treatments-xml/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFE6F6088CBB36A5F59DF214.xml

<document id="5E55C8671BE23FB912E88088BF85DA49" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFE6F6088CBB36A5F59DF214" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myonycteris torquata Dobson 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="0F60831E138E9D1F9B099FF663F921E1">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3BF4A92EB2EB63F57AE53234DEE946BF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8AB920C724E2466B67B524781030C6CE">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="78C06E520C8C7B1EFF82EFF8938BD5F7">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBB36A5FA7BFD70" blockId="34.[1443,2473,697,787]" box="[1445,1502,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="D0F38180FFE6F6088CBB36A5FA7BFD70" box="[1445,1502,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFE6F6088CBB36A5FA7BFD70" box="[1445,1502,697,747]" captionStart="Plate 4: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="33.[122,152,3248,3269]" captionTargetBox="[14,2755,18,3663]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="50. Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus azagnyi), 51. Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus woermanni), 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis), 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata), 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala), 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon), 56. Bergmans’s Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta), 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae), 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 59. Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi), 61. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampr), 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus), 63. Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus erypturus), 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus), 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor), 67. Ansell’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus anselli), 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), 69. Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsonu), 70. Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grands), 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus), 72. Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448849/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">53.</figureCitation>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CF136A5F841FD70" box="[1519,2020,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CF136A5F841FD70" blockId="34.[1443,2473,697,787]" box="[1519,2020,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="D0F38180FFE6F6088CF136A5F841FD70" box="[1519,2020,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE6F6088CF136A5F841FD70" ID-CoL="454ZH" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1519,2020,697,747]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">Little Collared Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F608810836A5F638FD70" box="[2070,2461,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F608810836A5F638FD70" blockId="34.[1443,2473,697,787]" box="[2070,2461,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="D0F38180FFE6F608810836A5F638FD70" box="[2070,2461,697,747]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE6F608810836A5F638FD70" ID-CoL="454ZH" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[2070,2461,697,747]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F608810836A5F638FD70" box="[2070,2461,697,747]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Myonycteris torquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBA36E0F60CFC8A" blockId="34.[1443,2473,697,787]" box="[1444,2473,764,785]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="D0F38180FFE6F6088CBA36E0F60CFC8A" box="[1444,2473,764,785]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBA36E0FA55FC8A" bold="true" box="[1444,1520,764,785]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE6F6088CE436E0F966FC8A" ID-CoL="454ZH" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1530,1731,764,785]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">Myonyctére a collier</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088FC636E0F896FC8A" bold="true" box="[1752,1843,764,785]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE6F6088E2336E0F7FEFC8A" ID-CoL="454ZH" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1853,2139,764,785]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">Kleiner Halskrausenflughund</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F608816E36E0F769FC8A" bold="true" box="[2160,2252,764,785]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE6F60881CB36E0F60CFC8A" ID-CoL="454ZH" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[2261,2473,764,785]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">Myonicterio pequeno</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F60881173723F7F6FC1C" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F60881173723F7F6FC1C" blockId="34.[2056,2650,831,1259]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F60881173723F700FCFB" bold="true" box="[2057,2213,831,864]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE6F60881A23723F7EBFC1C" ID-CoL="6BVXK" authority="Dobson, 1878" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">Cynonycteris torquata Dobson, 1878</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088170377AF5F3FBBE" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088170377AF5F3FBBE" blockId="34.[2056,2650,831,1259]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFE6F6088170377AF5F3FBBE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391343" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
“Africa (
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F60881ED377AF6F8FC1C" box="[2291,2397,870,903]" name="Angola" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Angola</collectingCountry>
).” Restricted by W. Bergmans in 1976 to “Lower Cuanza Region” and further restricted by J. Crawford-Cabral in 1989 to “Golungo Alto,” 
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFE6F60881143018F6F6FBBE" box="[2058,2387,1028,1061]" country="Angola" name="Kwanza Norte" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Cuanza Norte Province</collectingRegion>
, northern 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F60880F53018F5F7FBBE" box="[2539,2642,1028,1061]" name="Angola" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Angola</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088114302CF5BEFA88" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088114302CF5BEFA88" blockId="34.[2056,2650,831,1259]" lastBlockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE6F6088114302CF6B2FBD6" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[2058,2327,1072,1101]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">Myonycteris torquata</taxonomicName>
was originally considered to occur in sub-Saharan Africa from 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F60881143067F766FB07" box="[2058,2243,1147,1180]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F60881E33067F6D0FB07" box="[2301,2421,1147,1180]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and southward to 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F608812F30BFF732FB5F" box="[2097,2199,1187,1220]" name="Angola" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Angola</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F60881F630BFF6F7FB5F" box="[2280,2386,1187,1220]" name="Zambia" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Zambia</collectingCountry>
, but West African populations are now considered a distinct species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE6F6088F0930EEF915FA88" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[1559,1712,1266,1299]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptodon">M. leptodon</taxonomicName>
, previously considered a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE6F60881CB30EEF6CAFA88" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[2261,2415,1266,1299]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">M. torquata</taxonomicName>
. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFE6F6088CBD313DF80FFA12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803692" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803692" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803692/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" startId="34.[1443,1615,1313,1338]" targetBox="[1441,2034,838,1254]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBD313DF80FFA12" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBD313DF9F6FAA1" bold="true" box="[1443,1619,1313,1338]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Distribution.</emphasis>
From S 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088FD5313DF8C5FAA1" box="[1739,1888,1313,1338]" name="Cameroon" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
E to 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088EB7313DF7FAFAA1" box="[1961,2143,1313,1338]" name="South Sudan" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088170313DF77BFAA1" box="[2158,2270,1313,1338]" name="Uganda" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088035313DF601FAA1" box="[2347,2468,1313,1338]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, and S to 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088333313DF967FAF9" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088FCD315DF8CFFAF9" box="[1747,1898,1345,1378]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
, N 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088E85315DF7A7FAF9" box="[1947,2050,1345,1378]" name="Angola" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Angola</collectingCountry>
, and extreme NW 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F608800F315DF6DEFAF9" box="[2321,2427,1345,1378]" name="Zambia" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Zambia</collectingCountry>
; an extralimital record from Beletta Forest, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088E35316CF800FA12" box="[1835,1957,1392,1417]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBD3188F732F5B0" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBD3188F732F5B0" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBD3188F93AFA2A" bold="true" box="[1443,1695,1428,1457]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F6088E7F3188F7AFFA2A" box="[1889,2058,1428,1457]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.86" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="108.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="86.0">86-130 mm</quantity>
(males) and 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F60881C73188F627FA2A" box="[2265,2434,1428,1457]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" metricValueMax="1.14" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="102.0" valueMax="114.0" valueMin="90.0">90-114 mm</quantity>
(females), tail 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F6088CBA31A7F98CFA43" box="[1444,1577,1467,1496]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">4-10 mm</quantity>
(males) and 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F6088FEB31A7F8DEFA43" box="[1781,1915,1467,1496]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="0.0">0-12 mm</quantity>
(females), ear 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F608817C31A7F753FA43" box="[2146,2294,1467,1496]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14-18 mm</quantity>
(males) and 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F60880DA31A7F5FDFA43" box="[2500,2648,1467,1496]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="18.0">18-21 mm</quantity>
(females), hindfoot 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F6088FDF31FFF8F4F99B" box="[1729,1873,1507,1536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14-18 mm</quantity>
(males) and 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F608810931FFF702F99B" box="[2071,2215,1507,1536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="16.0">16-22 mm</quantity>
(females), forearm 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F60880DB31FFF5F2F99B" box="[2501,2647,1507,1536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="56.0">56-65 mm</quantity>
(males) and 
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE6F6088F443216F94BF9BC" box="[1626,1774,1546,1575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="55.0">55-66 mm</quantity>
(females); weight 
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(females). Females average slightly larger and heavier than males but have slightly smaller skulls. Head lacks markings; muzzle is moderately long, stout, and dog-like; lips are thin and smooth; and cheeks are mildly expansible. Eyes are relatively large; irises are chestnut-brown; ears are short, dark brown with slightly pointed tips but without basal ear patches; and antitragus is distinct and triangular. Adult males lack epaulettes and mantle, but ruff of stiff thickened hairs is present; dorsum is generally rich dark rusty brown to medium yellowish brown and paler and grayer on shoulders, neck, and head; pelage is dense,silky, and mid-dorsally 
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, extending halfway or two-thirds along forearm,slightly on wing along leg but not reaching ankle or over entire uropatagium; and hairs are unicolored or with pale brownish gray bases. Venter is slightly paler than dorsum, medium brown to grayish brown or pale gray; noticeable woolly throat ruff is present in adults and juveniles of both sexes; and in adult males, ruff on chin, throat, and upper chest consists of coarse, brushy hairs that are seasonally stained yellow-orange by secretions from underlying glands. Young are darker than adults. Dark brown edge of prepuce is circumferential, while dark brown edge ofclitorideal pad is not. Wings have claw on second digits; membranes are dark brown from sides of body and attach to second toe; and toes are webbed to about middle of first phalanges. Skull is moderately robust, with basicranial deflection; rostrum is relatively long, tapering anteriorly; no sagittal crest; nuchal crest is weakly developed; and zygomatic arches are moderate. There are seven thick palatal ridges, of which two are post-dental; ridges 1-3 are not divided; and ridges 4-5 are divided. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Dentition is relatively weak; P!, P3, and M, are strongly reduced; M, is generally present; and P® and M' are oblong and subrectangular in occlusal view. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 66, with twelve pairs of large to small metacentric and submetacentric, four pairs of medium-sized subtelocentric, and one pair of small acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosomeis medium-sized subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBC3E2DF732F553" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBC3E2DF732F553" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBC3E2DF9B7F5C9" bold="true" box="[1442,1554,2609,2642]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Habitat.</emphasis>
Generally rainforest and Afromontane-Afroalpine biotic zones in lowland tropical moist primary and secondary forests; grasslands of Rainforest-Savanna Mosaic, isolated in the 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088F713E9CF970F53A" box="[1647,1749,2688,2721]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Guinea</collectingCountry>
Savanna and Zambezian Woodland biotic zones; and sometimes city gardens from sea level up to elevations of 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBC3ED3F7C2F48C" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBC3ED3F7C2F48C" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBC3ED3F908F56B" bold="true" box="[1442,1709,2767,2800]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
In 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088FF93ED3F8DAF56B" box="[1767,1919,2767,2800]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
, fruit consumption varied seasonally and included use of at least eleven plant genera in nine families.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBC3F02F716F4FD" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBC3F02F716F4FD" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBC3F02F98CF4A4" bold="true" box="[1442,1577,2846,2879]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Breeding.</emphasis>
In 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088F433F02F918F4A4" box="[1629,1725,2846,2879]" name="Gabon" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, births occur in December—January and June. In 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F60880693F02F64DF4A4" box="[2423,2536,2846,2879]" name="Uganda" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, a pregnant female and a scrotal male were reported in March.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBE3F71F9E8F3B0" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBE3F71F9E8F3B0" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBE3F71F929F415" bold="true" box="[1440,1676,2925,2958]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
In 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088FA13F71F8BAF415" box="[1727,1823,2925,2958]" name="Gabon" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, Little Collared Fruit Bats initiated flight shortly after dark and foraged until midnight. They can be found hanging from branches ofshrubs or 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE6F6088CBB3FA7F8BBF447" box="[1445,1822,3003,3036]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Combretum (Combretaceae)</taxonomicName>
trees, where they are directly exposed to sunlight at ¢. 
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aboveground. They occasionally occur in caves (e.g. in lowland forest of Mount Kupé, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE6F6088CBD3812F9E5F3B0" box="[1443,1600,3086,3115]" name="Cameroon" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBC382EF6BBF3E0" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBC382EF6BBF3E0" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBC382EF7FEF3C8" bold="true" box="[1442,2139,3122,3155]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
The Little Collared Fruit Bat can be found alone. Subadult males appear to be somewhat migratory.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBC389DF755F282" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBC389DF755F282" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBC389DF8A1F339" bold="true" box="[1442,1796,3201,3234]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Little Collared Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population; it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to be listed in a higher category. Majorthreat is habitat loss from logging and conversion to agricultural use.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE6F6088CBC3934F59DF214" pageId="34" pageNumber="92" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE6F6088CBC3934F59DF214" blockId="34.[1440,2652,1266,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE6F6088CBC3934F99EF2DA" bold="true" box="[1442,1595,3368,3393]" pageId="34" pageNumber="92">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bakwo &amp; Kaleme (2016b), Bergmans (1976, 1997), Brosset (1966a), Crawford-Cabral (1989), Denys et al. (2009), Gembu Tungaluna (2012), Haiduk et al. (1980), Kityo &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (1996), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Nesi et al. (2013), Primus et al. (2006), Rodriguez et al. (2006), Thomas &amp; Henry (2013c).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>