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138 lines
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<document id="338FDADECA354A67E4470B8052A8213C" ID-CLB-Dataset="6444" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4969.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b989cafe-78d7-4144-804f-899f530b4c9e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4745894" ID-ZooBank="DAA2B420-B2E3-45C2-8F6E-33F85857B3FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620643606105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zahid, Sundus, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo & Song, Hojun" docDate="2021" docId="F41826538179FFADBD83DE0ADB0F8113" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4969.1.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4969 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pyrgomorphidae Brunner von Wattenwyl 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="107" masterDocId="08215E2B817FFFABBD14DA68D87D873E" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny of the grasshopper family Pyrgomorphidae (Caelifera Orthoptera) reveals rampant paraphyly and convergence of traditionally used taxonomic characters" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="107" updateTime="1698938506710" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="DFFF849EC75CE7858454260A8D313B20">Molecular phylogeny of the grasshopper family Pyrgomorphidae (Caelifera Orthoptera) reveals rampant paraphyly and convergence of traditionally used taxonomic characters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E8ACC8426F73B0381885A8010B5F5BB">Zahid, Sundus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8EAA85623C1371390A0EB0DD6AA58081">Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan & Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="35BA0435BDAFA15C1563F75CD885D02E">Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9EB6D40396ADB578BC9A42E1641FF7DC">Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA & Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8BC840138216EC74C7ED57607F9BDF0E">Song, Hojun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE36586DF3E398FCBF660D65D4D6B835">Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="AEF4B996C516388C28472D880534749A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="97F850FEA7292C08D55AE5A64E2A5987">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A8CDD7E007EF2B16148844DB23A26C12">2021-05-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FFC82C2708F8640F4EC91BE4C119972B">4969</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="307E923E5DCEF21DBBC9C7360BB64D01" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4969.1.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="315F7626DA021554D39A3A024C0457BA" type="Zenodo-Dep">4745894</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F41826538179FFADBD83DE0ADB0F8113" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4745834" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182398277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4745834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F41826538179FFADBD83DE0ADB0F8113" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F41826538179FFADBD83DE0ADB0F8113" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
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<subSubSection id="34ABC4CE8179FFADBD83DE0AD98A8343" box="[151,503,1122,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7C0E97458179FFADBD83DE0AD98A8343" blockId="6.[151,1436,1122,1581]" box="[151,503,1122,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
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<heading id="274620298179FFADBD83DE0AD98A8343" bold="true" box="[151,503,1122,1149]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBD83DE0AD98A8343" bold="true" box="[151,503,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
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Phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBC22DE0AD98A8343" ID-CoL="8NKPZ" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1874" box="[310,503,1122,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgomorphidae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="34ABC4CE8179FFADBD83DEEFDB0F8113" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7C0E97458179FFADBD83DEEFDB0F8113" blockId="6.[151,1436,1122,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
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Both ML analysis and Bayesian analysis resulted in identical topologies (
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<figureCitation id="E48A8BC08179FFADBEA1DEEFDB84839F" box="[949,1017,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[156,1414,186,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[156,1431,181,1709]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Molecular phylogeny of Pyrgomorphidae based on mitochondrial genome data. Branches are color-coded according to the currently recognized subfamily. Letters in bracket next to each terminal corresponds to Kevan’s Group and Series. Bootstrap support values from the maximum likelihood tree and posterior probability values from the Bayesian analyses are shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4745898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4745898/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Nodal support values were generally high across the phylogeny. Our study recovered
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBFBDDEC3DB1E83FB" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1874" box="[681,867,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgomorphidae</taxonomicName>
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as monophyletic, but neither of the two subfamilies (or groups ‘A’ and ‘B’) was recovered as monophyletic. The subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBECCDEA7DC0F83D7" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1905" box="[984,1138,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthacridinae">Orthacridinae</taxonomicName>
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resulted in three lineages scattered across the phylogeny: (i) a single lineage including an Australian endemic genus
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADB9ADDE9BDD768233" authorityName="Key" authorityYear="1972" box="[1209,1291,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Psedna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADB9ADDE9BDD768233" box="[1209,1291,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Psedna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; (ii) a clade consisting of the Old World group
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBF0CDF7FDADB820F" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1899" box="[536,678,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Caprorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBF0CDF7FDADB820F" box="[536,678,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Caprorhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBFCFDF7FDB2B820F" box="[731,854,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Colemania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBFCFDF7FDB2B820F" box="[731,854,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Colemania</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; and (iii) a clade consisting of the Mexican endemic genera,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBDE4DF53D911826B" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1884" box="[240,364,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBDE4DF53D911826B" box="[240,364,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Sphenacris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBC6EDF53D98E826B" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityYear="1905" box="[378,499,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Ichthiacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBC6EDF53D98E826B" box="[378,499,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Ichthiacris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBF16DF53DA00826A" authorityName="Kevan, Singh & Akbar" authorityYear="1964" box="[514,637,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Pyrgotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBF16DF53DA00826A" box="[514,637,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Pyrgotettix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBF9FDF53DB68826B" box="[651,789,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBF9FDF53DB68826B" box="[651,789,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Sphenotettix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBE37DF53DBD2826B" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1901" box="[803,943,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Ichthyotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBE37DF53DBD2826B" box="[803,943,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Ichthyotettix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBEF9DF53DC28826A" authorityName="Kevan, Singh & Akbar" authorityYear="1964" box="[1005,1109,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Piscacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADBEF9DF53DC28826A" box="[1005,1109,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Piscacris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Considering Kevan’s series, we included multiple members of the Series III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X, and none of these series was recovered as monophyletic. Of the tribes for which we included multiple taxa, we recovered
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADB95DDFEBDC9482A3" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1902" box="[1097,1257,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dictyophorini">Dictyophorini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADB9E2DFEBD98482FF" authority="sensu Marino-Perez and Song (2019)" authorityName="sensu Marino-Perez and Song" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Omurini">
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Omurini
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<emphasis id="4EC54B578179FFADB84ADFEBDDE182A2" box="[1374,1436,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1820EAB48179FFADBD83DFCFD98482FF" author="Marino-Perez, R. & Song, H." box="[151,505,1447,1473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="106537" refId="ref8925" refString="Marino-Perez, R. & Song, H. (2019) On the origin of the New World Pyrgomorphidae (Insecta: Orthoptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106537. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106537" type="journal article" year="2019">Mariño-Pérez and Song (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBF23DFCFDA9D82FF" box="[567,736,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pyrgomorphini">Pyrgomorphini</taxonomicName>
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as monophyletic.
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBEA6DFCFDC4B82FF" authorityName="Bolívar" authorityYear="1884" box="[946,1078,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphenariini">Sphenariini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADB956DFCFDCA182FF" authorityName="Kevan, Singh & Akbar" authorityYear="1964" box="[1090,1244,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ichthiacridini">Ichthiacridini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADB9FDDFCFDDE482FF" authorityName="Kevan, Singh & Akbar" authorityYear="1964" box="[1257,1433,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ichthyotettigini">Ichthyotettigini</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="BBB1ECC68179FFADBDD3DFA3D93A82DB" authorityName="Bolívar" authorityYear="1884" box="[199,327,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Phymateini">Phymateini</taxonomicName>
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were found to be paraphyletic. When we compared our tree with the morphological phylogeny by
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<bibRefCitation id="1820EAB48179FFADBD83DF87D9858137" author="Marino-Perez, R. & Song, H." box="[151,504,1519,1545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="90 - 108" refId="ref8877" refString="Marino-Perez, R. & Song, H. (2018) Phylogeny of the grasshopper family Pyrgomorphidae (Caelifera, Orthoptera) based on morphology. Systematic Entomology, 43, 90 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12251" type="journal article" year="2018">Mariño-Pérez and Song (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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, we found a large number of discordances between the two in terms topology, and none of their four clades was recovered as monophyletic (
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<figureCitation id="E48A8BC08179FFADBE0BDC7BDB198113" box="[799,868,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1223,1247]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,183,1197]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[150,1436,181,1198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison between morphological phylogeny by Mariño-Pérez & Song (2018) (left) and our molecular phylogeny (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4745900" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4745900/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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