treatments-xml/data/03/8A/97/038A97030A2DFFA8FF7D75280416FA42.xml

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<mods:title id="49F6495D625F0DEC5B8DC43F9A7A99BE">Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF7D7528043CFBC5" box="[151,837,1051,1078]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF7D7528043CFBC5" blockId="11.[151,837,1051,1110]" box="[151,837,1051,1078]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D0D491790A2DFFACFF7D7528043CFBC5" bold="true" box="[151,837,1051,1078]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFF7D7528043CFBC5" authority="(Leydig, 1853) Luhe, 1900" authorityName="(Leydig, 1853) Luhe" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,837,1051,1078]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF7D7528043CFBC5" bold="true" box="[151,837,1051,1078]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF7D75280680FBC6" bold="true" box="[151,505,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polyonchobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFDE2752F05D3FBC5" author="Leydig, F." box="[520,682,1051,1077]" firstAuthor="Leydig" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="219 - 222" part="19" refId="ref25112" refString="Leydig, F. (1853) Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 19, 219 - 222." title="Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir" type="journal article" year="1853">Leydig, 1853</bibRefCitation>
) Lühe, 1900
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF7D750A06FBFBA6" box="[151,386,1086,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF7D750A06FBFBA6" blockId="11.[151,837,1051,1110]" box="[151,386,1086,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
(
<figureCitation id="13183A900A2DFFACFF75750A065EFBA6" box="[159,295,1086,1110]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 23–27</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A2DFFACFED8750A0603FBA6" box="[306,378,1086,1110]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">33–40</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF7D75B303D3FB08" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF7D75B303D3FB08" blockId="11.[151,1436,1158,1273]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Syns: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFF3F75B3051DFB6C" authority="Leyding, 1853" authorityName="Leyding" authorityYear="1853" box="[213,612,1158,1181]" class="Cestoda" family="Tetrabothriidae" genus="Tetrabothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF3F75B306B1FB6D" box="[213,456,1159,1181]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tetrabothrium polypteri</emphasis>
Leyding, 1853
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFD8475B30395FB6C" authority="Diesing, 1854" authorityName="Diesing" authorityYear="1854" box="[622,1260,1158,1181]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Onchobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="septicolle" subGenus="Polyonchobothrium">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFD8475B30477FB6D" box="[622,782,1159,1181]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Onchobothrium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFCF675B3049CFB6D" box="[796,997,1159,1181]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polyonchobothrium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFC1E75B3032CFB6D" box="[1012,1109,1159,1181]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">septicolle</emphasis>
Diesing, 1854
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFB1F75B305C8FB4B" authority="(Leyding, 1853) Monticelli, 1890" authorityName="(Leyding, 1853) Monticelli" authorityYear="1890" class="Cestoda" family="Triaenophoridae" genus="Anchistrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFB1F75B30631FB4B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anchistrocephalus polypteri</emphasis>
(Leyding, 1853) Monticelli, 1890
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFD5475910305FB4B" ID-CoL="9FPGX" authority="Fuhrmann, 1902" authorityName="Fuhrmann" authorityYear="1902" box="[702,1148,1189,1211]" class="Cestoda" family="Bothriocephalidae" genus="Ptychobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="armatum">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFD54759104BFFB4B" box="[702,966,1189,1211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ptychobothrium armatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFC2475910305FB4B" author="Fuhrmann, D. O." box="[974,1148,1189,1211]" firstAuthor="Fuhrmann" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Parasitologie" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="440 - 449" part="5" refId="ref23970" refString="Fuhrmann, D. O. (1902) Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum). Archives de Parasitologie, 5, 440 - 449." title="Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum)" type="journal article" year="1902">Fuhrmann, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFB6375910572FB29" authority="(Leyding, 1853) Hesse, 1922" authorityName="Hesse" authorityYear="1922" baseAuthorityName="Leyding" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Cestoda" family="Triaenophoridae" genus="Ancistrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFB63759102E5FB4B" box="[1161,1436,1189,1211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ancistrocephalus polypteri</emphasis>
(Leyding, 1853) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFE6975F10572FB29" author="Hesse, A. J." box="[387,523,1220,1242]" firstAuthor="Hesse" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="255 - 209" part="9" refId="ref24133" refString="Hesse, A. J. (1922) A short description of the genitalia of (Ancistrocephalus) polypteri Leyding, 1853. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 255 - 209." title="A short description of the genitalia of (Ancistrocephalus) polypteri Leyding, 1853" type="journal article" year="1922">Hesse, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFDF775F0033AFB29" authority="Meggitt, 1930" authorityName="Meggitt" authorityYear="1930" box="[541,1091,1219,1242]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pseudopolypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFDF775F004E0FB2A" box="[541,921,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polyonchobothrium pseudopolypteri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFC4275F7033AFB29" author="Meggitt, F. J." box="[936,1091,1219,1241]" firstAuthor="Meggitt" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="338 - 345" part="22" refId="ref25386" refString="Meggitt, F. J. (1930) Report on a collection of cestodes mainly from Egypt. IV. Conclusion. Parasitology, 22, 338 - 345." title="Report on a collection of cestodes mainly from Egypt. IV. Conclusion" type="journal article" year="1930">Meggitt, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFBBC75F00550FB08" authority="(Fuhrmann, 1902) Yamaguti, 1959" authorityName="(Fuhrmann, 1902) Yamaguti" authorityYear="1959" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Oncobothriocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="armatum">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFBBC75F002E5FB2A" box="[1110,1436,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oncobothriocephalus armatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFF2475D60601FB09" author="Fuhrmann, D. O." box="[206,376,1250,1273]" firstAuthor="Fuhrmann" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Parasitologie" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="440 - 449" part="5" refId="ref23970" refString="Fuhrmann, D. O. (1902) Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum). Archives de Parasitologie, 5, 440 - 449." title="Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum)" type="journal article" year="1902">Fuhrmann, 1902</bibRefCitation>
) Yamaguti, 1959
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFDD975D603DFFB08" authority="(Leyding, 1853) Yamaguti, 1959" authorityName="(Leyding, 1853) Yamaguti" authorityYear="1959" box="[563,1190,1250,1272]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyoncobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFDD975D60428FB08" box="[563,849,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polyoncobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
(Leyding, 1853) Yamaguti, 1959
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF7D74110303FA91" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF7D741104BBFACD" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" box="[151,962,1317,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF7D7411066AFACD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1317,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2DFFACFF7D741107ABFACD" box="[151,210,1317,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
host:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFEF174110536FACD" authority="Lacepede" authorityName="Lacepede" box="[283,591,1317,1341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFEF1741106A7FACD" box="[283,478,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polypterus bichir</emphasis>
Lacépède
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFDB474110460FACD" box="[606,793,1317,1341]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Polypteriformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFCC9741104CFFACD" box="[803,950,1317,1341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polypteridae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF23747D0303FA91" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" box="[201,1146,1353,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF23747D06ADFA92" bold="true" box="[201,468,1353,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Other definitive hosts:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFE31747D045EFA91" authority="Heckel" authorityName="Heckel" box="[475,807,1353,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="endlicheri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFE31747D05B4FA91" box="[475,717,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polypterus endlicheri</emphasis>
Heckel
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFCD8747D0303FA91" authority="Cuvier." authorityName="Cuvier." box="[818,1146,1353,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senegalus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFCD8747D0358FA91" box="[818,1057,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polypterus senegalus</emphasis>
Cuvier.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF237459052CFA76" box="[201,597,1389,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF237459052CFA76" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" box="[201,597,1389,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF2374590610FA75" bold="true" box="[201,361,1389,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2DFFACFF237459067BFA75" box="[201,258,1389,1413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Nile River in 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFDE1745A052BFA76" box="[523,594,1390,1414]" name="Egypt" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Egypt</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF2374A50330F9C9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF2374A50330F9C9" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF2374A5061CFA5A" bold="true" box="[201,357,1425,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFE8674A506CEFA59" box="[364,439,1425,1449]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Congo</collectingCountry>
basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFDFF74A504E4FA59" box="[533,925,1425,1449]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
(Brazzaville); 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFBAF74A503E7FA59" box="[1093,1182,1425,1449]" name="Gambia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gambia</collectingCountry>
basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFB1774A50220FA59" box="[1277,1369,1425,1449]" name="Senegal" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Senegal</collectingCountry>
; Lake 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFF7D748107ABFA3D" box="[151,210,1461,1485]" name="Chad" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chad</collectingCountry>
– 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFF0574810657FA3D" box="[239,302,1461,1485]" name="Chad" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chad</collectingCountry>
; Turkana basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFE1C7482053BFA3E" box="[502,578,1462,1486]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, Lake Turkana (
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFD117481040DFA3D" box="[763,884,1461,1485]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFD117481040DFA3D" box="[763,884,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polypterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. occur only sporadically in saline part of the lake and 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFEEB74EE06F9FA01" box="[257,384,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. p ol y pt e r i</emphasis>
is therefore probably restricted to the freshwater part of the Turkana Lake, i.e. Omo River delta and upstream and adjacent northernmost part of the lake); 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFC6B74C904B8F9E5" box="[897,961,1533,1557]" name="Niger" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Niger</collectingCountry>
basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFBC274C90306F9E5" box="[1064,1151,1533,1557]" name="Nigeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFB6774CA026EF9E5" box="[1165,1303,1533,1558]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFACF74C90224F9E5" box="[1317,1373,1533,1557]" name="Serbia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mali</collectingCountry>
; Nile basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFF047716064DF9CA" box="[238,308,1570,1594]" name="Egypt" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Egypt</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFED5771506D9F9C9" box="[319,416,1569,1593]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFE4177150564F9C9" box="[427,541,1569,1593]" name="Sudan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
; Ogoué basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFD3877150459F9C9" box="[722,800,1569,1593]" name="Gabon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabon</collectingCountry>
; Zambezi basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFC067715033CF9C9" box="[1004,1093,1569,1593]" name="Malawi" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malawi</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF23777104EAF955" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF23777104EAF955" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF237771062DF9AD" bold="true" box="[201,340,1605,1629]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prevalence:</emphasis>
Nile basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFE1E77710511F9AD" box="[500,616,1605,1629]" name="Sudan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
, 8–25%, n = 21, intensity 15–50 (present study), 43%, n = 312, 10–70 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFF74775D0653F971" author="Khalil, L. F." box="[158,298,1641,1665]" firstAuthor="Khalil" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 170" part="158" refId="ref24560" refString="Khalil, L. F. (1969) Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan. Journal of Zoology, 158, 143 - 170." title="Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1969">Khalil 1969</bibRefCitation>
); Turkana Lake – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFE12775E053DF972" box="[504,580,1642,1666]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, 75%, 8, intensity up to 50 (present study); 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFBD8775D030BF971" box="[1074,1138,1641,1665]" name="Niger" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Niger</collectingCountry>
basin – 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFB38775D0250F971" box="[1234,1321,1641,1665]" name="Nigeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, 94%, n = 84, intensity 1–226 (mostly juveniles) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2DFFACFDA577B904FFF955" author="Shotter, R. A. &amp; Medaiyedu, J. A." box="[591,902,1677,1701]" firstAuthor="Shotter" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A Sciences Naturelles" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="177 - 189" part="39" refId="ref27006" refString="Shotter, R. A. &amp; Medaiyedu, J. A. (1978) The parasites of Polypterus endlicheri Heckel (Pisces: Polypteridae) from the River Galma at Zaria, Nigeria, with a note on its food. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A Sciences Naturelles, 39, 177 - 189." title="The parasites of Polypterus endlicheri Heckel (Pisces: Polypteridae) from the River Galma at Zaria, Nigeria, with a note on its food" type="journal article" year="1978">Shotter &amp; Medaiyedu 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF237785045AF88D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF237785045AF88D" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF237785063EF93A" bold="true" box="[201,327,1713,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Life cycle:</emphasis>
Not known, but plerocercoids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFD3A7786042DF939" box="[720,852,1713,1737]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyoncobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFD3A778605A7F939" box="[720,734,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFD057785042DF939" box="[751,852,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found in the following fish of different families, which may serve as second intermediate or paratenic hosts: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFC5F77E102E2F91D" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[949,1435,1749,1773]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFC5F77E10395F91D" box="[949,1260,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Auchenoglanis occidentalis</emphasis>
(Valenciennes)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFF7477CD0649F8E1" box="[158,304,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFED777CD06BAF8E1" box="[317,451,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Claroteidae</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFE3377CD050BF8E1" box="[473,626,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bynni">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFE3377CD050BF8E1" box="[473,626,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Barbus bynni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFD6977CD0455F8E1" box="[643,812,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cypriniformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFCD377CD04C2F8E1" box="[825,955,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cyprinidae</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFC3A77CE0383F8E1" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[976,1274,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Latidae" genus="Lates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFC3A77CE030EF8E1" box="[976,1143,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lates niloticus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFAE177CD02E0F8E1" box="[1291,1433,1785,1809]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perciformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFF7D76290789F8C5" box="[151,240,1821,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Latidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Latidae</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFEE9762A05EEF8C5" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[259,663,1821,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Mormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguilloides">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFEE9762A056FF8C5" box="[259,534,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mormyrops anguilloides</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
(Mormyriformes: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFC8276290480F8C5" box="[872,1017,1821,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFBE67629022CF8C5" authority="Ruppell" authorityName="Ruppell" box="[1036,1365,1821,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" genus="Schilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFBE67629038CF8C5" box="[1036,1269,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Schilbe uranoscopus</emphasis>
Rüppell
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFA8E76290783F8A9" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFEE0767506EBF8A9" box="[266,402,1857,1881]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Schilbeidae</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFE4076750444F8A9" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[426,829,1857,1881]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galilaeus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFE40767505CCF8A9" box="[426,693,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sarotherodon galilaeus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFCA4767503BCF8A9" authority="Regan" authorityName="Regan" box="[846,1221,1857,1881]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Stigmatochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodi">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFCA476750322F8A9" box="[846,1115,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stigmatochromis woodi</emphasis>
(Regan)
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFAE07675060EF88D" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFAE076750781F88D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oreochromis niloticus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFE6C7651056DF88D" box="[390,532,1893,1917]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perciformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFDF7765105F3F88D" box="[541,650,1893,1917]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cichlidae</taxonomicName>
) (see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2DFFACFF2376BE05B5F819" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2DFFACFF2376BE05B5F819" blockId="11.[151,1437,1317,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF2376BE060EF852" bold="true" box="[201,375,1929,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2DFFACFF2376BE067BF852" box="[201,258,1930,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
Not known to exist. To enable future comparison of the species with other taxa, the specimen found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2DFFACFF16769A0625F835" box="[252,348,1965,1989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFF16769A0673F835" box="[252,266,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2DFFACFEF376990625F835" box="[281,348,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(field No. T 169/08) from 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2DFFACFD67769905B5F819" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940311" collectionCode="IPCAS" country="Kenya" location="Lake Turkana" municipality="Todonyang" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="C-464" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<location id="8EFC70CE0A2DFFACFD6776990451F835" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A97030A2DFFA8FF7D75280416FA42:8EFC70CE0A2DFFACFD6776990451F835" box="[653,808,1965,1989]" country="Kenya" municipality="Todonyang" name="Lake Turkana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lake Turkana</location>
– 
<location id="8EFC70CE0A2DFFACFCAF7699037AF835" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A97030A2DFFA8FF7D75280416FA42:8EFC70CE0A2DFFACFCAF7699037AF835" box="[837,1027,1965,1989]" country="Kenya" municipality="Todonyang" name="Omo River delta" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Omo River delta</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8BC6F0A2DFFACFBE5769903F6F835" box="[1039,1167,1965,1989]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Todonyang</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2DFFACFB71769A039DF836" box="[1179,1252,1966,1990]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
is designated as 
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2DFFACFF7D76E60789F81A" box="[151,240,2002,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
and it is deposited in 
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A2DFFACFE0F76E5054DF819" box="[485,564,2001,2025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">IPCAS</collectionCode>
(No. 
<specimenCode id="DB858E6E0A2DFFACFD9F76E505B9F819" box="[629,704,2001,2025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C-464</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5C769D0A2AFFABFF7D765604B6F803" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2AFFABFF7D765604B6F803" blockId="12.[151,1436,1890,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFF7D76560637F888" bold="true" box="[151,334,1890,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURES 23–32</emphasis>
. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFBC97657031BF888" bold="true" box="[1059,1122,1891,1912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">23–27</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2AFFABFB9A76570657F868" authority="Leydig, 1853" authorityName="Leydig" authorityYear="1853" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFB9A765702E5F889" box="[1136,1436,1891,1913]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Polyonchobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2AFFABFF7476B6065EF868" author="Leydig, F." box="[158,295,1922,1944]" firstAuthor="Leydig" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="219 - 222" part="19" refId="ref25112" refString="Leydig, F. (1853) Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 19, 219 - 222." title="Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir" type="journal article" year="1853">Leydig, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2AFFABFEB876B6057BF868" box="[338,514,1922,1944]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFEB876B6057BF868" box="[338,514,1922,1944]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Polypterus bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kenya (IPCAS C-464). 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFCD876B60432F867" bold="true" box="[818,843,1922,1943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">23</emphasis>
, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFB8376B603FBF867" bold="true" box="[1129,1154,1922,1943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24</emphasis>
, Apical disc. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFAE476B6025EF867" bold="true" box="[1294,1319,1922,1943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">25</emphasis>
, Surface of apical region of scolex. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFE7F769506D7F846" bold="true" box="[405,430,1953,1974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">26</emphasis>
, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFCED76950459F846" bold="true" box="[775,800,1953,1974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27</emphasis>
, Detail of operculum of egg. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFBB4769503E4F846" bold="true" box="[1118,1181,1953,1974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28–32</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2AFFABFB4776960672F825" authority="Wedl, 1861" authorityName="Wedl" authorityYear="1861" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Tetracampos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ciliotheca">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFB47769602E5F846" box="[1197,1436,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tetracampos ciliotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2AFFABFF7D768B0672F825" author="Wedl, K." box="[151,267,1983,2005]" firstAuthor="Wedl" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="463 - 482" part="44" refId="ref27652" refString="Wedl, K. (1861) Zur Helminthenfauna Agyptens. III. Nematoda. IV. Cestoda. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, 44, 463 - 482." title="Zur Helminthenfauna Agyptens. III. Nematoda. IV. Cestoda" type="journal article" year="1861">Wedl, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2AFFABFEC5768B0688F825" box="[303,497,1983,2005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clariidae" genus="Clarias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguillaris">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFEC5768B0688F825" box="[303,497,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Clarias anguillaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Sudan (IPCAS C-466). 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFCAE768B0424F824" bold="true" box="[836,861,1983,2004]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28</emphasis>
, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFB96768B03ECF824" bold="true" box="[1148,1173,1983,2004]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">29</emphasis>
, Detail of hooks. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFAA1768B021DF824" bold="true" box="[1355,1380,1983,2004]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">30</emphasis>
, Surface of apical region of scolex. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFE3F76EA0697F803" bold="true" box="[469,494,2014,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">31</emphasis>
, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2AFFABFC9376EA04EBF803" bold="true" box="[889,914,2014,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">32</emphasis>
, Egg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C769D0A2BFFAAFF7D775F047CF90C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" targetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2BFFAAFF7D775F047CF90C" blockId="13.[151,1437,1643,1788]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF7D775F0629F971" bold="true" box="[151,336,1643,1666]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURES 33–40</emphasis>
. Line drawings of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFDF477580488F971" authority="Leydig, 1853" authorityName="Leydig" authorityYear="1853" box="[542,1009,1643,1666]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFDF477580434F972" box="[542,845,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Polyonchobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2BFFAAFCB7775F0493F971" author="Leydig, F." box="[861,1002,1643,1665]" firstAuthor="Leydig" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="219 - 222" part="19" refId="ref25112" refString="Leydig, F. (1853) Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 19, 219 - 222." title="Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir" type="journal article" year="1853">Leydig, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFBF7775803F2F972" box="[1053,1163,1644,1666]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFBF7775803F2F972" box="[1053,1163,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Polypterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFE6377BF06DBF950" bold="true" box="[393,418,1675,1696]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">33</emphasis>
, Complete worm. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD8B77BF0503F950" bold="true" box="[609,634,1675,1696]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">34</emphasis>
, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFC7677BF04CCF950" bold="true" box="[924,949,1675,1696]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">35</emphasis>
, Complete circle of hooks. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFB3877BF0392F950" bold="true" box="[1234,1259,1675,1696]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">36</emphasis>
, Detail of hooks. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF7D779D07C9F94E" bold="true" box="[151,176,1705,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">37</emphasis>
, Egg. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF1E779D0674F94E" bold="true" box="[244,269,1705,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">38</emphasis>
, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFC92779D04E8F94E" bold="true" box="[888,913,1705,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">39</emphasis>
, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFAD9779D0235F94E" bold="true" box="[1331,1356,1705,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">40</emphasis>
, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A2BFFA9FF237617026AFE35" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A2BFFA9FF237617026AFE35" blockId="13.[151,1436,1827,2025]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF23761706EBF8CC" bold="true" box="[201,402,1827,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Material studied</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2BFFAAFE49761006A2F8CC" box="[419,475,1828,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
material: 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFAAFDBB761003C9F8AE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940323" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" typeStatus="syntype">
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2BFFAAFDBB761005D1F8CC" box="[593,680,1828,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFD3E761003C5F8CB" authority="Fuhrmann, 1902" authorityName="Fuhrmann" authorityYear="1902" box="[724,1212,1827,1852]" class="Cestoda" family="Bothriocephalidae" genus="Ptychobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="armatum">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD3E7610048EF8CC" box="[724,1015,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ptychobothrium armatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A2BFFAAFBEA761703C5F8CB" author="Fuhrmann, D. O." box="[1024,1212,1827,1851]" firstAuthor="Fuhrmann" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Parasitologie" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="440 - 449" part="5" refId="ref23970" refString="Fuhrmann, D. O. (1902) Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum). Archives de Parasitologie, 5, 440 - 449." title="Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum)" type="journal article" year="1902">Fuhrmann, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(one slide and vial with 9 scolexes and several pieces of strobila) ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFD5576720403F8AE" box="[703,890,1862,1886]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Turdus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parochus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD5576720403F8AE" box="[703,890,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Turdus parochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFC5476730378F8AF" box="[958,1025,1863,1887]" name="Egypt" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(ZBM E.2361)
</materialsCitation>
; probably 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFAAFACD7673078EF853" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940326" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" typeStatus="syntype">
<typeStatus id="549898B70A2BFFAAFACD76730207F8AF" box="[1319,1406,1863,1887]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFF7D765D0512F871" authority="Diesing, 1854" authorityName="Diesing" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,619,1897,1921]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Onchobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="septicolle">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF7D765D06C7F871" box="[151,446,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Onchobothrium septicolle</emphasis>
Diesing, 1854
</taxonomicName>
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFD71765E0587F871" box="[667,766,1897,1921]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD71765E05D0F871" box="[667,681,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD51765D0587F871" box="[699,766,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFCA0765E04F4F872" box="[842,909,1898,1922]" name="Egypt" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Egypt</collectingCountry>
collected by Kollar in 1847 or 1852 (
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A2BFFAAFAB8765D02E5F871" box="[1362,1436,1897,1921]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NMW</collectionCode>
2612–3)
</materialsCitation>
; vouchers: 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFAAFE9F76B8020EF853" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940318" box="[373,1399,1931,1956]" collectionCode="MHNG, RMCA" country="Republic of the Congo" location="Brazzaville" municipality="Brazzaville" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="MHNG 41938, RMCA 30156" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCount id="9D25ED9C0A2BFFAAFE9F76B806E9F853" box="[373,400,1932,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">ex</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFE7C76B9055DF854" box="[406,548,1932,1956]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="endlicheri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFE7C76B906DDF854" box="[406,420,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFE5876B8055DF854" box="[434,548,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">endlicheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8BC6F0A2BFFAAFD8C76BF0591F853" box="[614,744,1931,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brazzaville</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFD1976BF0497F853" box="[755,1006,1931,1955]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="DB858E6E0A2BFFAAFC1776BF03DDF853" box="[1021,1188,1931,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MHNG 41938</specimenCode>
–9; 
<specimenCode id="DB858E6E0A2BFFAAFB2176BF0216F853" box="[1227,1391,1931,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">RMCA 30156</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFAAFA6B76B805F2F836" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940303" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFF7D76840656F836" box="[151,303,1966,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="endlicheri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF7D768407DCF837" box="[151,165,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFF57769A0656F836" box="[189,303,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">endlicheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFE63769A06C7F836" box="[393,446,1966,1990]" name="Serbia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mali</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A2BFFAAFE3D769A0547F836" box="[471,574,1966,1990]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MNHNP</collectionCode>
C75)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFAAFD4B769B063CF819" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940328" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFD277684041BF836" box="[717,866,1966,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senegalus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD27768405A2F837" box="[717,731,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFD1E769A041BF836" box="[756,866,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">senegalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFC57769A032EF836" box="[957,1111,1966,1990]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A2BFFAAFB9A769A03BFF836" box="[1136,1222,1966,1990]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
1965.2.24.46–53, 1977.6.28.3–4)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFAAFEBA76E60371F819" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940314" box="[336,1032,2001,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFE9876E606A8F819" box="[370,465,2001,2025]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFE9876E606F9F819" box="[370,384,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFE6476E506A8F819" box="[398,465,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kainji Dam, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFD4276E50585F819" box="[680,764,2001,2025]" name="Nigeria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A2BFFAAFCE176E50418F819" box="[779,865,2001,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
1970.8.24.38)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A2BFFA9FBF976E60629FF5F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940319" collectionCode="MHNG" country="Serbia" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" location="Bamba" municipality="Bamba" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="MHNG 45401" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCount id="9D25ED9C0A2BFFAAFBF976E60357F819" box="[1043,1070,2002,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">ex</specimenCount>
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A2BFFAAFBAB76E503E9F819" box="[1089,1168,2001,2025]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A2BFFAAFBAB76E503E9F819" box="[1089,1168,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Silurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.” from 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8BC6F0A2BFFAAFAE376E50222F819" box="[1289,1371,2001,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bamba</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A2BFFAAFA8D76E502E5F819" box="[1383,1436,2001,2025]" name="Serbia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mali</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="DB858E6E0A28FFA9FF7471A30631FF5F" box="[158,328,151,175]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MHNG 45401</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A28FFA9FEB671AC02E1FF5F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940327" box="[348,1432,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FEB671AC05E9FF40" box="[348,656,152,176]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="clarias">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FEB671AC05E9FF40" box="[348,656,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polyonchobothrium clarias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FD5371AC0333FF5F" authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" box="[697,1098,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Chrysichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thonneri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FD5371AC04C8FF40" box="[697,945,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chrysichthys thonneri</emphasis>
Steindachner
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FB6571A303A3FF5F" box="[1167,1242,151,175]" name="Gabon" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gabon</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A28FFA9FB0371A30244FF5F" box="[1257,1341,151,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ee3x-fpgk" name="Royal Museum for Central Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">RMCA</collectionCode>
33752)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A28FFA9FF7D718E052DFF05" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940316" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
plerocercoids: 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FED4718F0565FF23" box="[318,540,187,211]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FED4718F0565FF23" box="[318,540,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polyonchobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FD99718F0321FF22" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[627,1112,186,211]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FD99718F04D0FF23" box="[627,937,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Auchenoglanis occidentalis</emphasis>
(Valenciennes)
</taxonomicName>
from unknown locality collected by McClelland (RVC C1106–7)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A28FFA9FD8871EA0794FEE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940301" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FD6C71E90466FF05" box="[646,799,221,245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bynni">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FD6C71E90466FF05" box="[646,799,221,245]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Barbus bynni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from unknown locality collected by McClelland (RVC C1105)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A28FFA9FF137034020FFEE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940315" box="[249,1398,255,280]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FEF0703505D7FEE7" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[282,686,255,280]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Mormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguilloides">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FEF070350554FEE8" box="[282,557,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mormyrops anguilloides</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
from unknown locality collected by McClelland (RVC C1103)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B2C480A28FFA9FA687034033BFECA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3743940310" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FF7D70170606FECB" box="[151,383,291,315]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" genus="Schilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FF7D70170606FECB" box="[151,383,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Schilbe uranoscopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from unknown locality collected by McClelland (RVC C1109)
</materialsCitation>
; new material (see 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FAF3701602E5FECA" box="[1305,1436,290,314]" captionStart="APPENDIX 1" captionStartId="33.[151,289,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="APPENDIX 1. List of dissected fish from Democratic Republic of the Congo (2008; CON); Ethiopia (2006; ET); Gabon (2010; GAB); Kenya (2008 –2010; KET) and the Sudan (2006, 2008 &amp; 2009; SUD). Abbreviation: *, larvae or plerocercoids in the intestine." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
for details): around 100 worms collected from 7/8 (7 of 8 examined) 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FC4A7071031DFEAD" box="[928,1124,325,349]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FC4A7071031DFEAD" box="[928,1124,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polypterus bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FB437072038CFEAE" box="[1193,1269,326,350]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, Lake Turkana and 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FF2070530639FE8F" box="[202,320,359,383]" name="Sudan" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
, Sennar Dam; 1/ 
<specimenCount id="9D25ED9C0A28FFA9FDEC7053054DFE70" box="[518,564,359,384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">
3 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FDF5705D054DFE70" box="[543,564,361,384]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="endlicheri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FDF5705D0554FE70" box="[543,557,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
</specimenCount>
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FDD5705C05C8FE70" box="[575,689,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">endlicheri</emphasis>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FD177053040AFE8F" box="[765,883,359,383]" name="Sudan" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
, White Nile, Kostí; 1/ 
<specimenCount id="9D25ED9C0A28FFA9FB9D705303CDFE70" box="[1143,1204,359,384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">
13 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FB75705D03CDFE70" box="[1183,1204,361,384]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senegalus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FB75705D03D4FE70" box="[1183,1197,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
</specimenCount>
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FB55705C0254FE70" box="[1215,1325,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">senegalus</emphasis>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FA9070530798FE52" name="Sudan" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
. The new material is deposited in 
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A28FFA9FD9570BF05AAFE52" box="[639,723,395,418]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BMNH</collectionCode>
(Nos. 2012.3.120.1–13), 
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A28FFA9FBEB70BE0329FE52" box="[1025,1104,394,418]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">IPCAS</collectionCode>
(No. C-464), 
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A28FFA9FB1770BE022BFE52" box="[1277,1362,394,418]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MHNG</collectionCode>
(Nos. 62880, 82040–82047), 
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A28FFA9FE767099068FFE35" box="[412,502,429,453]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ppqr-es1r" name="United States National Parasite Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">USNPC</collectionCode>
(Nos. 105392–105394, 105401–105403) and 
<collectionCode id="ED32BED00A28FFA9FC11709A034EFE35" box="[1019,1079,430,453]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZMB</collectionCode>
(Nos. 7515–7516).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A28FFA9FF2370FB020EFDFA" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF2370FB020EFDFA" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FF2370FB06D5FE18" bold="true" box="[201,428,463,488]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Published records:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FE5F70FB0525FE17" author="Leydig, F." box="[437,604,463,487]" firstAuthor="Leydig" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="219 - 222" part="19" refId="ref25112" refString="Leydig, F. (1853) Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 19, 219 - 222." title="Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir" type="journal article" year="1853">Leydig (1853)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FD8070FB045FFE17" author="Klaptocz, B." box="[618,806,463,487]" firstAuthor="Klaptocz" journalOrPublisher="Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektions krankheiten" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="527 - 536" part="41" refId="ref24797" refString="Klaptocz, B. (1906) Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig). Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektions krankheiten, 41, 527 - 536." title="Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig)" type="journal article" year="1906">Klaptocz (1906)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FCDF70E504B6FE17" author="Hesse, A. J." box="[821,975,463,488]" firstAuthor="Hesse" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="255 - 209" part="9" refId="ref24133" refString="Hesse, A. J. (1922) A short description of the genitalia of (Ancistrocephalus) polypteri Leyding, 1853. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 255 - 209." title="A short description of the genitalia of (Ancistrocephalus) polypteri Leyding, 1853" type="journal article" year="1922">Hesse (1922)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FC3470FB03FDFE17" author="Janicki, C." bookContentInfo="66 pp." box="[990,1156,463,487]" editor="L. A. Jagerskiold" firstAuthor="Janicki" journalOrPublisher="The Library of the Royal University of Uppsala" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref24350" refString="Janicki, C. (1926) Cestodes s. str. aus Fischen u. Amphibien. In: L. A. Jagerskiold (Ed.), Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile 1901. Part V. The Library of the Royal University of Uppsala, 66 pp." title="Cestodes s. str. aus Fischen u. Amphibien" type="book" volumeTitle="Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile 1901. Part V" year="1926">Janicki (1926)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FB7970E502EEFE17" author="Joyeux, C. E. &amp; Baer, J. G." box="[1171,1431,463,489]" editor="C. E. Joyeux &amp; E. Gendre &amp; J. G. Baer" firstAuthor="Joyeux" journalOrPublisher="Masson et Cie, editeurs, Paris" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="17 - 54" refId="ref24452" refString="Joyeux, C. E. &amp; Baer, J. G. (1928) Cestodes. In: C. E. Joyeux, E. Gendre &amp; J. G. Baer (Eds.), Recherches sur les helminthes de l'Afrique occidentale francaise. Masson et Cie, editeurs, Paris, pp. 17 - 54." title="Cestodes" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Recherches sur les helminthes de l'Afrique occidentale francaise" year="1928">Joyeux &amp; Baer (1928)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FF7D70C6063DFDFA" author="Meggitt, F. J." box="[151,324,498,522]" firstAuthor="Meggitt" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="338 - 345" part="22" refId="ref25386" refString="Meggitt, F. J. (1930) Report on a collection of cestodes mainly from Egypt. IV. Conclusion. Parasitology, 22, 338 - 345." title="Report on a collection of cestodes mainly from Egypt. IV. Conclusion" type="journal article" year="1930">Meggitt (1930)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FEBA70C6069CFDFA" author="Ukoli, F. M. A." box="[336,485,498,522]" editor="E. White" firstAuthor="Ukoli" journalOrPublisher="University of Ife, Ife-Ife" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="70 - 73" refId="ref27546" refString="Ukoli, F. M. A. (1965) Preliminary report on the helminthic infection of fish in the R. Niger at Shagunu. In: E. White (Ed.), The First Scientific Report of the Kainji Biological Research Team. University of Ife, Ife-Ife, pp. 70 - 73." title="Preliminary report on the helminthic infection of fish in the R. Niger at Shagunu" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The First Scientific Report of the Kainji Biological Research Team" year="1965">Ukoli (1965)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FE1A70C605F8FDFA" author="Khalil, L. F." box="[496,641,498,522]" firstAuthor="Khalil" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="143 - 170" part="158" refId="ref24560" refString="Khalil, L. F. (1969) Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan. Journal of Zoology, 158, 143 - 170." title="Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1969">Khalil (1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FD6670C605B1FDFA" author="Khalil, L. F." box="[652,712,498,522]" firstAuthor="Khalil" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="795 - 807" part="87" refId="ref24671" refString="Khalil, L. F. (1973) Some helminth parasites from African freshwater fishes with the description of two new species. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 87, 795 - 807." title="Some helminth parasites from African freshwater fishes with the description of two new species" type="journal article" year="1973">1973</bibRefCitation>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FD3670C6035AFDFA" author="Shotter, R. A. &amp; Medaiyedu, J. A." box="[732,1059,498,522]" firstAuthor="Shotter" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A Sciences Naturelles" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="177 - 189" part="39" refId="ref27006" refString="Shotter, R. A. &amp; Medaiyedu, J. A. (1978) The parasites of Polypterus endlicheri Heckel (Pisces: Polypteridae) from the River Galma at Zaria, Nigeria, with a note on its food. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A Sciences Naturelles, 39, 177 - 189." title="The parasites of Polypterus endlicheri Heckel (Pisces: Polypteridae) from the River Galma at Zaria, Nigeria, with a note on its food" type="journal article" year="1978">Shotter &amp; Medaiyedu (1978)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FBC570C703AAFDFA" author="Troncy, P. M." box="[1071,1235,498,523]" firstAuthor="Troncy" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="528 - 552" part="40" refId="ref27513" refString="Troncy, P. M. (1978) Novelles observations sur les parasites des poissons du bassin Tchadien. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, 40, 528 - 552." title="Novelles observations sur les parasites des poissons du bassin Tchadien" type="journal article" year="1978">Troncy (1978)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FB3570C7020AFDFA" author="Jones, A." box="[1247,1395,498,522]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A28FFA9FF23732105A7F8A2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF23732103B4FD82" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FF2373210600FDDE" bold="true" box="[201,377,533,558]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Re-description</emphasis>
(based on 20 complete worms from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FCFA7321040BFDDD" box="[784,882,533,557]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FC97732204BFFDDE" box="[893,966,534,558]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FC1173210316FDDD" box="[1019,1135,533,557]" name="Sudan" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
): 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FB6B73210228FDDD" box="[1153,1361,533,557]" class="Cestoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="order">Bothriocephalidea</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FAB67321064BFDBF" class="Cestoda" family="Bothriocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Bothriocephalidae</taxonomicName>
. Strobila up to 
<quantity id="4CDB8BF00A28FFA9FE367303055BFDA0" box="[476,546,567,592]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
long (up to 
<quantity id="4CDB8BF00A28FFA9FD477303058BFDA0" box="[685,754,567,592]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FC6773030364FDBF" author="Khalil, L. F." box="[909,1053,567,591]" firstAuthor="Khalil" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="143 - 170" part="158" refId="ref24560" refString="Khalil, L. F. (1969) Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan. Journal of Zoology, 158, 143 - 170." title="Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1969">Khalil, 1969</bibRefCitation>
); maximum width 2.3 mm. External and internal segmentation present; segments wider than long, markedly craspedote (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FB86736E03B9FD82" box="[1132,1216,602,626]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF23734A04B4FD2A" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Two pairs of longitudinal osmoregulatory canals; dorsal canals narrow (diameter up to 16); ventral canals wide (diameter up to 20), connected by transverse anastomoses. Longitudinal musculature well developed, muscle fibres diffused (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FEEB73F6062FFD2A" box="[257,342,706,730]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
). Surface of strobila covered with capilliform filitriches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF2373D10577FBE2" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Scolex elongate (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FE6473D10697FD0D" box="[398,494,741,765]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FE1173D10563FD0D" box="[507,538,741,765]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">34</figureCitation>
), 700–1,490 (1,065 ± 198) long by 260–430 (350 ± 44) wide (n = 19). Apical disc prominent, wider than scolex proper, usually four-lobed in apical view, 350–510 (410 ± 45) wide by 145–255 (200 ± 33) long (n = 17), armed with 27–35 (32 ± 2; n = 12) large hooks, 14–165 (106 ± 37; n = 314) long (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FAB6721E0525FC95" author="Jones, A." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones 1980 reported hooks up to 190 μm long</bibRefCitation>
), arranged usually in four quadrants (6–9 hooks in each quadrant). Hooks variable in size in each quadrant, smallest being on periphery and increasing to middle of quadrant, with largest hook 120–165 (152 ± 13; n = 10) in centre (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD6A72A605A4FC5A" box="[640,733,914,938]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD0372A6044AFC5A" box="[745,819,914,938]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">35, 36</figureCitation>
). Bothria elongate, shallow, 580–1,020 (790 ± 37) long by 100–235 (163 ± 40) wide (n = 13) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD8B728105BBFC3D" box="[609,706,949,973]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD3B72810588FC3D" box="[721,753,949,973]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">34</figureCitation>
). Surface of scolex covered with capilliform filitriches and tumuliform globular structures (diameter around 1) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD0E72E3044EFC1F" box="[740,823,983,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Neck absent, first segments appear immediately posterior to scolex (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FEA472CE06D5FBE2" box="[334,428,1018,1042]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FE5272CE0578FBE2" box="[440,513,1018,1042]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">33, 34</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF23752A0470FB6D" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Immature segments 80–247 long by 270–2130 wide; length/width ratio 0.06–1.04: 1 (n = 45) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FB0F75290241FBC5" box="[1253,1336,1053,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). Mature segments wider than long, 125–300 (178 ± 56) long by 1,400–2,300 (1,830 ± 386) wide; length/width ratio 0.06– 0.60: 1 (n = 12) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FEB9755606DEFB8A" box="[339,423,1122,1146]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Gravid segments wider than long, 170–810 (415 ± 240) long by 775–1,680 (1,155 ± 254) wide; length/width ratio 0.12–0.76: 1 (n = 13) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD4275B10585FB6D" box="[680,764,1157,1181]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF23759D030EFA25" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Testes medullary, oval, 30–65 (48 ± 9; n = 18) in number per segment (up to 72 according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FB37759D0226FB4F" author="Jones, A." box="[1245,1375,1191,1216]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones 1980</bibRefCitation>
), 37– 81 (57 ± 14) long by 22–41 (34 ± 7) wide (n = 14), forming 2 narrow longitudinal bands (17–38 testes per band), confluent between segments, absent medially and near lateral margins (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FC3375D90348FAF5" box="[985,1073,1261,1285]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Cirrus-sac large, thick-walled (thickness of sac wall 3–8), pyriform, oblique, with proximal part curved anterolaterally, 46–182 (111 ± 34) long by 51–179 (130 ± 30) wide (length/width ratio 0.70–1.06: 1) (n = 20), pre-equatorial to equatorial (at 30–51% of length of mature segment from its anterior margin; n = 10) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FCD8746104C5FA9D" box="[818,956,1365,1389]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 38–40</figureCitation>
). Internal seminal vesicle absent. Vas deferens forms numerous loops lateral to cirrus-sac; internal sperm duct strongly coiled; cirrus unarmed, opening into genital atrium (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FEA974AE06D8FA42" box="[323,417,1434,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 26</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FE4774AE068EFA42" box="[429,503,1434,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">38–40</figureCitation>
). Numerous prostatic glands around anterior part of cirrus-sac (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FB5574AE0230FA42" box="[1215,1353,1434,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 38–40</figureCitation>
). Genital pore dorsal, median, near anterior margin of segment, transversely elongate (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FBFC74890312FA25" box="[1046,1131,1469,1493]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF2374D4079FF955" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Ovary slightly asymmetrical, compact, transversely elongate, 20–50 (40 ± 10) long by 100–550 (410 ± 150) wide (n = 10) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FED4773606EAF9EA" box="[318,403,1538,1562]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Vagina a straight, thick-walled wide tube, 22–37 (28 ± 4; n = 15) in diameter, opens posterior to cirrus-sac into genital atrium; vaginal sphincter absent (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FCA7771104D9F9CD" box="[845,928,1573,1597]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
). Vitelline follicles cortical, numerous, small, spherical, 19–41 (28 ± 5; n= 15) in diameter, form 2 wide longitudinal bands confluent between segments, separated medially to form ventral and dorsal bands (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD33775E0448F972" box="[729,817,1642,1666]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
), rarely connected by several follicles in postovarian region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA9FF23778405A7F8A2" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Uterine duct winding, forms numerous tightly coiled loops, filled with eggs, enlarged in gravid segments (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FA85778407CFF91A" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). Uterus thin-walled, median, spherical, enlarged in gravid segments, occupying 23–36% of segment surface (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FF7577C1078BF8FD" box="[159,242,1781,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). Uterine pore thick-walled, opens anterior to midlength of uterus. Eggs oval, thin-walled, operculate, may be embryonated, 30–50 (40 ± 7) long by 20–45 (30 ± 6) wide (n = 20), fully formed oncosphere 22–37 (28 ± 4) long by 18–30 (23 ± 4) wide (n = 15) (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FDAD760E05DCF8A2" box="[583,677,1850,1874]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A28FFA9FD5B760E05A8F8A2" box="[689,721,1850,1874]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">37</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339759E0A28FFA8FF2376690416FA42" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A28FFA8FF2376690590FECA" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FF2376690646F885" bold="true" box="[201,319,1885,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FEAD766905EAF885" box="[327,659,1885,1909]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FEAD766905EAF885" box="[327,659,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polyonchobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described as 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FC8E7669030BF885" box="[868,1138,1885,1909]" class="Cestoda" family="Tetrabothriidae" genus="Tetrabothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FC8E7669030BF885" box="[868,1138,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tetrabothrium polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on worms found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FF7D76B40625F868" box="[151,348,1920,1944]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FF7D76B40625F868" box="[151,348,1920,1944]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polypterus bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Nile River in 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A28FFA9FD8176B505D7F869" box="[619,686,1921,1945]" name="Egypt" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Egypt</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FD3176B40406F868" author="Leydig, F." box="[731,895,1920,1944]" firstAuthor="Leydig" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="219 - 222" part="19" refId="ref25112" refString="Leydig, F. (1853) Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 19, 219 - 222." title="Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Polypterus bichir" type="journal article" year="1853">Leydig (1853)</bibRefCitation>
, who described only scolex morphology. Taxonomic history of the species, which was transferred to several genera, was reviewed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A28FFA9FB6D76970265F84A" author="Jones, A." box="[1159,1308,1954,1978]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, who redescribed the taxon on the basis of tapeworms collected by L. F. Khalil in three species of bichirs (
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A28FFA9FAF976F2020CF82D" box="[1299,1397,1989,2013]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FAF976F20258F82D" box="[1299,1313,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FAD976F1020CF82D" box="[1331,1397,1989,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">bichir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A28FFA9FA6D76F202ECF82D" box="[1415,1429,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FF7D71AC0670FF40" box="[151,265,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="endlicheri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FF7D71AC0670FF40" box="[151,265,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">endlicheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FED771AD06BEFF40" box="[317,455,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senegalus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FED771AD0632FF40" box="[317,331,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FEB371AC06BEFF40" box="[345,455,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">senegalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the White Nile at Jebel-Awlia (south of Khartoum, 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FBA671A303B9FF5F" box="[1100,1216,151,175]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
). This redescription was detailed, but it seems that tapeworms studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FD16718F04F7FF22" author="Jones, A." box="[764,910,186,210]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
may have been relaxed too long in the water, because their segments were unnaturally long in relation to their width (see figs. 14 and 
<quantity id="4CDB8BF00A29FFA8FB6A71E903C3FF05" box="[1152,1210,221,245]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FB2B71EA023AFF05" author="Jones, A." box="[1217,1347,221,245]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones 1980</bibRefCitation>
). In our new material from 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FE9870340692FEE8" box="[370,491,256,280]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FE9870340692FEE8" box="[370,491,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polypterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FD83703405CBFEE8" box="[617,690,256,280]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FD0671CB0419FEE7" box="[748,864,255,279]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
, which was observed alive, segments were invariably much wider than long and markedly craspedote.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF23707203FDFE52" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FF2370720620FEAD" author="Jones, A." box="[201,345,325,349]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
provided erroneous measurements of the eggs (396–444 μm by 264–288 μm), which was apparently caused by an incorrect position of the decimal point, and reported the eggs to be unoperculate when laid. However, we observed operculate eggs in the new material from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FC9A70BE04A6FE52" box="[880,991,394,418]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13183A900A29FFA8FC0470BE0332FE52" box="[1006,1099,394,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 32" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[196,1400,197,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1401,195,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23 – 27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C- 464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28 – 32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280996/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13183A900A29FFA8FBBD70BE030EFE52" box="[1111,1143,394,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–40" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1643,1666]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,204,1612]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280997/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">37</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF2370990211FDBF" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FF23709906C3FE35" author="Kuchta, R. &amp; Scholz, T. &amp; Brabec, J. &amp; Bray, R. A." box="[201,442,429,453]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuchta" journalOrPublisher="International Journal for Parasitology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="49 - 55" part="38" refId="ref24901" refString="Kuchta, R., Scholz, T., Brabec, J. &amp; Bray, R. A. (2008 a) Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudophyllidea (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea. International Journal for Parasitology, 38, 49 - 55." title="Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudophyllidea (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Kuchta 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FECE709A0621FE35" box="[292,344,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2008a
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FE22709906AEFE35" author="Kuchta, R. &amp; Scholz, T. &amp; Bray, R. A." box="[456,471,429,453]" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Parasitology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="81 - 136" part="71" refId="ref24960" refString="Kuchta, R., Scholz, T. &amp; Bray, R. A. (2008 b) Revision of the order Bothriocephalidea Kuchta, Scholz, Brabec &amp; Bray, 2008 (Eucestoda) with amended generic diagnoses and keys to families and genera. Systematic Parasitology, 71, 81 - 136." title="Revision of the order Bothriocephalidea Kuchta, Scholz, Brabec &amp; Bray, 2008 (Eucestoda) with amended generic diagnoses and keys to families and genera" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
) considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FD8770990432FE35" box="[621,843,429,453]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FD8770990432FE35" box="[621,843,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polyonchobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be monotypic, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FBB4709A039AFE35" box="[1118,1251,429,453]" class="Cestoda" family="Tetrabothriidae" genus="Tetrabothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FBB4709A0315FE35" box="[1118,1132,430,453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FB947099039AFE35" box="[1150,1251,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
representing its 
<typeStatus id="549898B70A29FFA8FF7D70E407BEFE18" box="[151,199,464,488]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
and only species, because species previously placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FCDE70E4036BFE18" box="[820,1042,464,488]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FCDE70E4036BFE18" box="[820,1042,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polyonchobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FBA770FB0232FE17" author="Kuchta, R. &amp; Scholz, T." box="[1101,1355,463,487]" firstAuthor="Kuchta" journalOrPublisher="Parassitologia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="129 - 146" part="49" refId="ref24866" refString="Kuchta, R. &amp; Scholz, T. (2007) Diversity and distribution of fish tapeworms of the &quot; Bothriocephalidea &quot; (Eucestoda). Parassitologia, 49, 129 - 146." title="Diversity and distribution of fish tapeworms of the &quot; Bothriocephalidea &quot; (Eucestoda)" type="journal article" year="2007">Kuchta &amp; Scholz 2007</bibRefCitation>
for list of synonyms) actually belong to other genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FD5E70C70449FDFB" authority="Kuchta" box="[692,816,499,523]" class="Cestoda" family="Bothriocephalidae" genus="Kirstenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FD5E70C70449FDFB" box="[692,816,499,523]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kirstenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FCA870C704FFFDFA" box="[834,902,499,522]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Senga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FCA870C704FFFDFA" box="[834,902,499,522]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Senga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FC2870C00336FDFB" box="[962,1103,500,523]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Tetracampos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FC2870C00336FDFB" box="[962,1103,500,523]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tetracampos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FB8170C70230FDFB" box="[1131,1353,499,523]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FB8170C70230FDFB" box="[1131,1353,499,523]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polyonchobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from other bothriocephalidean genera in scolex morphology, especially in the possession of a prominent apical disc, usually divided into four separate lobes, each of them armed with 6–9 massive hooks up to 190 μm long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF23736F0382FD0D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FF23736F056DFD83" box="[201,532,603,627]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FF23736F056DFD83" box="[201,532,603,627]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polyonchobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered here to be a specific parasite of bichirs (
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FB91736E0276FD82" box="[1147,1295,602,626]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polypteridae</taxonomicName>
), which represent an ancient lineage of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) endemic to Africa. Polypterids are phylogenetically distant from teleosts and other freshwater fish, such as paddlefish, sturgeons, gars and bowfins (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FB2A73AB02E8FD47" author="Suzuki, D. &amp; Brandley, M. C. &amp; Tokita, M." box="[1216,1425,671,696]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Suzuki" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 12" part="10" refId="ref27272" refString="Suzuki, D., Brandley, M. C. &amp; Tokita, M. (2010) The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 1 - 12." title="The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes" type="journal article" year="2010">
Suzuki 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FAFC7395023FFD48" box="[1302,1350,672,696]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Adult worms were found in other hosts, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FD5473F704C1FD2B" box="[702,952,707,731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Chrysichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thanneri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FD5473F704C1FD2B" box="[702,952,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chrysichthys thanneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(present study; RMCA 33752) or “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FAA673F702E5FD2B" box="[1356,1436,707,731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FAA673F702E5FD2B" box="[1356,1436,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Silurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.” (present study, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FE9E73D20527FD0D" author="Joyeux, C. E. &amp; Baer, J. G." box="[372,606,741,766]" editor="C. E. Joyeux &amp; E. Gendre &amp; J. G. Baer" firstAuthor="Joyeux" journalOrPublisher="Masson et Cie, editeurs, Paris" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="17 - 54" refId="ref24452" refString="Joyeux, C. E. &amp; Baer, J. G. (1928) Cestodes. In: C. E. Joyeux, E. Gendre &amp; J. G. Baer (Eds.), Recherches sur les helminthes de l'Afrique occidentale francaise. Masson et Cie, editeurs, Paris, pp. 17 - 54." title="Cestodes" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Recherches sur les helminthes de l'Afrique occidentale francaise" year="1928">Joyeux &amp; Baer 1928</bibRefCitation>
; MHNG 45401), but they may represent just atypical hosts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF23723305B3FC1F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FF23723306F7FCEF" author="Fuhrmann, D. O." box="[201,398,775,799]" firstAuthor="Fuhrmann" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Parasitologie" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="440 - 449" part="5" refId="ref23970" refString="Fuhrmann, D. O. (1902) Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum). Archives de Parasitologie, 5, 440 - 449." title="Sur un nouveau bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychobothrium armatum)" type="journal article" year="1902">Fuhrmann (1902)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FDE2723C0450FCD0" box="[520,809,776,800]" class="Cestoda" family="Bothriocephalidae" genus="Ptychobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bothriocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="armatum">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FDE2723C0450FCD0" box="[520,809,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ptychobothrium armatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a trush reported under the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FB37723C02E5FCD0" box="[1245,1436,776,800]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Turdus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parochus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FB37723C02E5FCD0" box="[1245,1436,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turdus parochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FF3D721F0664FCB3" box="[215,285,811,835]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
. However, trush of this name has never been described, which casts doubts upon the actual host of these specimens. Examination of the 
<typeStatus id="549898B70A29FFA8FDAC727A050FFC96" box="[582,630,846,870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
material (ZBM E.2361) has shown that 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FBA4727902E5FC95" box="[1102,1436,845,869]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FBA4727902E5FC95" box="[1102,1436,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polyonchobothrium polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was misidentified. The most probable explanation of this unusual finding of a specific parasite of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FB3C725B026EFC77" box="[1238,1303,879,903]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bichir">bichir</taxonomicName>
in a passeriform bird is mislabelling of samples. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FD8B72A60410FC5A" author="Bichi, A. H. &amp; Yelwa, S. I." box="[609,873,914,938]" firstAuthor="Bichi" journalOrPublisher="Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="104 - 107" part="3" refId="ref22520" refString="Bichi, A. H. &amp; Yelwa, S. I. (2010) Incidence of piscine parasites on the gills and gastrointestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels) at Bagauda fish farm, Kano. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3, 104 - 107." title="Incidence of piscine parasites on the gills and gastrointestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels) at Bagauda fish farm, Kano" type="journal article" year="2010">Bichi &amp; Yelwa (2010)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FC3572A0031CFC5B" box="[991,1125,915,939]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FC3572A00494FC5B" box="[991,1005,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FBEA72A7031CFC5B" box="[1024,1125,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in clariid catfish (
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FAA272A70676FC3D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clariidae" genus="Clarias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gariepinus">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FAA272A70676FC3D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Clarias gariepinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FED4728106EFFC3D" box="[318,406,949,973]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
. This finding may represent misidentification of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FC55728203BCFC3D" box="[959,1221,949,973]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Tetracampos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ciliotheca">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FC55728203BCFC3D" box="[959,1221,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tetracampos ciliotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a typical parasite frequently infecting that host (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF2372CF0425FBA7" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Larvae (plerocercoids), juvenile or immature specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FCB572C80499FBE3" box="[863,992,1019,1043]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FCB572C80414FBE3" box="[863,877,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FC9172CF0499FBE3" box="[891,992,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found by the present authors in the intestine of several unrelated fish, such as claroteid catfish, mormyrids, barbels, Nile perch and tilapias, which may serve as paratenic or postcyclic hosts (
<figureCitation id="13183A900A29FFA8FD2C750B0432FBA7" box="[710,843,1087,1111]" captionStart="APPENDIX 1" captionStartId="33.[151,289,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="APPENDIX 1. List of dissected fish from Democratic Republic of the Congo (2008; CON); Ethiopia (2006; ET); Gabon (2010; GAB); Kenya (2008 –2010; KET) and the Sudan (2006, 2008 &amp; 2009; SUD). Abbreviation: *, larvae or plerocercoids in the intestine." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF23755603B8FAD8" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Seasonality in the occurrence and maturation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FD1A7550040BFB8B" box="[752,882,1123,1147]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FD1A75500587FB8B" box="[752,766,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FCE77557040BFB8B" box="[781,882,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been indicated by previous authors, because immature specimens were found in spring (March and April by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FCB775B2049BFB6D" author="Jones, A." box="[861,994,1157,1181]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones, 1980</bibRefCitation>
) in 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FBE775B10302FB6D" box="[1037,1147,1157,1181]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
and from July to September in 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FF0A759C064DFB30" box="[224,308,1192,1216]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FEA9759C06B1FB30" author="Ukoli, F. M. A." box="[323,456,1192,1216]" editor="E. White" firstAuthor="Ukoli" journalOrPublisher="University of Ife, Ife-Ife" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="70 - 73" refId="ref27546" refString="Ukoli, F. M. A. (1965) Preliminary report on the helminthic infection of fish in the R. Niger at Shagunu. In: E. White (Ed.), The First Scientific Report of the Kainji Biological Research Team. University of Ife, Ife-Ife, pp. 70 - 73." title="Preliminary report on the helminthic infection of fish in the R. Niger at Shagunu" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The First Scientific Report of the Kainji Biological Research Team" year="1965">Ukoli 1965</bibRefCitation>
), whereas fully mature specimens were present only in autumn (October) in 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FAC6759C02E5FB30" box="[1324,1436,1192,1216]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB25BE40A29FFA8FF7475FE065AFB12" author="Jones, A." box="[158,291,1226,1250]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Helminthology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="25 - 38" part="54" refId="ref24409" refString="Jones, A. (1980) Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 54, 25 - 38." title="Proteocephalus pentastoma (Klaptocz, 1906) and Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) from species of Polypterus Geoffroy, 1802 in the Sudan" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Even though immature worms dominated in all newly collected samples, material from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FAC875FF0212FB13" box="[1314,1387,1227,1251]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FF7D75D9067FFAF5" box="[151,262,1261,1285]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
was represented by mixture of immature, mature and gravid worms in 
<date id="FF9D00D50A29FFA8FBCA75D903D1FAF5" box="[1056,1192,1261,1285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2006-03">March 2006</date>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FB5D75D90252FAF5" box="[1207,1323,1261,1285]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
), 
<date id="FF9D00D50A29FFA8FAD575D90783FAD8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-09">September 2008</date>
and 2009 (
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FE9D742406BFFAD8" box="[375,454,1296,1320]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kenya</collectingCountry>
). In 
<date id="FF9D00D50A29FFA8FE1D742405D5FAD8" box="[503,684,1296,1320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-11">November 2008</date>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FD5174240457FAD8" box="[699,814,1296,1320]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
) only immature worms were found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C26150A29FFA8FF2374060416FA42" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Shotter &amp; Medaiyedu (1977) reported the highest prevalence and intensity of infection 
<taxonomicName id="4C235D960A29FFA8FB4D74000250FABB" box="[1191,1321,1331,1355]" class="Cestoda" family="Ptychobothriidae" genus="Polyonchobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudophyllidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polypteri">
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FB4D740003CCFABB" box="[1191,1205,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957FA070A29FFA8FB2E74070250FABB" box="[1220,1321,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">polypteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in bichirs from 
<collectingCountry id="F33466850A29FFA8FF3F74610650FA9D" box="[213,297,1365,1389]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
in fish of the total length of 
<quantity id="4CDB8BF00A29FFA8FD877461047FFA9D" box="[621,774,1365,1389]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="325.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="300.0">300–350 mm</quantity>
. Based on a high proportion of immature worms to mature ones (3,879 versus 
<specimenCount id="9D25ED9C0A29FFA8FE84744C056FFA60" box="[366,534,1400,1424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">866 specimens</specimenCount>
, i.e. ratio 4.5: 1), these authors supposed that many juvenile worms did not reach maturity, possibly due to effective immune reaction of fish hosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>