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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.483.9167" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c2b2589-610c-43d2-a41b-2fd7b3fceacc" ID-PMC="PMC4351448" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-483-81" ID-PubMed="25755625" ID-ZBK="71AA2566F9F64368B35FD90986BAF643" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-483-81" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 483" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 from the Basque-Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)" checkinTime="1451244638710" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jochum, Adrienne, de Winter, Anton J., Weigand, Alexander M., Gomez, Benjamin &amp; Prieto, Carlos" docDate="2015" docId="66152D583A7D3D57C71BA6AA8AA96BFC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 483: 81-96" docOrigin="ZooKeys 483" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.483.9167" docTitle="Zospeum vasconicum Prieto, De Winter, Weigand, Gomez &amp; Jochum, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="90EF1F13-9D16-4F08-9398-DCF7CFDE17AA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="84" masterDocId="FFAA2A7C6E139657CA518A68FFDBFFFC" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 from the Basque-Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1668160066101" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Two new species of Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 from the Basque-Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jochum, Adrienne</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de Winter, Anton J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Weigand, Alexander M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gomez, Benjamin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Prieto, Carlos</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>483</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>81</mods:start>
<mods:end>96</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.483.9167</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.483.9167</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-483-81</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">71AA2566F9F64368B35FD90986BAF643</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">71AA2566F9F64368B35FD90986BAF643</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152058329" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:90EF1F13-9D16-4F08-9398-DCF7CFDE17AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/66152D583A7D3D57C71BA6AA8AA96BFC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Taxon classification Animalia Pulmonata Ellobiidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/90EF1F13-9D16-4F08-9398-DCF7CFDE17AA" authority="Prieto, De Winter, Weigand, Gomez &amp; Jochum" class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">
Zospeum vasconicum Prieto, De Winter, Weigand,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
&amp; Jochum
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="83">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 3, 4, 5
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 1,
<bibRefCitation author="Altonaga, K" journalOrPublisher="Eusko Legebiltzarra - Parlamento Vasco (Premio Xabier Maria de Munibe), Vitoria" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" title="Estudio faunistico y biogeografico de los Moluscos terrestres del norte de la Peninsula Iberica." year="1994">Altonaga et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 72 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 1,
<bibRefCitation author="Jochum, A" journalOrPublisher="MalaCo" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="400 - 403" title="The microscopic ellobioid, Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 (Pulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae) makes a big debut in Basque Country and the province of Burgos (Spain)." url="http://www.bik-f.de/files/publications/jochum_malaco_2012.pdf" volume="8" year="2012">Jochum et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 402, Fig. 3 A.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 1,
<bibRefCitation author="Weigand, AM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 18" title="Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): Integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses." url="10.1186/1471-2148-13-18" volume="13" year="2013">Weigand et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 8, Fig. 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="material">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Type material. Holotype (MNCN15.05/60147H): Spain, Prov. Gipuzkoa,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Oñate">Onate</normalizedToken>
,Valle de Araotz, Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili, UTM 30TWN4580260906,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.999443">N42.999442</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="2.438076">E-2.438076</geoCoordinate>
, alt. c. 400 m, moist, muddy walls in karst cave, 15.11.1984, leg. C. Prieto, B.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
&amp; K. Altonaga.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Paratypes: locus typicus: 53 shells (UPV/EHU-FC: 74) and 4 dried snails (UPV/EHU-FC: 75), data as the holotype; 41 shells (UPV/EHU-FC: 549), 18.06.2011, leg. C. Prieto, A. Jochum, A. Weigand, R. Slapnik &amp; J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valentinčič">Valentincic</normalizedToken>
; 6 shells (MNCN15.05/60147P, ex UPV/EHU-FC: 549), ibid.; 6 shells (SMF 341634, ibid.), ibid.; 6 shells (RMNH.5003914, ibid.), ibid.; 6 shells (NMBE 529864/6, ibid), ibid.; 19 shells (AJC/1864), ibid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Other material. (Fig. 2): Prov. Bizkaia: Yurre, Urkizu, Cueva de Otxas, UTM 30TWN2050081208,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.18336">N43.183362</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="2.747741">E-2.747741</geoCoordinate>
, alt. c. 500 m, 18.01.1981, leg. B.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
, R.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
, K. Altonaga, 23 shells (UPV/EHU-FC:24); same locality, 19.06.2011, leg. C. Prieto, A. Jochum, A. Weigand, R. Slapnik &amp; J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valentinčič">Valentincic</normalizedToken>
, 30 shells (MCBI CSR SASA 40115), ibid., 20 shells (AJC/1867), ibid. 11 shells (RMNH.5003916);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mañaria">Manaria</normalizedToken>
, Cueva de Silibranka-2, UTM 30TWN2741175235,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.129356">N 43.129357</geoCoordinate>
E -2.662995, alt. 220m, 20.06.2011, leg. C. Prieto, A. Jochum, A. Weigand, R. Slapnik &amp; J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valentinčič">Valentincic</normalizedToken>
, 80 shells (UPV/EHU-FC:557), ibid., 5 shells (MCBI CSR SASA 40090), ibid., 18 shells (AJC/1851), ibid. 10 shells (RMNH.5003915); Dima, Indusi, Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cráneo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
, UTM 30TWN2157275145,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="43.128735">N43.128736</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="2.734786">E-2.734786</geoCoordinate>
, alt. c. 400 m, 20.06.2011, leg. C. Prieto, A. Jochum, A. Weigand, R. Slapnik &amp; J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valentinčič">Valentincic</normalizedToken>
, 13 shells (UPV/EHU-FC:556), ibid., 13 shells (AJC/1853).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Figure 2. Map indicating geographic position of massifs and caves with
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
species. Dot in Triangle,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum zaldivarae" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zaldivarae">Zospeum zaldivarae</taxonomicName>
sp. n.: Cueva de Las
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paúles">Paules</normalizedToken>
(locus typicus); Dot in circle,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
sp. n.: Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili (locus typicus); Simple orange circles,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. localities: Cueva de Otxas; Cueva Silibranka-2; Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cranéo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Shell ca. 1.2 mm, transparent, elongate or elongate-conical with an entire, roundish and more or less thickened peristome, lacking obvious apertural barriers, but often with an obsolete lamella (denticle) in the parieto-columellar corner; columella with a single, low annular lamella.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">(material from type locality). Measurements of holotype and paratypes are provided in Table 1.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Table 1. Holotype dimensions, and mean, maximum (max), minimum (min), and standard deviation (sd) of shell measurements (see Figure 1) of four populations of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
sp. n.: Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili, N=20; Cueva de Otxas, N=11; Cueva Silibranka-2, N=10; Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cranéo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
, N=11. SH - shell height, SW - shell width, HLW - height of last whorl, PH - peristome height, PD - peristome diameter, SA - spire angle, W - number of whorls,
<normalizedToken originalValue="CT–">CT-</normalizedToken>
coiling tightness. SA in degrees, other measurements in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<table pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">Sandaili</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">SH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">SW</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">HLW</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">PH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">PD</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">SA</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">W</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">H/D</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">HLW/H</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">PH/H</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">CT</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">PH/PW</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">holotype</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">Silibranka</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">Otxas</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cranéo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Shell minute, rather variable in height (on average ca. 1.2 mm), conical to elongate-conical with about 5 whorls, regularly coiled, suture deep, whorls convex, more or less strongly shouldered, especially in the more conical shells; teleoconch sculpture of fine, occasionally almost rib-like, axial striae; weak axial ribbing immediately behind the palatal-basal lip, occurring for a short distance; aperture more or less circular; peristome closely adhering to spire, reflected, moderately thickened, roundish, but often somewhat higher than wide or wider than high, taking up ca. 40% of shell height; umbilicus closed, umbilical depression deep, with fine or coarser, sometimes almost rib-like, axial striae; apertural barriers absent apart from a rather low lamella (appearing as a tiny denticle) on the parietal-columellar corner, discernable only in oblique apertural view; columella with a single, low annular lamella, only visible in body whorl at some distance from aperture.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Figure 3.
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
sp. n.,
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
different views of holotype (MNCN 15.05/60147H)
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–I">F-I</normalizedToken>
paratype shells (MNCN 15.05/60147P) H paratype shell with window cut in body whorl exposing columella. Scale bar 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Figure 4.
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
sp. n., A,
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–I">F-I</normalizedToken>
shells from Cueva Silibranka-2 in frontal view (RMNH.5003915)
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–E">B-E</normalizedToken>
different views of specimen A; H shell with window cut in body whorl exposing columella. Scale bar 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Figure 5.
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Shells from Cueva de Otxas (
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
RMNH.5003916); and Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cranéo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
UPV/EHU-FC: 556).
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
different views of A; F, H shells with window cut in body whorl exposing columella. Scale bar 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">
Differs from
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum biscaiense" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="biscaiense">Zospeum biscaiense</taxonomicName>
by the smaller, more elongate shell and the absence of major apertural barriers; from
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum schaufussi" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="schaufussi">Zospeum schaufussi</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Gittenberger, E" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden)" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="201 - 213" title="Three notes on Iberian terrestrial gastropods." volume="55" year="1980">Gittenberger 1980</bibRefCitation>
) by the roundish peristome;
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum suarezi" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="suarezi">Zospeum suarezi</taxonomicName>
is generally smaller, and has a more elaborate, two-tiered arrangement of lamellae on the columella; in
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum bellesi" order="Ellobiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bellesi">Zospeum bellesi</taxonomicName>
, apertural barriers and columellar ornamentation are completely absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">The new species is named after the pre-Roman Era Vascones Tribe (from Latin gens Vasconum), which at the arrival of the Romans during the 1st century, inhabited a territory spanning the region between the upper course of the Ebro River and the southern basin of the western Pyrenees. This tribe is considered (disputed) the ancestor of the Basque People.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="83" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="83">Sierra de Aitzgorri and the adjacent Sierra de Aramotz-Anboto in the Provinces of Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia, Spain (Fig. 2). Both massifs are formed in Lower Cretaceous (Urgonian) limestone bedrock and separated by the valley excavated by the Deba River.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="84" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="84" start="start">Ecology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">
Live
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
were found in Cueva Arrikrutz on densely perforated mats of fine mud lining the walls of the upper level of the cave. In the immediate vicinity of this colony, numerous translucent
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Zospeum</taxonomicName>
shells were found embedded in a thick, uniform layer of mud, superficially interspersed with yellow, clumped strands of fungal aggregations (Fig. 8
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
). Only single live individuals of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
were found on the walls of Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili. No bats or bat guano were seen in the vicinity of the collection site.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="84" type="conservation">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">Conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">
In the caves where this species occurs (see above), fresh empty shells were found in relative abundance at various spots within these caves, suggesting that the species commonly occurs there, and that these populations are not immediately threatened. Still, on a global scale, its distribution is likely limited to less than 5 caves within a radius of less than 20 km2. In conjunction with the categories for the IUCN Red List (
<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, BJ" journalOrPublisher="Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="16 - 59" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" volume="11" year="2014">IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2014</bibRefCitation>
), it is considered a vulnerable, narrow range endemic (Vu, D2). Habitat disturbance by unrestricted tourism may pose the largest threat. The cave entrance of Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili contains a chapel, is openly accessible and is not protected as an entity within a natural park. Neighbouring Cueva Arrikrutz belongs to the Natural Park of Aizkorri-Araotz and opened for tourism in June 2007.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="84" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="84">
Although the populations studied in this paper were collected from currently non-contiguous caves, which are geologically part of two adjacent limestone complexes i.e. Otxas,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cráneo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
and Silibranka-2 of the Aramotz-Anboto massif and Sandaili of the Aizkorri massif, these populations were found to be very closely related, sharing identical or very similar CO1, 16S and H3 sequences (
<bibRefCitation author="Weigand, AM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 18" title="Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): Integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses." url="10.1186/1471-2148-13-18" volume="13" year="2013">Weigand et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). However, morphologically, significant differences exist between these populations. Although shell dimensions are quite variable, even within populations, populations differ more or less in shell size and shape (see Table 1). Shells from the type locality and from Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cráneo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
, are on average, smaller, significantly less slender, have less whorls and a proportionately larger body whorl than those from Cueva Silibranka-2 and Cueva de Otxas, but the range of some characters overlap. These populations are not different in spire angle and coiling tightness. Shells from Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cráneo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
seem to have larger peristomes than specimens from the other caves. Observed are additional qualitative differences between the populations such as in sculptural texture (coarseness of rib-striation; ribbing behind palatal lip present in type locality and Cueva del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cráneo">Craneo</normalizedToken>
, indistinct or absent in Silibranka-2 and Otxas); whorl profile (topotypic shells have more convex and more strongly shouldered whorls than e.g. the Silibranka-2 population), as well as in the expression of the parieto-columellar denticle (obsolete or absent in Silibranka-2 but generally present in shells from the other caves). In some Cueva de Otxas shells, the peristome is slightly detached from the spire (Fig. 5C). We restrict the type material to (selected) shells from the Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili. However, material documented by
<bibRefCitation author="Jochum, A" journalOrPublisher="MalaCo" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="400 - 403" title="The microscopic ellobioid, Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 (Pulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae) makes a big debut in Basque Country and the province of Burgos (Spain)." url="http://www.bik-f.de/files/publications/jochum_malaco_2012.pdf" volume="8" year="2012">Jochum et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
from the neighbouring Cueva Arrikrutz within the Natural Park of Aizkorri-Araotz,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Oñate">Onate</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.997223">N42.997222</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-2.428076">W2.428076</geoCoordinate>
), is likely also to be
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ellobiidae" genus="Zospeum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zospeum vasconicum" order="Ellobiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vasconicum">Zospeum vasconicum</taxonomicName>
. The nearest passage of the Arrikrutz-Gesaltza cave system is less than 150 m from the Cueva de la Ermita de Sandaili on the other side of the river. However, the Arrikrutz material was not molecularly assessed by
<bibRefCitation author="Weigand, AM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 18" title="Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): Integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses." url="10.1186/1471-2148-13-18" volume="13" year="2013">Weigand et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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