treatments-xml/data/03/E1/8D/03E18D717264034CB176FE2151ADFA53.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.35929/RSZ.0083" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761487" checkinTime="1679514280647" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Schwendinger, Peter J., Huber, Siegfried, Lehmann-Graber, Christina, Ono, Hirotsugu, Aung, Mu Mu &amp; Hongpadharakiree, Komsan" docDate="2022" docId="03E18D717264034CB176FE2151ADFA53" docLanguage="en" docName="RevSuisseZool.129.2.375-424.pdf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 129 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.35929/rsz.0083" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EA5207814960044D272DF5BE47DFF256.3:RevSuisseZool.2020-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="EA5207814960044D272DF5BE47DFF256" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2020-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Liphistius pyinoolwin Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li 2021" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="411" masterDocId="FFD8F50972460369B239FFEC5305FF92" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Liphistius birmanicus-group (Araneae: Liphistiidae) with the description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="424" masterPageNumber="375" pageNumber="408" updateTime="1679571001943" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Liphistius birmanicus-group (Araneae: Liphistiidae) with the description of five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Schwendinger, Peter J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, C. P. 6404, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Huber, Siegfried</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Lehmann-Graber, Christina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, C. P. 6404, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ono, Hirotsugu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aung, Mu Mu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hongpadharakiree, Komsan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Sirinart Rajini Mangrove Ecosystem Learning Center, Pranburi, Prachuab Khiri Khan Province, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[847,1420,461,548]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<heading bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" reason="2">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="98YXD" authority="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li, 2021" authorityName="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[847,1086,461,485]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Liphistius pyinoolwin</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li, 2021</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection box="[1041,1227,525,548]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="34.[847,1420,461,548]" box="[1041,1227,525,548]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<figureCitation box="[1041,1106,525,548]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,186,1431,1452]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-270@7.[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 1. Localities of species in the Liphistius birmanicus-group in northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar and southern China. Blue lines indicate major rivers, black lines national borders, grey lines major roads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761489/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1120,1154,525,548]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,186,1932,1953]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,783,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-159@8.[151,1436,777,1910]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius tung sp. nov., male holotype.(B) Liphistius pyinoolwin, male (matured 1.X.2014) from the Anisakan Falls; note exuviae of ectoparasitic mites (Ljunghia sp.) on the opisthosoma. (C) Liphistius platnicki sp. nov., female paratype (moulted 10.III.2021) from near Loi Kan Village. (D, F) Liphistius cupreus sp. nov., male paratype from near Kong Nyaung Village. (E) Same species, different male paratype. (G) Same species, female paratype (moulted 13.II.2021). (H-I) Same species, different female paratype (moulted 21.V.2021). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761491/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1165,1227,525,548]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionStartId-1="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId-0="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetId-1="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId-0="35" captionTargetPageId-1="36" captionText-0="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." captionText-1="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">19-20</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="408" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="34.[831,1437,570,818]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicName authority="Thorell, 1897" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[831,1229,570,591]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
<emphasis box="[831,1058,570,591]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Liphistius birmanicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Thorell T." box="[1081,1229,570,591]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="161 - 267" refId="ref38425" refString="Thorell T. 1897. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXXIII. Secondo saggio sui Ragni Birmani. I. Parallelodontes - Tubitelariae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (serie 2) 17: 161 - 267." type="journal article" year="1897">Thorell, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(misidentification): 
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N. I. &amp; Sedgwick W. C." box="[907,1224,599,620]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref37980" refString="Platnick N. I., Sedgwick W. C. 1984. A revision of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae). American Museum Novitates 2781: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Platnick &amp; Sedgwick, 1984: 8-10</bibRefCitation>
, figs 7-15 (description of males and females in AMNH under 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[1273,1405,627,648]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
<emphasis box="[1273,1405,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). – 
<bibRefCitation author="Schwendinger P. J." box="[907,1202,655,676]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="331 - 351" refId="ref38065" refString="Schwendinger P. J. 1990. On the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Mesothelae) in Thailand and Burma. Zoologica Scripta 19 (3): 331 - 351." type="journal article" year="1990">Schwendinger, 1990: 331-332</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1-4 (illustration of copulatory organs of 1 male and 3 females in AMNH misidentified as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[1064,1198,712,733]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
<emphasis box="[1064,1198,712,733]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">L. birmanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="408" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="34.[831,1437,570,818]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<taxonomicName authority="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li, 2021: 45 - 50" authorityName="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li" authorityPageNumber="45 - 50" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
<emphasis box="[831,1039,740,761]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Liphistius pyinoolwin</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li, 2021: 45-50</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs 2D-E, 3-7 (description of males and females).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="408" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="34.[831,1437,842,1022]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<materialsCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,1002,842,865]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Type material:</emphasis>
CBEE (XUX-2018-089 to XUX-2018- 111A); male holotype, 7 male paratypes and 15 female paratypes (not examined); Myanmar, Mandalay Region, Pyin Oo Lwin District, Dat Taw Gyaint Waterfall (= Anisakan Falls), 908 m, 21.98°N, 96.38°E; l3.VII.2018; leg. Li, Liu, Xu and Yu.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[831,1437,1046,1510]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,1087,1046,1069]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="408">MHNG, BRCM (sample MT-14/31); 12 males (matured 4.IX., 11.IX., 24.IX., 25.IX., 1.X., 4X., 5.X., 16.X.2014, 19.X., 20.X.2014, 3.IX., 5.X.2015) and 3 females; Myanmar, Mandalay Division, Pyin U Lwin (= Pyin Oo Lwin) District, Anisakan Waterfalls (21°58’50”N, 96°23’11”E), 600 m; 8.VII.2014; leg. P.J. Schwendinger &amp; S. Huber.</materialsCitation>
– 
<materialsCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
AMNH; 2 males (matured 14.X.1982 and 23.X.1982; one of them illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N. I. &amp; Sedgwick W. C." pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref37980" refString="Platnick N. I., Sedgwick W. C. 1984. A revision of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae). American Museum Novitates 2781: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Platnick &amp; Sedgwick, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: figs 7-11, 14 and in 
<bibRefCitation author="Schwendinger P. J." box="[1131,1356,1330,1353]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="331 - 351" refId="ref38065" refString="Schwendinger P. J. 1990. On the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Mesothelae) in Thailand and Burma. Zoologica Scripta 19 (3): 331 - 351." type="journal article" year="1990">Schwendinger, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1) and 5 females (one of them illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick N. I. &amp; Sedgwick W. C." pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref37980" refString="Platnick N. I., Sedgwick W. C. 1984. A revision of the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae, Mesothelae). American Museum Novitates 2781: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Platnick &amp; Sedgwick, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: figs 12-13, 15, three of them in 
<bibRefCitation author="Schwendinger P. J." box="[831,1057,1424,1447]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" pagination="331 - 351" refId="ref38065" refString="Schwendinger P. J. 1990. On the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Mesothelae) in Thailand and Burma. Zoologica Scripta 19 (3): 331 - 351." type="journal article" year="1990">Schwendinger, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2-4); gorge near Maymyo (= Pyin U Lwin = Pyin Oo Lwin), 3500 feet; 13.VII.1982; leg. W.C. Sedgwick.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="408" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="34.[831,1437,1534,1998]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,951,1534,1557]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Medium-sized, dark spiders with annulated legs and palps (on posterior legs more distinctly so than on anteriors) in females and juvenile males. Males distinguished from those of other species in the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[880,1002,1660,1683]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
<emphasis box="[880,1002,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">birmanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group by paracymbium carrying 2-3 enlarged spicules (longer than the ones distal to them) on a narrowly rounded retrolateral-proximal heel (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
E-F); base of embolus complex prolaterally with a lobate protrusion (
<figureCitation box="[1029,1105,1786,1809]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
A-B). Females similar to those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick &amp; Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[861,959,1818,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lordae">
<emphasis box="[861,959,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">L. lordae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, distinguished by having annulated legs and palps; poreplate with a pair of anterolateral processes (absent in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick &amp; Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[969,1079,1881,1904]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lordae">
<emphasis box="[969,1079,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">L. lordae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); anterior lobes of poreplate quite narrow (very wide in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick &amp; Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[1148,1250,1912,1935]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lordae">
<emphasis box="[1148,1250,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">L. lordae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); posterior stalk posteriorly narrower than in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick &amp; Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[1149,1250,1944,1967]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lordae">
<emphasis box="[1149,1250,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">L. lordae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1267,1347,1944,1967]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
cf. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[151,186,1998,2019]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,751,1943]" captionTargetId="figure-212@33.[151,1436,748,1947]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 18. Liphistius lordae, vulval plates of four females; dorsal view (A, C, E, G) and ventral view (B, D, F, H); all taken from exuviae. (A-B) Female n°1. (C-D) Female n°2. (E-F) Female n°3. (G-H) Female n°4; note pathologically enlarged vesicle on left side of poreplate. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761539/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="34" pageNumber="408" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="34.[831,1436,2022,2077]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,1155,2022,2045]" pageId="34" pageNumber="408">Additions to description:</emphasis>
Males with scopulae very weak on tarsus I (especially in proximal half),
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409" startId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" targetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph blockId="35.[151,1438,1288,1453]" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">
Fig. 19. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" box="[237,445,1288,1309]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="409" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
<emphasis box="[237,445,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Liphistius pyinoolwin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="35.[151,756,1520,2077]" lastBlockId="35.[831,1437,1520,1997]" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">
increasingly denser on tarsi III-IV, covering distal 3/4 of tarsus I, distal 4/5 of tarsus II and distal 5/6 of tarsi III-IV. Male palp with tibial apophysis slightly set back from anterior margin of tibia (
<figureCitation box="[487,587,1620,1643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19E</figureCitation>
); paracymbium with a moderately to narrowly rounded retrolateralproximal heel, always carrying 2-3 elongate spinules (longer than those situated more distally; 
<figureCitation box="[619,698,1720,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
E-F); distal margin of tegulum not elevated, proximal edge coarsely dentate, bent and adpressed to contrategular surface below it (
<figureCitation box="[347,450,1819,1842]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
); contrategulum with short, widely conical proventral process with a rounded apex (
<figureCitation box="[159,267,1886,1909]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
); distal edge of contrategulum very wide (
<figureCitation box="[159,266,1919,1942]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
), its prolateral part long, slightly elevated to a keel (
<figureCitation box="[267,368,1952,1975]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
), its dorsal apex narrowly rounded (
<figureCitation box="[159,239,1986,2009]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
A-B); base of embolus complex with a lobate prolateral protrusion (
<figureCitation box="[395,476,2020,2043]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
A-B); para-embolic plate short and indistinct, not separated by an invagination from retroventral edge of embolus complex (
<figureCitation box="[1322,1424,1520,1543]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
); embolus proper narrowly divided, its sclerotised part strengthened by 3 longitudinal ribs reaching apex and carrying denticles distally (
<figureCitation box="[1194,1276,1617,1640]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
A-B, D); area at base of membranous embolus part wide, distinctly sclerotised and furnished with numerous quite long and deep wrinkles, its distal margin oblique (
<figureCitation box="[1295,1375,1715,1738]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
B-C). Females with a pair of light marks half way between ocular mound and fovea; poreplates wider than long, with distinct, quite narrow (distinctly narrower than in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick &amp; Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[869,978,1844,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="409" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lordae">
<emphasis box="[869,978,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">L. lordae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) anterior lobes and with anterolateral processes; posterior stalk mostly axe-blade-shaped, with an exceptionally long and narrow constriction in its anterior part (
<figureCitation box="[980,1061,1941,1964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[1074,1241,1941,1964]" pageId="35" pageNumber="409" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[1114,1163,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 5-7, see also Variation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="35.[831,1437,2021,2077]" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,949,2021,2044]" pageId="35" pageNumber="409">Variation:</emphasis>
For carapace measurements and prefoveal setae counts see 
<tableCitation box="[1039,1129,2054,2077]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="46.[151,204,1454,1475]" captionTargetId="graphics-627@46.[151,1436,1545,2074]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Table 1. Carapace measurements (in mm; including data from the literature) and prefoveal setae counts of Liphistius birmanicus group species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF376CEF72680347B2AEFA425282FA71" pageId="35" pageNumber="409" tableUuid="DF376CEF72680347B2AEFA425282FA71">Table 1</tableCitation>
. All specimens examined
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" startId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" targetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph blockId="36.[151,1437,1326,1404]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">
Fig. 20. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" box="[237,445,1326,1347]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
<emphasis box="[237,445,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Liphistius pyinoolwin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="36.[151,756,1467,2077]" lastBlockId="37.[151,756,258,345]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">
have well-developed AME. Variation in the shape of the male palp is shown in 
<figureCitation box="[458,542,1500,1523]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
. In distal view the apex of the proventral contrategular process is widely rounded in most specimens (
<figureCitation box="[488,595,1565,1588]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
), in one it is very widely triangular. The unusually deep apex of this process shown in prolateral view (
<figureCitation box="[539,638,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
) is due to an artificial swelling (caused by alcohol preservation?) of the membrane on its distal side. This is not so in illustrations by 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[320,490,1728,1751]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[361,409,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
. (2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 3-4). The distinctly pigmented area at the base of the membranous embolus part has an oblique distal margin (
<figureCitation box="[542,644,1793,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
), in some specimens with a small median spike or a longer spike at the higher end. In illustrations of male palps by 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[151,336,1891,1914]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[197,250,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
. (2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 3-4) two characteristic features (elongate spicules on lower retrolateral corner of paracymbium; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum) are not clearly visible or not visible at all; a third characteristic feature (lobate prolateral protrusion of embolus complex) is recognizable (
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[577,752,2054,2077]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[621,672,2054,2077]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3B, I). Variation in the shape of the vulval plates of three females examined is shown in 
<figureCitation box="[1266,1348,1500,1523]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
. One of these specimens has wart-like ventral vesicles on the posterior margin of the poreplate and a very narrow posterior stalk (with roughly parallel lateral margins; 
<figureCitation box="[831,915,1630,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
A-C). This is presumably abnormal, as is the vulval plate illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[1131,1313,1663,1686]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[1176,1228,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
. (2021
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6F, I) which completely lacks a posterior stalk. The posterior margin of the posterior stalk is straight (
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[1368,1423,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5E, H) or more or less widely arched, with a small median invagination (
<figureCitation box="[1138,1221,1793,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
), with a very small median lobe (
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[985,1162,1826,1849]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[1030,1080,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 6E, 7D-E, G-H) or with neither (
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[977,1148,1858,1881]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[1020,1069,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 5D, G, 6D, G, 7B-C, F, I). The receptacular cluster of this species is also quite variable, not or only barely reaching the anterior margin of the poreplate in the three females examined (
<figureCitation box="[839,1010,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">Fig. 20B, E, G</figureCitation>
), reaching the margin or surpassing it in six females illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[1146,1319,2021,2044]" pageId="36" pageNumber="410" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[1187,1244,2021,2044]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
(2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 5G-I, 6G-I, 7C, G-I). The CDO is mostly circular, small to medium-sized (
<figureCitation box="[318,482,258,281]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 20A, D, F</figureCitation>
), in some females longer than wide, elliptical or teardrop-shaped (
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Aung K. P. P. &amp; Yu L. &amp; Liu F. &amp; Lwin W. W. &amp; Sang M. Z. &amp; Li D." box="[586,752,290,313]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref38558" refString="Xu X., Yu L., Aung K. P. P., Yu L., Liu F., Lwin W. W., Sang M. Z., Li D. 2021. A new species of Liphistius from Myanmar and description of the actual male of L. birmanicus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae, Mesothelae, Liphistiidae). ZooKeys 1031: 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="2021">
Xu 
<emphasis box="[627,675,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 5D, F, 6D, 7F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="37.[151,756,369,551]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,316,369,392]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Relationships:</emphasis>
Similarities in the shape of the vulval plate (anteriorly narrow posterior stalk; 
<figureCitation box="[627,713,400,423]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[151,186,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,271,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-385@36.[151,1439,257,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 20. Liphistius pyinoolwin, vulval plates of three females (all taken from exuviae), dorsal view (A, D, F), ventral view (B, E, G) and ventral and slightly anterior view (C). (A-C) Moult of 1.IX.2017. (D-E) Moult of 15.X.2017. (F-G) Moult of 22.I.2016. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761545/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
cf. 
<figureCitation box="[151,230,432,455]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[151,186,1998,2019]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,751,1943]" captionTargetId="figure-212@33.[151,1436,748,1947]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 18. Liphistius lordae, vulval plates of four females; dorsal view (A, C, E, G) and ventral view (B, D, F, H); all taken from exuviae. (A-B) Female n°1. (C-D) Female n°2. (E-F) Female n°3. (G-H) Female n°4; note pathologically enlarged vesicle on left side of poreplate. Scale lines 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761539/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) and in the palpal organ (very wide distal edge of contrategulum, adpressed proximal edge of tegulum; 
<figureCitation box="[151,231,496,519]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[151,186,1288,1309]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,261,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-280@35.[151,1436,257,1238]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 19. Liphistius pyinoolwin, palps of two males: matured 16.X.2014 (A-E), matured 24.IX.2014 (F). (A) Left palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Left embolus complex and dorsal part of contrategulum, distal and slightly proventral view. (C) Left palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (D) Left palpal organ, ventral and slightly proximal view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Distal part of left tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. (F) Distal margin of right tibia and proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale lines 1.0 mm (A-D; E-F). Abbreviation: l - lobate prolateral protrusion on base of embolus complex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761541/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
A-B, D cf. 
<figureCitation box="[366,445,496,519]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[151,186,1942,1963]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,1125,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-353@32.[151,1436,1117,1903]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 17. Liphistius lordae, left palps of two males: male n°1 (A-B, D-G), male n°2 (C). (A) Palpal organ, distal view (dorsal side up). (B) Dorsal part of contrategulum and embolus proper, distal and slightly prolateral view. (C) Contrategulum, distal view. (D) Distal part of palpal organ, ventral view; bent and adpressed proximal edge of tegulum indicated by arrow. (E) Palpal organ and distal margin of tarsus, prolateral view. (F) Tibial apophysis, retrolateral and slightly proximal view. (G) Proximal part of tarsus, ventral view. Scale line 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761535/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
A-D) suggest a fairly close relationship between 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Yu, Aung, Yu, Liu, Lwin, Sang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" box="[379,526,528,551]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyinoolwin">
<emphasis box="[379,526,528,551]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">L. pyinoolwin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Platnick &amp; Sedgwick" authorityYear="1984" box="[578,675,528,551]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lordae">
<emphasis box="[578,675,528,551]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">L. lordae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="411" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="37.[151,756,575,661]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,302,575,598]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Distribution:</emphasis>
This species is currently only known from the type locality near the western edge of the Shan Plateau (
<figureCitation box="[244,307,638,661]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,186,1431,1452]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-270@7.[151,1436,257,1395]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 1. Localities of species in the Liphistius birmanicus-group in northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar and southern China. Blue lines indicate major rivers, black lines national borders, grey lines major roads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761489/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="411" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="37.[151,757,685,1473]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,248,685,708]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Biology:</emphasis>
Most of the specimens examined were collected from earth banks at the bottom of a waterfall, a few on the sides of a trail. Most burrows were simple and undivided, closed by a single trapdoor; one burrow was Y-shaped and equipped with two doors close to each other; two burrows were sac-like, with two doors, built in the depression of a rock bolder, as know from cave-dwelling 
<taxonomicName box="[324,528,908,931]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">
<emphasis box="[324,431,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Liphistius</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Klingel H." pageId="37" pageNumber="411" pagination="246 - 253" refId="ref37729" refString="Klingel H. 1967. Beobachtungen an Liphistius batuensis Abr. (Araneae, Mesothelae). Zoologischer Anzeiger Supplement 30 (= Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft 1966): 246 - 253." type="journal article" year="1967">Klingel, 1967</bibRefCitation>
). Most burrows had 6-8 signal lines radiating from the entrance; only one had nine lines. The largest female had a 2.0 cm long and 2.9 wide trapdoor; penultimate males had 1.3-1.9 cm long and 2.1-2.8 cm wide trapdoors. Males matured between early September and late October, only a few months after being captured. No egg cases were found in the field in early July. Eggs are presumable laid in December, as it is the case in congeneric species in the mountains of northern Thailand (
<bibRefCitation author="Schwendinger P. J." box="[274,515,1227,1250]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" pagination="331 - 351" refId="ref38065" refString="Schwendinger P. J. 1990. On the spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Mesothelae) in Thailand and Burma. Zoologica Scripta 19 (3): 331 - 351." type="journal article" year="1990">Schwendinger, 1990</bibRefCitation>
). In captivity large females moulted once per year, between September and October. One of the males carried parasitic mites of the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1932" box="[264,360,1322,1345]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[264,360,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Ljunghia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Halliday B. &amp; Juvara-Bals I." box="[421,749,1322,1345]" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" pagination="830 - 864" refId="ref37649" refString="Halliday B., Juvara-Bals I. 2016. Systematics and biology of the mite genus Ljunghia Oudemans in Southeast Asia (Acari: Laelapidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology 21 (6): 830 - 864." type="journal article" year="2016">Halliday &amp; Juvara-Bals, 2016</bibRefCitation>
) which discarded their exuviae on the dorsal side of the spider opisthosoma (
<figureCitation box="[384,473,1386,1409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,186,1932,1953]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,783,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-159@8.[151,1436,777,1910]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Habitus of some species of the Liphistius birmanicus-group. (A) Liphistius tung sp. nov., male holotype.(B) Liphistius pyinoolwin, male (matured 1.X.2014) from the Anisakan Falls; note exuviae of ectoparasitic mites (Ljunghia sp.) on the opisthosoma. (C) Liphistius platnicki sp. nov., female paratype (moulted 10.III.2021) from near Loi Kan Village. (D, F) Liphistius cupreus sp. nov., male paratype from near Kong Nyaung Village. (E) Same species, different male paratype. (G) Same species, female paratype (moulted 13.II.2021). (H-I) Same species, different female paratype (moulted 21.V.2021). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7761491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7761491/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Another male fed on a cricket after reaching maturity, which is rather unusual because most adult 
<taxonomicName box="[361,466,1450,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Liphistiidae" genus="Liphistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[361,466,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="411">Liphistius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males stop feeding.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>