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<mods:title id="29B0DC5EF982353BE0CFF404F337F20B">Mesophotic mushroom coral records at Brunei Darussalam support westward extension of the Coral Triangle to the South China Sea waters of Northwest Borneo</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D3AFA42B1AC8A98" ID-CoL="3VL23" authority="(Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema, 1987)" baseAuthorityName="Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[839,1472,381,405]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Lithophyllon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinifer">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3AFA42B1AC8A98" bold="true" box="[839,1472,381,405]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3AFA42B05E8A98" bold="true" box="[839,1074,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Lithophyllon spinifer</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4A39FA42B1D58A98" author="Claereboudt M &amp; Hoeksema BW" box="[1092,1465,381,405]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="303 - 309" refId="ref5378" refString="Claereboudt M &amp; Hoeksema BW (1987) Fungia (Verrilofungia) spinifer spec. nov., a new scleractinian coral (Fungiidae) from the Indo-Malayan region. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 61: 303 - 309." type="journal article" year="1987">Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema, 1987</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="E43CCC5B03009D1A4A40FAA2B0A48AB8" blockId="3.[839,1472,381,437]" box="[1085,1224,413,437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">
(
<figureCitation id="7CB8D0DE03009D1A4A38FAA2B0AC8AB8" box="[1093,1216,413,437]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1959,1981]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,236,1944]" captionTargetId="figure-91@4.[110,1456,232,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. A–D, Cycloseris hexagonalis [RMNH Coel.42102]; A, RMNH Coel.42102b photographed in situ, oral view; B, bleached skeleton, same specimen, oral view; C, underside of the same specimen, biofouled with serpulid polychaetes. D, RMNH Coel. 42102a. Corallum undulations are extreme and for two of them (upper and lower in the image) the undersurfaces of the corallum folds are fused. E, F, Lithophyllon spinifer [RMNH Coel.42103]. E, photographed in situ, oral view; F, bleached, oral view. Scale bars = 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5355085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5355085/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Figs. 3E, F</figureCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="E43CCC5B03009D1A4D3EFAE2B7908945" blockId="3.[835,1475,476,728]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D3EFAE2B1D38AFC" ID-CoL="6K3JH" authority="Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema, 1987" authorityName="Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema" authorityYear="1987" box="[835,1471,476,498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Fungia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinifer" subGenus="Verrilofungia">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EFAE2B7E48AFF" box="[835,904,477,498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Fungia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4DE4FAE3B0708AFC" box="[921,1052,476,497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Verrilofungia</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4A51FAE3B0198AFC" box="[1068,1141,476,497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">spinifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4A03FAE3B1D38AFC" author="Claereboudt M &amp; Hoeksema BW" box="[1150,1471,476,498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="303 - 309" refId="ref5378" refString="Claereboudt M &amp; Hoeksema BW (1987) Fungia (Verrilofungia) spinifer spec. nov., a new scleractinian coral (Fungiidae) from the Indo-Malayan region. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 61: 303 - 309." type="journal article" year="1987">Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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: Figs. 190–201; Hoeksema, 1989: 79–83, Figs. 186–202; 
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4D14F92AB05E8926" author="Hoeksema BW" box="[873,1074,533,555]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref5704" refString="Hoeksema BW (1993 a) Mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) of Madang Lagoon, northern Papua New Guinea: an annotated check list with the description of Cantharellus jebbi spec. nov. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 67: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1993">Hoeksema, 1993a: 6</bibRefCitation>
, 17, Fig. 14. 
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4AC9F92AB7F2894A" author="Hoeksema BW &amp; van Ofwegen LP" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" refId="ref6308" refString="Hoeksema BW &amp; van Ofwegen LP (2004) Fauna Malesiana: Indo- Malayan reef corals: a generic overview. World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series, ETI, Amsterdam." type="book" year="2004">Hoeksema &amp; van Ofwegen, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: [9 Figs.]
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C493EB7503009D1A4D3EF970B03D898F" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">
<treatmentCitation id="6522EA4A03009D1A4D3EF970B0DA8969" author="Veron JEN" box="[835,1206,591,613]" page="247" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" year="2000">
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D3EF970B0DA8969" ID-CoL="32WZP" authority="Veron, 2000: 247" authorityName="Veron" authorityPageNumber="247" authorityYear="2000" box="[835,1206,591,613]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Cycloseris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="colini">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EF970B79E8969" box="[835,1010,591,612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Cycloseris colini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4D81F96FB0DA8969" author="Veron JEN" box="[1020,1206,591,613]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" refId="ref7289" refString="Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the World. 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 429 pp." type="book" year="2000">Veron, 2000: 247</bibRefCitation>
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, Figs. 4, 5; 
<treatmentCitation id="6522EA4A03009D1A4B47F96FB7DF898C" author="Veron JEN" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4B47F96FB7DF898C" author="Veron JEN" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref7312" refString="Veron JEN (2002) New species described in Corals of the World (Veron, 2000). Australian Institute of Marine Science Monographs Series, 11: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="2002">Veron, 2002: 99–101</bibRefCitation>
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, Figs. 185–188.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D3EF9B6B7B58993" ID-CoL="6K3JH" authorityName="Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema" authorityYear="1987" box="[835,985,649,670]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Fungia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinifer">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EF9B6B7B58993" box="[835,985,649,670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Fungia spinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4D88F9B6B0F08993" author="Hoeksema BW" box="[1013,1180,649,671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref5838" refString="Hoeksema BW (2008) Stony corals (Fungiidae). In: Hoeksema BW &amp; van der Meij SET (eds.) Cryptic marine biota of the Raja Ampat island group. Naturalis, Leiden. Pp. 8 - 12." type="book chapter" year="2008">Hoeksema, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: Fig. 9.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E43CCC5B03009D1A4D38F99AB11C89D5" blockId="3.[835,1475,476,728]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D38F99AB06589B6" ID-CoL="3VL23" baseAuthorityName="Claereboudt &amp; Hoeksema" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[837,1033,677,699]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Lithophyllon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinifer">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D38F99AB06589B6" box="[837,1033,677,699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Lithophyllon spinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4A66F99AB09389B6" author="Gittenberger A &amp; Reijnen BT &amp; Hoeksemsa BW" box="[1051,1279,677,699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="107 - 132" refId="ref5453" refString="Gittenberger A, Reijnen BT &amp; Hoeksemsa BW (2011) A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology, 80: 107 - 132." type="journal article" year="2011">Gittenberger et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
: Table 7; 
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4B2AF99AB7CA89DA" author="Hoeksema BW" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="429 - 443" refId="ref5991" refString="Hoeksema BW (2012 c) Mushroom corals (Scleractina: Fungiidae) of Espiritu Santo (Vanuatu, West Pacific) with the description of a new species. Zoosystema, 34: 429 - 443." type="journal article" year="2012">Hoeksema, 2012c</bibRefCitation>
: Fig.8; 
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4D89F9FDB17B89DA" author="Hoeksema BW &amp; Waheed Z" box="[1012,1303,706,728]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="297 - 302" refId="ref6370" refString="Hoeksema BW &amp; Waheed Z (2012 a) It pays to have a big mouth: mushroom corals ingesting salps at northwest Borneo. Marine Biodiversity, 42: 297 - 302." type="journal article" year="2012">Hoeksema &amp; Waheed, 2012a</bibRefCitation>
: 
<tableCitation id="A901F9E003009D1A4B5FF9FDB10689DA" box="[1314,1386,706,728]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 1. The distribution of Fungiidae in the South China Sea (SCS) and in regions of the SCS bordering, or close to, the western Coral Triangle boundary. SCS = South China Sea; Brunei = Brunei Darussalam; KK = Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Layang – Layang (Malaysia); Spratly = Spratly Islands (sovereignty contested); W. Palawan (Philippines); Kudat, N. Sabah, Malaysia. Citations, a: Huang et al., 2015; b: Hoeksema &amp; Lane, 2014; c: Waheed &amp; Hoeksema, 2014; d: Waheed et al., 2015(a); e: Waheed et al., 2015(b); f: Hoeksema, 1989; g: Pilcher et al., 1999; §: this study." pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EF83FB04B8815" bold="true" box="[835,1063,768,792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="F28507D203009D1A4A4CF83EB0A68815" box="[1073,1226,768,792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
, (
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4A9DF83EB15E8814" box="[1248,1330,769,793]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel.42103) collected by 
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<collectingDate id="8079137303009D1A4A67F81EB0B08834" box="[1050,1244,800,825]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" value="2014-11-08">8 November 2014</collectingDate>
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at 
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depth
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, 
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, 
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patches, 
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: 
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<geoCoordinate id="81B7AA9C03009D1A4D3EF85FB7B08875" box="[835,988,864,888]" degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="26.449" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" precision="1" value="114.44082">E114°26.449’</geoCoordinate>
. 
<location id="E15C9A8003009D1A4D98F85FB0548875" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C2A7D4D03009D1A4D3AFA42B0478EF5:E15C9A8003009D1A4D98F85FB0548875" box="[997,1080,864,888]" country="China" county="Maximum" latitude="5.038417" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="114.44082" municipality="Corallum" name="Habitat" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Habitat</location>
: reef top, silty sand and rock amongst gorgonian fan corals and whip corals. 
<location id="E15C9A8003009D1A4A9BF8BEB1FE8895" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C2A7D4D03009D1A4D3AFA42B0478EF5:E15C9A8003009D1A4A9BF8BEB1FE8895" box="[1254,1426,897,920]" country="China" county="Maximum" latitude="5.038417" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="114.44082" municipality="Corallum" name="Monostomatous" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Monostomatous</location>
and free-living. 
<collectingMunicipality id="0458562103009D1A4DBEF89FB04488B5" box="[963,1064,928,952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Corallum</collectingMunicipality>
almost circular, concave, with a raised septal mound around the central fossa. 
<collectingCounty id="0D5DB4D703009D1A4A90F8FFB13088D5" box="[1261,1372,960,984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Maximum</collectingCounty>
diameter 
<quantity id="237B61BE03009D1A4D38F8DEB7E188F4" box="[837,909,993,1017]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="97.0">97mm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E43CCC5B03009D1A4D3EFF1FB0478EF5" blockId="3.[834,1477,1056,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EFF1FB7B78F35" bold="true" box="[835,987,1056,1080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Louisa Reef.</emphasis>
During the brief offshore 
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4B68FF1EB11C8F34" box="[1301,1392,1057,1081]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">SCUBA</collectionCode>
diving visit to Louisa Reef at the southwest edge of the 
<collectingCountry id="9C948CCB03009D1A4B09FF7FB7E18F75" name="Spratly Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Spratly islands</collectingCountry>
(
<date id="903DEA9B03009D1A4DE3FF5EB0C78F74" box="[926,1195,1119,1145]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" value="2014-09-03" valueMax="2014-09-04" valueMin="2014-09-03">
3 
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– 4 
<superScript id="13F6611303009D1A4D99FF60B79C8F60" attach="left" box="[996,1008,1119,1133]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">th</superScript>
September 2014
</date>
), the following additional location records for fungiids were made. All of these species also occur on Brunei’s continental shelf reefs (
<bibRefCitation id="8012B1AA03009D1A4B33FF9FB78C8FD4" author="Hoeksema BW &amp; Lane DJW" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" pagination="566 - 580" refId="ref6185" refString="Hoeksema BW &amp; Lane DJW (2014) The mushroom coral fauna (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) of Brunei Darussalam (South China Sea) and its relation to the Coral Triangle. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62: 566 - 580." type="journal article" year="2014">Hoeksema &amp; Lane, 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Confirmation of identifications was by the 2 
<superScript id="13F6611303009D1A4D2CFFE0B70D8FE0" attach="left" box="[849,865,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">nd</superScript>
author, based on specimens and/or in situ photographs. Where specimens were collected, these are deposited in the UBD Reference Collection under the following catalogue numbers: 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4DD3FE7EB0D78E55" authorityName="Hoeksema" authorityYear="1989" box="[942,1211,1344,1368]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Ctenactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="albitentaculata">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4DD3FE7EB0D78E55" box="[942,1211,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Ctenactis albitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(image only); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4B20FE7EB1AF8E55" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1373,1475,1345,1368]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Ctenactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4B20FE7EB1AF8E55" box="[1373,1475,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">C. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4D37FE5FB7F08E75" box="[842,924,1376,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">UBDM</collectionCode>
.6.201409.1); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4A57FE5FB0B78E75" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1066,1243,1376,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Cycloseris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4A57FE5FB0B78E75" box="[1066,1243,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Cycloseris tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4A98FE5FB15B8E75" box="[1253,1335,1376,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">UBDM</collectionCode>
.6.201409.2); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D3EFEBEB0478E95" baseAuthorityName="Dana" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[835,1067,1408,1433]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Danafungia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="horrida">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EFEBEB0478E95" box="[835,1067,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Danafungia horrida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4A43FEBFB0FA8E95" box="[1086,1174,1408,1432]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">UBDM</collectionCode>
.6.201409.3); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4B4BFEBEB1AE8E95" baseAuthorityName="Klunzinger" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1334,1474,1409,1432]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Danafungia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scruposa">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4B4BFEBEB1AE8E95" box="[1334,1474,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">D. scruposa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4D36FE9FB7C98EB5" box="[843,933,1440,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">UBDM</collectionCode>
.6.201409.4); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4A37FE9FB1798EB5" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1098,1301,1440,1464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Herpolitha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="limax">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4A37FE9FB1798EB5" box="[1098,1301,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Herpolitha limax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(image only); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4D3EFEFFB0688ED5" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[835,1028,1472,1496]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Lobactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scutaria">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4D3EFEFFB0688ED5" box="[835,1028,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Lobactis scutaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4A6BFEFFB0078ED5" box="[1046,1131,1472,1496]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">UBDM</collectionCode>
.6.201409.5); 
<taxonomicName id="2383B7D803009D1A4B79FEFFB1AE8ED5" baseAuthorityName="Nemenzo" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1284,1474,1472,1496]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Pleuractis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="D6F7104903009D1A4B79FEFFB1AE8ED5" box="[1284,1474,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">Pleuractis gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="8292549E03009D1A4D36FEDFB7F28EF5" box="[843,926,1504,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="207">UBDM</collectionCode>
.6.201409.6).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>