treatments-xml/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF976A28FF4C935C18A1BAE2.xml

<document id="B94FE5EAF75D31D677B8E2734048EECC" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF976A28FF4C935C18A1BAE2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Plecotus christii Gray 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="866" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="866" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="C4B7950E4C460C7C81B153D84BF22E47">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD0F93C9FC009789328011E8F11163B1">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B787DF5A5D4C412CD50593BA4593C318">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF4C935C1F03BE05" blockId="108.[174,1145,1285,1417]" box="[176,259,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF976A28FF4C935C1F03BE05" box="[176,259,1285,1335]" captionStart="Plate 64: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="107.[117,147,3280,3305]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="225. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus), 226. Canary Long-eared Bat (Plecotus teneriffae), 227. Gaisler’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus gaisleri), 228. Christie’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus christii), 229. Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici), 230. Ethiopian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus balensis), 231. Turkmen Long-eared Bat (Plecotus turkmenicus), 232. Strelkov’s Long-eared (Bat Plecotusstrelkovi), 233. Ognev’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ognevi), 234. Kozlov’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kozlovi), 235. Sichuan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ariel), 236. Himalayan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus homochrous), 237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus taivanus), 238. Japanese Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sacrimontis), 239. Ward’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus wardi), 240. Alpine Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris), 241. Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus), 242. Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), 243. Desert Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), 244. Turkestani Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris leucophaea), 245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), 246. Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), 247. Mexican Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), 248. Allen’s Big-eared Bat (Idionycteris phyllotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398533/files/figure.png" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">228.</figureCitation>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FEEF935C1D23BE05" box="[275,803,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FEEF935C1D23BE05" blockId="108.[174,1145,1285,1417]" box="[275,803,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<heading id="9F638192FF976A28FEEF935C1D23BE05" box="[275,803,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FEEF935C1D23BE05" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[275,803,1285,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Christie’s Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FC99935C1A77BE05" box="[869,1143,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FC99935C1A77BE05" blockId="108.[174,1145,1285,1417]" box="[869,1143,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<heading id="9F638192FF976A28FC99935C1A77BE05" box="[869,1143,1285,1335]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FC99935C1A77BE05" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[869,1143,1285,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FC99935C1A77BE05" box="[869,1143,1285,1335]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Plecotus christii</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF5393101A03BE6C" blockId="108.[174,1145,1285,1417]" box="[175,1027,1353,1374]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<heading id="9F638192FF976A28FF5393101A03BE6C" box="[175,1027,1353,1374]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF5393101EFBBE6C" bold="true" box="[175,251,1353,1374]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FEF893101FB6BE6C" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[260,438,1353,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Oreillard d'Egypte</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FE3793101C26BE6C" bold="true" box="[459,550,1353,1374]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FDCC93101CD4BE6C" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[560,724,1353,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Christie-Langohr</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FD1493101D44BE6C" bold="true" box="[744,836,1353,1374]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FCB193101A03BE6C" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[845,1027,1353,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FCB193101D9CBE6C" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[845,924,1353,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Orejudo</vernacularName>
de 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF976A28FC3993101A03BE6C" box="[965,1027,1353,1374]" name="Egypt" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Egipto</collectingCountry>
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF5393281A78BEB4" blockId="108.[174,1145,1285,1417]" box="[175,1144,1393,1414]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<heading id="9F638192FF976A28FF5393281A78BEB4" box="[175,1144,1393,1414]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF5393281FA6BEB4" bold="true" box="[175,422,1393,1414]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FE5393281C9ABEB4" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[431,666,1393,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Christie's Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
, 
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FD5593281D9EBEB4" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[681,926,1393,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Egyptian Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
, 
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF976A28FC5093281A78BEB4" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[940,1144,1393,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Gray Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCEF93EB1B62BEE1" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" box="[787,1378,1458,1491]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FCEF93EB1DAFBEE1" bold="true" box="[787,943,1458,1491]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FC4793EB1B5DBEE1" ID-CoL="8LFZ8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[955,1373,1458,1491]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="christii">Plecotus christii|. E. Gray, 1838</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCE893831A0DBEC9" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" box="[788,1037,1498,1531]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF976A28FCE893831A0DBEC9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319531" box="[788,1037,1498,1531]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
Nile Valley, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF976A28FC4493831A09BEC9" box="[952,1033,1498,1531]" name="Egypt" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Egypt</collectingCountry>
.
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FCE890581AC9BD10" box="[788,1225,1537,1570]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCE890581AC9BD10" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" box="[788,1225,1537,1570]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FCE890701A8FBDD5" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FF976A28FCE890701A8FBDD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398291/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" targetBox="[172,764,1471,1886]" targetPageId="108">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCE890701AA4BD78" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" box="[788,1188,1577,1610]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FCE890701AA4BD78" bold="true" box="[788,1188,1577,1610]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCE890091D73BDAB" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FCE890091D73BDAB" authority=". E. Gray, 1838" authorityName=". E. Gray" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="christii" subSpecies="christiij">P.c.christiiJ.E.Gray,1838—EgyptandNSudan.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCE990C71A8FBDD5" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FCE990C71A6ABD8D" authority="Benda, 2008" authorityName="Benda" authorityYear="2008" box="[789,1130,1694,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="christii" subSpecies="petraeus">P. c. petraeus Benda, 2008</taxonomicName>
— S 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF976A28FB5F90C71AF0BD8D" box="[1187,1264,1694,1727]" name="Israel" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Israel</collectingCountry>
, SWJordan, and NE 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF976A28FC33909F1A1EBDD5" box="[975,1054,1734,1767]" name="Egypt" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF976A28FBC9909F1A81BDD5" box="[1077,1153,1734,1767]" country="Egypt" name="Shamal Sina'" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Sinai</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FCE890B41FA2B2EA" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FCE890B41FA2B2EA" blockId="108.[787,1381,1458,1885]" lastBlockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FCE890B41A11BC3C" bold="true" box="[788,1041,1773,1806]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FB3490B41B5DBC3C" box="[1224,1373,1773,1806]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="48.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="42.0">42-54 mm</quantity>
, tail 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FCB291401DE9BC04" box="[846,1001,1817,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="42.0">42-48 mm</quantity>
, ear 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FBC491401AD3BC04" box="[1080,1235,1817,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="35.5" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="32.0">32-39 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot 
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, forearm 36-4—41- 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FB63911D1AF3BC6F" box="[1183,1267,1860,1885]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
; weight 
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. Race petraeus has larger body and skull than nominate. Dorsal fur very pale umber brown or greyish brown (hairs 8:5-9- 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FCC991D51D8BBC9F" box="[821,907,1932,1965]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long; tricolored, with basal onehalf rusty brown, terminal one-half pale brownish grey with umber brown or pale brown at tip); ventral pelage whitish (hairs 8:5-9- 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FC8591821DCEBCCE" box="[889,974,2011,2044]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long; dark rusty brown with creamy or white tip). Face pale and almost naked; forehead covered with short white hairs; muzzle long and narrow. Long ears are translucent, unpigmented except for pale brown tips; typically have numerous horizontal furrows, and inner margins joined by low band at base; tragus mostly translucent but brownish around distal margins, moderately long (one-half ear height), and tapering to blunt point. Wings are thin, semi-translucent, pale gray, and apparently unpigmented. Compared to other long-eared bat species, thumb is rather short (5:5- 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF976A28FC079EB61A7AB222" box="[1019,1146,2287,2320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5-6 mm</quantity>
). The speciesis morphologically different from other sympatric 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FC979F4F1DD3B205" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[875,979,2326,2359]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
in pale color, small, narrow baculum, and medium-large tympanic bullae (4:3—4- 
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). Skull smaller than in other congeners (condylo-basal length 14:9-15- 
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), with broad braincase. Mandible proportionally short and muzzle blunt. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 50.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FF4D9F851A68B146" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF4D9F851A68B146" blockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF4D9F851F21B2CF" bold="true" box="[177,289,2524,2557]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Habitat.</emphasis>
Occurs in various habitats of subtropical desert and semi-desert belt of Sahara. Reported foraging in mesic habitats close to rivers such as the Nile, in oases close to seashore, in open areas around water, and inland in mountains; also beach resort buildings, monasteries, gardens, other buildings, and natural pools.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FF4D9C231AD5B1D8" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF4D9C231AD5B1D8" blockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF4D9C231FB9B1A9" bold="true" box="[177,441,2682,2715]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Feeds mainly on 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FD4B9C231D65B1A9" box="[695,869,2682,2715]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(100% moths, in feces from 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF976A28FAF99C231B57B1A9" box="[1285,1367,2682,2715]" name="Israel" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Israel</collectingCountry>
), although grasshoppers and beetles have also been reported. In Dead Sea area, this species consumed 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FE759C901C39B1D8" box="[393,569,2761,2794]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, but also Trichoptera, 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FC859C901A17B1D8" box="[889,1047,2761,2794]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FB999C901AD1B1D8" box="[1125,1233,2761,2794]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FF4E9CA91D44B0BA" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF4E9CA91D44B0BA" blockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF4E9CA91F39B023" bold="true" box="[178,313,2800,2833]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Breeding.</emphasis>
In the Negev Desert, southern 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF976A28FCFB9CA91D54B023" box="[775,852,2800,2833]" name="Israel" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Israel</collectingCountry>
, a female was in early stages of pregnancy in early March. In Dead Sea area, 50% of females captured in mid-April were lactating, with one still lactating in mid-June. Nursery colonies can harbor up to 40 individuals in rock crevices, tunnels, and caves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FF4D9DD71D14B7AF" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF4D9DD71D14B7AF" blockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF4D9DD71F9FB09D" bold="true" box="[177,415,2958,2991]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Roosts in caves and underground sites. Echolocation only recently described, but is almost identical to that of the Gray Long-eared Bat (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF976A28FB569DE71B58B0E5" authorityName="J. B. Fischer" authorityYear="1829" box="[1194,1368,3006,3031]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">P. austriacus</taxonomicName>
). Christie’s Long-eared Bat uses broadband, low-intensity FM-QCEFpulses at 20-30 kHz, with second harmonic at 45-60 kHz, which is usually fairly intense. Frequencies of maximum energy are 31-4-35-6 kHz, start frequencies 42-5-48-7 kHz, end frequencies 20-8-25-7 kHz, and durations 1:3-1-7 milliseconds. It is considered a “whispering” species due to general weak intensity of pulses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FF489AFB1C7EB7DE" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF489AFB1C7EB7DE" blockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF489AFB1D6DB7F1" bold="true" box="[180,877,3234,3267]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Usually forms colonies, but has also been reported roosting solitarily.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FF489AA81FBDB6B8" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FF489AA81FBDB6B8" blockId="108.[170,1387,1893,3466]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FF489AA81C19B620" bold="true" box="[180,537,3313,3346]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Locally abundant within its very small range. No population estimates exist, but its natural habitat is reduced and heavily fragmented; probably affected by anthropic disturbance, especially at roosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF976A28FA55974118A1BAE2" pageId="108" pageNumber="866" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF976A28FA55974118A1BAE2" blockId="108.[1448,2656,280,465]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF976A28FA5597411842BA03" bold="true" box="[1449,1602,280,305]" pageId="108" pageNumber="866">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Aloufi et al. (2016), Aulagnier &amp; Benda (2008), Benda, Dietz, von Helversen &amp; Nill (2008), Benda, Kiefer et al. (2004), Dietz (2005), Dietz &amp; Kiefer (2016), Dietz et al. (2009), Flower (1932), Gray (1838), Hackett et al. (2013), Juste et al. (2004), Korine et al. (2015), Kruskop &amp; Lavrenchenko (2000), Monadjem, Joubert et al. (2016), Munoz-Garcia et al. (2016), Qumsiyeh &amp; Bickham (1993), Razgour et al. (2010), Spitzenberger et al. (2006), Tristram (1884).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>