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<mods:title id="5A6FD7A8A24F34572DB2997C6351B3C9">An annotated checklist of the chaetonotidan Gastrotricha from India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="08DDF9F327FCF9FC9B2AAE68B3F13C98">Chatterjee, Tapas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="48549C844D3DC0C0EFA292F512AB73CB">Near Hari Mandir Road, Hirapur, Dhanbad 826001, Jharkhand, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="552E445B77CFC726FB1F253E8A9E9466">Todaro, M. Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="37B2D38FA151BECFBD165F429D3BCD86">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213 / D, I- 41125 Modena, Italy. antonio. todaro @ unimore. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6353 - 7281</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="5607204E5718FFA655B8FD4AFDF8DEEE" blockId="13.[151,640,690,753]" box="[151,632,690,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">
<heading id="0D4F97225718FFA655B8FD4AFDF8DEEE" bold="true" box="[151,632,690,717]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5718FFA655B8FD4AFDF8DEEE" ID-CoL="5CBVJ" authority="Remane, 1934" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,632,690,717]" family="Xenotrichulidae" genus="Xenotrichula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655B8FD4AFDF8DEEE" bold="true" box="[151,632,690,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655B8FD4AFE40DEEF" bold="true" box="[151,448,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">Xenotrichula intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA654E7FD4BFDF8DEEE" author="Remane, A." box="[456,632,690,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="473 - 478" refId="ref13534" refString="Remane, A. (1934) Die Gastrotrichen des Kustengrundwassers von Schilksee. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fur Schleswig Holstein, 20, 473 - 478." type="journal article" year="1934">Remane, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="5607204E5718FFA655E8FD2FFD00DED3" blockId="13.[151,640,690,753]" box="[199,640,726,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">
= 
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5718FFA655F1FD2FFD00DED3" ID-CoL="5CBVB" authority="Levi, 1950" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1950" box="[222,640,726,753]" family="Xenotrichulidae" genus="Xenotrichula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="beauchampi">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655F1FD2FFD80DED3" box="[222,512,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">Xenotrichula beauchampi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA65728FD2FFD00DED3" author="Levi, C." box="[519,640,726,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="31 - 42" refId="ref12706" refString="Levi, C. (1950) Contribution a etude des gastrotriches de la region de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale and Generale, 87, 31 - 42." type="journal article" year="1950">Lévi, 1950</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="5607204E5718FFA655B8FCE7FD55DF7F" blockId="13.[151,1437,798,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655B8FCE7FE09DF1A" bold="true" box="[151,393,798,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">
Records from 
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.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="947CEEAC5718FFA654A0FCE7FD10DF1B" box="[399,656,799,825]" country="India" name="Andhra Pradesh" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">ANDHRA PRADESH</collectingRegion>
: Visakhapatnam (Waltair)— 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA656E0FCE7FB59DF18" author="Ganapati, P. N. &amp; Rao, G. C." box="[975,1241,799,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="214 - 225" refId="ref11834" refString="Ganapati, P. N. &amp; Rao, G. C. (1967) On some marine interstitial gastrotrichs from the beach sands of Waltair coast. Proceeding of Indian Academy of Sciences, 66 B, 214 - 225." type="journal article" year="1967">Ganapati &amp; Rao (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA651C9FCE7FF52DF7F" author="Rao, G. C. &amp; Ganapati P. N." pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="82 - 125" refId="ref13308" refString="Rao, G. C. &amp; Ganapati P. N. (1968) The interstitial fauna inhabiting beach sands of Waltair coast. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India, 34 B, 82 - 125." type="journal article" year="1968">Rao &amp; Ganapati 1968</bibRefCitation>
; 
<collectingRegion id="947CEEAC5718FFA655F1FCBBFE5DDF7F" box="[222,477,835,861]" country="India" name="GENERAL RECORD" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">GENERAL RECORD</collectingRegion>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA654C8FCBBFD51DF7F" author="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C." box="[487,721,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="169" refId="ref12873" refString="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C. (2004) Gastrotricha. In: Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, Kol- kata, pp. 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Naidu &amp; Rao (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655E8FC9EFDB2DFA2" bold="true" box="[199,562,870,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">Habitat (as in Indian records).</emphasis>
Marine; littoral, fine sand.
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<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655E8FC72FEE1DF86" bold="true" box="[199,353,906,932]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">Distribution.</emphasis>
Putatively cosmopolitan.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="1EA273C55718FFA655E8FC57FB1DD9BF" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5607204E5718FFA655E8FC57FB1DD9BF" blockId="13.[151,1437,798,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA655E8FC57FEBBDFEB" bold="true" box="[199,315,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">Remarks.</emphasis>
In 
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the species has been reported twice; however, only 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA656CDFC57FB6ADFE8" author="Ganapati, P. N. &amp; Rao, G. C." box="[994,1258,943,970]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="214 - 225" refId="ref11834" refString="Ganapati, P. N. &amp; Rao, G. C. (1967) On some marine interstitial gastrotrichs from the beach sands of Waltair coast. Proceeding of Indian Academy of Sciences, 66 B, 214 - 225." type="journal article" year="1967">Ganapati &amp; Rao (1967)</bibRefCitation>
report morphometric data. In particular, they indicated for their specimens a body length of 180 μm excluding the furcal branches, which measured 55 μm in length. According to these authors, their specimens resemble most closely to the speci- mens from Roscoff described as 
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<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA65724FBE3FD2CD817" box="[523,684,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">X.beauchampi</emphasis>
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by 
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. Currently, the latter species is considered a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5718FFA65408FBC7FE41D87B" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1934" box="[295,449,1087,1113]" family="Xenotrichulidae" genus="Xenotrichula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA65408FBC7FE41D87B" box="[295,449,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">X. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
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for details). We would like to emphasize that while the body of the Indian specimens may not differ in length from that of other populations, the furcal appendances appear much longer (55 μm 
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vs e.g., up to 36 
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, up to 37 μm Virginia, up to 38 Florida, 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA651B9FB7FFAEBD883" author="Todaro, M. A. &amp; Fleeger, J. W. &amp; Hu, Y. P. &amp; Hrincevich, A. W. &amp; Foltz, D. W." box="[1174,1387,1159,1185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="735 - 742" refId="ref14028" refString="Todaro, M. A., Fleeger, J. W., Hu, Y. P., Hrincevich, A. W. &amp; Foltz, D. W. (1996) Are meiofauna species cosmopolitan? Morphological and molecular analysis of Xenotrichula intermedia (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida). Marine Biology, 125, 735 - 742. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00349256" type="journal article" year="1996">
Todaro 
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA651C1FB7FFAA1D883" box="[1262,1313,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA655E3FB53FEE7D8E7" author="Ruppert, E. E." box="[204,359,1195,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref13618" refString="Ruppert, E. E. (1979) Morphology and systematics of the Xenotrichulidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida). Mikrofauna des Meeresbodens, 76, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1979">Ruppert 1979</bibRefCitation>
for additional data). Regardless, 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA657CFFB53FC46D8E4" author="Todaro, M. A. &amp; Fleeger, J. W. &amp; Hu, Y. P. &amp; Hrincevich, A. W. &amp; Foltz, D. W." box="[736,966,1195,1222]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="735 - 742" refId="ref14028" refString="Todaro, M. A., Fleeger, J. W., Hu, Y. P., Hrincevich, A. W. &amp; Foltz, D. W. (1996) Are meiofauna species cosmopolitan? Morphological and molecular analysis of Xenotrichula intermedia (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida). Marine Biology, 125, 735 - 742. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00349256" type="journal article" year="1996">
Todaro 
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA65617FB53FCEAD8E7" box="[824,874,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">et al</emphasis>
. (1996)
</bibRefCitation>
, suggested on molecular grounds that the cosmopolitan taxon 
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<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA65455FB37FD87D8CB" box="[378,519,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">X. intemedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may in fact include a group of several cryptic species with a narrower geographic range. Furthermore, 
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA65452FB0BFDFCD92F" author="Leasi, F. &amp; Todaro, M. A." box="[381,636,1267,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="379 - 398" refId="ref12651" refString="Leasi, F. &amp; Todaro, M. A. (2008) The muscular system of Musellifer delamarei (Renaud-Mornant, 1968) and other chaetonotidans with implications for the phylogeny and systematisation of the Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 94, 379 - 398." type="journal article" year="2008">Leasi &amp; Todaro (2008)</bibRefCitation>
based on confocal microscopy found a different muscle organization in specimens putatively belonging to geographically disjunct populations of 
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5718FFA656F1FAEFFBF7D913" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1934" box="[990,1143,1303,1329]" family="Xenotrichulidae" genus="Xenotrichula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA656F1FAEFFBF7D913" box="[990,1143,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">X. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In this scenario, it is our opinion that 
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5718FFA65409FAC3FDE9D977" authority="Remane, 1934" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1934" box="[294,617,1339,1365]" family="Xenotrichulidae" genus="Xenotrichula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5718FFA65409FAC3FE3ED977" box="[294,446,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="345">X. intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5718FFA654E9FAC3FDE9D977" author="Remane, A." box="[454,617,1339,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="345" pagination="473 - 478" refId="ref13534" refString="Remane, A. (1934) Die Gastrotrichen des Kustengrundwassers von Schilksee. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fur Schleswig Holstein, 20, 473 - 478." type="journal article" year="1934">Remane, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
should not be considered part of the Indian fauna. Very likely the Indian specimens from Visakhapatnam (=Waltair) currently affiliated to this taxon actually belong to a new species, but it is necessary to investigate them further to give a satisfactory description of the new species.
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