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<document id="0D8CF5B115C602513C2A5B0E20364C3A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Saccopteryx bilineata" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="372" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="371" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="9BC46F2464C00529F12E6FEC3940281B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B597EE73F9D337CFE3E86548BB0E8380">
<mods:title id="27BEA074931631E3306A78B09C3A91D9">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="182B7EBA8C5BAE124701CCFA1E055D76" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FEDFCD4B4411624C595E1D38F75E1FF3">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="07214FC1F2A0DB22A53F48A006EFAA48">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="BCB60550749261C9C05084C40E92DBCA">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="646CA4EC771438331DB3216B20A64738" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="42D6D1AED1B1AA4293C62F6FD8632D8D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="9D27D05BA2D53F1C9A6EA8C82F87A995">
<mods:placeTerm id="D5D13CBADC9A1F5B5E6C9FC9F6A7B0B0">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:roleTerm id="F4460542CE8234CE107BB16C2F35BACF">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FEDE6DAE1EFAE01F059040902DC00FFD">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="40CA682511A05417720EC7A07C2252A5" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1D0D316888CB6240AD56E47A9874112B">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo id="C3ABCA839600F2DA6801C7EAB1304839">
<mods:title id="F104F16B64C49544896E492332B092CB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="4DC0973C3A60F92A032E394B1CDAED0B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6885724" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435136" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6885724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FF153987FC5EF2C4" box="[176,934,3312,3373]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FF153987FC5EF2C4" blockId="22.[176,1519,3312,3373]" box="[176,934,3312,3373]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<figureCitation id="13472A61FFD94C12FF153987FF0FF2C4" box="[176,247,3312,3373]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="18.[158,200,4437,4464]" captionTargetBox="[151,3442,179,4670]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="On following pages: 40. Lesser Ghost Bat (Diclidurus scutatus); 41. Isabelline Ghost Bat (Diclidurus isabella); 42. Lesser Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx macrotis); 43. Greater Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx kappleri); 44. Trinidad Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx trinitatis); 45. White-winged Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx leucoptera); 46. Pale-winged Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx pallidoptera); 47. Thomas's Shaggy Bat (Centronycteris centrali); 48. Common Shaggy Bat (Centronycteris maximiliani); 49. Proboscis Bat (Rhynchonycteris naso); 50. Greater Sac-winged Bat (Saccopteryx bilineata}; 51. Lesser Sac-winged Bat (Saccopteryx leptura); 52. rosted Sac-winged Bat (Saccopteryx canescens); 53. Antioquian Sac-winged Bat (Saccopteryx antioquensis); 54. Amazonian Sac-winged Bat (Saccopteryx gymnura)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740275/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">50</figureCitation>
. Greater
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FDA43987FC5EF2C4" bold="true" box="[513,934,3312,3373]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Sac-winged Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FC423987FA17F2C4" box="[999,1519,3312,3373]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FC423987FA17F2C4" blockId="22.[176,1519,3312,3373]" box="[999,1519,3312,3373]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FC423987FA17F2C4" ID-CoL="4TX8S" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[999,1519,3312,3373]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineata">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FC423987FA17F2C4" box="[999,1519,3312,3373]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Saccopteryx bilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FF153849F9DEF2BF" box="[176,1574,3387,3414]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FF153849F9DEF2BF" blockId="22.[175,1574,3387,3467]" box="[176,1574,3387,3414]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
French: Saccoptère à deux bandes /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FD053849FCE3F2BD" bold="true" box="[672,795,3390,3412]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">German:</emphasis>
Grosse Sackflügelfledermaus /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FB193849FACFF2BD" bold="true" box="[1212,1335,3390,3412]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Spanish:</emphasis>
Sacóptero
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FA71384CF9DEF2BF" box="[1492,1574,3387,3414]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">mayor</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FF0A3804FCB9F262" box="[175,833,3440,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FF0A3804FCB9F262" blockId="22.[175,1574,3387,3467]" box="[175,833,3440,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FF0A3804FE04F260" bold="true" box="[175,508,3443,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Other common names:</emphasis>
Greater
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FDD43807FCF4F262" box="[625,780,3440,3467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">White-lined</emphasis>
Bat
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FC4138A5FBB1F1C5" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FC4138A5FBB1F1C5" blockId="22.[990,1786,3538,4101]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FC4138A5FB56F210" box="[996,1198,3538,3577]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Taxonomy</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FB6638A5FBBAF1C5" ID-CoL="7DTJ4" authority="Temminck, 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Urocryptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatus">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FB6638A5F9DAF210" box="[1219,1570,3538,3577]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Urocryptus bilineatus</emphasis>
Temminck, 1838
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FBF33B72F9D5F1C5" box="[1110,1581,3589,3628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FBF33B72F9D5F1C5" blockId="22.[990,1786,3538,4101]" box="[1110,1581,3589,3628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
“
<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFD94C12FBC23B72F9F6F1C5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781774" box="[1127,1550,3589,3628]" country="Suriname" location="Suriname" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFD94C12FBC23B72FAF0F1C5" box="[1127,1288,3589,3628]" name="Suriname" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Surinam</collectingCountry>
[=
<location id="8EA3603FFFD94C12FAEC3B72F9F6F1C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29:8EA3603FFFD94C12FAEC3B72F9F6F1C5" box="[1353,1550,3589,3628]" country="Suriname" name="Suriname" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Suriname</location>
</materialsCitation>
].”
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FC423B4DF940EFEC" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FC423B4DF940EFEC" blockId="22.[990,1786,3538,4101]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FC423B4DFA79F188" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[999,1409,3642,3681]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineata">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FC423B4DFA79F188" box="[999,1409,3642,3681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Saccopteryx bilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FA3A3B19F9ABF17C" box="[1439,1619,3694,3733]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Urocryptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FA3A3B19F9ABF17C" box="[1439,1619,3694,3733]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Urocryptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but later recognized as monophyletic in the existing genus
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FBCC3BAFFAC8F116" box="[1129,1328,3800,3839]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FBCC3BAFFAD3F116" box="[1129,1323,3800,3839]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saccopteryx</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Bats from Mexico and Central America
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FA883A7BFA14F0DA" box="[1325,1516,3852,3891]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">previously</emphasis>
were referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FB833A36FB4AF081" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1062,1202,3905,3944]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Centronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FB833A36FB4AF081" box="[1062,1202,3905,3944]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">centralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and those from Trinidad to
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FC413A02FB40F075" box="[996,1208,3957,3996]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">perspicillifer,</emphasis>
but they were considered to be synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12FA913ADDFA0CF038" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1332,1524,4010,4049]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineata">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FA913ADDFAB3F038" box="[1332,1355,4010,4049]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FAC53ADDFA0CF038" box="[1376,1524,4010,4049]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">bilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
byJ. K. Jones,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FC7B3AA9FBFCEFEC" bold="true" box="[990,1028,4062,4101]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Jr</emphasis>
. and. S. Hood in 1993. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FF152564FE88EF34" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF03666CFFD94C12FF152564FE88EF34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3747999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3747999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3747999/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" targetBox="[175,966,3539,4095]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FF152564FE88EF34" blockId="22.[173,1787,4115,4630]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FF152564FE65EFD3" bold="true" box="[176,413,4115,4154]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Distribution.</emphasis>
From C Mexico (Jalisco and Veracruz) S throughout both Pacific and Atlantic slopes of Central America to Colombia, E to E &amp; SE Brazil (S to Rio de Janeiro State), and S to Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, and N &amp; NE Bolivia; also on Trinidad and Tobago Is.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12FF0A2594F3CBFD72" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12FF0A2594F3CBFD72" blockId="22.[173,1787,4115,4630]" lastBlockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FF0A2594FDFDEEE3" bold="true" box="[175,517,4323,4362]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 47-56 mm, tail 16-23 mm, ear 13-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 44-48 mm; weight 6-9-3 g. Female Greater Sac-winged Bats are larger than males. Dorsal fur is black, with two prominent, wavy
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FAF42427FA48EE9E" box="[1361,1456,4432,4471]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">bully</emphasis>
stripes extending from neck to rump; venter is dark gray. Dorsal fur is black when pelage is “fresh,” but
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FF0B24CEFF31EE09" box="[174,201,4537,4576]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">it</emphasis>
grades to deep brown when it becomes worn. Although it is not known
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F99124CEF9AAEE09" box="[1588,1618,4537,4576]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">if</emphasis>
multiple molts
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12FE832498FE6AEDFF" box="[294,402,4591,4630]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">occur</emphasis>
annually, five of nine individuals observed in Trinidad were molting in August. Ears extend slightly above crown of head. Eyes are large and conspicuous, with brown irises. Radio-metacarpal sacs open along forward edge of propatagium and are
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FF34A6F7F7FE11" box="[1882,2063,465,504]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">especially</emphasis>
prominent in males. Flight membranes are black. Uropatagium is slightly hairy at its base and around tail. When fully extended, uropatagium is support by
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F2C53770F266FDC7" box="[3424,3486,519,558]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">stiff</emphasis>
&quot;, long calcars and reaches almost to full extremity
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F552374BF471FD8A" box="[2807,2953,572,611]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">of claws</emphasis>
on hindfeet. Dental formula of all species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12F7233703F6B3FD72" box="[2182,2379,628,667]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F7233703F6B3FD72" box="[2182,2379,628,667]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Saccopteryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 11/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12F8FF37D1F78BEEA8" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12F8FF37D1F708FC32" blockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FF37D1F808FD24" bold="true" box="[1882,2032,678,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FF37D1F811FD24" box="[1882,2025,678,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Habitat</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Lowland evergreen, semideciduous, dry forests, forest edges, villages, and urban areas generally below elevations of 500 m, with a few records up to 1000 m. Greater Sac-winged Bats often forage near streams and in moist areas. They prefer multi-strata evergreen forests and forages in natural and man-made forest clearings, edges, and corridors. In Mexico, it has also been reported in
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F4493609F356FC4C" box="[3052,3246,894,933]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">secondary</emphasis>
forests, croplands, and grasslands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12F8FF3690F387FB0D" blockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FF3690F745FBE7" bold="true" box="[1882,2237,999,1038]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FF3690F74DFBE7" box="[1882,2229,999,1038]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The Greater Sac-winged Bat is an aerial insectivore that forages in cluttered spaces. Its diet includes flies, beetles, moths, and even butterflies that are active in late afternoon. Foraging habitats shift
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F50F3125F490FB90" box="[2730,2920,1106,1145]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">seasonally</emphasis>
when Greater Sac-winged Bats cue on variation in insect phenology and abundance. They forage alone; individuals usually move from one feeding area to another after c.25-30 minutes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12F8FF3186F65AF9BF" blockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FF3186F7FFFAF1" box="[1882,2055,1265,1304]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Breeding</emphasis>
. Gestation of Greater Sac-winged Bats across Mexico and Central America begins near end of dry season, and one
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F59F3051F549FAA4" box="[2618,2737,1318,1357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">young</emphasis>
is bom annually at onset of
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F3193051F2E4FAA4" box="[3260,3356,1318,1357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">rainy</emphasis>
season. Timing of parturition varies with climate across the distribution. Females carry young or leave them at hidden night roosts when they forage.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F43730E7F3F6FA5E" box="[2962,3086,1424,1463]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Young</emphasis>
are able to fly at two weeks old but continue to suckle for 10-12 weeks. Yearling females disperse to other roosting groups, but
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F753308DF695F9C8" box="[2294,2413,1530,1569]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">young</emphasis>
males remain with parental roost groups, waiting their chance to
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F7B83358F74BF9BF" box="[2077,2227,1583,1622]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">succeed</emphasis>
older males.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12F8F23313F665F469" blockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8F23313F765F962" bold="true" box="[1879,2205,1636,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Greater Sac-winged Bats are crepuscular and can be seen in foraging areas in late afternoon, well before sunset, within shaded forest understories. This primary foraging
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F6AE33B9F668F91C" box="[2315,2448,1742,1781]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">activity</emphasis>
occurs for
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F5C233B9F586F91C" box="[2663,2686,1742,1781]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">c</emphasis>
.3 hours into the night. A
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F3C933B9F2C9F91C" box="[3180,3377,1742,1781]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">secondary</emphasis>
foraging period occurs in early morning, and individuals return to day roosts soon after dawn. Mean flight speed is 5-8 m/s. Roost shelters include dimly lit cave entrances, trees hollows, boles and between plank buttresses, buildings, window screens of inhabited buildings, and undersides of bridges. The Greater Sac-winged Bat capably maintains appreciable temperature differentials with its
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F40132A0F35BF817" box="[2980,3235,2007,2046]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">environment</emphasis>
. It usually remains normothermic and is alert and
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F5EA3D7BF543F7DA" box="[2639,2747,2060,2099]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">active</emphasis>
in daytime roosts. It maintains a resting rate of metabolism that is high compared with small insectivorous bats in other families. It is likely that its diet of small, abundant
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F4E43D01F439F774" box="[2881,3009,2166,2205]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">insects</emphasis>
provides enough energy year-round to permit a roosting strategy of alertness and vigilance in dimly lit shelters potentially vulnerable to predators.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F5B23DA8F5BEF6EF" bold="true" box="[2583,2630,2271,2310]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">By</emphasis>
maintaining individual distances from roost mates, groups of Greater Sac-winged Bats are able to simultaneously fly as an escape response, which would not be possible for bats that cluster tighdy because individuals on outer edges of a cluster must fly off first and those in the center of a cluster must
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8643CC4F7E8F633" box="[1985,2064,2483,2522]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">wait</emphasis>
for critical seconds before taking flight. Search-phase echolocation pulses of Greater Sac-winged Bats are
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F6653C9FF595F5E6" box="[2496,2669,2536,2575]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">relatively</emphasis>
long (5-6 milliseconds) and paired. They are characterized
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F7163F6BF718F5AA" box="[2227,2272,2588,2627]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">by</emphasis>
slight rise in frequency at onset of pulse, followed by a long F part, and terminated with slight decrease in frequency. Maximum
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F32D3F26F2F3F591" box="[3208,3339,2641,2680]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">energy</emphasis>
in prey searching echolocation calls varies with geography at 42-50 kHz from populations in Belize, Costa Rica, and Panama. During approach or pursuit phase, calls become shorter, with more pronounced rise in
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F5CD3F98F4D3F4FF" box="[2664,2859,2799,2838]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">frequency</emphasis>
than in search phase. Terminal stage emissions, or feeding buzzes, are even shorter (
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F4FE3E54F480F4A3" box="[2907,2936,2851,2890]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">c</emphasis>
.1-1.7 milliseconds), with less pronounced rise in frequency.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12F8FC3EF9F78BEEA8" blockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FC3EF9F66BF45C" bold="true" box="[1881,2451,2958,2997]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Movements, Home range and</emphasis>
Social organization. Roosting colonies of Greater Sacwinged Bats average 12 individuals but can range from five to 50 individuals. Larger roosting groups are composed of several male-dominated harems with 1-9 breeding females. Mating system is polygynous; males typically defend harems of 3-5 breeding females and 1-3 m2 of vertical roosting space. Most adult males roost alone or on peripheries of breeding colonies. Males obtain harems by splitting an existing harem or replacing a harem male that has been lost. Males have well-developed wing sacs in their ante-brachial membranes and emit scent while flapping their wings in ritualized mating displays called “salting” that are accompanied by singing. Males spend considerable time during the day cleaning their wing
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F4B0381EF4A4F279" box="[2837,2908,3433,3472]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">sacs</emphasis>
with saliva and urine, which is followed
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F7A238E9F7CBF22C" box="[2055,2099,3486,3525]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">by</emphasis>
applying genital secretion to wing sacs with their chins. Natural selection favors smaller male Greater Sac-winged Bats due to energetic demands associated with aerial courtship and defense of harem females, and small breeding males
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F34B3B71F2CAF1C4" box="[3310,3378,3590,3629]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">sire</emphasis>
more offspring than large males. Greater Sac-winged Bats use a
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F42A3B4CF3B8F18B" box="[2959,3136,3643,3682]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">variety of</emphasis>
multisyllabic social calls in various contexts including
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F6423B18F542F17F" box="[2535,2746,3695,3734]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">sex-specific</emphasis>
signatures and individual signatures in their calls. Isolation calls are used by young to call mothers and by young males to
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FC3BAFF82AF116" box="[1881,2002,3800,3839]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">signify</emphasis>
subordination to dominant males. Mothers respond to isolation calls of young with directive calls,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F77F3A7AF677F0DD" box="[2266,2447,3853,3892]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">especially</emphasis>
to heel young bats when they begin to fly about the roost.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F86C3A36F7BCF081" box="[1993,2116,3905,3944]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Young</emphasis>
vocalize in long bouts of “babbling” to practice social calls. Males produce territorial and courtship songs including whistling components, and males that sing often have greater reproductive success. Screeches are used in aggressive encounters by both sexes. Distress calls are produced during encounters with predators. Fur and skin of Greater Sac-winged Bats are often infested by ectoparasites that might influence condition and health, which include the mites
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F4F3253FF7C9EF4A" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12F4F3253FF251EF86" authority=", Trombiculida" authorityName="Trombiculida" box="[2902,3497,4168,4207]" class="Arachnida" family="Trombiculidae" genus="Eutrombicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gpldii">Eutrombicula gpldii, Trombiculida</taxonomicName>
vesperuginis,
</emphasis>
and.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F776250BF66DEF4A" box="[2259,2453,4220,4259]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">saccopteryx.</emphasis>
The endoparasitic tapeworm,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F454250BF25CEF4A" box="[3057,3492,4220,4259]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFD94C12F454250BF266EF4A" box="[3057,3486,4220,4259]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Hymenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mazanensis">Hymenolepis mazanensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
has also been found in Greater Sac-winged Bats. Roosts of Greater Sac-winged Bats can be shared with a great many other species of bats including other species of sympatric emballonurids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD94C12F8FC2427F63DEDFF" pageId="22" pageNumber="371" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD94C12F8FC2427F63DEDFF" blockId="22.[1879,3507,357,4635]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F8FC2427F6C2EE9E" box="[1881,2362,4432,4471]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">
Status and
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F79E2427F6C2EE9E" bold="true" box="[2107,2362,4432,4471]" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">Conservation</emphasis>
</emphasis>
. Classified as Least Concern on
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD94C12F4722427F2BBEE9E" box="[3031,3395,4432,4471]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="371">The IUCN Red List.</emphasis>
The Greater Sac-winged Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it occupies a large variety of habitats. It occurs in many protected areas throughout its distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFD84C13FF713413FE0DFD29" pageId="23" pageNumber="372" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFD84C13FF713413FE0DFD29" blockId="23.[210,1833,356,711]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FF713413FE5AFE96" bold="true" box="[212,418,356,383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Barclay (1983), Behr &amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FCA93413FCB9FE96" box="[780,833,356,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">von</emphasis>
Helversen (2004), Behr
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FB123413FB2EFE96" box="[1207,1238,356,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">et</emphasis>
al. (2009), Bradbury &amp; Emmons (1974),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FF7034EEFEA2FE5D" box="[213,346,409,436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Bradbury</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FE2534EEFDB8FE5D" box="[384,576,409,436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Vehrencamp</emphasis>
(1977a, 1977b), Carter
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FC0034EEFC3CFE5D" box="[933,964,409,436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">et</emphasis>
al. (1981),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FBCE34EEFB09FE5D" box="[1131,1265,409,436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Davidson</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FABA34EEFA48FE5D" box="[1311,1456,409,436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Wilkinson</emphasis>
(2002, 2004), Genoud &amp; Bonaccorso (1986),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FE5934B9FD78FE00" box="[508,640,462,489]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Goodwin</emphasis>
&amp; Greenhall (1961), Heckel &amp; von
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FB2A34B9FADAFE00" box="[1167,1314,462,489]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Helversen</emphasis>
(2002, 2003),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13F9A134B9F990FE00" box="[1540,1640,462,489]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Heckel</emphasis>
, Achmann &amp; Mayer (2000), Heckel,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FD853774FD93FDF7" box="[544,619,515,542]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Voigt</emphasis>
et al. (1999),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FC9C3774FC6AFDF7" box="[825,914,515,542]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Jones</emphasis>
&amp; Hood (1993), Knörnschild &amp; von Helversen (2008),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13F91F3774FEEFFDBA" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Knörnschild</emphasis>
, Behr &amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FE3D374FFE34FDBA" box="[408,460,568,595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">von</emphasis>
Helversen (2006), Knörnschild, Jung
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FC5F374FFBE1FDBA" box="[1018,1049,568,595]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">et</emphasis>
al. (2012), Pye (1973), Simmons (2005), Tannenbaum (1975), Voigt &amp; von Helversen (1999),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FCB5371AFCA5FD61" box="[784,861,621,648]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Voigt</emphasis>
, Heckel &amp; von
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FBE9371AFB27FD61" box="[1100,1247,621,648]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">Helversen</emphasis>
(2006), Voigt, Heckel &amp; Mayer (2005), Yancey
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFD84C13FEE137D2FE9CFD29" box="[324,356,677,704]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="372">et</emphasis>
al. (1998).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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