427 lines
51 KiB
XML
427 lines
51 KiB
XML
|
<document id="9B466BB97746EDA9D5DD187E8480F6D0" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA430A26FF54F968FC8C5C9C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Mansonia (Mansonioides) africana Theobald" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="114" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:mods id="FCDD44B5C59445947DA41CBE337A6760" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="5ACF9418E4A426CD9CA7D9FDD00C0659">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title id="442ABD4409A500A5A7E152C4428D3E33">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name id="F099CF5F4EA76B7BED236C5991853DE5" type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role id="3D7BC3BAE47B1D967238E6B43198F7BF">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="C7ACAA26EE28C12947EB83CE04241843">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="BECF68A88C119793C9299D81320A2712">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:nameIdentifier id="07A28C104D7CECF2D8CD2C5CB273D87C" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1384-6972</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:nameIdentifier id="73A265C1073EE57FA632370B25F58427" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:name id="345B03FA8B75C0BB32D511789EC2205C" type="personal">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:role id="773C39FC4DFD797C984BF55632E41481">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="A7B5DCC601CCC2ED06600B200FC3AAB9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:namePart id="5F83BC90DEEC87A38A4DA29188201A9F">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2A89E838AB2D57A88D2166CAF26542FE" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6366-1357</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BB09D441D3F041B577D0E270057A2517" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="012AD351C0167BEEA2DBFC49E7C612E0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="A548CC84AB61E3C859A4C3A4E3A84720" type="host">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="56395636FF054F198F86B0EBBA97755E">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:title id="BD2A4D9BD2E52CFC3A7D53BCB1DEB89F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:part id="E4F4A3BE791F9CB6BC73404AEEC36B5A">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:date id="571C09158209C9162950E7B14BB1F3CB">2023</mods:date>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail id="574949F3277084FA9D2BE4050558DD3F" type="pubDate">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number id="3E0D32FE77321B7DBFD93B59346AE9AE">2023-06-15</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail id="543FFA15DDEA014A61694B0FF5EF5649" type="volume">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number id="1CB363B5D6B79815700FCBE7FB6530DE">5303</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:detail id="02515DAE05C02802422D5B5FD21860FC" type="issue">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:number id="096C9C91AAD9FCE307184D7B6F77C4F5">1</mods:number>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:extent id="8437E8B2A567EF5A63D6022DF05F630E" unit="page">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:start id="700850A738546AB057351195A74BB746">1</mods:start>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:end id="6F8A60E2FBADE1D0E482F211B1290AB4">184</mods:end>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:location id="BB2494D7D88DD550FC43088A10EC2028">
|
|||
|
|
<mods:url id="6A3C4247FCF93B21028901959BADE8FB">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN</mods:url>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:classification id="A48780E1649C3AC1A9042F292F62A32E">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="EC82F7278CD99B85A373C2A82036E3FB" type="CLB-Dataset">53758</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="7A03478D34430BCACAF3CE1BE64B4547" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="AE92AE3D37023548FC198EE78528E4FD" type="GBIF-Dataset">55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="ABD92F849441B299C00A7026BBD6D2CE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="01D14E919956804F59A1D8D061737B3D" type="Zenodo-Dep">8043342</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
<mods:identifier id="8E063E859BF5B46CB361EE80CB4821D9" type="ZooBank">DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE</mods:identifier>
|
|||
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|||
|
|
<treatment id="161B87CDBA430A26FF54F968FC8C5C9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064422" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064422" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA430A26FF54F968FC8C5C9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA430A26FF54F968FC8C5C9C" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA430A27FF54F968FD535CE4" box="[151,706,1734,1761]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA430A27FF54F968FD535CE4" blockId="112.[151,706,1734,1761]" box="[151,706,1734,1761]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="C54581B7BA430A27FF54F968FD535CE4" bold="true" box="[151,706,1734,1761]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" reason="4">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA430A27FF54F968FD535CE4" ID-CoL="8CQ3J" ID-ENA="667564" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,706,1734,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana" subGenus="Mansonioides">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FF54F968FD535CE4" bold="true" box="[151,706,1734,1761]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FF54F968FE805CE4" bold="true" box="[151,273,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Mansonia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FEE0F969FE5C5CE4" bold="true" box="[291,461,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Mansonioides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FE1EF969FDD55CE5" bold="true" box="[477,580,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Theobald
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA430A27FF54F8A4FAD85DB8" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" type="reference_group">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA430A27FF54F8A4FCE85D7A" blockId="112.[151,1436,1803,1981]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
|
|||
|
|
subspecies
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA430A27FEC8F8A4FDB55D26" ID-CoL="8CQ3J" authority="(Theobald, 1901 c)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[267,548,1803,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FEC8F8A4FEF55D26" bold="true" box="[267,356,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA430A27FEB1F8A4FD8C5D26" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[370,541,1803,1827]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
—original combination:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA430A27FCE6F8A4FC685D26" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[805,1017,1803,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Panoplites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FCE6F8A4FC685D26" box="[805,1017,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Panoplites africanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Distribution:
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FB4CF8A4FB4D5D26" box="[1167,1244,1803,1827]" name="Angola" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FB24F8A4FAB75D26" box="[1255,1318,1803,1827]" name="Benin" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FAF1F8A3FA095D26" box="[1330,1432,1804,1827]" name="Botswana" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FF04F885FEC05D44" box="[199,337,1834,1858]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FE98F885FE565D47" box="[347,455,1834,1858]" name="Cameroon" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FE12F885FD435D47" box="[465,722,1834,1858]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FD18F885FCF45D47" box="[731,869,1834,1858]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FCACF885FB425D47" box="[879,1235,1834,1858]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FB1EF885FA085D47" box="[1245,1433,1834,1858]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FF04F8E7FEB15D65" box="[199,288,1864,1888]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FEE9F8E7FEE15D65" box="[298,368,1864,1888]" name="Gabon" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FEB8F8E7FE515D65" box="[379,448,1864,1888]" name="Ghana" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FE09F8E6FD9E5D64" box="[458,527,1865,1889]" name="Kenya" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FDD9F8E7FDF75D65" box="[538,614,1864,1888]" name="Liberia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FDB3F8E7FD335D65" box="[624,674,1864,1888]" name="Serbia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Mali</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FD6EF8E7FCA45D65" box="[685,821,1864,1888]" name="Mozambique" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FC83F8E7FC1E5D65" box="[832,911,1864,1888]" name="Nigeria" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FC5AF8E7FC7D5D65" box="[921,1004,1864,1888]" name="Senegal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FC35F8E7FBED5D65" box="[1014,1148,1864,1888]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FB45F8E7FA9B5D65" box="[1158,1290,1864,1888]" name="South Africa" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FAD6F8E7FA085D65" box="[1301,1433,1864,1888]" name="South Sudan" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FF04F8C8FE985D7A" box="[199,265,1895,1919]" name="Sudan" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FED0F8C8FEE05D7A" box="[275,369,1895,1919]" name="Tanzania" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FEB9F8C8FE5C5D7A" box="[378,461,1895,1919]" name="Gambia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FE14F8C8FDB95D7A" box="[471,552,1895,1919]" name="Uganda" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FDF0F8C8FD115D7A" box="[563,640,1895,1919]" name="Zambia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA430A27FD4EF8C8FCFF5D7A" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[653,878,1895,1919]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
|||
|
|
Wilkerson
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FD3DF8C7FCBB5D7A" box="[766,810,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2021
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA430A27FF54F829FAD85DB8" blockId="112.[151,1436,1803,1981]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
|
|||
|
|
subspecies
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA430A27FED1F829FDBD5D9B" authority="Theobald, 1910" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[274,556,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FED1F829FEEB5D9B" bold="true" box="[274,378,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA430A27FE44F829FDBD5D9B" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[391,556,1926,1950]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="ref182172" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1910) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 5. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + (1) + 646 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1910">Theobald, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
—original combination:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA430A27FCFBF829FB805D98" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[824,1041,1926,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FCFBF829FB805D98" box="[824,1041,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Mansonia nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(varietal status by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA430A27FB32F829FA095D9B" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1265,1432,1926,1950]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="47 - 59" refId="ref153219" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 a) Further notes on African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 4 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300016941" type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards 1913a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
; subspecific status by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA430A27FE5CF80BFD355DB8" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[415,676,1956,1981]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Distribution:
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FCFEF80BFC015DB9" box="[829,912,1956,1980]" name="Senegal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FC5AF80BFC665DB9" box="[921,1015,1956,1980]" name="Tanzania" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA430A27FBC2F80BFBC15DB9" box="[1025,1104,1956,1980]" name="Uganda" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA430A27FB9EF80BFAAC5DB8" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1117,1341,1956,1981]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
|||
|
|
Wilkerson
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA430A27FB0EF80AFB6B5DB9" box="[1229,1274,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2021
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA420A26FF54FF38FC8C5C9C" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA420A26FF54FF38FE7F5B18" blockId="113.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FF54FF38FEFF5AB4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,366,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FF54FF38FEFF5AB4" box="[151,366,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonia africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is a well-known African species of the subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FC63FF38FB695AB4" authority="Theobald, 1907" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[928,1272,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FC63FF38FBAC5AB4" box="[928,1085,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonioides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FB87FF38FB695AB4" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1092,1272,151,177]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref182007" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1907">Theobald, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
; however, like most Afrotropical species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FE1AFF14FDD65AD0" box="[473,583,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, the larval and pupal stages of this species have not been fully described and illustrated. Descriptions of the adults of subspecies
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FD11FF70FCD35AFD" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[722,834,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD11FF70FCD35AFD" box="[722,834,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
lack illustrations and are brief and superficial, and the immature stages are unknown.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA420A26FF04FE88FAC058F4" blockId="113.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FF04FE88FE1F5B44" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[199,398,295,321]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
described
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FDC4FE88FD095B44" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[519,664,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FDC4FE88FD095B44" box="[519,664,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FD05FE88FC3F5B44" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[710,942,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Panoplites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD05FE88FC3F5B44" box="[710,942,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Panoplites africanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) from “Quite a number of this species in the collection from Asaba”, a city in southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FDBFFEE4FD455B60" box="[636,724,331,357]" name="Nigeria" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. He added that “The specimens collected at Asaba differ in no respects from those in the other parts of West and Central Africa.” According to
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FBD3FEC0FB475B8C" author="Townsend, B. C." box="[1040,1238,367,393]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="35 - 152" refId="ref182830" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1990">Townsend (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA420A26FB22FEC0FAE55B8C" box="[1249,1396,367,393]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
are present in the Natural History Museum, London—“
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FD23FE3CFCA65BA8" box="[736,823,403,429]" name="Malawi" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA420A26FC82FE3CFC325BA8" box="[833,931,403,429]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
[head only of 1, on slide],
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA420A26FB17FE3CFAB75BA8" box="[1236,1318,403,429]" country="Malawi" name="Zomba" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Zomba</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, Chiromo, Lower Shire.… This is one of the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA420A26FDD8FE18FDEC5BD4" box="[539,637,439,465]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
from ‘West and Central Africa’ referred to generally in the description and listed more fully in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FE6DFE74FD265BF0" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[430,695,475,501]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c: 188)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.” It is not clear to which of the
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA420A26FBE9FE74FB255BF0" box="[1066,1204,475,501]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
this applies, but we assume it is not the one represented by the slide-mounted head. In either case, the localities listed by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FAF1FE50FF7F5838" author="Theobald, F. V." pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
for his (second) description of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FDA1FD8CFCDF5838" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[610,846,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Panoplites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FDA1FD8CFCDF5838" box="[610,846,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Panoplites africanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
do not include Asaba [they include Chiromo, Fort Johnstone (now called
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA420A26FE60FDE8FD875864" box="[419,534,583,609]" country="Malawi" name="Mangochi" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mangochi</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
) and Lower Shire (Shire River) in former British Central Africa (present-day
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FF54FDC4FF605880" box="[151,241,619,645]" name="Malawi" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
), and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA420A26FEFAFDC4FEEC5880" box="[313,381,619,645]" country="Nigeria" name="Lagos" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Lagos</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
and Old Calabar (contemporary Duke Town) in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FC77FDC4FB9F5880" box="[948,1038,619,645]" name="Nigeria" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
]. It is unfortunate that
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FADBFDC4FF7358AC" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H." pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
|
|||
|
|
Stone
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FAA2FDC4FA045880" box="[1377,1429,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (1959)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FEE3FD20FDBE58AC" author="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A." box="[288,559,655,681]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight & Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
did not arrange Theobald’s early publications in strict chronological order.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FF54FD1CFECF58C8" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[151,350,691,717]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
[??/09/1901] predates
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FD9FFD1CFCB258C8" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[604,803,691,717]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<date id="EA0C101BBA420A26FCF3FD1CFC2258C8" box="[816,947,691,717]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1901-11-12">12/11/1901</date>
|
|||
|
|
] by two months; consequently, it seems that the specimens from Asada,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FE0FFD78FDB158F4" box="[460,544,727,753]" name="Nigeria" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
are non-extant and the two “
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA420A26FCA0FD78FC2F58F4" box="[867,958,727,753]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
” females have no taxonomic status.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA420A26FF04FD54FCF85C0C" blockId="113.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FF04FD54FE135910" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[199,386,763,789]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref182172" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1910) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 5. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + (1) + 646 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1910">Theobald (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
described
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FE39FD54FD705911" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[506,737,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FE39FD54FD705911" box="[506,737,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonia nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
based on a single female from Mpuma,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FB62FD54FB695910" box="[1185,1272,763,789]" name="Uganda" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(Mpuma, now known as Mpuma-Luga, is a city in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA420A26FD9CFCB0FC8C593C" box="[607,797,799,825]" country="Uganda" name="Mukono" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mukono District</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, Central Region, located about
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA420A26FB40FCB0FB5D593C" box="[1155,1228,799,825]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
east of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA420A26FAE4FCB0FA00593C" box="[1319,1425,799,825]" country="Uganda" name="Kampala" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Kampala</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FF54FCECFECD5958" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,348,835,861]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="47 - 59" refId="ref153219" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 a) Further notes on African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 4 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300016941" type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards (1913a)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
placed
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FE7EFCECFC955958" authority="Theobald, 1903 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[445,772,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FE7EFCECFDA95959" box="[445,568,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Ma. major</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FD80FCECFC955958" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[579,772,835,861]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FC86FCECFC7C5959" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[837,1005,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FC86FCECFC7C5959" box="[837,1005,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in synonymy with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FB1AFCECFAE15958" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1241,1392,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FB1AFCECFAE15958" box="[1241,1392,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FF54FCC8FE385984" box="[151,425,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FF54FCC8FE385984" box="[151,425,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonioides africanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) but then, seemingly reluctantly, treated
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FC49FCC8FC6B5985" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[906,1018,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FC49FCC8FC6B5985" box="[906,1018,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as a variety, saying: “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FAC0FCC8FA0D5985" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[1283,1436,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FAC0FCC8FA0D5985" box="[1283,1436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">M. nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
may perhaps rank as a good variety; it is much darker than the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA420A26FC97FC24FC1959A0" box="[852,904,907,933]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
: the thorax is darker, with hardly a trace of pale markings; the dark scales of the wings are much more numerous than the light, and the white rings at the bases of the hind tarsal joints are much narrower than in typical
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FD18FC7CFCFA59E8" box="[731,875,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD18FC7CFCFA59E8" box="[731,875,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">M. africanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The male genitalia, however, do not differ in any way. This form has up to the present only been found in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FCCEFC58FCFB5E14" box="[781,874,1015,1041]" name="Uganda" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.”
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FCBCFC58FBA95E14" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[895,1080,1015,1041]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref154128" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">Edwards (1932a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FB80FC58FBED5E14" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1091,1148,1015,1041]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) was the only taxonomist post-Theobald (1901c, 1901d) to recognize and treat
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FD2CFBB4FCCE5E31" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[751,863,1051,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD2CFBB4FCCE5E31" box="[751,863,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as a separate form. Later workers,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FB2EFBB4FA095E30" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[1261,1432,1051,1077]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FF54FB91FF425E5C" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[151,211,1086,1113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
),
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FF24FB90FDE75E5C" author="da Cunha Ramos, H. & Ribeiro, H." box="[231,630,1086,1113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="111 - 141" refId="ref149829" refString="da Cunha Ramos, H. & Ribeiro, H. (1975) Research on the mosquitoes of Angola (Diptera: Culicidae) IX - Genera Toxorhynchites Theo., 1901, Malaya Leicester, 1908, Ficalbia Theo [sic], 1903, Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905, Mansonia Blanchard, 1901, Uranotaenia L. Arribalzaga, 1891, Aedeomyia Theo., 1901, Eretmapodites Theo., 1901 and Culiseta Felt, 1904. Anais do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2 (1 / 4), 111 - 141." type="journal article" year="1975">
|
|||
|
|
da
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA420A26FECAFB90FEC35E5C" box="[265,338,1087,1113]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Cunha</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
Ramos & Ribeiro (1975)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FD40FB90FCBA5E5C" author="Service, M. W." box="[643,811,1087,1113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref178023" refString="Service, M. W. (1990) Handbook to the Afrotropical toxorhynchitine and culicine mosquitoes, excepting Aedes and Culex. British Museum (Natural History), London, (2) + 207 pp." type="book" year="1990">Service (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FCFBFB90FC2E5E5C" author="Jupp, P. G." box="[824,959,1087,1113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref161745" refString="Jupp, P. G. (1996) Mosquitoes of southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, 156 pp." type="book" year="1996">Jupp (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FC34FB90FB4D5E5C" author="Becker, N. & Petric, D. & Zgomba, M. & Boase, C. & Madon, M. & Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A." box="[1015,1244,1087,1113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
|
|||
|
|
Becker
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FB8DFB90FB115E5C" box="[1102,1152,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2020)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, only recognized the nominotypical form, perhaps because they considered
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FCEEFBCCFC0C5E79" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[813,925,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FCEEFBCCFC0C5E79" box="[813,925,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to merely be a morphological variant. These authors were, of course, with the possible exception of Becker
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FC9EFB28FC1E5EA4" box="[861,911,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
., unaware that
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FBFFFB28FAFD5EA4" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[1084,1388,1159,1185]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
had raised
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FF20FB04FEC25EC1" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[227,339,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FF20FB04FEC25EC1" box="[227,339,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to subspecific rank based on provisions of the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FCB7FB04FA045EC0" box="[884,1429,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: “Despite Edwards’ (1913a) apparent reluctance to treat
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FCCCFB60FCEE5EED" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[783,895,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FCCCFB60FCEE5EED" box="[783,895,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as a variety, implying that it should perhaps be regarded as an infrasubspecific entity, it is deemed to have subspecific rank because it was adopted (originally) as the valid name of a species before 1985 (Article 45.6.4.1).” In the absence of concrete morphological differentiation and evidence of geographical isolation, we believe that the action taken by Harbach & Howard, based merely on provisions of the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FE98FAF0FE075F7C" box="[347,406,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Code</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, was ill-considered. Of course
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FD36FAF0FCF45F7D" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[757,869,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD36FAF0FCF45F7D" box="[757,869,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
could possibly be a separate species, but until this is conclusively proven, based on comparative morphological study of all life stages and molecular assessment, we believe it is prudent to consign
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FE3CFA08FDFE5FC5" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[511,623,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FE3CFA08FDFE5FC5" box="[511,623,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to synonymy:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FCD8FA08FCB85FE1" bold="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FCD8FA08FBC15FC5" authority="Theobald, 1910" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[795,1104,1446,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FCD8FA08FC1F5FC4" bold="true" box="[795,910,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FC55FA08FBC15FC5" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[918,1104,1446,1473]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref182172" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1910) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 5. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + (1) + 646 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1910">Theobald, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, junior subjective synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FF76FA64FCB85FE1" authority="(Theobald, 1901 c)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[181,809,1482,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana" subGenus="Mansonioides">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FF76FA64FEBB5FE0" bold="true" box="[181,298,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FEFAFA65FE4A5FE0" bold="true" box="[313,475,1482,1509]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonioides</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FE28FA65FDDC5FE1" bold="true" box="[491,589,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FD98FA65FCB05FE1" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[603,801,1482,1508]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. Consequently,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FC1FFA64FB535FE1" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[988,1218,1483,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FC1FFA64FB535FE1" box="[988,1218,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonia nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
should be removed from the species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FEB7FA40FE755C0D" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1901" box="[372,484,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FEB7FA40FE755C0D" box="[372,484,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA420A26FF04F9BCFC8C5C9C" blockId="113.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
|
|||
|
|
As indicated above, contrary to
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FDE6F9BCFCB95C28" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[549,808,1555,1581]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
|||
|
|
Wilkerson
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD5CF9BCFD5F5C28" box="[671,718,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2021)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FCF1F9BCFBF75C28" authority="Theobald, 1903 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[818,1126,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FCF1F9BCFC365C29" box="[818,935,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. major</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FC6FF9BCFBF75C28" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[940,1126,1555,1581]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was synonymized with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FAB3F9BCFF675C54" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FAB3F9BCFF675C54" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FEE3F998FE735C54" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[288,482,1591,1617]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="47 - 59" refId="ref153219" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 a) Further notes on African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 4 (1), 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300016941" type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards (1913a)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, not
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA420A26FDDAF998FD4A5C54" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[537,731,1591,1617]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="ref154128" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">Edwards (1932a)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, who stated that “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FC67F998FB9D5C55" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[932,1036,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FC67F998FB9D5C55" box="[932,1036,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">M. major</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was described from a flattened, but typical female specimen [of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FE12F9F4FD4F5C70" box="[465,734,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FE12F9F4FD4F5C70" box="[465,734,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mansonioides africanus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
].” There is no reason to doubt this synonymy, and it is retained, along with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FED6F9D0FE295C9D" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[277,440,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigerrima">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FED6F9D0FE295C9D" box="[277,440,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. nigerrima</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, as a synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA420A26FD47F9D0FC865C9C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[644,791,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA420A26FD47F9D0FC865C9C" box="[644,791,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mn. africana</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|