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<document id="4C4F820B7AA021A42838BAC12C56D785" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8ad5ca3-a1b2-4660-b4cc-aa563b9a4bd5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="241553" ID-ZooBank="4147764B-7FA0-475A-909C-E9FCA58E131C" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461018457434" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Abello, María Alejandra, Reyes, Martín De Los, Candela, Adriana Magdalena, Pujos, Francois, Voglino, Damián &amp; Quispe, Bernardino Mamani" docDate="2015" docId="038987DA536DFFCCFF5AF89DFB7EFE6B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03937p160.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3937 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sparassocynus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="157" masterDocId="FFB0FFA25364FFC7FFCDFFEBFFFAFF9F" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia" masterLastPageNumber="160" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="156" updateTime="1698569506901" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="365BD67BA01D1FD82BFFF5AAB5F700C9">Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FFE1C205C7DF733C5C8D5BE57D31B6D5">Abello, María Alejandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4ADA694CB55D2E7094FE520EF475E5D2">Reyes, Martín De Los</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B371B8176426B132E297ADCC630BF45A">Candela, Adriana Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3DB0B33578B9A5088077FF03E7617D47">Pujos, Francois</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="872259E64340427839E4E554AB5B760C">Voglino, Damián</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1585E03EA7491736B9914EA04DB8E605">Quispe, Bernardino Mamani</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="426DC2806882CD5B45E81E870063AEC5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B1B9B635B738D5ADBF26A5C34BCC2F8B">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038987DA536DFFCCFF5AF89DFB7EFE6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5613779" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119602015" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5613779" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987DA536DFFCCFF5AF89DFB7EFE6B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038987DA536DFFCCFF5AF89DFB7EFE6B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
<subSubSection id="C33A6547536DFFCEFF5AF89DFE9AF82E" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9F36CC536DFFCEFF5AF89DFC90F80F" blockId="9.[151,874,1909,1969]" box="[151,874,1909,1936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
<heading id="D0D781A0536DFFCEFF5AF89DFC90F80F" bold="true" box="[151,874,1909,1936]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536DFFCEFF5AF89DFC90F80F" bold="true" box="[151,874,1909,1936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
‘
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536DFFCEFF6CF89EFEAEF810" box="[161,340,1909,1935]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536DFFCEFF6CF89EFEAEF810" bold="true" box="[161,340,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Sparassocynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536DFFCEFEA8F89EFC90F80F" authority="Villarroel &amp; Marshall, 1983" authorityName="Villarroel &amp; Marshall" authorityYear="1983" box="[357,874,1909,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterotopicus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536DFFCEFEA8F89EFDF2F810" bold="true" box="[357,520,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">heterotopicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536DFFCEFDC2F89DFC90F80F" author="Villarroel" box="[527,874,1910,1936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" refString="Villarroel, C. &amp; Marshall, L. G. (1983) Two new late Tertiary marsupials (Hathlyacyninae and Sparassocyninae) from the Bolivian Altiplano. Journal of Paleontology, 57 (5), 1061 - 1066." type="journal article" year="1983">
Villarroel &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F337765C536DFFCEFD63F89DFCD8F80F" box="[686,802,1910,1936]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Marshall</collectingCountry>
, 1983
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36CC536DFFCEFF5AF873FE9AF82E" blockId="9.[151,874,1909,1969]" box="[151,352,1944,1969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
<figureCitation id="131B2A49536DFFCEFF5AF873FF20F82E" box="[151,218,1944,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1574,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1321,183,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,183,1553]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lower dentition of ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus (cast, MNHN-BOL- 011896). A, left M 1 – 3 in oclussal view (anterior towards left); B – C, left m 2 – 4 in oclussal and lingual views respectively (anterior towards left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241556/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6A20377536DFFCEFF2BF873FE9AF82E" box="[230,352,1944,1969]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,817,840]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1416,267,723]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1369,206,751]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Dental measurements (in millimeters) of studied specimens of Sparassocynidae and ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus. MH, mandibular height taken below the m 4; L, length; W, width; trig., trigonid; tal., talonid. An asterix (*) means that the measurement is approximate; (**) measurement taken from Reig (1958 a)." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Mandibular and dental ratios of Sparassocynidae species and ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus estimated from measurements in Table 1. Upper values are means and lower values are ranges; sample size (n) is given in taxon column." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F66445363FFC0FF5AFF73FB89FF6F" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F6644536CFFCFFF5AFCDAFA6CFCF7" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" tableUuid-0="DF5F66445363FFC0FF5AFF73FB89FF6F" tableUuid-1="DF5F6644536CFFCFFF5AFCDAFA6CFCF7">Tables 1–2</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33A6547536EFFCCFF5AFF7CFB7EFE6B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9F36CC536EFFCDFF5AFF7CFC31FF4B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
<typeStatus id="549B886E536EFFCDFF5AFF7CFEFEFF2F" box="[151,260,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFF5AFF7CFEFEFF2F" bold="true" box="[151,260,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. MNHN-BOL-
<date id="FF9E100C536EFFCDFE7EFF7CFDF2FF2F" box="[435,520,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" value="96-01-18">011896</date>
, fragment of a left maxilar with M1–3 (
<figureCitation id="131B2A49536EFFCDFC09FF7CFBFDFF2F" box="[964,1031,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1574,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1321,183,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,183,1553]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lower dentition of ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus (cast, MNHN-BOL- 011896). A, left M 1 – 3 in oclussal view (anterior towards left); B – C, left m 2 – 4 in oclussal and lingual views respectively (anterior towards left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241556/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A), fragment of a left mandible with m2–4 (
<figureCitation id="131B2A49536EFFCDFF2BFF57FED3FF4B" box="[230,297,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1574,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1321,183,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,183,1553]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lower dentition of ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus (cast, MNHN-BOL- 011896). A, left M 1 – 3 in oclussal view (anterior towards left); B – C, left m 2 – 4 in oclussal and lingual views respectively (anterior towards left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241556/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B–C), and an edentulous right mandible with roots of c–m4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36CC536EFFCDFF0AFF34FCB3FE83" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFF0AFF34FE1CFF67" bold="true" box="[199,486,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Locality and Horizon</emphasis>
. Locality of Umala, Department of La Paz,
<collectingCountry id="F337765C536EFFCDFB98FF34FB51FF67" box="[1109,1195,223,248]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. Umala Formation (Montehermosan, early Pliocene
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFDC7FEEEFDB2FE83" box="[522,584,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFD9DFEEFFCC7FE83" author="Marshall" box="[592,829,260,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Marshall, L. G., Butler, R. F., Drake, R. E., Curtis, G. H. &amp; Tedford, R. H. (1979) Calibration of the Great American Interchange. Science, 204 (4390), 272 - 279. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 204.4390.272" type="journal article" year="1979">
<collectingCountry id="F337765C536EFFCDFD9DFEEFFD4EFE82" box="[592,692,260,285]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Marshall</collectingCountry>
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD77FEEEFD11FE82" box="[698,747,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">et al</emphasis>
., 1979
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36CC536EFFCDFF0AFECCFBAFFA5F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFF0AFECCFE07FEDF" bold="true" box="[199,509,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Comparative description.</emphasis>
The general morphology of the dentition of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFBD8FEC3FB36FEDF" box="[1045,1228,295,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterotopicus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFBD8FEC3FB36FEDF" box="[1045,1228,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">S. heterotopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows characters common to diverse carnivorous didelphoids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFD5EFEA7FC66FEFA" author="Goin" box="[659,924,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pardinas, U. F. J. (1996) Revision de las especies del genero Hyperdidelphys Ameghino, 1904 (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphidae). Su significacion filogenetica, estratigrafica y adaptativa en el Neogeno del Cono Sur sudamericano. Estudios Geologicos, 52 (5 - 6), 327 - 359." type="journal article" year="1996">Goin &amp; Pardiñas, 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 351;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFC2DFEA7FB29FEFB" author="Forasiepi" box="[992,1235,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Forasiepi, A. M., Goin, F. J. &amp; Martinelli, A. G. (2009) Contribution to the knowledge of the Sparassocynidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Didelphoidea) with comments on the age of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29 (4), 1252 - 1263. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0411" type="journal article" year="2009">
Forasiepi
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFB82FEA6FB7AFEFA" box="[1103,1152,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
); among them are the upper molars with long metacristae and small protocones, and lower molars with small talonids and strong paracristids. Upper molars of MNHN-BOL-
<date id="FF9E100C536EFFCDFD44FE7FFD27FE32" box="[649,733,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" value="96-01-18">011896</date>
(
<figureCitation id="131B2A49536EFFCDFD23FE7FFCC8FE33" box="[750,818,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1574,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1321,183,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,183,1553]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lower dentition of ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus (cast, MNHN-BOL- 011896). A, left M 1 – 3 in oclussal view (anterior towards left); B – C, left m 2 – 4 in oclussal and lingual views respectively (anterior towards left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241556/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) have a stylar shelf narrower than that of didelphids and as wide as in sparassocynids. The StA is absent on M1 and M3 and reduced on M2. On M1 the StB is the largest stylar cusp (in section it is half of the size of paracone), the StD is smaller than StB and subdivided into two cusps; finally StE is low and poorly developed. On M2 the StB is proportionally larger than on M1 and, as in the M1, StB is larger than StD; this latest is not subdivided and StE is missing. A reduced StB is present on M3. In contrast to the extant compared
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFDCAFDACFD6AFDFF" box="[519,656,583,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didelphidae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD6EFDACFCF6FDFF" box="[675,780,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Lutrolina</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFCD6FDACFC72FDFF" box="[795,904,583,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFCD6FDACFC72FDFF" box="[795,904,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Didelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFC55FDACFB56FDFF" box="[920,1196,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFC55FDACFBD7FDFF" box="[920,1069,583,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Monodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monodelphis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFBF7FDACFB52FDFF" box="[1082,1192,583,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thylamys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFB2AFDACFA9BFDFF" box="[1255,1377,583,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Caluromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFB2AFDACFA9BFDFF" box="[1255,1377,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Caluromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the extinct didelphids
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFE5DFD87FDC7FD1A" box="[400,573,620,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylatheridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFE5DFD87FDC7FD1A" box="[400,573,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylatheridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFD86FD87FD1FFD1A" box="[587,741,620,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylophorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD86FD87FD1FFD1A" box="[587,741,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylophorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFCEEFD87FC29FD1A" box="[803,979,620,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Hyperdidelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFCEEFD87FC29FD1A" box="[803,979,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Hyperdidelphys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stylar cusps B and D are proportionally smaller. Compared to the
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFE73FD64FD86FD37" box="[446,636,655,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparassocynidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparassocynidae</taxonomicName>
, particularly
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFCDFFD7BFC42FD38" box="[786,952,656,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFCDFFD7BFC42FD38" box="[786,952,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Sparassocynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the StB and StD are similarly developed, but MNHN-BOL-
<date id="FF9E100C536EFFCDFEACFD5FFE4FFD52" box="[353,437,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" value="96-01-18">011896</date>
differs by having a subdivided StD on M1. Regarding relative sizes between StB and StD on M1–2, MNHN-BOL-
<date id="FF9E100C536EFFCDFE61FD3CFDFAFD6F" box="[428,512,727,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" value="96-01-18">011896</date>
is similar to the extinct didelphid
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFC49FD3CFBCAFD6F" box="[900,1072,727,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Hyperdidelphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFC49FD3CFBCAFD6F" box="[900,1072,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Hyperdidelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and sparassocynids in wich StB is larger than StD and differs from the extant compared didelphids, the extinct didelphid
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFB01FD17FA9DFC8A" box="[1228,1383,764,789]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylophorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFB01FD17FA9DFC8A" box="[1228,1383,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylophorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFF5AFCF4FEBEFCA7" box="[151,324,799,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylatheridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFF5AFCF4FEBEFCA7" box="[151,324,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylatheridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by having a StB smaller than the StD. On M1 the preparacrista is short and points towards the parastylar corner whereas on M3 ends labially at the anterior base of the StB; on M2 the labial end of the preparacrista could not be evaluated because of wear. In the morphology of the preparacrista of M1, MNHN-BOL- 0 11896 differs from all compared taxa in which this crest joins the StB, excepting
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFB48FC67FB08FC3A" box="[1157,1266,908,933]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFB48FC67FB08FC3A" box="[1157,1266,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Didelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the preparacrista contacts the StA. On the other hand, the arrangement of the distal end of the preparacrista in the M3 of Umala specimen is similar to that of the M3 of
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD0AFC3FFB83FC72" box="[711,1145,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFD0AFC3FFC9EFC72" box="[711,868,980,1005]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylophorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thylophorops</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFCBDFC3FFB83FC72" authority="Goin &amp; Pardinas, 1996" authorityName="Goin &amp; Pardinas" authorityYear="1996" box="[880,1145,980,1005]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Hyperdidelphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">Hyperdidelphis parvula</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFB45FC3FFA6AFC72" author="Goin" box="[1160,1424,980,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Goin, F. J. &amp; Pardinas, U. F. J. (1996) Revision de las especies del genero Hyperdidelphys Ameghino, 1904 (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphidae). Su significacion filogenetica, estratigrafica y adaptativa en el Neogeno del Cono Sur sudamericano. Estudios Geologicos, 52 (5 - 6), 327 - 359." type="journal article" year="1996">Goin &amp; Pardiñas, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), and all compared extant didelphids (except
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFD60FC1CFCE0FB8F" box="[685,794,1015,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD60FC1CFCE0FB8F" box="[685,794,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Didelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); it also differs from the M3 of sparassocynids and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFF5AFBF7FEBEFBAA" box="[151,324,1052,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylatheridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFF5AFBF7FEBEFBAA" box="[151,324,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylatheridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which this crest joins the StB. The postmetacrista is long, sharp, and oblique as in carnivorous didelphids (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFE93FBD4FE29FBC7" box="[350,467,1087,1112]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFE93FBD4FE29FBC7" box="[350,467,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Lutreolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but is slightly shorter than in sparassocynids (a long metacrista is a diagnostic character of the sparassocynids,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFDC7FB8FFCE9FBE3" author="Reig" box="[522,787,1124,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Reig, O. A. &amp; Simpson, G. G. (1972) Sparassocynus (Marsupialia, Didelphidae), a peculiar mammal from the late Cenozoic of Argentina. Journal of Zoology, 167 (4), 511 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1972. tb 01742. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Reig &amp; Simpson, 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFCEDFB8FFC5EFBE3" author="Goin" box="[800,932,1124,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Goin, F. J. (1991) Los Didelphoidea (Mammalia, Marsupialia) del Cenozoico Tardio de la Region Pampeana. Unpublished Ph. D dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, La Plata, 327 pp." type="book" year="1991">Goin, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The metacone is large and the paracone is reduced as in other carnivorous forms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFD9BFB6CFCB4FB3F" author="Forasiepi" box="[598,846,1159,1184]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Forasiepi, A. M., Goin, F. J. &amp; Martinelli, A. G. (2009) Contribution to the knowledge of the Sparassocynidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Didelphoidea) with comments on the age of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29 (4), 1252 - 1263. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0411" type="journal article" year="2009">
Forasiepi
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD05FB62FD00FB3F" box="[712,762,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
); despite both cusps are closer to each other than in didelphids, they are not fused as in sparassocynids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFD38FB47FBFFFB5B" author="Reig" box="[757,1029,1196,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Reig, O. A. &amp; Simpson, G. G. (1972) Sparassocynus (Marsupialia, Didelphidae), a peculiar mammal from the late Cenozoic of Argentina. Journal of Zoology, 167 (4), 511 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1972. tb 01742. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Reig &amp; Simpson, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFBD9FB47FB63FB5B" author="Goin" box="[1044,1177,1196,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Goin, F. J. (1991) Los Didelphoidea (Mammalia, Marsupialia) del Cenozoico Tardio de la Region Pampeana. Unpublished Ph. D dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, La Plata, 327 pp." type="book" year="1991">Goin, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The paracone is less reduced than the metacone compared to sparassocynids and didelphids. There is no evidence of para- and metaconule on M1–2, but on the M3 a small paraconule is present at the base of the paracone and the end of the preprotocrista. The protocone on M1–3 has a small occlusal surface in relation to the total molar occlusal surface; in this proportion, protocones are smaller than those of didelphids and larger than in sparassocynids. Furthermore protocones in
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFE8FFA8BFE01FAE7" box="[322,507,1375,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterotopicus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFE8FFA8BFE01FAE7" box="[322,507,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">S. heterotopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are eccentric, similarly to those in sparassocynids and some didelphids (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFF5AFA6FFEC8FA02" box="[151,306,1412,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylophorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFF5AFA6FFEC8FA02" box="[151,306,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylophorops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFEA1FA6FFDE6FA02" box="[364,540,1412,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Hyperdidelphys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFEA1FA6FFDE6FA02" box="[364,540,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Hyperdidelphys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The ectoflexus is poorly developed in the M1–2 and strongest in the M3, as occurs, for example, in the sparassocynids and most didelphids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFCAAFA43FBB3FA5F" author="Voss" box="[871,1097,1448,1472]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Voss, R. S. &amp; Jansa, S. A. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials, an extant radiation of new world metatherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 322, 1 - 177. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 322.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Voss &amp; Jansa, 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36CC536EFFCCFF0AFA27FB7EFE6B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
The mandible of MNHN-BOL-
<date id="FF9E100C536EFFCDFDFCFA27FD7FFA7A" box="[561,645,1484,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" value="96-01-18">011896</date>
is broken in front of the m2 and has lost most of the coronoid and angular processes, as well as a portion of the condylar process. The horizontal ramus is shallow (see
<tableCitation id="C6A20377536EFFCDFAC2FA04FA99F997" box="[1295,1379,1519,1544]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,817,840]" captionTargetBox="[159,1369,206,751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Mandibular and dental ratios of Sparassocynidae species and ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus estimated from measurements in Table 1. Upper values are means and lower values are ranges; sample size (n) is given in taxon column." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F6644536CFFCFFF5AFCDAFA6CFCF7" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" tableUuid="DF5F6644536CFFCFFF5AFCDAFA6CFCF7">Table 2</tableCitation>
) and bears a strong labial scar for the masseteric muscle on its posterolateral surface; the masseteric fossa appears to have been deep as in
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFE42F9DCFDFEF9CF" box="[399,516,1591,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFE42F9DCFDFEF9CF" box="[399,516,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Lutreolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The articular condyle is transversely elongated and the angular processes acute and strongly inflected as is common among didelphids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B3D536EFFCDFCD0F9B7FBFCF9EB" author="Voss" box="[797,1030,1628,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" refString="Voss, R. S. &amp; Jansa, S. A. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials, an extant radiation of new world metatherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 322, 1 - 177. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 322.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Voss &amp; Jansa, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Lower dentition of MNHN-BOL- 0 11896 is partially preserved (
<figureCitation id="131B2A49536EFFCDFE23F994FDC8F907" box="[494,562,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1574,1596]" captionTargetBox="[269,1321,183,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,183,1553]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lower dentition of ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus (cast, MNHN-BOL- 011896). A, left M 1 – 3 in oclussal view (anterior towards left); B – C, left m 2 – 4 in oclussal and lingual views respectively (anterior towards left)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/241556/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B–C). The metaconid, part of the protoconid of m2, and the metaconid of m4 are lost, so the morphology of the trigonid cusps (high and relative size) can be better described from those whole cusps of m3. Similarly to some didelphids (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFD77F92CFC9CF97F" box="[698,870,1735,1760]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylatheridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD77F92CFC9CF97F" box="[698,870,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylatheridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the trigonid of the m3 is higher than the talonid, but not as tall as it is in sparassocynids. The paraconid is a robust cusp (as in m2 and m4), similar to the metaconid in height, but quite larger in section. The metaconid is a small cusp located close to the protoconid resembling sparassocynids and, in less extent,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFDF5F8DFFD57F8D2" box="[568,685,1844,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFDF5F8DFFD57F8D2" box="[568,685,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Lutreolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among didelphids. A strong paracristid is developed along the protoconid and paraconid cusps; it is not straight (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFD36F8BCFC77F8EF" box="[763,909,1879,1904]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Monodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD36F8BCFC77F8EF" box="[763,909,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Monodelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFC56F8BCFBFCF8EF" box="[923,1030,1879,1904]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFC56F8BCFBFCF8EF" box="[923,1030,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFB8EF8BCFB4AF8EF" box="[1091,1200,1879,1904]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFB8EF8BCFB4AF8EF" box="[1091,1200,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Didelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but forms an obtuse angle between the proximal (premetacristid) and distal (postparacristid) portions as occurs, for example, in sparassocynids,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFE9EF84BFDFAF826" box="[339,512,1952,1977]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylatheridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFE9EF84BFDFAF826" box="[339,512,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Thylatheridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536EFFCDFD8FF84BFD4DF826" box="[578,695,1952,1977]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536EFFCDFD8FF84BFD4DF826" box="[578,695,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Lutreolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The anterobasal cingulum of m2–4 is narrow and it extends posteriorly up to the anterior wall of the protoconid. The talonids of m2–4 are very shallow and have a smaller occlusal surface than trigonids; on m2–3 talonids are short and narrow like in the sparassocynids (Figs. 2, 4B and 5A;
<tableCitation id="C6A20377536FFFCCFF04FF57FEDAFF4B" box="[201,288,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,817,840]" captionTargetBox="[159,1369,206,751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Mandibular and dental ratios of Sparassocynidae species and ‘ Sparassocynus ’ heterotopicus estimated from measurements in Table 1. Upper values are means and lower values are ranges; sample size (n) is given in taxon column." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F6644536CFFCFFF5AFCDAFA6CFCF7" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" tableUuid="DF5F6644536CFFCFFF5AFCDAFA6CFCF7">Table 2</tableCitation>
). In all molars the hypoconid projects slightly, not exceeding the labial wall of the protoconid. In the m2 both cusps are equally projected but in the m3 the hypoconid is placed more lingually than the protoconid, thus the talonid is narrower in the m3 than in the m2. In the m4 the hypoconid is a small cusp positioned behind the posterior wall of the protoconid. The cristid obliqua is slightly oblique on m2, and antero-posteriorly oriented on m3–4. The entoconid is a poorly differentiated cusp on m2–3 (better seen on m2), and absent on m4. The hypoconulid is smaller than the entoconid and positioned behind this cusp on m2–3. The talonid of m4 is relatively wider than in
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFEFCFE7FFE16FE32" box="[305,492,404,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparassocynidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparassocynidae</taxonomicName>
species and several didelphids such as
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFC6EFE7FFBB5FE32" box="[931,1103,404,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Thylatheridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536FFFCCFC6EFE7FFBB5FE32" box="[931,1103,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="158">Thylatheridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFB48FE7FFAEDFE32" box="[1157,1303,404,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Monodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536FFFCCFB48FE7FFAEDFE32" box="[1157,1303,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="158">Monodelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast with these taxa,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFE80FE53FDFAFE4F" box="[333,512,439,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterotopicus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536FFFCCFE80FE53FDFAFE4F" box="[333,512,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="158">S. heterotopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a cingulum along the labial wall of the talonid bellow the hypoconid; in this regard, the talonid of m4 of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFE1FFE36FD7FFE6A" box="[466,645,476,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Sparassocynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterotopicus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536FFFCCFE1FFE36FD7FFE6A" box="[466,645,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="158">S. heterotopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that in
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFCA8FE37FC20FE6A" box="[869,986,476,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536FFFCCFCA8FE37FC20FE6A" box="[869,986,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="158">Lutreolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D4F536FFFCCFBDCFE37FB84FE6A" box="[1041,1150,476,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="11" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EADE536FFFCCFBDCFE37FB84FE6A" box="[1041,1150,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="158">Didelphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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