the skulls of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
, ventral views of the skulls in the same order. Lower row: left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
Figure 8. Above: occlusal view of left upper premolar of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 91205) left and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 274232) right. Below: palatal sutures of the same specimens in the same order. Scales equal 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSection>
<subSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" type="geographical variation in c. tanakae">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="69">
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="69" start="start">Geographical</pageBreakToken>
variation in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="8" pageNumber="69">
<bibRefCitation author="Esselstyn, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" pagination="1504 - 1514" title="Colonization of the Philippines from Taiwan: a multi-locus test of the biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of isolated populations of shrews." volume="37" year="2010">Esselstyn and Oliveros (2010)</bibRefCitation>
did not provide detailed results about Vietnamese samples in the text of their analysis of Asian
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="70" start="start">Crocidura</pageBreakToken>
tanakae
</taxonomicName>
, nevertheless they demonstrated apparent geographical variation in Vietnam. Their illustration of a statistical parsimony network of mitochondrial haplotypes (
<bibRefCitation author="Esselstyn, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" pagination="1504 - 1514" title="Colonization of the Philippines from Taiwan: a multi-locus test of the biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of isolated populations of shrews." volume="37" year="2010">Esselstyn and Oliveros 2010</bibRefCitation>
: Fig. 4) shows northeastern Vietnam samples from Tam Dao (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="21.45">21°27'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="105.63333">105°38'E</geoCoordinate>
) and Tuyen Quang (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.333334">22°20'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="105.416664">105°25'E</geoCoordinate>
) grouped relatively closely, separated from each other by relatively few steps but separated by multiple steps from samples from the other two localities, Ha Tinh (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="18.35">18°21'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="105.21667">105°13'E</geoCoordinate>
) and Quang Nam (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="15.2">15°12'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="108.03333">108°02'E</geoCoordinate>
), which form a looser group. In their analysis of the COI gene,
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Bannikova et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated the presence of two clearly defined haplogroups within Vietnamese
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
B restricted to the northern part of the country (Hoang Lien Mountains, Van Ban District) and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
A which was more widespread in Central and South Vietnam (Huong Hoa, Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Ngoc Linh, Hon Ba and Bi Doup). The uncorrected p-distance between these two groups using the COI gene was about 2.5%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
Populations of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
in Vietnam show a distinct clinal variation in skull size, populations at higher latitudes averaging smaller in size than those at lower latitudes (see Table 2). Although sample sizes are small, this observation is a possible example of the converse
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bergmann’s">Bergmann's</normalizedToken>
rule where body size decreases with latitude.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="70AEC36E132CBA2F6835F49095F93D3C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70AEC36E132CBA2F6835F49095F93D3C" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
Table 2. Latitudinal size variation in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
. Measurements in millimetres are presented as the mean, standard deviation and range, followed by sample size in parentheses.&lt;br/&gt;
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">Lao Cai Prov., Van Ban Dist. 21°58'N</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">Ha Tinh Prov., Huong Son 18°21'N</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">Quang Tri Prov., Huong Hoa 16°56'N</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">Kon Tum Prov., Ngoc Linh 15°05'N</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" rowspan="1">Lam Dong Prov,. Bi Doup 12°11'N</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" type="geographical variation in c. attenuata">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
Geographical variation in
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
<bibRefCitation author="Abramov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" pagination="37 - 47" title="White-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Crocidura) of coastal islands of Vietnam." url="10.3897/zookeys.207.3237" volume="207" year="2012">Abramov et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated apparent geographical variation of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="71" start="start">Crocidura</pageBreakToken>
attenuata
</taxonomicName>
in southern China and northern Vietnam. Genetic differentiation of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
is notable and reveals a phylogeographic structure with four haplogroups. The specimens from Cat Ba Island (Hai Phong Province, northeastern Vietnam) formed a single cluster closely related to the group of specimens from northern Vietnam (Ha Giang Province) and southeastern China (Guangxi Province). The genetic distance (p-distance) between specimens from Cat Ba / Ha Giang as well as Cat Ba / Guangxi is about 2.1%. The specimen of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
from the more north-eastern region of China (Hunan Province) appears basal among all samples of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
from China and Vietnam. Thus, the genetic distance between two specimens from China (Hunan / Guangxi) is 4.3%, which is nearly the same as the distance between
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura indochinensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indochinensis">Crocidura indochinensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura sapaensis" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapaensis">Crocidura sapaensis</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="71">Bannikova et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection pageId="10" pageNumber="71" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="71">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="71">
While
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura attenuata" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">Crocidura attenuata</taxonomicName>
in Vietnam appears to occur only to the east of the Song Hong (Red River), in northeastern Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="71">Bannikova et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Abramov, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" pagination="37 - 47" title="White-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Crocidura) of coastal islands of Vietnam." url="10.3897/zookeys.207.3237" volume="207" year="2012">Abramov et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crocidura tanakae" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanakae">Crocidura tanakae</taxonomicName>
does not appear to be so constrained and has been recorded on both sides of the river in northern Vietnam and also in central and southern Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation author="Esselstyn, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" pagination="1504 - 1514" title="Colonization of the Philippines from Taiwan: a multi-locus test of the biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of isolated populations of shrews." volume="37" year="2010">Esselstyn and Oliveros 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="71">Bannikova et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
, this study).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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