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178 lines
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<document id="4B062D69290DDAC3680DBE7A40B80291" ID-CLB-Dataset="30153" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f1f5d7f4-d946-4b3e-913c-48054bd05d37" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1241916" ID-ZooBank="41DE1572-F169-4177-B375-D806682534F6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1525599462196" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Broadley, Adam, Kauschke, Ellen & Mohrig, Werner" docDate="2018" docId="DA1B8F1BE712FFDFFF51FF51FE580B64" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4415.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4415 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pnyxia scabiei" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="226" masterDocId="2622F763E70BFFC6FFC6FFC6FF800F26" masterDocTitle="Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="226" updateTime="1698541617955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F9E16CB29B29B5F519D888800FA7DAEC">Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="35FAF1822C904307AFEADFC30123BC82">Broadley, Adam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="9F67B7C64676949DF466F6F7C88CE158" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F1F5ACE51331A3104AB0802A3F2ED88F">Kauschke, Ellen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="27BEEF350B7609F840C3B9E9261918A8">Mohrig, Werner</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7F55D5F4A8C20C8946601DB6157FE02A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4CE7246D7226D690FDEE0E5446D85093">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4659F45FDB3234994DE01270B1CF80AA">
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<mods:date id="0175EFC2B28C2F0A9CFD6DF23B6F1F09">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1CD2A40CD3A5AA4205FDDBE56FDBDF18">2018-04-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="59DF29DD511ED0FC8F1E871DE54B7D9F">4415</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BFD619F9A02D41C7247F33372AE81FD5">2</mods:number>
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<treatment id="DA1B8F1BE712FFDFFF51FF51FE580B64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5986303" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143811271" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5986303" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA1B8F1BE712FFDFFF51FF51FE580B64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA1B8F1BE712FFDFFF51FF51FE580B64" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E712FFDFFF51FF51FE1E0FF5" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF51FF51FD930F94" blockId="25.[151,531,151,211]" box="[151,531,151,178]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<heading id="09458961E712FFDFFF51FF51FD930F94" bold="true" box="[151,531,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE712FFDFFF51FF51FD930F94" ID-CoL="4KL6J" authority="(Hopkins, 1895)" baseAuthorityName="Hopkins" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[151,531,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Pnyxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabiei">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF51FF51FD930F94" bold="true" box="[151,531,151,178]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF51FF51FEC60F97" bold="true" box="[151,326,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Pnyxia scabiei</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE712FFDFFE93FF5EFD8B0F94" box="[341,523,152,178]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref22845" refString="Hopkins, A. D. (1895) Notes on the habits of certain Mycetophilids, with description of Epidapus scabiei, sp. nov. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 3 (3), 149 - 159." type="journal article">Hopkins, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF51FF7CFE1E0FF5" blockId="25.[151,531,151,211]" box="[151,414,186,211]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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(
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<figureCitation id="CA892288E712FFDFFF59FF7CFEB10FF5" box="[159,305,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[167,1432,205,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[156,1432,193,1962]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pnyxia scabiei (Hopkins, 1895).A. Hypopygium. B. Head with basal segments of antenna (male). C.Fore tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1241938/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Figs 11 A–C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CA892288E712FFDFFEFAFF7DFE160FF5" box="[316,406,187,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,2012,2034]" captionTargetBox="[289,1315,225,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[260,1328,193,1990]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Pnyxia scabiei (Hopkins, 1895). A. Head and thorax (male). B. Head and thorax (female)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1241940/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">12 A–B</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E712FFDFFF51FEC4FA1C0EB5" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF51FEC4FCB00E11" blockId="25.[151,889,258,311]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="72A21923E712FFDFFF51FEC4FCB00E11" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE712FFDFFF51FEC4FE600E3E" ID-CoL="8874J" authority="Hopkins, 1895" authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,480,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabiei">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF51FEC4FEC50E3E" box="[151,325,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Epidapus scabiei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE712FFDFFE8DFEC4FE600E3E" box="[331,480,258,280]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref22845" refString="Hopkins, A. D. (1895) Notes on the habits of certain Mycetophilids, with description of Epidapus scabiei, sp. nov. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 3 (3), 149 - 159." type="journal article">Hopkins, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<treatmentCitation id="D313181CE712FFDFFE2AFEC4FD430E3E" author="" box="[492,707,258,280]" page="152" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE712FFDFFE2AFEC4FD120E3E" box="[492,658,258,280]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref22845" refString="Hopkins, A. D. (1895) Notes on the habits of certain Mycetophilids, with description of Epidapus scabiei, sp. nov. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 3 (3), 149 - 159." type="journal article">Hopkins (1895)</bibRefCitation>
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: 152
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</treatmentCitation>
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–157, fig. 10 a–f].
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF51FEE7FEE20E11" bold="true" box="[151,354,289,311]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Common synonym</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE712FFDFFEA9FEE7FCAC0E11" ID-CoL="7787D" authority="(Schmitz, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Schmitz" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[367,812,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Peyerimhoffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFEA9FEE7FDFF0E11" box="[367,639,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Peyerimhoffia subterranea</emphasis>
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(Schmitz, 1913)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF51FE98FA1C0EB5" blockId="25.[151,1436,350,403]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF51FE98FE870E52" bold="true" box="[151,263,350,372]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Literature</emphasis>
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: Schmitz (1913): 212, figs 1–4 (as
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE712FFDFFDABFE98FCFD0E52" ID-CoL="7787D" baseAuthorityName="Schmitz" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[621,893,350,372]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Peyerimhoffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFDABFE98FCFD0E52" box="[621,893,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Peyerimhoffia subterranea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE712FFDFFC55FE98FBCA0E52" box="[915,1098,350,372]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref23276" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1912) The fungus gnats of North America, Part IV. Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, 200, 57 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86614" type="journal article">Johannsen (1912)</bibRefCitation>
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: 115, figs 136, 262; Menzel
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFAAFFEA6FA160E52" box="[1385,1430,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
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. (1990): 348–349; Menzel
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFE16FEB8FE7C0EB5" box="[464,508,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
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. (2006): 117; Menzel & Mohrig (2000): 453–455, figs 423–428; Mohrig
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFB23FEB8FA920EB5" box="[1253,1298,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
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. (2013): 225.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E712FFDFFF51FE79FB9D0B38" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="description">
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF51FE79FA1C0D4E" blockId="25.[151,1436,447,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<materialsCitation id="E2DA3450E712FFDFFF51FE79FB2E0EFE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1841140153" box="[151,1198,447,472]" country="United States of America" location="West Virginia" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="West Virginia" typeStatus="lectotype">
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The
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<typeStatus id="8D0980AFE712FFDFFF0DFE79FEB20EFE" box="[203,306,447,472]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="95B2458EE712FFDFFE9DFE07FDC20EFE" authority="(Hopkins)" authorityName="Hopkins" box="[347,578,447,472]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Epidapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabiei">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFE9DFE07FE470EFE" box="[347,455,447,472]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">P. scabiei</emphasis>
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(Hopkins)
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</taxonomicName>
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was reared from potato tubers in
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<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE712FFDFFC0EFE06FBE60EFE" box="[968,1126,447,472]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE712FFDFFBB5FE06FB2E0EFE" box="[1139,1198,448,472]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">USA</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="E2DA3450E712FFDFFB7DFE79FE080D06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1841140141" country="United States of America" location="Pennsylvania" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pennsylvania" typeStatus="paralectotype">
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<typeStatus id="8D0980AFE712FFDFFB7DFE79FADD0EFE" box="[1211,1373,447,472]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
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were reared from ordinary potting soil, stable manure, in a mushroom bed in a greenhouse and from seed tubers (
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<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE712FFDFFF58FDC1FEB80D06" box="[158,312,519,544]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE712FFDFFE82FDCEFE010D06" box="[324,385,520,544]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">USA</collectingCountry>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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. The species is known in Europe as a pest in glasshouse cucumbers (Germany), and has been reared from rotting narcissus and other bulbs. It has also been recorded damaging potatoes, paeony roots, tomato and cucumber seedlings (United Kingdom) and has also been found in open landscapes (mole holes and ant nests).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF01FDB2FA870C4C" blockId="25.[151,1436,447,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF01FDB2FE300DAB" bold="true" box="[199,432,628,653]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Diagnostic remarks</emphasis>
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. In both sexes the eye bridge is reduced to a sclerotized stripe (without ommatidia), ocelli are present, the antennae are long and the 4th flagellomere has a l/w index of about 3.0, the neck 1/3 of the length of the basal node, a one-segmented “spotlight-like” palpus, apically truncate, with sensillae and a large terminal sensory pit, postpronotum with a few hairs, fore tibia with indistinct bristles, spurs on p2 and p3 short, in males wings are shortened differently, the venation is aberrant; females are apterous (wings and halteres absent), scutellum reduced, pleural sclerites more or less regular, hypopygium on ventral base without lobe or bristles, gonostylus apically rounded, with a very short subapical tooth and a fine hyaline spine, tegmen large.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF01FCB3FE640CAB" blockId="25.[151,1436,447,1090]" box="[199,484,885,910]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
|
|||
|
|
Body length: ca.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="954A93E8E712FFDFFE40FCB3FE5F0CAB" box="[390,479,885,910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF01FC5FFB9D0B38" blockId="25.[151,1436,447,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF01FC5FFE500C94" bold="true" box="[199,464,921,946]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Economic importance</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Recorded as a pest of potted glasshouse cucumber plants in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE712FFDFFB0FFC5CFB710C97" box="[1225,1265,922,945]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">UK</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(Speyer 1922;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE712FFDFFF51FC78FEED0CF0" box="[151,365,957,982]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref23086" refString="Hussey, N. w., Read, w. H. & Hesling, J. J. (1969) The Pests of Protected Cultivation: The Biology and Control of Glasshouse and Mushroom Pests. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London, 404 pp." type="book">
|
|||
|
|
Hussey
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF34FC78FEAC0CF0" box="[242,300,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
1969
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE712FFDFFE08FC78FDB60CF0" box="[462,566,958,982]" name="Germany" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(Mohrig pers. obs.). Sometimes called the “potato scab gnat”, and has been reported attacking hothouse cucumbers near
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="9076F0EFE712FFDFFD66FC27FC960CDC" box="[672,790,993,1018]" country="Russia" name="Leningrad" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Leningrad</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, potato fields and stores in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="2AA57E9DE712FFDFFB4AFC27FB660CDC" box="[1164,1254,993,1018]" name="Ukraine" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and noted as a vector of root and tuber rot in vegetable storage cellars (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="362343FCE712FFDFFCCDFBC3FB900B38" box="[779,1040,1029,1054]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" refId="ref22450" refString="Gerbatchevskaya, A. A. (1963) Fungus gnats (Diptera, Lycoriidae) as pests of vegetable and common mushrooms in hothouses of the Leningrad region. Entomological Review, 42, 271 - 277." type="journal article">Gerbatchevskaya 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="1AA86D86E712FFDFFF01FBEFFE580B64" box="[199,472,1065,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="520D3E0DE712FFDFFF01FBEFFE580B64" blockId="25.[151,1436,447,1090]" box="[199,472,1065,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="60C6E21FE712FFDFFF01FBEFFED90B64" bold="true" box="[199,345,1065,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Distribution</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Holarctic.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|