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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="275944" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258" ID-GBIF-Dataset="895a3095-4fbb-4161-9ed8-1484d8354f7d" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2511-6428-2-167" ID-Pensoft-UUID="10AD65E0AA955F9284FBFA1EAF1286C6" ID-ZooBank="EC125FAC97844575A6912FA6AEE0AA3D" ModsDocID="2511-6428-73-2-167" checkinTime="1698951195197" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wichard, Wilfried" docDate="2023" docId="248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" docLanguage="en" docName="ContribEntomol 73(2): 167-179" docOrigin="Contributions to Entomology 73 (2)" docPubDate="2023-11-02" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258" docTitle="Palerasnitsyninae Wichard, 2023, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="10AD65E0AA955F9284FBFA1EAF1286C6" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="10AD65E0AA955F9284FBFA1EAF1286C6" masterDocTitle="Fossil Trichoptera embedded in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1698998955493" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3452DE374722EAE80D6245FE9641B436">Fossil Trichoptera embedded in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B7C8775C3D55FA2F26CDCE3F74F1878C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7E87AA2183A1604D1E7524BA91125CD7">Wichard, Wilfried</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E7A6AC3B28BCA795AF8624068498E34E" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5933-6292</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4C99F3E205E7B27303934176727DEFFA">University of Koeln, Institute of Biology, Koeln, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="82DAC0BC5991038DB6772FB3E97BE46F" type="email">wichard@uni-koeln.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4743D0535549B1C20070E248BB86AD16">Contributions to Entomology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FE8BB3892E391018C1B93F624A68C5F0">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9042D265AB0E9AB1F816DAC1392E5A3E">2023-11-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BE2CA275DB053B498240114FAC0C14DC">73</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="14C6B53AF518AA0FB7D2096B701015F6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="216248521" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<subSubSection id="94B6DCD8EFE6176BB77A415049663026" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EC39CE196EF1E98E708049027CAF1005" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
Subfamily †
<taxonomicName id="9AABF08A9F71F9604A1013F731D7763D" LSID="248E2E2D-1B1C-5C45-9E36-42AF5F08EDFC" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="subFamily" status="stat. nov." subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8A9B0D77A79E29AA96F3F6F16E278560" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A467ED26E9F467B59FBC35F42B3A01D" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="type genus">
<paragraph id="307052D0277847ACC3840D9FA097C2F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Type genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A03C783BDD7715601067D6B5454FB39F" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="BC4B7577D95D3986ED46762FB22BD049" authorityName="Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1278BEF3651C304347B550E12E31890F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross, 2011.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7CBA894858CA069D7C65CFB87C5EEEDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="subfamily diagnosis">
<paragraph id="CDA5A7C6AC4B7AFD2CE35D7DA617D228" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Subfamily diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03AA498D9C77B812A71BC6CE9D4B127" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
The species of the extinct subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6B8AC4197BD43FD9D0A8D14A214E244C" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" family="Xiphocentronidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
are characterised by the combination of the fore and hind
<normalizedToken id="4CDE41AB48BFA4BE823467C7BCB7D7C6" originalValue="wings’">wings'</normalizedToken>
characters: in forewings by the presence of forks II, IV, V and by the absence of forks I and III and in hind wings by the presence of forks II and V and by the absence of the forks I, III, IV (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4E6A91CCAFC994A1C767D33C637E6F1C" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Genus Palerasnitsynus in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A. Typical dark sporns at the 3 rd maxillary palp segment; B. Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings; C. Palerasnitsynus swarming activities." figureDoi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">3B</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, the adults possess latero-apical dark sporns at the 3rd maxillary palp segments (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EDC845F1ABAEFDA6C4AAB2D92FCE2462" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Genus Palerasnitsynus in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A. Typical dark sporns at the 3 rd maxillary palp segment; B. Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings; C. Palerasnitsynus swarming activities." figureDoi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">3A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="80EB05C2E16781F846BB4E480563F2C3" doi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="F4962E13A9FF28EB1F5A74E22874671A" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="1CA1DF3D8B55918022B1AB4894B052FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Genus
<taxonomicName id="BD20932171516D8CEE71346E018CF72A" authorityName="Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5D49449BF2CBBF64A542CBDCC169051C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber.
<emphasis id="B35714A49F496AFCCA7D111A692D9FAF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A.</emphasis>
Typical dark sporns at the 3rd maxillary palp segment;
<emphasis id="07964C4C5275512617A95857F3F7CD56" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B.</emphasis>
Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings;
<emphasis id="A9BDE5477C095F0DD3C54FF7EB37CDA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F76FE7DB8D04E816C9912712233E4D0B" authorityName="Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2A4F91234B7C0D962478F201277E06CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
swarming activities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79854935D8044D800EFB989D4A08B81E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="systematic position">
<paragraph id="6F2C86AA5600D662EFE147EB6E644AED" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Systematic position.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7445406546092F5318220145A86AD0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
The extinct genus
<taxonomicName id="623D1CBF54B5F3C485C924ACB3993B46" authorityName="Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60E0C7013BF4C71671664FCA05336237" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with currently 10 species, was found in the Oriental mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and initially placed in the family
<taxonomicName id="434A328B12233B73AB752E1EEF964D04" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychomyiidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6573C25CC213B08D093318BCEA94128A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" author="Wichard, W" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="323 - 330" refId="B54" refString="Wichard, W, Ross, E, Ross, A, 2011. Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber. ZooKeys 130: 323 - 330, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" title="Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" volume="130" year="2011">Wichard et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The wing venation is remarkably reduced, with only apical forks II, IV, V in forewings and apical forks II and V in hind wings. The reduction of forewing venations with the absence of forks I and III and of hind wing venations with the absence of forks I, III and IV is observed in some Xiphocentronids, but not in the family
<taxonomicName id="7A133A68EF07794A8A2F2B6251B9494F" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychomyiidae</taxonomicName>
. This combination of reduced forewings and hindwings is significantly true for the family
<taxonomicName id="CD4FFD7FFE55339EF76A1D5ABC7E6D62" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xiphocentronidae</taxonomicName>
. Based on these characters, it is proposed to transfer the genus
<taxonomicName id="CF063C6752450B58134BB76EAE527C5B" authorityName="Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CCD0257CC8206AE4B57202186CC27E7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to family
<taxonomicName id="CA4D4C9E51FA0CECB1115C3F2C5705E6" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xiphocentronidae</taxonomicName>
and to establish an extinct subfamily
<taxonomicName id="55D618A21ED07BC0DE1A9BA843E04F47" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" family="Xiphocentronidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
stat. nov. Its species are the oldest Xiphocentronids with a geological age of about 100 million years.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4635FA969B8ED4727D767438A885BD9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
In Burmese amber, the species of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="862BB81547AC65F9B7BF4DEBCA928685" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" family="Xiphocentronidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
are certainly among the smallest caddisflies, reaching forewing lengths of only 1.8-2.6 mm (
<bibRefCitation id="17C3DCC0438BD5C6D45622B03908A773" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" author="Wichard, W" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="323 - 330" refId="B54" refString="Wichard, W, Ross, E, Ross, A, 2011. Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber. ZooKeys 130: 323 - 330, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" title="Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" volume="130" year="2011">Wichard et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="CA64073DC8CA0F732FDDAA6F64114AFB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.11.a8" author="Wichard, W" journalOrPublisher="Palaeodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="151 - 166" refId="B56" refString="Wichard, W, Mueller, P, Wang, B, 2018b. The psychomyiid genus Palerasnitsynus (Insecta, Trichoptera) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Palaeodiversity 11: 151 - 166, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.11.a8" title="The psychomyiid genus Palerasnitsynus (Insecta, Trichoptera) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber." url="https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.11.a8" volume="11" year="2018 b">2018b</bibRefCitation>
). With an abundance of almost 40% of caddisflies,
<taxonomicName id="8AE822B8DCE3C5054E1A711C0FB9D05C" authorityName="Wichard, Ross &amp; Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EB1D90031C1D730A46FED983964F4E35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species dominate the picture of caddisflies in the Burmese amber. They obviously have a tendency to swarm, as up to 100 embedded individuals have been counted in some ambers (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9B5BC74C1F6CAE683BBF126EBB216D32" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Genus Palerasnitsynus in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A. Typical dark sporns at the 3 rd maxillary palp segment; B. Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings; C. Palerasnitsynus swarming activities." figureDoi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">3C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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