treatments-xml/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF83919417F6BE22.xml

<document id="7950DAFE939C6F7606010C590B95A889" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF83919417F6BE22" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Plecotus macrobullaris Kuzyakin 1965" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="869" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="869" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="75838F0F952450D7FDF2CBAC740CB636">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="985FF10CA83E648D4657C6114E261439">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8EA98CE58A1378F92990E3147CEB3D3B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4B78466FDB92A2DC68476115AF493EE6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF83919417F6BE22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403618" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403618" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF83919417F6BE22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF83919417F6BE22" lastPageNumber="869" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8391941ED1BCCD" box="[127,209,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8391941ED1BCCD" blockId="111.[124,1167,1997,2130]" box="[127,209,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF8391941ED1BCCD" box="[127,209,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF946A2BFF8391941ED1BCCD" box="[127,209,1997,2047]" captionStart="Plate 64: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="107.[117,147,3280,3305]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="225. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus), 226. Canary Long-eared Bat (Plecotus teneriffae), 227. Gaisler’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus gaisleri), 228. Christie’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus christii), 229. Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici), 230. Ethiopian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus balensis), 231. Turkmen Long-eared Bat (Plecotus turkmenicus), 232. Strelkov’s Long-eared (Bat Plecotusstrelkovi), 233. Ognev’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ognevi), 234. Kozlov’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kozlovi), 235. Sichuan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ariel), 236. Himalayan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus homochrous), 237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus taivanus), 238. Japanese Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sacrimontis), 239. Ward’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus wardi), 240. Alpine Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris), 241. Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus), 242. Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), 243. Desert Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), 244. Turkestani Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris leucophaea), 245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), 246. Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), 247. Mexican Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), 248. Allen’s Big-eared Bat (Idionycteris phyllotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398533/files/figure.png" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">240.</figureCitation>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF2391941CBEBCCD" box="[223,702,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF2391941CBEBCCD" blockId="111.[124,1167,1997,2130]" box="[223,702,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF2391941CBEBCCD" box="[223,702,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFF2391941CBEBCCD" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[223,702,1997,2047]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">Alpine Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD0391941A8FBCCD" box="[767,1167,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD0391941A8FBCCD" blockId="111.[124,1167,1997,2130]" box="[767,1167,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFD0391941A8FBCCD" box="[767,1167,1997,2047]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFD0391941A8FBCCD" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[767,1167,1997,2047]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD0391941A8FBCCD" box="[767,1167,1997,2047]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Plecotus macrobullaris</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF829E481D6EB314" blockId="111.[124,1167,1997,2130]" box="[126,878,2065,2086]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF829E481D6EB314" box="[126,878,2065,2086]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF829E481ECAB314" bold="true" box="[126,202,2065,2086]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFF2F9E481F5AB314" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[211,346,2065,2086]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">Oreillard alpin</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFE939E481FCAB314" bold="true" box="[367,458,2065,2086]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFE2E9E481C64B314" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[466,612,2065,2086]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">Alpen-Langohr</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD859E481CD4B314" bold="true" box="[633,724,2065,2086]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFD219E481D6EB314" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[733,878,2065,2086]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFD219E481D2CB314" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[733,812,2065,2086]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">Orejudo</vernacularName>
alpino
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF819E601C7EB37C" blockId="111.[124,1167,1997,2130]" box="[125,638,2105,2126]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF819E601C7EB37C" box="[125,638,2105,2126]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF819E601F75B37C" bold="true" box="[125,373,2105,2126]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFE839E601C7EB37C" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" box="[383,638,2105,2126]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrobullaris">Mountain Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD189E221DC4B3F6" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD189E221DC4B3F6" blockId="111.[739,1332,2171,2599]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD189E221D7FB3AE" bold="true" box="[740,895,2171,2204]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFC659E221DBFB3F6" ID-CoL="4K2ZK" authority="Kuzyakin, 1965" authorityName="Kuzyakin" authorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="auritus" subSpecies="macrobullaris">Plecotus auritus macrobullaris Kuzyakin, 1965</taxonomicName>
,
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF946A2BFC299EFE1DB8B3D9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319599" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
near Vladikavkaz, 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFCA69E971DB4B3D9" box="[858,948,2254,2283]" name="Russia" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Russia</collectingCountry>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD189EAB1A4EB221" box="[740,1102,2290,2323]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD189EAB1A4EB221" blockId="111.[739,1332,2171,2599]" box="[740,1102,2290,2323]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD189F401A98B2BB" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FF946A2BFD189F401A98B2BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398318" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398318/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" targetBox="[124,716,2184,2599]" targetPageId="111">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD189F401D94B208" bold="true" box="[740,916,2329,2362]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Distribution.</emphasis>
Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, 
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, 
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, Caucasus, SE 
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, and W 
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; also Crete and 
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.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD189FD61B30B026" blockId="111.[739,1332,2171,2599]" lastBlockId="111.[125,1333,2606,3467]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD189FD61DDCB282" bold="true" box="[740,988,2447,2480]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 
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, tail 
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, ear 
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, forearm 
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; weight 
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. Separable from congeners by narrow triangular pad under lower lip. Dorsal fur is long and dense, brown to gray (hairs with dark or black bases); ventral fur grayish whitish, most strikingly around throat. Brownish mask covers face from mouth to posterior part of eyes. Tragusis fairly small and pale (
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wide). Wings brown but weakly pigmented, appearing translucent. Thumbsfairly long (b— 
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), with remarkably long, slender claws, as in the Brown Long-eared Bat (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFB2B9C921EA8B026" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">P. auritus</taxonomicName>
); feet fairly hairy. Rostrum robust. Dental formulais12/3,C1/1,P2/3,M 3/3 = 36.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF829D431AA8B71A" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="biology_ecology">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF829D431EEDB009" bold="true" box="[126,237,2842,2875]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Habitat.</emphasis>
Various habitats from sea level to 
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; typically linked with high elevations, but preferences may vary locally. In some regions, typically forages in alpine grasslands and pastures at high elevations, but also found in lowlands. May select deciduous forests, but locally also favors woodland edges, rural areas, and meadows; recorded in shrubby oak, and beech and pine forests. In the Pyrenees it occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFB669DE11F13B732" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus nigra (Pinaceae)</taxonomicName>
forests, pre-alpine and alpine habitats, but seems to favor karstic areas. In contrast, in 
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and 
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, it may forage in habitats with narrower spaces.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF829A771B30B60E" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF829A771B30B60E" blockId="111.[125,1333,2606,3467]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF829A771F81B77D" bold="true" box="[126,385,3118,3151]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF946A2BFE739A771FC3B77D" box="[399,451,3118,3151]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Not</collectingRegion>
well known, but seems to feed mostly (c.98%) on 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFB779A771B33B77D" box="[1163,1331,3118,3151]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(moths with wingspan of ¢.37- 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFDEB9A0F1C6DB745" box="[535,621,3158,3191]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
), especially noctuids; occasionally some 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFB6C9A0F1AF6B745" box="[1168,1270,3158,3191]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFF839A241F17B7AC" box="[127,279,3197,3230]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
. It forages in open areas above the tree line at elevations of 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFBBA9A241AFBB7AC" box="[1094,1275,3197,3230]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="2000.0" valueMax="2500.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500-2500 m</quantity>
. No prey typical from forest areas has been identified in feces. Identified prey species occupy diverse elevational ranges (subalpine, orophilous-alpine, and alpine) suggesting that the bat might commute altitudinally every night to forage; appears to hunt more intensively in subalpine and orophilous meadows. Probably hunts by both gleaning and aerial-hawking.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF829B1B1730BA6E" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF829B1B1730BA6E" blockId="111.[125,1333,2606,3467]" lastBlockId="111.[1398,2608,276,1301]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF829B1B1F04B651" bold="true" box="[126,260,3394,3427]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Breeding.</emphasis>
Maternity colonies usually comprise a few tens of females (under 50), which roost in old houses or attics of churches at montane elevations, although they usually occur at lower elevations than those with nulliparous females. Pregnant and lactating females have high fidelity to their roosts, while males are very labile.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFA8A973A178BB8B6" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFA8A973A178BB8B6" blockId="111.[1398,2608,276,1301]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFA8A973A1860BAB6" bold="true" box="[1398,1632,355,388]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Can be found roosting under rocks at ground level or in talus slopes. In Alpsit has almost always been found in buildings, but in Pyrenees it tends to roost in crevices, scree (under stones), and buildings, always at high elevations (
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BF6A697EF141ABAE1" box="[2394,2586,438,467]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.94" metricValueMax="2.43" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="1940.0" valueMax="2430.0" valueMin="1450.0">1450-2430 m</quantity>
); males were more often found in scree deposits than females. Echolocation is very similar to that of the Brown Long-eared Bat and the Gray Long-eared Bat (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BF68C9459141DB913" baseAuthorityName="J. Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[2416,2589,512,545]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriacus">P. austriacus</taxonomicName>
). Like other 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BF9E49471187EB97B" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[1560,1662,552,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
, it uses multiharmonic, downward FM signals consisting mostly of the first and the lower part of the second harmonic. Signal structure depends on distance to background. Shortest signals (0-8 milliseconds) are usually recorded close to background; first harmonic begins at c.46 kHz and ends at ¢.23 kHz. Longest signals (up to 7-3 milliseconds) are recorded above meadows, far from background targets; these signals, which are more shallowly modulated, start at ¢.42 kHz and end at c.15 kHz. The second harmonic is occasionally lacking, and is often emitted only every second or third wingbeat cycle. In short signals (up to 4 milliseconds), first and second harmonics do not overlap, whereas overlap is prominent in longer signals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFA8495D3142BB8E1" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFA8495D3142BB8E1" blockId="111.[1398,2608,276,1301]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFA8495D31622B899" bold="true" box="[1400,2082,906,939]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
No movements reported. The species is known to shift roosts between summer and winter, but no hibernation sites are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFA85958017CFBF7B" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFA85958017CFBF7B" blockId="111.[1398,2608,276,1301]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFA85958018D9B8C8" bold="true" box="[1401,1753,985,1018]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Seems to be generally rare, with populations rather scattered, mainly at high elevations. It is unknown whether populations from distant mountains are genetically isolated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFA85920117F6BE22" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFA85920117F6BE22" blockId="111.[1398,2608,276,1301]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFA8592011812BF43" bold="true" box="[1401,1554,1112,1137]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Alberdi, Aihartza et al. (2015), Alberdi, Aizpurua et al. (2014, 2016), Alberdi, Garin et al. (2012, 2013), Arribas (2009), Budinskiet al. (2016), Dietrich et al. (2006), Dietz &amp; Kiefer (2016), Garin et al. (2003), Juste et al. (2004), Kiefer &amp; Veith (2001), Kiefer et al. (2002), Pacifici et al. (2013), Pavlini¢ &amp; Tvrtkovic (2004), Piraccini (2016d), Preatoni et al. (2011), Rutishauser et al. (2012), Spitzenberger (2006), Spitzenberger, Haring &amp; Tvrtkovi¢ (2002), Spitzenberger, Pidlek &amp; Haring (2001), Spitzenberger, Strelkov &amp; Haring (2003), Trizio et al. (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>