treatments-xml/data/C7/AD/20/C7AD2036D2B5E3A80FD0C2FBDD20BD9D.xml

<document id="7E287A4D080A4095CF89690E84078B4C" ID-CLB-Dataset="28578" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.31782" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7af4869b-4824-4d5e-8388-910aa42ad6f9" ID-PMC="PMC6367311" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-821-85" ID-PubMed="30740021" ID-ZooBank="ECFCCAF68D99457BB9F82443089D0182" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-821-85" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 821" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott &amp; Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilioarnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)" checkinTime="1548974240430" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nakahara, Shinichi, Lamas, Gerardo, Tyler, Stephanie, Marin, Mario Alejandro, Huertas, Blanca, Willmott, Keith R., Mielke, Olaf H. H. &amp; Espeland, Marianne" docDate="2019" docId="C7AD2036D2B5E3A80FD0C2FBDD20BD9D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 821: 85-152" docOrigin="ZooKeys 821" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.31782" docTitle="Amiga arnaca subsp. indianacristoi Nakahara &amp; Marin, subsp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="E2CB94D6-ED44-498C-BD23-313D5139601F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="525EB410FFCCFF93FF90FFF24C2EFFA5" masterDocTitle="A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott &amp; Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilioarnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="85" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1732706090360" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FD240E087621CD4E6ED1CB47AA819E0D">A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott &amp; Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilioarnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="075F46196FE64705B05742411857328F">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0102052C37DD6BB65C4988236F70B25D">Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C9B81EE0D601309A0E9E6EAABA4E939">Tyler, Stephanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="16B5623332869724B20F810C6F79990A">Marin, Mario Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FC0B8A3BAAA5BE01007C8B5EE8CB5ED1">Huertas, Blanca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F0BA58FF61D657CB822AC404AE649CA1">Willmott, Keith R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B873D17B3D7212358BA0A65516A7E8A0">Mielke, Olaf H. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BFAC30F7959C00D6BA42DBC8873080FB">Espeland, Marianne</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="C7AD2036D2B5E3A80FD0C2FBDD20BD9D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154125623" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E2CB94D6-ED44-498C-BD23-313D5139601F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7AD2036D2B5E3A80FD0C2FBDD20BD9D" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="17" pageNumber="102" scope_family="Nymphalidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera" scope_subFamily="Satyrinae">
<subSubSection id="CF2E29D94992F87E89BA5D0BE26FEC57" pageId="17" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="381D560A777924E89166F07302A67446" pageId="17" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="568CD18241D2F5AF8AF3795467AE974F" LSID="http://zoobank.org/E2CB94D6-ED44-498C-BD23-313D5139601F" authority="Nakahara &amp; Marin" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="17" pageNumber="102" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="indianacristoi">
Amiga arnaca indianacristoi Nakahara &amp; 
<normalizedToken id="B252DC9348F0D3ADD68EB361B186D0DE" originalValue="Marín">Marin</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6A6B34D7FC683688717B07577E584BF5" pageId="17" pageNumber="102">subsp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 2o, p, 6, 7
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EFE62E2C2D5219946A3817B4330D156B" pageId="18" pageNumber="103" type="description">
<paragraph id="61FF045EEE8A915FBDD60DA9A00A014A" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">
<pageBreakToken id="F72E92F549A9C17ADC52269FB1AC47D0" pageId="18" pageNumber="103" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
and diagnosis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C870F582F05F6F0033A52C4CBA5804B" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">MALE: forewing length 18.5-21 mm (n = 6): Differs from the nominotypical subspecies in the following respects: dorsal hindwing bluish lilac reflection restricted to posterior one-thirds of hindwing and not extending into discal cell; ventral ground color appearing somewhat paler; discal band, postdiscal band, submarginal band on ventral forewing and ventral hindwing narrower; feeble pearly reflection on the ventral forewing (distal side of postdiscal band) absent or insignificant.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E9307CB5398DEEE0CFC601B1AFF7A5E" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">FEMALE: forewing length 20-22 mm (n = 3): Differs from the nominotypical subspecies by the characters provided for the male, except for the first DHW character.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="145471D3A064EDF4F4ED4B5FB4124669" pageId="18" pageNumber="103" type="variation">
<paragraph id="618B44E0784344A7A500D3C1617759FA" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5245E50592F9F30E232AE7148E4FD5B" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">The area of the dorsal hindwing bluish-lilac reflection is variable, restricted only to the distal side of cells Cu1 and Cu2 in some specimens, whereas extending up to the area around M3 in some specimens. One female (FLMNH-MGCL 1036235) lacks the dorsal hindwing bluish-lilac reflection, while it is present in three other females (FLMNH-MGCL-264685, 1036240, 1036239).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28E0ABC99DFE1C2D6CABF6FECB086F2C" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="18" pageNumber="103" type="types">
<paragraph id="A72FD8DE6590E839A890B98D434B6B19" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">Types.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C3CFD13E4751B0B6490B3E28C93009A" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">
HOLOTYPE ♂: // VENEZUELA: CARABOBO Hda. 
<normalizedToken id="7CD403EAD8010758D4DD7B7841A7A6B8" originalValue="María">Maria</normalizedToken>
Teresa (IAN), W of Las Trincheras 400 m, moist forest 28.vii.1981 Lee D. Miller, sta. VE16 // Allyn Museum Acc. 1981-23 // FLMNH-MGCL Specimen 264660 // (FLMNH).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="77310730A6015324931BAA3C6FF4E6D5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="18" pageNumber="103">
PARATYPES (15 ♂, 4♀): Venezuela: Aragua: Rancho Grande Biological Station, [
<geoCoordinate id="879FBA480BB27B3F252A975199C5ADA9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="10.349444">10°20'58&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6F44468581AB6A1418881B4B1A9A9696" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-67.684166">67°41'3&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
], 1100 m, (Heppner, J. B.), Jul 1981, 1 ♀ [FLMNH-MGCL-1036240], (FLMNH); km 22 
<normalizedToken id="0068C1DDF3480AC4350B723CE6E21CFF" originalValue="Maracay–Ocumaré">Maracay-Ocumare</normalizedToken>
rd., Rancho Grande, 1100-1200 m, (Lichy, R.), 2 Aug 1943, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-262940], (FLMNH); Maracay, Pozo del Diablo, [
<geoCoordinate id="39C64B68E7336F180F9FF0743E1C8354" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.283334">10°17'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="764C8B5ABA594A41139CE2021A184AA9" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.61667">67°37'W</geoCoordinate>
], 420-440 m, (Miller, L. D.), 22 Jul 1981, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264654], 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264656], (FLMNH), 27 Jul 1981, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264655], (FLMNH); 
<normalizedToken id="F78E627219DC30DF5AA7671315321FD2" originalValue="Maracay–Ocumare">Maracay-Ocumare</normalizedToken>
hwy., 1100-1200 m, (Lichy, R.), 4 Sept 1942, 1 ♀ [FLMNH-MGCL-1036235], (FLMNH); Carabobo: nr. Puerto Cabello, San Esteban, [
<geoCoordinate id="566238739DCF55E651F2F8188CDE36FE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.433333">10°26'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0362D0EE40208591BDB241C6F60C0161" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.01667">68°1'W</geoCoordinate>
], (Hahnel de Sagan), 1er trimestre 1877, 1 ♀ [BMNH(E)#1420075], (NHMUK), Jun, Jul 1877, 1 ♂ [BMNH(E)#1420068], 1 ♂ [BMNH(E)#1420069], (NHMUK); Yuma, [
<geoCoordinate id="51073DEEBF5CF86100A057D70658BE8F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.1">10°6'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8238719B8E392C0610F275774B496B17" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.7">67°42'W</geoCoordinate>
], 550 m, (Miller, L. D.), 16 Dec 1981, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-1036241], 1 ♀ [FLMNH-MGCL-1036239], (FLMNH); Cojedes: El Baul, Hato 
<pageBreakToken id="D675B717C4CBB96EB44E83035D6AA489" pageId="19" pageNumber="104" start="start">Pinero</pageBreakToken>
, (Brenner, J.), Feb 1968, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-1036242], (FLMNH); Distrito Federal: Caracas, [
<geoCoordinate id="150701911FA61D4700CD43AD5BE1038D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.5">10°30'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CAE07AA1DDCEE326DC6DB4A7CB4255D9" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-66.916664">66°55'W</geoCoordinate>
], 1200 m, (Forster, W.), 29 Jun 1954, 1 ♂, (ZSM); Miranda: 10 miles S of Caracas, [
<geoCoordinate id="61F56AE831999191AC0A8BD84641F88F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="10.396111">10°23'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4D45F3B9F9970ADEE686FF280F01567" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-66.89056">66°53'26&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
], 1311 m, 30 Mar 1970, 1 ♂ [woods], (USNM); [Caracas], Macizo 
<normalizedToken id="7D049E77BB93E382FADA33848CFECE5E" originalValue="Naiguatá">Naiguata</normalizedToken>
, 720-800 m, (Lichy, R.), 6 Dec 1942, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-262941], (FLMNH); Massif du 
<normalizedToken id="A98DEB4D7D343D620CD88FD55AFB4239" originalValue="Naiguatá">Naiguata</normalizedToken>
, (Lichy, R.), 5 Jul 1945, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264683], (FLMNH); mist forest 20 km SE Caracas, [
<geoCoordinate id="353750E63F6DD5AF2123A3ABD91EF3BC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="10.3566675">10°21'24&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F70540BC12972A4E2BA8C25CD2C1702B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-66.77167">66°46'18&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
], 500-750 m, (Miller, L. D. &amp; J. Y., Dukes, D.), 1 Sep 1990, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264657], 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264659], (FLMNH); 
<normalizedToken id="350B8B35BC30D7BEDC877F0F8573D00C" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Chacaito, [
<geoCoordinate id="C089FC83FFCBEFC4C1E71D6FD364CE40" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.416667">10°25'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4DF4BA977ABCA6A13B897A7C17A9136" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-66.916664">66°55'W</geoCoordinate>
], 980-1080 m, (Lichy, R.), 12 Sep 1936, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-264658], (FLMNH).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="218D799215443ACACFC46C74FDAE7273" pageId="19" pageNumber="104" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="058726A962761C1A9A411FC2095F172D" pageId="19" pageNumber="104">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DEA06BB58D25DB59E5B2AED6D3C8AD36" pageId="19" pageNumber="104">
This new species-group name is proposed in recognition of our friend and colleague, Indiana 
<normalizedToken id="2DEC41CAD3DE0218AD84490189ED7E9A" originalValue="Cristóbal">Cristobal</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C871815BFB66B1406D602A733CA1EC5D" originalValue="Ríos-Málaver">Rios-Malaver</normalizedToken>
, known as &quot;Indiana Cristo&quot;, who studied the butterflies of the area where this taxon occurs. Indiana Cristo has contributed to Neotropical lepidopterology in various ways, especially through social media, where he is bringing lepidopterology to the public. This species-group name is treated as a latinized masculine noun in the genitive case.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DF17893CF226BD0F7D1467673F57843" pageId="19" pageNumber="104" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3E894A5D6EE165E8D73DCFEDE1E4B6D0" pageId="19" pageNumber="104">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91B6C6AB6057E57F1544874F72846227" pageId="19" pageNumber="104">
(Fig. 6). This taxon occurs in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa and northwestern Cordillera de 
<normalizedToken id="F096C6BBB630E08CE236DA43749E8F5B" originalValue="Mérida">Merida</normalizedToken>
, and possibly also into the 
<normalizedToken id="0DEE03EC3EF0311BB39C47AE4DAB24A2" originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken id="62D7EA6F9B87D7103FD693BCADC244EA" originalValue="Perijá">Perija</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7B8D64222555F6DADA58F5978DA73B74" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="34995D5EB2505F284A47EB9D02E392FC" pageId="20" pageNumber="105">
<pageBreakToken id="65CDAB2A5CA6CD9D951A5AD2A2707657" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B39D43121748C21849B228DFFEF532C9" pageId="20" pageNumber="105">
We have examined a single specimen from Monagas, Venezuela (FLMNH-MGCL-264682), with a phenotype that corresponds to this subspecies. Thus, this 
<normalizedToken id="C3308913F474A7AFC38E51BF3889367D" originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
range may extend further east than that indicated above. However, given that we have examined only a single specimen from the area, combined with the fact that specimens from the island of Trinidad, whose butterfly fauna has strong biogeographic affinities with Monagas (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="8D54574682ECB669BF105B127D4658AE" author="Neild, AFE" journalOrPublisher="Meridian Publications, London" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" title="The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 1: Nymphalidae I (Limenitidinae, Apaturinae, Charaxinae). A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification of Adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae." year="1996">Neild 1996</bibRefCitation>
), clearly represent the nominotypical subspecies, there still remains the possibility of this specimen being mislabeled.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B59594CB96A05721A957369C171CACF1" pageId="20" pageNumber="105">
<paragraph id="391D9D0DE5DED8F92F8232A475BEB5A7" pageId="20" pageNumber="105">
Figure 7. 
<taxonomicName id="C8AA37BBC90DB7D216C8D937499DCEAB" genus="Amiga" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="indianacristoi">Amiga arnaca indianacristoi</taxonomicName>
ssp. n. in nature, Altos de Pipe, Miranda, Venezuela (photographed by Indiana 
<normalizedToken id="AF831BB2D8473DDC9D2F2AF0069297E1" originalValue="Cristóbal">Cristobal</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3C5E765FDC50BB1CC73A5625CEA22C0F" originalValue="Ríos-Málaver">Rios-Malaver</normalizedToken>
, on 11 September 2011).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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