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128 lines
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<document id="86FE551D11DB2D755C871FD4EF9352B5" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe & Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Biorhiza pallida" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="471" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="471" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1E49D01BE5480BD45D5C56717C5150CB">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0E7AD8B2AF98826EF13ADC47FB7019AA">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3801EB79F55AF8A160075EC691ED238">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3541AC83FFEDDCDCD71E11455F71BE52">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3DC4394DC874495FA681992207B87B77">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="45DB09873162058B09E239BE11D22E19">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B5C5954D6815FC48EF316C85C1B380F1">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BED0A843AF45D086B50F0E426088BFF1">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BA2F9F790EBB018AEC7AFDFE0CBAFBC8">4521</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="56FB9C4929A01ED3F9D21FCC3F68829E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949925" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949925" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF0FF92FF61FECFFAF0B404" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF0FF92FF61FECFFDA8B671" box="[151,530,295,322]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF0FF92FF61FECFFDA8B671" blockId="20.[151,530,295,322]" box="[151,530,295,322]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<heading id="7F418184FFF0FF92FF61FECFFDA8B671" bold="true" box="[151,530,295,322]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF0FF92FF61FECFFDA8B671" authority="(Olivier, 1791)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[151,530,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FF61FECFFDA8B671" bold="true" box="[151,530,295,322]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FF61FECFFEE3B672" bold="true" box="[151,345,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Biorhiza pallida</emphasis>
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(Olivier, 1791)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF0FF92FF61FE86FEA6B6C1" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF0FF92FF61FE86FBDEB6B5" blockId="20.[151,1436,366,823]" box="[151,1124,366,391]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FF61FE86FE9CB6B4" bold="true" box="[151,294,366,391]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF0FF92FEDBFE86FECAB6B4" box="[301,368,366,391]" name="Israel" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FE8CFE87FDBEB6B5" box="[378,516,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF0FF92FE8CFE87FDBAB6B5" box="[378,512,366,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">Q. boissieri</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Elsewhere: several oak species from section
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF0FF92FC09FE87FBE7B6B5" box="[1023,1117,367,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FC09FE87FBE7B6B5" box="[1023,1117,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF0FF92FF31FE7AFEA6B6C1" blockId="20.[151,1436,366,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FF31FE7AFEE2B698" bold="true" box="[199,344,402,427]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Life history.</emphasis>
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The sexual generation induces multi-chambered, irregularly spherical, soft and spongy galls,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF0FF92FA84FE7AFF5CB6FD" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="15.0">15– 30 mm</quantity>
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in diameter, light brown when mature (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF0FF92FD52FE5EFD43B6FC" box="[676,761,438,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1664,1687]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,193,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1644]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 17. Andricus coriariformis, asexual generation; 18. Andricus moreae, asexual generation; 19. Andricus sp. 1, asexual generation; 20. Andricus sternlichti, asexual generation; 21. Andricus megatruncicolus, asexual generation; 22. Biorhiza pallida, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610029/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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). The asexual generation develops in multi-chambered galls in the roots.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF0FF92FF31FE16FC11B594" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF0FF92FF31FE16FC11B594" blockId="20.[151,1436,366,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FF31FE16FEF3B524" bold="true" box="[199,329,510,535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Phenology.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation appear shortly after bud burst and mature through May and June. In
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF0FF92FF61FDCAFF6FB508" box="[151,213,546,571]" name="Israel" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Israel</collectingCountry>
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adults emerge in May, whereas in Southern Northern Europe they emerge at the end of May or in late June, respectively. Galls of the asexual generation take two years to mature, and complete their developement in the winter of their second year. The wingless females of the asexual generation emerge in the winter or very early spring, climb up the tree, and lay their eggs on shoots (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF0FF92FD0AFD66FC1AB594" author="Melika, G." box="[764,928,654,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" pagination="305 - 644" refId="ref34662" refString="Melika, G. (2006 b) Gall wasps of Ukraine: Cynipidae. Vol. 2. Festnik Zoologii, 21 (Supplement), 305 - 644." type="journal article" year="2006">Melika 2006b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF0FF92FF31FD5AFAF0B404" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF0FF92FF31FD5AFAF0B404" blockId="20.[151,1436,366,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FF31FD5AFEDAB5F8" bold="true" box="[199,352,690,715]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF0FF92FE9EFD5AFE10B5F8" box="[360,426,690,715]" name="Israel" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Rare; known only from Mt. Kahal. Only the sexual generation was found in the present study, as root galls were not surveyed. Elsewhere: A widespread and often common species known from Europe, Northwestern Africa, east to Transcaucasia,
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF0FF92FD63FD12FD5FB420" box="[661,741,762,787]" name="Turkey" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF0FF92FCD7FD13FCEBB421" box="[801,849,763,786]" name="Iran" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Iran</collectingCountry>
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. Data on the distribution in the Far East of
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF0FF92FAA7FD12FA26B420" box="[1361,1436,762,787]" name="Russia" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Russia</collectingCountry>
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appears to be erroneous due to misidentification with another species -
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF0FF92FC42FCF7FAFCB404" authority="(Ashmead) (Melika 2012)" authorityName="Melika" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" box="[948,1350,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nawai">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF0FF92FC42FCF7FBADB405" box="[948,1047,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">B. nawai</emphasis>
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(Ashmead) (
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF0FF92FB5FFCF6FA84B404" author="Melika, G." box="[1193,1342,798,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" pagination="139 - 146" refId="ref34693" refString="Melika, G. (2012) [Superfamily CYNIPOIDEA-cynipoids or gallwasps]. In: Lelej, A. (Ed.), Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Fol. I. Hymenoptera. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 139 - 146. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="2012">Melika 2012</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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