306 lines
36 KiB
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306 lines
36 KiB
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<document id="8ACDE46FF05394C5C4EF60A3C68D5F3F" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA6C0A08FF54FF38FCDB5F61" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Culex (Eumelanomyia) hayashii Yamada" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="96" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="71A94197D430390F3DA5606F77DF1093">
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<mods:title id="AAFCD8FF2C65AD5333358F731F04DA14">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="00371DAA74C532877389A4728AA32230">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="751938941F7904BC5B65B83CD486A673" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6661D6CF9E86B2E2A45D9676D6F752B2">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="596F0DEF456113778064A5AC54F2B24D" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="FAA90041E4C1D57DCC15523004CDC3B4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CC7F9F04AB4EBFAA6F1D8C678F4B0634">
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<mods:date id="235395EBAADFFB55324353CCC760C06F">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C85E5687ED7353E0BC1017D3B8A4C403">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C9F7CC99859E305CD33F564507383126">5303</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8006D1DAB66E33AB5C7E8B43E885A4FB" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="15011C935CBC9B683155FFF353056521" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA6C0A08FF54FF38FCDB5F61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064259" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064259" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6C0A08FF54FF38FCDB5F61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA6C0A08FF54FF38FCDB5F61" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6C0A08FF54FF38FD1F5AB4" box="[151,654,151,178]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54FF38FD1F5AB4" blockId="95.[151,654,151,178]" box="[151,654,151,178]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA6C0A08FF54FF38FD1F5AB4" bold="true" box="[151,654,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FF54FF38FD1F5AB4" ID-CoL="8BMSR" ID-ENA="1214266" authority="Yamada" authorityName="Yamada" box="[151,654,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayashii" subGenus="Eumelanomyia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF54FF38FD1F5AB4" bold="true" box="[151,654,151,178]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF54FF38FF4E5AB7" bold="true" box="[151,223,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF33FF38FE395AB7" bold="true" box="[240,424,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE7AFF38FDB15AB7" bold="true" box="[441,544,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">hayashii</emphasis>
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Yamada
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6C0A08FF54FF74FC5D5B55" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54FF74FD775B17" blockId="95.[151,1436,219,336]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FECFFF74FE6F5AF6" ID-CoL="8BMSR" authority="Yamada, 1917" authorityName="Yamada" authorityYear="1917" box="[268,510,219,243]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayashii">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FECFFF74FEF45AF6" bold="true" box="[268,357,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">hayashii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FEAFFF74FE6F5AF6" author="Yamada, S." box="[364,510,219,243]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="61 - 72" refId="ref185379" refString="Yamada, S. (1917) On two new species of mosquitoes from Japan. Dobutsugaku zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 29 (341), 61 - 72. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1917">Yamada, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FD3CFF74FC095AF6" ID-CoL="8BMSR" authorityName="Yamada" authorityYear="1917" box="[767,920,219,243]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayashii">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FD3CFF74FC095AF6" box="[767,920,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex hayashii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FBF2FF73FBFC5AF6" box="[1073,1133,220,243]" name="Japan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FBBAFF74FA095AF6" box="[1145,1432,219,243]" name="China" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">People’s Republic of China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FF04FF55FE9C5B17" box="[199,269,250,274]" name="Russia" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Russia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FED4FF55FE085B17" box="[279,409,250,274]" name="South Korea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">South Korea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FE60FF55FE7C5B17" box="[419,493,250,274]" name="Taiwan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FE39FF55FD4A5B17" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[506,731,250,274]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FDA8FF54FD065B17" box="[619,663,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54FEB6FC5D5B55" blockId="95.[151,1436,219,336]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FED0FEB7FCA65B34" ID-CoL="8BMV2" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[275,823,280,305]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FED0FEB7FE1E5B35" bold="true" box="[275,399,280,304]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ryukyuanus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FE5EFEB6FCA65B34" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[413,823,281,305]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FB87FEB6FEAD5B4A" ID-CoL="8BMV2" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hayashii" subGenus="Eumelanomyia" subSpecies="ryukyuanus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FB87FEB6FBEE5B34" box="[1092,1151,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FB54FEB6FABE5B34" box="[1175,1327,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FA85FEB6FEAD5B4A" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">hayashii ryukyuanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FE13FE97FD9B5B4A" box="[464,522,312,335]" name="Japan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(Ryukyu Archipelago) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FCC3FE98FC505B55" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[768,961,311,336]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
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Tanaka
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC92FE97FCEC5B4A" box="[849,893,311,335]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
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. 1979
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6C0A08FF54FED1FCDB5F61" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54FED1FC965905" blockId="95.[151,1437,382,1380]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF54FED1FEEB5B9D" author="Sirivanakarn, S." box="[151,378,382,408]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref178490" refString="Sirivanakarn, S. (1972) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIII. The genus Culex, subgenus Eumelanomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia and adjacent areas. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 8 (6), i, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1972">Sirivanakarn (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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, in his revisionary study of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC8EFED1FC645B9D" box="[845,1013,382,408]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumelanomyia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC8EFED1FC645B9D" box="[845,1013,382,408]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Southeast Asia and adjacent areas, stated that “The adults of
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FE75FE0DFDA75BB9" box="[438,566,418,444]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayashii">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE75FE0DFDA75BB9" box="[438,566,418,444]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">C. hayashii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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show a great deal of variation in size, color, texture of scutal scales and in the length of male palpus. The specimens from the Ryukyu Islands differ from the specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FB06FE69FA945BE5" box="[1221,1285,454,480]" name="Japan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Japan</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FAF8FE69FAEE5BE5" box="[1339,1407,454,480]" name="South Korea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Korea</collectingCountry>
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in smaller size, darker coloration, finer scutal scales and shorter male pulpus [
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC21FE44FB905801" box="[994,1025,491,516]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">sic</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
]. However, these differences are not correlated with any differentiation in the male terminalia [genitalia], indicating that there is in all probability only one species involved.”
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FE5DFD9DFD135849" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[414,642,562,588]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
|||
|
|
Tanaka
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE35FD9CFDB85849" box="[502,553,562,588]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (1979)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
interpreted
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FCCFFD9DFC1C5849" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[780,909,562,588]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FCCFFD9DFC1C5849" box="[780,909,562,588]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ryukyuanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to be a subspecies distinct from the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6C0A08FAEEFD9DFACC5849" box="[1325,1373,562,588]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
form based on the following characteristics: Generally smaller body size, wing with a smaller ratio of the length of cell R
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="0236349EBA6C0A08FA57FDC7FA0D5873" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,616,630]" fontSize="6" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">2</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
to the length of vein R
|
|||
|
|
<subScript id="0236349EBA6C0A08FE4FFD23FE34589F" attach="left" box="[396,421,652,666]" fontSize="6" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">2+3</subScript>
|
|||
|
|
, a slight difference in the ratio of the length of hindtarsomere 1 to the length of the hindtibia (0.98–1.11 as opposed to 0.85–1.03 in the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6C0A08FDACFD31FD0E58BD" box="[623,671,670,696]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
form), male with shorter maxillary palpus (palpomere 2 shorter than it is in the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6C0A08FED5FD6DFED758D9" box="[278,326,706,732]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
form). They stated that the larva of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FD2EFD6DFCFF58D9" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[749,878,706,732]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FD2EFD6DFCFF58D9" box="[749,878,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ryukyuanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
did not appear to be significantly different from
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF54FD49FE1B5905" box="[151,394,742,768]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FF54FD49FF675905" box="[151,246,742,768]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="hayashii">hayashii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA6C0A08FF3EFD48FE1B5905" box="[253,394,743,768]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
on Japan’s main island (Honshu).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF04FCA5FAC55F19" blockId="95.[151,1437,382,1380]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
|||
|
|
The Ryukyu Archipelago comprises an arc of 55 islands and islets that extend about
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6C0A08FB41FCA5FB7C5921" box="[1154,1261,778,804]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="1.0">1,000 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
southwestward from
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6C0A08FF15FC81FE8E594D" box="[214,287,814,840]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
south of Kyushu, the southernmost of Japan’s main islands, to
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6C0A08FC36FC81FBDD594D" box="[1013,1100,814,840]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
east of northern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FAD3FC81FAF7594D" box="[1296,1382,814,840]" name="Taiwan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The chain of islands is divided by two large gaps, a northern gap of about
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6C0A08FC76FCFDFB9A5969" box="[949,1035,850,876]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="270.0">270 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
between Yakushima Island and the Amami island group, and a southern gap of about
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6C0A08FD13FCD9FCB75995" box="[720,806,886,912]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="km" value="280.0">280 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
between the islands of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA6C0A08FBF2FCD9FB075995" box="[1073,1174,886,912]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
and Miyako. The flora and fauna tend to be very different on either side of these gaps, and forms that occur on islands of the Archipelago that have been regarded as subspecies are proving to be genetically distinct (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FC18FC11FB0859DD" author="Toma, T. & Taira, K. & Oosiro, A. & Azama, Y. & Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I." box="[987,1177,958,984]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref182672" refString="Toma, T., Taira, K., Oosiro, A., Azama, Y., Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I. (2019) New taxonomic status of Tripteroides bambusa (Yamada), 1917 [sic] from Japan, based on experimental crossing and COI sequence divergence. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 70 (1), 15 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 70.15" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
|||
|
|
Toma
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FBE1FC10FBC359DD" box="[1058,1106,958,984]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2019
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FB60FC11FA0959DD" author="Somboon, P. & Phanitchakun, T. & Namgay, R. & Harbach, R. E." box="[1187,1432,958,984]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="105280" refId="ref179038" refString="Somboon, P., Phanitchakun, T., Namgay, R. & Harbach, R. E. (2020 a) Description of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) bhutanensis n. sp. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Bhutan. Acta Tropica, 203, 105280. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2019.105280" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
|||
|
|
Somboon
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FAD7FC10FAD559DD" box="[1300,1348,958,984]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2020a
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF54FC4DFE0559F9" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Somboon, P. & Harbach, R. E." box="[151,404,994,1020]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="198 - 200" refId="ref184986" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Somboon, P. & Harbach, R. E. (2022) Reconsideration of the status of subspecies in the Japonicus Group of the subgenus Hulecoeteomyia Theobald of Aedes Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 5162 (2), 198 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5162.2.8" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
|||
|
|
Wilkerson
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FED7FC4CFED659F9" box="[276,327,994,1020]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2022
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). For example,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FD8BFC4DFC8E59F9" author="Toma, T. & Taira, K. & Oosiro, A. & Azama, Y. & Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I." box="[584,799,994,1020]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref182672" refString="Toma, T., Taira, K., Oosiro, A., Azama, Y., Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I. (2019) New taxonomic status of Tripteroides bambusa (Yamada), 1917 [sic] from Japan, based on experimental crossing and COI sequence divergence. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 70 (1), 15 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 70.15" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
|||
|
|
Toma
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FD53FC4CFD5559F9" box="[656,708,994,1020]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2019)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
clearly showed that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FBCCFC4DFDD45E25" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="bambusa" subSpecies="yaeyamensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FBCCFC4DFA0C59F9" box="[1039,1437,994,1020]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Tripteroides bambusa yaeyamensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF54FBA9FDD45E25" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[151,581,1030,1056]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
|||
|
|
Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6C0A08FDCEFBA9FDD45E25" box="[525,581,1030,1056]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02666" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="in" value="1979.0">1979</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in the central and southern regions of the archipelago is molecularly and genetically distinct from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FE75FB84FC965E41" authority="(Yamada, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[438,775,1066,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE75FB84FDD85E41" box="[438,585,1066,1092]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Tp. bambusa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FD99FB85FD6E5E41" author="Yamada, S." box="[602,767,1066,1092]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="61 - 72" refId="ref185379" refString="Yamada, S. (1917) On two new species of mosquitoes from Japan. Dobutsugaku zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 29 (341), 61 - 72. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1917">Yamada, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in the northern Palaearctic region of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FB7BFB85FB6A5E41" box="[1208,1275,1066,1092]" name="Japan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Based on the results of their study and similar findings regarding the specific status of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC2CFBE1FDD05E89" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamensis" subGenus="Hulecoeteomyia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC2CFBE1FBA35E6D" box="[1007,1074,1102,1128]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Aedes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FB86FBE1FB6A5E6D" box="[1093,1275,1102,1128]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Hulecoeteomyia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FACCFBE0FA0C5E6D" box="[1295,1437,1103,1128]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">yaeyamensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF54FBDDFDD05E89" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[151,577,1138,1164]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FD91FBDDFCC55E89" author="Somboon, P. & Phanitchakun, T. & Namgay, R. & Harbach, R. E." box="[594,852,1138,1164]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="105280" refId="ref179038" refString="Somboon, P., Phanitchakun, T., Namgay, R. & Harbach, R. E. (2020 a) Description of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) bhutanensis n. sp. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Bhutan. Acta Tropica, 203, 105280. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2019.105280" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
|||
|
|
Somboon
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FD0AFBDCFD6C5E89" box="[713,765,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2020a
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FCA1FBDDFBCE5E89" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Somboon, P. & Harbach, R. E." box="[866,1119,1138,1164]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="198 - 200" refId="ref184986" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Somboon, P. & Harbach, R. E. (2022) Reconsideration of the status of subspecies in the Japonicus Group of the subgenus Hulecoeteomyia Theobald of Aedes Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 5162 (2), 198 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5162.2.8" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
|||
|
|
Wilkerson
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC1CFBDCFB825E89" box="[991,1043,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2022
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), despite the morphological similarity observed by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FE5DFB39FD105EB5" author="Sirivanakarn, S." box="[414,641,1174,1200]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref178490" refString="Sirivanakarn, S. (1972) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIII. The genus Culex, subgenus Eumelanomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia and adjacent areas. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 8 (6), i, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1972">Sirivanakarn (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FD78FB39FC355EB5" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[699,932,1174,1200]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
|||
|
|
Tanaka
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FCD7FB38FCD95EB5" box="[788,840,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (1979)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, we believe it is likely molecular study will reveal that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FED4FB15FE095ED1" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[279,408,1210,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FED4FB15FE095ED1" box="[279,408,1210,1236]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ryukyuanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE11FB15FD595ED1" box="[466,712,1210,1236]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FE11FB15FDA05ED1" box="[466,561,1210,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="hayashii">hayashii</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA6C0A08FDFAFB14FD595ED1" box="[569,712,1211,1236]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
are separate species. Therefore, unless genetic evidence proves otherwise, we hereby formally elevate
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FD8DFB71FD5E5EFD" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[590,719,1246,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FD8DFB71FD5E5EFD" box="[590,719,1246,1272]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ryukyuanus</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to specific rank:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC56FB72FE785F19" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus" subGenus="Eumelanomyia">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC56FB72FE785F19" bold="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC56FB72FC485EFD" bold="true" box="[917,985,1245,1272]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC29FB72FB0B5EFD" bold="true" box="[1002,1178,1245,1272]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FB68FB72FAA55EFD" bold="true" box="[1195,1332,1245,1272]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">ryukyuanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FAFFFB71FE785F19" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FE34FAADFD515F19" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[503,704,1282,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE34FAADFD515F19" box="[503,704,1282,1308]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex ryukyuanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF04FA89FCDB5F61" blockId="95.[151,1437,382,1380]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
|||
|
|
For comparison, see the analogous treatments of the subspecies of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC6FFA89FA0D5F45" authority="(Edwards, 1921a)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[940,1436,1318,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC6FFA89FB5E5F45" box="[940,1231,1318,1344]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Toxorhynchites manicatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FB1DFA89FA055F45" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1246,1428,1318,1344]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="629 - 632" refId="ref153513" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1921 a) H. Sauter's Formosan collections: Culicidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 8 (48), 629 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632632" type="journal article" year="1921">Edwards, 1921a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FF04FAE4FD165F61" authority="Barraud, 1934" authorityName="Barraud" authorityYear="1934" box="[199,647,1354,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novobscura">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF04FAE4FE715F61" box="[199,480,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Uranotaenia novobscura</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FE25FAE5FD165F61" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[486,647,1354,1380]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
presented below.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|