treatments-xml/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF506AE8FA7B93D91F4FBE50.xml

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<mods:namePart id="391171F14491BCC0431DCF9C9358A3F8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8D4245FD963F85553D66A73A151FE5F9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="05C2D9FA74295530D6B9A1FCA1B2D770">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF506AEFFA7B93D91BD9BE9C" box="[1415,1497,1408,1454]" captionStart="Plate 70: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="161.[127,157,3239,3264]" captionTargetBox="[10,2760,19,3657]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="366. Disk-footed Bat (Eudiscopus denticulus), 367. Taiwan Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon latirostris), 368. HimalayanBroad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon caliginosus), 369. Moupin Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon moupinensis), 370. Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), 371. South-western Myotis (Myotis auriculus), 372. Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum), 373. Dark-nosed Small-footed Myotis (Myotis melanorhinus), 374. Eastern Small-footed Myotis (Myotis leibii), 375. California Myotis (Myotis californicus), 376. Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), 377. Keen’s Myotis (Myotis keenii), 378. Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis), 379. Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes), 380. Arizona Myotis (Myotis occultus), 381. Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans), 382. Flat-headed Myotis (Myotis planiceps), 383. Indiana Myotis (Myotis sodalis), 384. Cinnamon Myotis (Myotis fortidens), 385. Findley’s Myotis (Myotis findleyi), 386. Northern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis pilosatibialis), 387. Southern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis keaysi), 388. Red Myotis (Myotis ruber), 389. Riparian Myotis (Myotis riparius), 390. Velvety Myotis (Myotis simus), 391. Golden Myous (Myotis midastactus), 392. Elegant Myotis (Myotis elegans), 393. Fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398940/files/figure.png" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">389.</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF506AEFFA1693D91932BE9C" blockId="171.[1413,2234,1408,1498]" box="[1514,1842,1408,1454]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">
<heading id="9F638192FF506AEFFA1693D91932BE9C" box="[1514,1842,1408,1454]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF506AEFFA1693D91932BE9C" ID-CoL="8LZWQ" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" box="[1514,1842,1408,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">Riparian Myotis</vernacularName>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFF89A93D91684BE9C" ID-CoL="8LZWQ" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" box="[1894,2180,1408,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFF89A93D91684BE9C" box="[1894,2180,1408,1454]" italics="true" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Myotis riparius</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFFA7A93991BD2BEE7" bold="true" box="[1414,1490,1472,1493]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF506AEFFA27939918A6BEE7" ID-CoL="8LZWQ" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" box="[1499,1702,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">Murin des ruisseaux</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFF94693991915BEE7" bold="true" box="[1722,1813,1472,1493]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF506AEFF8E3939919A1BEE7" ID-CoL="8LZWQ" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" box="[1823,1953,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">Ufermausohr</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFF84993991611BEE7" bold="true" box="[1973,2065,1472,1493]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF506AEFF7E7939916B9BEE7" ID-CoL="8LZWQ" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" box="[2075,2233,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">Ratonero ripario</vernacularName>
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFF81690501686BD14" bold="true" box="[2026,2182,1545,1574]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFF76390501670BD7F" ID-CoL="8LZWQ" authority="Handley, 1960" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1960" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="simus" subSpecies="riparius">Myotis simus riparius Handley, 1960</taxonomicName>
,
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“Facarcuna Village, 3,200 fi. [= 
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], Rio Pucro, 
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, 
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.”
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Subgenus Pyzonix; 
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species group. Phylogenetic reconstructions using mitochondrial and nuclear genes indicated the distinction of M. 
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from 
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and other congeners. Marked geographical variation occurs in cranial and external morphology. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFF81491D61699BC82" bold="true" box="[2024,2201,1935,1968]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Distribution.</emphasis>
Widely distributed in Neotropics, occurring from S 
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, 
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, 
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, and 
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S into all South American countries, except 
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; also on 
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I.
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFFA7F9E50187DB314" bold="true" box="[1411,1661,2057,2086]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body ¢. 
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, tail 
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, ear 
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, hindfoot 
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, forearm 32-3-39- 
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; weight 
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. The Riparian 
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is morphologically similar to its Neotropical congeners. Fur is long (dorsal fur 
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; ventral fur 
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) and woolly. Dorsal hairs are unicolored, without contrast between bases and tips. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with dark brown bases, yellowish tips, and strong contrast between bases and tips. Specimens from Central America and Amazon Basin generally have reddish brown or cinnamon-brown dorsal fur, with a few individuals having brownish or blackish dorsal fur. Most individuals from south-eastern 
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, 
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, and 
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have brownish or blackish dorsal fur, with a few reddish brown or cinnamon-brown individuals. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Antitragal notch is barely evident. Tragus is pointed,slightly curving outward above and convex below, with small triangular lobule at outer base (length 
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). Membranes are mummy brown; plagiopatagium is broadly attached to foot at bases oftoes. Fringe of hairs along trailing edge of uropatagium is absent; upper and lower surfaces of uropatagium are barely covered with hairs. Baculum is narrow and shallow, with pointed shaft, but widens suddenly near proximal end. Skull is mediumsized (greatest skull lengths 13-2-15- 
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); parietalis inclined forward; occipital region is generally flattened posteriorly; sagittal crest is generally present, ranging from low to high; lambdoidal crests are always present, ranging from low to medium; P? is generally aligned with P* and P*, and visible in profile view but might be displaced lingually, being visible or not. Height ofskull crests and P* position vary geographically. Most individuals from Central America, Amazon Basin, and Guiana Shield have medium to high sagittal and lambdoidal crests, and occipital region is flattened posteriorly. Populations from south-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF506AEFF8C09DC8198DB080" box="[1852,1933,2961,2994]" name="Brazil" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF506AEFF8679DC81618B080" box="[1947,2072,2961,2994]" name="Paraguay" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF506AEFF79E9DC816EFB080" box="[2146,2287,2961,2994]" name="Argentina" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Argentina</collectingCountry>
tend to have low to medium sagittal and lambdoidal crests, and occipital region is slightly rounded. P? is either crowded lingually or positioned in tooth row but not visible labially, more frequently in individuals from northern localities. In individuals from south-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF506AEFF6A49A5117A9B71B" box="[2392,2473,3080,3113]" name="Brazil" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, P? is generally in tooth row and visible labially. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with three large and one small metacentric and 17 acrocentric pairs of autosomes. X-chromosomeis medium submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF506AEFFA829AFF16E1B626" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF506AEFFA829AFF16E1B626" blockId="171.[1406,2617,1978,3466]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFFA829AFF1BEEB7F5" bold="true" box="[1406,1518,3238,3271]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Habitat.</emphasis>
Wide variety of habitats such tropical rainforests, savannas, xerophytic formations, primary forests, and areas with different levels of human disturbance, including agriculturalfields, from sea level up to elevations of¢. 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF506AEFF79B9AAA16DDB626" box="[2151,2269,3315,3348]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF506AEFFA829B45194EB6B8" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF506AEFFA829B45194EB6B8" blockId="171.[1406,2617,1978,3466]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF506AEFFA829B451888B60F" bold="true" box="[1406,1672,3356,3389]" pageId="171" pageNumber="933">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Riparian 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFF89C9B4519BAB60F" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1888,1978,3356,3389]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
forages in forested areas and over water. Its diet includes a large variety of insects, particularly 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFF7B39B1A16EDB656" box="[2127,2285,3395,3428]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFF7039B1A176AB656" box="[2303,2410,3395,3428]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFF6819B1A142CB656" box="[2429,2604,3395,3428]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF506AEFFA419B30185EB6B8" box="[1469,1630,3433,3466]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="171" pageNumber="933" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
, caught in flight.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF576AE8FF5E974E1C2BBACC" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF576AE8FF5E974E1C2BBACC" blockId="172.[161,1369,279,1378]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF576AE8FF5E974E1F28BA0A" bold="true" box="[162,296,279,312]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Breeding.</emphasis>
In 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FEA7974E1FEDBA0A" box="[347,493,279,312]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, the Riparian 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FD49974E1D0EBA0A" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[693,782,279,312]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
is considered seasonal monoestrous, with high prevalence of pregnant females in April-June. Pregnant females were observed in August in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FE9D973F1FA4BAB5" box="[353,420,358,391]" name="Peru" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Peru</collectingCountry>
. Birth of one young was observed in November in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FB72973F1B07BAB5" box="[1166,1287,358,391]" name="Uruguay" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
. One pregnant female, with one embryo of 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF576AE8FD4B97D41D05BA9C" box="[695,773,397,430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
crown-rump length, was collected in February in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FEDD97ED1F93BAE7" box="[289,403,436,469]" name="Panama" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Panama</collectingCountry>
. Most births seem to be associated with rainy and warm seasons in South American rainforests.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF576AE8FF5D94511B56B852" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF576AE8FF5D94511B56B852" blockId="172.[161,1369,279,1378]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF576AE8FF5D94511F8EB917" bold="true" box="[161,398,520,549]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Riparian 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FD9894511CBDB917" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[612,701,520,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
emerges just before sunset. In rainforest areas in south-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FE6C946A1FE1B97E" box="[400,481,563,588]" name="Brazil" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, its activity is concentrated in two periods: first five hours after sunset and last two hours before sunrise. In 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FCDA94031DB5B941" box="[806,949,602,627]" name="Argentina" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, colonies roosted under tree bark of 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FEE894271C84B9A9" box="[276,644,638,667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Schinopsis (Anacardiaceae)</taxonomicName>
and in a house roof in a rural area. In 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FB4794271B0CB9A9" box="[1211,1292,638,667]" name="Brazil" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, they were found in caves and crevices in rocky outcrops. Echolocation calls have strongly FM initial components, terminating with short CF components. Mean call parameters in South America are start frequency of 102-7 kHz (98-6-106-4 kHz), end frequency of 61-6 kHz (60-5-63-1 kHz), peak frequency of 66-6 kHz (64-4-70-2 kHz), bandwidth of 41-2 kHz (36-9-44-7 kHz), and duration of 4-4 milliseconds (3:8-5-4 milliseconds).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF576AE8FF5F95321A34BF14" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF576AE8FF5F95321A34BF14" blockId="172.[161,1369,279,1378]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF576AE8FF5F95321D6EB8BA" bold="true" box="[163,878,875,904]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Short recapture distances in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF576AE8FAE295321F04B89D" name="Costa Rica" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
indicate small home ranges. The Riparian 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FC8695D71DD4B89D" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[890,980,910,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
uses lower forest strata, although it also explores forest canopies. It roosts in colonies of up to 50 individuals and with other bat species such as Common Black 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FC8E95841DCBB8CC" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[882,971,989,1022]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FC1F95841A8FB8CC" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[995,1167,989,1022]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="944" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">M. nigricans</taxonomicName>
), Silver-tipped 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FF5892501EFDBF14" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[164,253,1033,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FEE992501FBBBF14" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[277,443,1033,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="941" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albescens">M. albescens</taxonomicName>
), and Pallas’s Mastiff Bats (Molossus molossus).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF576AE8FF5892751C0EBFAE" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF576AE8FF5892751C0EBFAE" blockId="172.[161,1369,279,1378]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF576AE8FF5892751FFFBF7F" bold="true" box="[164,511,1068,1101]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Riparian 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF576AE8FF26920A1F33BF46" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[218,307,1107,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
is widespread, apparent has large populations with no decline, and occurs in several protected areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF576AE8FF5892F31F4FBE50" pageId="172" pageNumber="934" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF576AE8FF5892F31F4FBE50" blockId="172.[161,1369,279,1378]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF576AE8FF5892F31F3DBFF1" bold="true" box="[164,317,1194,1219]" pageId="172" pageNumber="934">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Arias-Aguilar et al. (2018), Barquez, Mares &amp; Braun (1999), Barquez, Perez et al. (2016c¢), Bernard (2001), Dias &amp; Peracchi (2007), Handley (1960), Kalko &amp; Handley (2001), Kalko et al. (1996), LaVal (1973b), LaVal &amp; Fitch (1977), LaVal &amp; Rodriguez-Herrera (2002), Lépez-Gonzaélez et al. (2001), Moratelli &amp; Morielle-Versute (2007), Moratelli et al. (2013), Novaes, Souza &amp; Moratelli (2017), Simmons (2005), Simmons &amp; Voss (1998), Wilson (2008b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>