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<document id="6F647CC5D06998E61543BD0B52E0C583" ID-CLB-Dataset="100956" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6867065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867065" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1658256599114" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands &amp; Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="CE199B17FFECFFEAFAF46697FB04FBD3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Cercopithecidae_0550.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chlorocebus tantalus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="673" masterDocId="3220E36FFFC1FFC4FF596510FFB7FFFC" masterDocTitle="Cercopithecidae" masterLastPageNumber="755" masterPageNumber="550" pageNumber="672" updateTime="1699359875441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EBA4DDE7A6B1AEECBE3ACD0AD5F45DF7">
<mods:title id="FCD2BC04BB60943B22F089C566416358">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4DBEF3B8490BB0D3E64FAFCF1E9C3397" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B6BFFE840DCB63A0692D32610DED18D8">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9E50E1677CEEA2E5D90D3B4EFDCDA53">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3BD052F5DC4CC285350701F3C37888AE">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateOther id="C2876AF062F2536CA8A6D253F146EA53" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="A5F3AE734C0685E7D57A652E2BE3C36B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="0648815EA3CBF92A29ABAEEBF84BEA14">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8A48D314497FFE1EDA3E628CF26C1A50">
<mods:title id="B192E9589210E365D1BC2E82CAD16B0E">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="6ABE24D08DF22AF7460BBB816F75CB98">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFECFFEAFAF46697FB04FBD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867533" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867533" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFECFFEAFAF46697FB04FBD3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFECFFEAFAF46697FB04FBD3" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="673" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAF46697FA50FC49" box="[1453,1511,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAF46697FA50FC49" blockId="45.[1452,2348,903,1031]" box="[1453,1511,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FAF46697FA50FC49" box="[1453,1511,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFECFFE9FAF46697FA50FC49" box="[1453,1511,903,949]" captionStart="Plate 41: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="44.[101,130,3401,3426]" captionTargetBox="[10,2740,17,3635]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="49. Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas), 50. Grivet Monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops), 51. Tantalus Monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus), 52. Green Monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), 53. Malbrouck Monkey (Chlorocebus cynosuros), 54. Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), 55. Bale Mountains Monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis), 56. L’Hoest’s Monkey (Allochrocebus lhoesti), 57. Preuss’s 9 Monkey Allochrocebus (null), 58. Sun-tailed Monkey (Allochrocebus solatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867445/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">51.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAAE6697F8EBFC49" box="[1527,1884,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAAE6697F8EBFC49" blockId="45.[1452,2348,903,1031]" box="[1527,1884,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FAAE6697F8EBFC49" box="[1527,1884,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FAAE6697F8EBFC49" box="[1527,1884,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Tantalus Monkey</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9F8FD6697F6A5FC49" box="[1956,2322,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9F8FD6697F6A5FC49" blockId="45.[1452,2348,903,1031]" box="[1956,2322,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9F8FD6697F6A5FC49" box="[1956,2322,903,949]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F8FD6697F6A5FC49" ID-CoL="5Y7X6" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1956,2322,903,949]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tantalus">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9F8FD6697F6A5FC49" box="[1956,2322,903,949]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Chlorocebus tantalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAF466D7F69DFBF8" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAF466D7F6A9FC20" blockId="45.[1452,2348,903,1031]" box="[1453,2334,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FAF466D7F6A9FC20" box="[1453,2334,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAF466D7FA4DFC20" bold="true" box="[1453,1530,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9F95B66D7F93CFC20" box="[1538,1675,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Vervet tantale</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9F9F866D7F94BFC20" bold="true" box="[1697,1788,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9F85D66D7F840FC20" box="[1796,2039,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Tantalus-Griinmeerkatze</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9F75566D7F7D0FC20" bold="true" box="[2060,2151,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9F73666D7F6A9FC20" box="[2159,2334,967,988]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Vervet de Tantalo</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAF466FFF69DFBF8" blockId="45.[1452,2348,903,1031]" box="[1453,2346,1007,1028]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FAF466FFF69DFBF8" box="[1453,2346,1007,1028]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAF466FFF914FBF8" bold="true" box="[1453,1699,1007,1028]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9F9F466FFF87AFBF8" box="[1709,1997,1007,1028]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Budgett's Tantalus (budgetti)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9F88066FFF69DFBF8" box="[2009,2346,1007,1028]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Jebbel Marra Tantalus (marrensis)</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9F74C6124F7E9FB84" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9F74C6124F7E9FB84" blockId="45.[2069,2656,1076,1498]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9F74C6124F718FBAD" bold="true" box="[2069,2223,1076,1105]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F7916124F7EEFB84" ID-CoL="7JKKH" authority="Ogilby, 1841" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tantalus">Cercopithecus tantalus Ogilby, 1841</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9F7336147F6F6FB84" box="[2154,2369,1111,1144]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9F7336147F6F6FB84" blockId="45.[2069,2656,1076,1498]" box="[2154,2369,1111,1144]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFECFFE9F7336147F6F6FB84" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421413" box="[2154,2369,1111,1144]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">no type locality.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9F740616EF959F9F8" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9F740616EF700FAC1" blockId="45.[2069,2656,1076,1498]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F740616EF712FB63" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1841" box="[2073,2213,1150,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tantalus">C. tantalus</taxonomicName>
hybridizes with
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F6D0616EF58CFB63" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2441,2619,1150,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygerythrus">C. pygerythrus</taxonomicName>
in the DR Congo and Uganda. There also may be some limited interbreeding with C.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F76461E4F72AFAE9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[2109,2205,1268,1301]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabaeus">sabaeus</taxonomicName>
in Ghana. Three subspecies are recognized.
</paragraph>
<caption id="12CF7A89FFECFFE9F74F6057F959F9F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867197" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867197/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" targetBox="[1457,2037,1087,1493]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9F74F6057F959F9F8" blockId="45.[2069,2656,1076,1498]" lastBlockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9F74F6057F611FA98" bold="true" box="[2070,2470,1351,1380]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F740607AF959F9F8" authority="Ogilby, 1841" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1841" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tantalus" subSpecies="tantalus">C.t.tantalusOgilby,1841—sub-SaharanAfricafromEBurkinaFasoandGhana(EofVoltaRiver)toCentralAfricanRepublicandNWDRCongo.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAEB631DF947F95D" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAEB631DF6DEF9D6" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" box="[1458,2409,1549,1578]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FAEB631DF6DEF9D6" authority="Pocock, 1907" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1458,2409,1549,1578]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tantalus" subSpecies="budgetti">C.t.budgettiPocock,1907—NEDRCongo,Uganda,andNWKenya.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAEB6324F947F95D" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FAEB6324F875F9AD" authority="Thomas &amp; Hinton, 1923" authorityName="Thomas &amp; Hinton" authorityYear="1923" box="[1458,1986,1588,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tantalus" subSpecies="marrensis">C. t. marrensis Thomas &amp; Hinton, 1923</taxonomicName>
— W Sudan (W of White Nile) and South Sudan from the Imatong Mts in the S to Jebel Marra in the N (where it is isolated from other populations by desert).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAF663BAF6CBF6E9" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="description">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAF663BAF6CBF6E9" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAF663BAF91BF93B" bold="true" box="[1455,1708,1706,1735]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 44-83 cm (males) and 30-50 cm (females), tail 58— 60 cm (males) and 41-66 cm (females); weight 4.3-6.4 kg (males) and 3.4-9 kg (females).
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F94663E4F8D8F8E9" authority="Monkeyis" authorityName="Monkeyis" box="[1567,1903,1780,1813]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">The Tantalus Monkeyis</taxonomicName>
the largest species of
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F7F163E4F68DF8E9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[2216,2362,1780,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chlorocebus</taxonomicName>
. Back and crown are grizzled gold to greenish, limbs are grayish, and underside is white. Tip of the tail is creamy-white, and there is a small tuft of white
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F7186253F7DDF898" box="[2113,2154,1859,1892]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
at the base. Face is black. There is a pronounced but sinuous and tapered white band on the forehead, and long;stiff, yellowish (with black tips) cheek whiskers, the latter separated from the forehead band by a black stripe running from the corner of each eye back along temples. Scrotum is sky blue and surrounded by a zone of long orange hairs. Hairs on
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F67E62F1F665F7FE" box="[2343,2514,2017,2050]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="tantalus">the Tantalus</taxonomicName>
Monkey's hands and feet are not as dark as seen in the Vervet Monkey (
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F6526D18F670F7D5" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2315,2503,2056,2089]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygerythrus">C. pygerythrus</taxonomicName>
); they tend to be light to medium gray. Some
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F8FD6D3FF715F7AC" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[1956,2210,2095,2128]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
in southern Nigeria have such light-colored hands that they appear whitish.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F7766D46F637F78B" authority="Monkeysliving" authorityName="Monkeysliving" box="[2095,2432,2134,2167]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeysliving</taxonomicName>
in higher elevations have thick coats. In C. t.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F8176D6EF801F763" box="[1870,1974,2174,2207]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">tantalus</taxonomicName>
, dorsal color tendsto be olive-green. The “Jebbel Marra
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F9566DB9F931F73A" box="[1551,1670,2217,2246]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus</taxonomicName>
” (C. t. marrensis) is generally a lighter olive-brown above than C. i.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F56B6DB9FA46F711" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">tantalus</taxonomicName>
. “Budgett’s
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F9CF6DDCF8BDF711" box="[1686,1802,2252,2285]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus</taxonomicName>
” (C. t. budgetti) is olive-brown dorsally with darker hands,feet, and tail tip. Cheek whiskers are markedly yellow with black speckling.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAE86C33F615F64E" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAE86C33F615F64E" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAE86C33F997F6C0" bold="true" box="[1457,1568,2339,2364]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Habitat.</emphasis>
Savanna, open woodland, montane forest, and forest-grassland mosaic, especially close to rivers.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F98B6C52F7B3F69F" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[1746,2052,2370,2403]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">The Tantalus Monkey</taxonomicName>
is extremely adaptable, residing in degraded habitats or forest edges (e.g. Togo and Benin), and it is found in rural and urban environments. They have been recorded up to ¢.1900 m above sea level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAEB6CD0F6B5F4E8" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAEB6CD0F6B5F4E8" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAEB6CD0F901F625" bold="true" box="[1458,1718,2496,2521]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F9996CD0F846F625" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[1728,2033,2496,2521]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">The Tantalus Monkey</taxonomicName>
has an eclectic diet, feeding on leaves,fruits, seeds, flowers, gums, eggs, invertebrates, and some small vertebrates. Their preferences for each category of food type vary greatly by season and study site. For example, in two studies in Cameroon, 61% of the diet was fruit in one study, while fruits made up only 26-8% of the diet in the other. Their terrestrial habits, combined with a wide selection offorest edge and grassland species, make
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F7B86F6CF66BF561" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[2273,2524,2684,2717]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
key seeddispersers, an important consideration in forest regeneration of their habitats. They potentially disperse seeds as far as 1-5 km from the parent tree.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F63D6FDBF5D4F510" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[2404,2659,2763,2796]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
readily raid crops and will often take handouts from tourists.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAEA6E09F833F38A" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAEA6E09F833F38A" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAEA6E09F98EF4C6" bold="true" box="[1459,1593,2841,2874]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Breeding.</emphasis>
Female
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F9EE6E09F803F4C6" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[1719,1972,2841,2874]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
do not exhibit a sexual swelling, and menstrual flow is often difficult to detect. Mating takes place over 3—4 days, and the gestation period is ¢.6 months. Hairs of neonates are uniformly dark gray, almost black, yet sparse. They acquire their adult coloration at c.4-5 months of age. As with other species of
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FAEE6EA6F9FFF42B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1463,1608,2998,3031]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chlorocebus</taxonomicName>
(and many other genera of primates,in fact), the sex of a newborn is often difficult to assess; the clitoris can be relatively large and the labia have a blue tnt, reminiscent of testes. Proper identification can be made by ignoring these factors and focusing only on location (i.e. male genitalia are ventrally located and best ascertained when an infant stands bipedally).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAEA696FF59EF2EE" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="activity">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAEA696FF59EF2EE" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAEA696FF915F360" bold="true" box="[1459,1698,3199,3228]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F9EA696FF805F360" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[1715,1970,3199,3228]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
are diurnal and largely terrestrial. They spend c.20-25% of their time feeding, but this varies by sex, season, and location of study. Much of their feeding time is spent on the ground or relatively low in the trees. They tend to use the ground to move long distances rather than moving through trees.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFEAFAEC6808FB88FE6C" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="673" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFEAFAEC6808FB88FE6C" blockId="45.[1455,2663,1507,3463]" lastBlockId="46.[123,1333,289,1073]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="673" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAEC6808F725F2C5" bold="true" box="[1461,2194,3352,3385]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9F7FD6808F612F2C5" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[2212,2469,3352,3385]" genus="The" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
live in large groups, often more than 70 individuals. A large group can occupy a home range ofas large as 90 ha, but there is seasonal variation and ranges depend on dispersion and abundance of key food sources. Individuals can move 2500 m/day. There are typically more adult females than adult males in a group.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFC1C6458FBF3FE95" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[837,1092,328,361]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus Monkeys</taxonomicName>
live in sympatry with
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFF98647FFE3BFE6C" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[193,396,367,400]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="patas">Patas Monkeys</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFEF8647FFD38FE6C" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[417,655,367,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Erythrocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patas">Erythrocebus patas</taxonomicName>
) in much of their distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFEFFFEAFF256487FDA1FC23" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFEFFFEAFF256487FDA1FC23" blockId="46.[123,1333,289,1073]" pageId="46" pageNumber="673">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFEFFFEAFF256487FE61FE44" bold="true" box="[124,470,407,440]" pageId="46" pageNumber="673">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The subspecies have not been assessed.
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFC7964AEFBE6FE23" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[800,1105,446,479]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="tantalus">The Tantalus Monkey</taxonomicName>
islisted as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is common and widely distributed in appropriate habitats, and there are no major threats. The population is stable and possibly increasing due to forest clearing, which may provide it with more suitable areas in which to live. The subspecies
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFBFE6770FAA7FD81" box="[1191,1296,608,637]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="tantalus">tantalus</taxonomicName>
is known to occur in 22 protected areas: Pendjari and West of
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFC8C6797FBECFD58" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[981,1115,647,676]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="708" rank="species" species="niger">the Niger</taxonomicName>
national parks in Benin; Bénoué, Bouba-Ndjida, Kalamaloué, and Waza national parks, Faro Reserve, and Kimbe River and Mbi Crater game reserves in Cameroon; West of
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFB3667C6FB41FD0F" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1135,1270,726,755]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="708" rank="species" species="niger">the Niger</taxonomicName>
National Park in
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFE0C67EAFE11FCE7" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[341,422,762,795]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="niger">Niger</taxonomicName>
; Cross River, Gashaka-Gumti, and Kainji Lake national parks, Oban Hills and Olokemeji forest reserves, and Borgu, Kwiambana, Pandam, Upper Ogun, and Yankari game reserves in Nigeria; and Keran and Malfacassa reserves in Togo. Budgett’s
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFE396660FE61FC6D" box="[352,470,880,913]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus</taxonomicName>
occurs in Murchison Falls and Ruwenzori national parks and Budongo and Kasokwa forest reserves in Uganda. The Jebbel Marra
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFEFFFEAFB046687FB64FC44" box="[1117,1235,919,952]" genus="The" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" rank="species" species="tantalus">Tantalus</taxonomicName>
is not found in any protected areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFEFFFEAFF2466FEFB04FBD3" pageId="46" pageNumber="673" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFEFFFEAFF2466FEFB04FBD3" blockId="46.[123,1333,289,1073]" pageId="46" pageNumber="673">
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFEFFFEAFF2466FEFEA1FBFB" bold="true" box="[125,278,1006,1031]" pageId="46" pageNumber="673">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Agmen et al. (2010), Campbell, Teichroeb et al. (2008), Groves (2001), Kavanagh (1978, 1981), Kingdon (1997), Kingdon &amp; Gippoliti (2008b), Nakagawa (1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2003), Oates (2011).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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