499 lines
85 KiB
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499 lines
85 KiB
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<document id="67B397EDFA94E54473C686FE15CB95C3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5490.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13211621" ID-ZooBank="E939D165-05C8-4557-BF13-751B26188C39" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722790802052" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Liu, Yingqi & Cai, Wanzhi" docDate="2024" docId="0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5490.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5490 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5490.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="F630FFC2FFF6FFF4D60BFFC7B73CDF09" masterDocTitle="Revision of Australian Brachysandalus with the description of nine new species including one cavernicolous species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae), and observations on male extragenital structure and leg teratology" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1722792384556" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="526D9D546E6C1F183D2692A2F5EB1A9E">
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<mods:title id="9FDB1812F2E4E53EA72599635474D8BB">Revision of Australian Brachysandalus with the description of nine new species including one cavernicolous species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae), and observations on male extragenital structure and leg teratology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="C04931B714E2E95A275202B9E51357B2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DD7494BAF1A33283F4F796D44A616E9F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="45455540E61A56F4E1F5489A480FA8FA">Liu, Yingqi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3694792E79AD277DBFA8D617D082E865" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3088-1035</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="91DC387C5552A7C10366B7339433EB13">Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia malipatil @ bigpond. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3088 - 1035 & Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China yingqiliu 0720 @ 163. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0881 - 9670 caiwz @ cau. edu. cn; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8620 - 0446 * Corresponding authors</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2901C4D2A6766703ACCC47C2E2C5239F" type="email">malipatil@bigpond.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8155FCE998D0E5C98B7000A9C20FA075" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="0939030B73082327F91019ECCE52FE0B">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5038320E1E6A144972301DAFCBD793FD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="189D2F8903F0DDDD03602B6DD87A366A">Cai, Wanzhi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="29DD451A535A2465559889F9B9D9F629" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3088-1035</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A373BDEBFB1EADA84059AE07DB3D43B2">Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia malipatil @ bigpond. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3088 - 1035 & Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China yingqiliu 0720 @ 163. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0881 - 9670 caiwz @ cau. edu. cn; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8620 - 0446 * Corresponding authors & Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia malipatil @ bigpond. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3088 - 1035</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2FE7C0E7D271DAB62C8D0A562C68B9D5" type="email">malipatil@bigpond.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E02B0347B8A4374B3F4DD5B738E29E96">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="45AE6E4E3A06350CBB40BFA1AAA26433">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="6845FDD704534870667C4FEB17212A22">
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<mods:date id="D28B55DAED1BD5B443BC1C8A796568B1">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D2747A1C1870D37648FADC7B6E56AF32" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="9E6B36234A98EF008A98A4A1853B268F">2024-08-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="43868C518A88565BF6930D4DA6DF2E0A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7FEEF09565849E7E37A4FA8029F4178F">5490</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="5C0722DAE5AE6EDBE9FFB3B8A2C4C66D" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="5524188EE7C0C8B20FA1074B7A69B49F">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="406D9387BAEA28B6567277B6B4EF116A">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C36CA54668F2B9392B20F81CAA549BA0">112</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="1A1BC8A5FDADBE656E59CBC4E65FABAC">
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<mods:url id="46EB70670691B10D5889C6A02B9B8C83">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5490.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="CFDC24CB26756826FD3B0E34ACCB0B6A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1820C7AC05E04132F7E9EFF86D1876B9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5490.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AAE1F815747FB53C20DE88A84AD210F0" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="743E81F23C341039C67A09B9994D0F78" type="Zenodo-Dep">13211621</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B5CBF1CD10553DB77B33097E7C9D0DB1" type="ZooBank">E939D165-05C8-4557-BF13-751B26188C39</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCEFFCCD69CFD49B436DDA0" box="[151,778,654,681]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD69CFD49B436DDA0" blockId="56.[151,778,654,717]" box="[151,778,654,681]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="D95781C0FFCEFFCCD69CFD49B436DDA0" bold="true" box="[151,778,654,681]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD69CFD49B436DDA0" bold="true" box="[151,778,654,681]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCEFFCCD69CFD49B59CDDA1" authority="Malipatil & Liu" authorityName="Malipatil & Liu" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,672,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD69CFD49B6F3DDA0" bold="true" box="[151,463,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
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Malipatil & Liu
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCEFFCCD4A7FD48B436DDA0" box="[684,778,655,681]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCEFFCCD69CFD74B612DDC4" box="[151,302,691,717]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
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<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD69CFD74B612DDC4" blockId="56.[151,778,654,717]" box="[151,302,691,717]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD694FD74B61ADDC4" box="[159,294,691,717]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 28" captionStart-1="FIGURE 29" captionStart-2="FIGURE 30" captionStartId-0="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionStartId-1="58.[151,248,1372,1396]" captionStartId-2="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetId-1="figure-250@58.[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId-0="57" captionTargetPageId-1="58" captionTargetPageId-2="59" captionText-0="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 29. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., extragenital process on abdominal sternite VII, enlarged in B." captionText-2="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211709" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13211709/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figs. 28–30</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCEFFCCD69CFD3CB43FDCC0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD69CFD3CB43FDCC0" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD69CFD3CB665DC1D" bold="true" box="[151,345,762,789]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Type specimens.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="32C83CF1FFCEFFCCD76BFD3CB55BDC30" collectingDate="1986-06-13" collectionCode="QM" collectorName="Howarth & Robson" country="Australia" county="Bayliss cave" location="Mt Surprise" municipality="Undarra" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCEFFCCD76BFD3CB6F4DC1C" box="[352,456,763,789]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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male,
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<collectingCountry id="FAB7763CFFCEFFCCD419FD3CB540DC1C" box="[530,636,763,789]" name="Australia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4064F84EFFCEFFCCD48CFD3CB432DC1C" box="[647,782,763,789]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="6B7E4E20FFCEFFCCD512FD3CB49ADC1C" box="[793,934,763,789]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Bayliss cave</collectingCounty>
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in
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<collectingMunicipality id="627BACD6FFCEFFCCD5C1FD3CB31ADC1C" box="[970,1062,763,789]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Undarra</collectingMunicipality>
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lava tunnels via
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<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD2EFFD3CB250DC1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD2EFFD3CB250DC1C" box="[1252,1388,763,789]" country="Australia" county="Bayliss cave" municipality="Undarra" name="Mt Surprise" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Mt Surprise</location>
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,
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<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD37CFD3CB2A0DC1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD37CFD3CB2A0DC1C" box="[1399,1436,763,789]" country="Australia" county="Bayliss cave" municipality="Undarra" name="Stn" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Stn</location>
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6,
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<date id="F61E106CFFCEFFCCD6BEFCD8B613DC30" box="[181,303,799,825]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1986-06-13">
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<collectingDate id="E65AE984FFCEFFCCD6BEFCD8B613DC30" box="[181,303,799,825]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1986-06-13">13.vi.1986</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD737FCD8B6A2DC30" box="[316,414,799,825]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Howarth</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD7CDFCD8B520DC30" box="[454,540,799,825]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Robson</collectorName>
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(
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<collectionCode id="E4B1AE69FFCEFFCCD427FCD8B563DC30" box="[556,607,799,825]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="32C83CF1FFCEFFCCD478FCD8B3E3DC30" box="[627,1247,799,825]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCEFFCCD478FCD8B5D8DC30" box="[627,740,799,825]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount id="94A6FD25FFCEFFCCD4FAFCD8B401DC30" box="[753,829,799,825]" count="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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(dissected), same as
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<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCEFFCCD239FCD8B3A8DC30" box="[1074,1172,799,825]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<collectionCode id="E4B1AE69FFCEFFCCD2AEFCD8B3EBDC30" box="[1189,1239,799,825]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="32C83CF1FFCEFFCCD2E6FCD8B5ECDC54" collectingDate="1989-01-12" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" county="Stn" location="Bayliss cave" municipality="Mt Surprise" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCount id="94A6FD25FFCEFFCCD2E6FCD8B201DC30" box="[1261,1341,799,825]" count="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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,
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<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD341FCD8B7F1DC54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD341FCD8B7F1DC54" country="Australia" county="Stn" municipality="Mt Surprise" name="Bayliss cave" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Bayliss cave</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="627BACD6FFCEFFCCD6DCFC84B662DC54" box="[215,350,835,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mt Surprise</collectingMunicipality>
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,,
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<collectingCounty id="6B7E4E20FFCEFFCCD77FFC84B6A5DC54" box="[372,409,835,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Stn</collectingCounty>
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7, on floor,
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<date id="F61E106CFFCEFFCCD415FC84B5B4DC54" box="[542,648,835,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1989-01-12">
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<collectingDate id="E65AE984FFCEFFCCD415FC84B5B4DC54" box="[542,648,835,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1989-01-12">12.i.1989</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(
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<collectionCode id="E4B1AE69FFCEFFCCD49DFC84B5F4DC54" box="[662,712,835,861]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
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|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="32C83CF1FFCEFFCCD4D0FC84B42CDC88" collectingDate="1989-01-10" collectionCode="QM" collectorName="H. Hoch & F. G. Howarth & M. Ashe" country="Australia" county="Undarra" elevation="700" location="Bayliss cave" municipality="Mt Surprise" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="paratype">
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="94A6FD25FFCEFFCCD4D0FC84B414DC54" box="[731,808,835,861]" count="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD539FC84B4FCDC54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD539FC84B4FCDC54" box="[818,960,835,861]" country="Australia" county="Undarra" municipality="Mt Surprise" name="Bayliss cave" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Bayliss cave</location>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingMunicipality id="627BACD6FFCEFFCCD5C1FC84B36CDC54" box="[970,1104,835,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mt Surprise</collectingMunicipality>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCounty id="6B7E4E20FFCEFFCCD250FC84B386DC54" box="[1115,1210,835,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Undarra</collectingCounty>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCEFFCCD2C8FC84B237DC54" box="[1219,1291,835,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="700.0">
|
|||
|
|
<elevation id="098DD19FFFCEFFCCD2C8FC84B237DC54" box="[1219,1291,835,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</elevation>
|
|||
|
|
</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, in extension crawl,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="F61E106CFFCEFFCCD6E8FCA0B673DC88" box="[227,335,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1989-01-10">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingDate id="E65AE984FFCEFFCCD6E8FCA0B673DC88" box="[227,335,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1989-01-10">10.i.1989</collectingDate>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD752FCA0B686DC88" box="[345,442,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">H. Hoch</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD7CEFCA0B563DC88" box="[453,607,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">F.G. Howarth</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD462FCA0B5F4DC88" box="[617,712,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">M. Ashe</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="E4B1AE69FFCEFFCCD4DDFCA0B434DC88" box="[726,776,871,897]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="32C83CF1FFCEFFCCD510FCA0B40CDCAC" collectingDate="1986-05-31" collectionCode="QM" collectorName="F. G. Howarth & D. Irvin & Collis" country="Australia" county="Bayliss cave" location="Mt Surprise" municipality="Undarra" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="paratype">
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="94A6FD25FFCEFFCCD510FCA0B455DC88" box="[795,873,871,897]" count="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD578FCA0B4C6DC88" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD578FCA0B4C6DC88" box="[883,1018,871,897]" country="Australia" county="Bayliss cave" municipality="Undarra" name="Mt Surprise" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Mt Surprise</location>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD20FFCA0B340DC88" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD20FFCA0B340DC88" box="[1028,1148,871,897]" country="Australia" county="Bayliss cave" municipality="Undarra" name="Mt Garnet" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Mt Garnet</location>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<collectingMunicipality id="627BACD6FFCEFFCCD28EFCA0B3D8DC88" box="[1157,1252,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Undarra</collectingMunicipality>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCounty id="6B7E4E20FFCEFFCCD2E5FCA0B246DC88" box="[1262,1402,871,897]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Bayliss cave</collectingCounty>
|
|||
|
|
on the wall,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="F61E106CFFCEFFCCD70BFC4CB64DDCAC" box="[256,369,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1986-05-31">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingDate id="E65AE984FFCEFFCCD70BFC4CB64DDCAC" box="[256,369,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1986-05-31">31.v.1986</collectingDate>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD776FC4CB525DCAC" box="[381,537,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">F.G. Howarth</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD42EFC4CB542DCAC" box="[549,638,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">D. Irvin</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
&
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD4A8FC4CB5DADCAC" box="[675,742,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Collis</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="E4B1AE69FFCEFFCCD4FDFC4CB414DCAC" box="[758,808,907,933]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="32C83CF1FFCEFFCCD536FC4CB5C3DCC0" collectingDate="1986-05-28" collectionCode="QM" collectorName="F. G. Howarth & D. Irvin" country="Australia" county="Rosella Plains" elevation="700" location="Bayliss cave" municipality="Mt Surprise" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="paratype">
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="94A6FD25FFCEFFCCD536FC4CB4B0DCAC" box="[829,908,907,933]" count="1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<location id="877F6077FFCEFFCCD593FC4CB314DCAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A0987BAFFCEFFC8D69CFD49B456D8D4:877F6077FFCEFFCCD593FC4CB314DCAC" box="[920,1064,907,933]" country="Australia" county="Rosella Plains" municipality="Mt Surprise" name="Bayliss cave" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" stateProvince="Queensland">Bayliss cave</location>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingMunicipality id="627BACD6FFCEFFCCD23FFC4CB380DCAC" box="[1076,1212,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mt Surprise</collectingMunicipality>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCounty id="6B7E4E20FFCEFFCCD2C3FC4CB254DCAC" box="[1224,1384,907,933]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Rosella Plains</collectingCounty>
|
|||
|
|
Stn,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCEFFCCD69CFC68B7DCDCC0" box="[151,224,943,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="700.0">
|
|||
|
|
<elevation id="098DD19FFFCEFFCCD69CFC68B7DCDCC0" box="[151,224,943,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</elevation>
|
|||
|
|
</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<date id="F61E106CFFCEFFCCD6E7FC68B661DCC0" box="[236,349,943,969]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1986-05-28">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingDate id="E65AE984FFCEFFCCD6E7FC68B661DCC0" box="[236,349,943,969]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1986-05-28">28.v.1986</collectingDate>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD763FC68B53DDCC0" box="[360,513,943,969]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">F.G. Howarth</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
&
|
|||
|
|
<collectorName id="2F55537AFFCEFFCCD42FFC68B541DCC0" box="[548,637,943,969]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">D. Irvin</collectorName>
|
|||
|
|
coll. (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="E4B1AE69FFCEFFCCD4CFFC68B5CBDCC0" box="[708,759,943,969]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCEFFCCD6CCFC15B51DD900" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="diagnosis">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD6CCFC15B67EDCE5" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" box="[199,322,978,1004]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD6CCFC15B67EDCE5" bold="true" box="[199,322,978,1004]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD6CCFC30B51DD900" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
|||
|
|
Only submacropterous male known, body medium-large sized. Generally brown to dark-brown, eyes and ocelli bright red, hemelytron with distal 1/2 to 2/3 of clavus and corresponding adjoining area of corium between Pcu+1A and Cu yellow (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD745FBF8B698DB50" box="[334,420,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Body generally covered with dense, short bristly, golden to yellowish brown, sub-shiny setae obvious on head, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytron (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD55EFBA4B497DB74" box="[853,939,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); antennal scape elongate, subequal to head length; eyes reduced (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD780FB40B527DBA8" box="[395,539,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28A&C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), not reaching dorsal and ventral margins in lateral view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD291FB40B23CDBA8" box="[1178,1280,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); ocelli small, not raised above surface (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD7C9FB6CB512DBCC" box="[450,558,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); fore femur armed below with sparse tubercles about six each in two rows separated by a very shallow furrow, tubercles varying in size, in addition with bristly setae along with pilosity, mid femur not armed with tubercles (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD407FB34B5A1DA04" box="[524,669,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28B&C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); fore tibia with fossula spongiosa occupying about 1/3 to 2/5 tibial length, extending post base of tarsi flaplike almost 1/2 fossula spongiosa length, mid tibia with fossula spongiosa slightly more than 1/3 its length (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD415FAFCB58DDA5C" box="[542,689,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28B&C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); in male, sternite VII on left side with conspicuous extragenital structure in form of a large, broad hook-shaped, plate-like process close to posterior margin of sternite, curved outwardly on abdominal integument (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD441FA44B581DA94" box="[586,701,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figs. 28B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD4C7FA44B5D6DA94" box="[716,746,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="58.[151,248,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-250@58.[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 29. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., extragenital process on abdominal sternite VII, enlarged in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211709/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">29</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD4F2FA45B416DA94" box="[761,810,1410,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-28@104.[151,1436,181,1469]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 55. Close-up photos of extragenital process of Australian Brachysandalus species.A, B. sepulchralis (Distant, 1902); B, B. howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; C, B. alutaceus (Reuter, 1881); D, B. helluo Stål, 1866; E, B. ephippiger (White, 1843); F, B. punctorius Stål, 1866; G, B. flavidus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; H, B. crassifemur (Reuter, 1881); I, B. maculatus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; J. B. ayyammae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; K, B. fulvipes Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; L, B. gunbalanyae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; M–P, B. westraliensis Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. Blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 0.50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211793/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">55B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD532FA45B457DA94" box="[825,875,1410,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 56" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-19@105.[151,1436,181,1470]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 56. Illustrations of extragenital process of Australian Brachysandalus species. A, B. sepulchralis (Distant, 1902); B, B. howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; C, B. alutaceus (Reuter, 1881); D, B. helluo Stål, 1866; E, B. ephippiger (White, 1843); F, B. punctorius Stål, 1866; G, B. flavidus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; H, B. crassifemur (Reuter, 1881); I, B. maculatus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; J. B. ayyammae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; K, B. fulvipes Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; L, B. gunbalanyae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; M–P, B. westraliensis Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. Scale bar = 0.50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211797/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">56B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); male genitalia with median pygophore process straight, oblique to right side, venter strongly ridged in caudal view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD582FA60B4D2DAC8" box="[905,1006,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 30B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), slenderly spatulate, slightly narrowly at base and gradually narrowing to a point at apex in lateral view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD585FA0CB4CBDAEC" box="[910,1015,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 30C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); inner margin of lateral phallothecal sclerite weakly undulate (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD7BCFA28B528D900" box="[439,532,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 30I</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCEFFC8D6CCF9D5B4FFDC1C" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD6CCF9D5B665D925" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" box="[199,345,1554,1580]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD6CCF9D5B665D925" bold="true" box="[199,345,1554,1580]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Description.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD6CCF9F1B579D958" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" box="[199,581,1590,1617]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD6CCF9F1B6E0D958" bold="true" box="[199,476,1590,1617]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Submacropterous male</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD7E0F9F0B500D958" box="[491,572,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
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|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD6CCF99CB321D9E8" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD6CCF99CB66CD97C" box="[199,336,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Colouration</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD76AF99CB68BD97C" box="[353,439,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
): Generally brown to dark-brown, with abdomen, thoracic venter, distal three segments of antenna, eyes, ocelli, parts of femora and tibiae of all legs with variable shades of ferruginous yellow brown (variable within
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCEFFCCD75BF964B6BCD9B4" box="[336,384,1699,1725]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
series); eyes and ocelli bright red; distal 1/2 to 2/3 of clavus and corresponding adjoining area of corium between Pcu+1A and Cu yellow; claws slightly darker than their tarsi.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCEFFCCD6CCF92CB7E6D878" blockId="56.[151,1437,762,1905]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCEFFCCD6CCF92CB612D80C" box="[199,302,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Structure</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCEFFCCD748F92CB6EED80C" box="[323,466,1771,1797]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 28" captionStart-1="FIGURE 29" captionStart-2="FIGURE 30" captionStartId-0="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionStartId-1="58.[151,248,1372,1396]" captionStartId-2="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetId-1="figure-250@58.[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId-0="57" captionTargetPageId-1="58" captionTargetPageId-2="59" captionText-0="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 29. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., extragenital process on abdominal sternite VII, enlarged in B." captionText-2="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211709" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13211709/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figs. 28–30</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
): Body medium-large sized, generally covered with dense, short bristly, golden to yellowish brown, sub-shiny setae obvious on head, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytron; venter of body and legs also with less dense, longer, shiny setae; surface of head, pronotum and scutellum rather rough, not smooth, or shiny.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="D6DF6624FFCFFFCDD69CFA3FB608D95E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" startId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" targetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" targetPageId="57" targetType="figure">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCFFFCDD69CFA3FB608D95E" blockId="57.[151,1437,1528,1624]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCFFFCDD69CFA3FB61CD919" bold="true" box="[151,288,1528,1552]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCFFFCDD72DFA3FB5EFD919" authority="Malipatil & Liu" authorityName="Malipatil & Liu" authorityYear="2024" box="[294,723,1528,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCFFFCDD72DFA3FB517D919" box="[294,555,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Malipatil & Liu
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCFFFCDD4D6FA3FB411D919" bold="true" box="[733,813,1528,1552]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCFFFCDD4D6FA3FB411D919" box="[733,813,1528,1552]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCFFFCED6CCF96DB6FBDFF0" blockId="57.[151,1437,1706,2021]" lastBlockId="58.[151,1437,151,681]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCFFFCDD6CCF96DB638D9CD" box="[199,260,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Head</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Narrow elongate fusiform, wholly covered with dense bristly setae, some slightly darker and thicker bristle-like on mandibular plates, shiny longer bristly setae on dorsal aspect of labial segments. Head ventrally near base with a large ‘wart-like’ area postero-ventral to each eye, wart-like area smooth, pale in colour and devoid of setae. Anteocular region triangular, clypeus near its base slightly elevated near base above mandibular plates. Interocular region with arcuate convex sulcus at posterior border of eyes, sulci conspicuous dorsally with a small elongate pit medially between ocelli. Postocular region almost rounded to neck. Neck with lateral tubercles not obvious. Antennal segments with short whitish pilosity and sparse longer setae, scape thickest, pedicel thinner, then basi-and distiflagellum thinnest. Eyes reduced, not reaching dorsal and ventral margins in lateral view. Ocelli small, not raised above surface, separated from each other by less than twice diameter of single ocellus, separated from eye by slightly more than diameter of single ocellus. Labium with second and third visible segments covered with long bristly setae particularly on ventral aspect, basal segment hairy like head. Labrum about 1/3 to 1/2 length of first visible labial segment.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCCFFCED6CCFEC4B4B3DDA0" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCCFFCED6CCFEC4B624DE14" box="[199,280,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Thorax</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Anterior lobe of pronotum with integument fairly rugulose, not smooth, with a shallow median longitudinal sulcus in basal 1/3 to 1/2. Posterior pronotal lobe short, arcuately quadrate, integument roughly finely rugulose, with short bristly pilosity, humeri rounded, posterior margin convexly rounded. Scutellum triangular, disc slightly depressed in basal 1/3, lateral ridges in apical 2/3 raised and produced to rounded elongate spine-like scutellar process, apex of process horizontal in lateral view, integument with long bristly hairs. Meso-and metanotum generally also rugulose. Propleuron with integument not granulate, smoothly pilose, set off from dorsal surface by an indistinct carina. Mesopleuron integument also not granulate, sparsely pilose. Metapleuron with integument very finely granulate, granules do not striate, metapleural sulcus distinctly bicarinate and curved, pilose with whitish dense longer setae posteriorly. Mesosternum carinate in middle, metasternum with disc tumid. Hemelytron rather conspicuously narrowed, posteriorly narrowing, and extending to anterior margin or anterior 1/3 of abdominal tergite VII and exposing broad lateral areas of abdominal terga including connexiva. Maximum width of hemelytron in situ from above much less than 1/2 maximum width of abdomen.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="D6DF6624FFCCFFCED69CFA9BB2AEDA7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211709" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13211709" box="[151,1426,1372,1397]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211709/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" startId="58.[151,248,1372,1396]" targetBox="[151,1436,705,1349]" targetPageId="58" targetType="figure">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCCFFCED69CFA9BB2AEDA7D" blockId="58.[151,1426,1372,1397]" box="[151,1426,1372,1397]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCCFFCED69CFA9BB621DA7D" bold="true" box="[151,285,1372,1396]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCCFFCED728FA9BB5F5DA7D" authority="Malipatil & Liu" authorityName="Malipatil & Liu" authorityYear="2024" box="[291,713,1372,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCCFFCED728FA9BB51FDA7D" box="[291,547,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Malipatil & Liu
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCCFFCED4D8FA9AB415DA7C" bold="true" box="[723,809,1373,1397]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCCFFCED4D8FA9AB418DA7C" box="[723,804,1373,1397]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
extragenital process on abdominal sternite VII, enlarged in B.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCCFFCED6CCFA06B456D9F3" blockId="58.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCCFFCED6CCFA06B7C0DAD3" box="[199,252,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Legs</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Fore leg with coxa with shiny yellow pilosity particularly in distal 1/2; femur strongly fusiform, greatly incrassate near base narrowing distally, much thicker than other femora, armed below with sparse tubercles about six each in two rows separated by a very shallow furrow, tubercles varying in size, in addition with bristly setae along with pilosity; tibia cylindrical, more or less straight, fossula spongiosa occupying about 1/3 to 2/5 tibial length, extending post base of tarsi flaplike almost 1/2 fossula spongiosa length, tarsi thin and elongate, with denser short pilosity ventrally. Mid leg with coxa globular, femur only slightly thickened, not armed with tubercles, only dense spine-like bristles, tibia with shiny yellow pilosity, with fossula spongiosa slightly more than 1/3 its length. Hind leg with femur very long, cylindrical, tibia also cylindrical, brushy hairs ventrally and apically like on mid tibia, hind coxae also globular. Claws of all legs well developed.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCCFFCED6CCF8C3B548D8FF" blockId="58.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCCFFCED6CCF8C3B60DD817" box="[199,305,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Dorsally elongate ovate, sternum carinate in midline and slightly curved to right side of body, smooth, covered with fine pilosity, and longer setae on sternum (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCCFFCED554F8EFB4F8D84B" box="[863,964,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), sternite VII on left side with conspicuous extragenital structure in form of a large, broad hook-shaped, plate-like process close to posterior margin of sternite, curved outwardly on abdominal integument (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCCFFCED4AEF8B7B425D883" box="[677,793,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1528,1552]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-19@57.[151,1436,181,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 28. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., holotype, submacropterous male, habitus. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Red arrow indicates median carina on abdomen, blue arrow indicates extragenital process. Scale bar = 4.00 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211707/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Figs. 28B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCCFFCED522F8B7B47BD883" box="[809,839,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="58.[151,248,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-250@58.[151,1436,705,1349]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 29. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., extragenital process on abdominal sternite VII, enlarged in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211709/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">29</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCCFFCED55CF8B7B4B4D882" box="[855,904,1904,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 56" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-19@105.[151,1436,181,1470]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 56. Illustrations of extragenital process of Australian Brachysandalus species. A, B. sepulchralis (Distant, 1902); B, B. howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; C, B. alutaceus (Reuter, 1881); D, B. helluo Stål, 1866; E, B. ephippiger (White, 1843); F, B. punctorius Stål, 1866; G, B. flavidus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; H, B. crassifemur (Reuter, 1881); I, B. maculatus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; J. B. ayyammae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; K, B. fulvipes Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; L, B. gunbalanyae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; M–P, B. westraliensis Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. Scale bar = 0.50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211797/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">56B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCCFFCED593F8B7B4F7D882" box="[920,971,1904,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="106.[151,250,1581,1605]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,468,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-162@106.[151,1436,453,1558]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURE 57. Mating in peiratine species.A, mating specimens of Fusiusdistinctus Miller, 1957; B,mating specimens of Tydides imitator Lent, 1955; C. precopulatory behaviour of Peirates turpis Walker, 1873; D, mating position of Peirates turpis Walker, 1873." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211799/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">57B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Connexivum with conspicuous golden pilosity as elsewhere on sternum, abdominal sterna and terga entire. Spiracles situated about middle of each segment. Each spiracle with spot-like smooth impressed not obviously visible areas, one anteriorly close to anterior margin and one postero-ventrally on each sternite.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="D6DF6624FFCDFFCFD69CF8D6B396D89F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" startId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" targetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" targetPageId="59" targetType="figure">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCDFFCFD69CF8D6B396D89F" blockId="59.[151,1437,1809,1942]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCDFFCFD69CF8D6B61DD823" bold="true" box="[151,289,1809,1834]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCDFFCFD723F8D5B5E7D823" authority="Malipatil & Liu" authorityName="Malipatil & Liu" authorityYear="2024" box="[296,731,1810,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCDFFCFD723F8D5B513D823" box="[296,559,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Malipatil & Liu
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCDFFCFD4EDF8D5B40BD823" bold="true" box="[742,823,1810,1834]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCDFFCFD4EDF8D5B40BD823" box="[742,823,1810,1834]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFF50B3B9DED8" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFF50B652DFB8" box="[199,366,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D774FF50B6E9DFB8" box="[383,469,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
): Median pygophore process straight, oblique to right side, venter strongly ridged in caudal view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D73AFF7CB6A5DFDC" box="[305,409,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); slenderly spatulate, slightly narrowly at base and gradually narrowing to a point at apex in lateral view (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D75BFF18B686DFF0" box="[336,442,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Parameres (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D453FF18B5D4DFF0" box="[600,744,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30D&E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) with outer surfaces densely covered with brown hairs, left paramere (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D705FEC4B648DE14" box="[270,372,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) falcate with apex truncate, right paramere (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D569FEC4B4F9DE14" box="[866,965,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30E</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) subtriangular and curved in middle, right paramere only slightly broader and shorter than left paramere. Phallus (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D5B6FEE0B30BDE48" box="[957,1079,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30F–I</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) in resting condition with basal plate subequal to length of basal plate bridge (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D4A3FE8CB431DE6C" box="[680,781,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30F</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), pedicel thick and subequal to length of basal plate (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D364FE8CB7D6DE80" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30H&I</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); length of struts distinctly longer than half length of phallosoma (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D5E1FEA8B36CDE80" box="[1002,1104,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30F</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite arcuate (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D759FE54B68BDEA4" box="[338,439,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30F</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); lateral phallothecal sclerite subquadrangular, inner margin weakly undulate (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D33BFE54B2B3DEA4" box="[1328,1423,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30I</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); pair of slender sclerites near base of venter of phallosoma strongly sclerotized (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="1A9B2A29FFCAFFC8D21BFE70B345DED8" box="[1040,1145,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,192,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[151,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 30. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., male genitalia. A–C, pygophore; D, left paramere; E, right paramere; F–I, phallus. A, G, ventral view; B, caudal view; C, H, I, lateral view; D, E, outer ventrolateral view; F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; bpb, basal plate bridge; dps, dorsal phallothecal sclerite; lps, lateral phallothecal sclerite; mpp, median pygophore process; ped, pedicel; st, struts. Scale bar = 1.00 mm (for A–C); 0.80 mm (for D–I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211713/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 30G</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFE1CB4FFDC1C" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFE1CB655DEFD" box="[199,361,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Measurements</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: [of
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCAFFC8D794FE1CB53DDEFC" box="[415,513,475,501]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
male, followed by
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="94A6FD25FFCAFFC8D4D3FE1CB496DEFC" box="[728,938,475,501]" count="1" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="male" typeStatus="paratype">one paratype male</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
]. Body length 17.20, 17.50; maximum width of abdomen 5.46, 4.80; length of head 2.58, 2.57; length of anteocular region 1.14, 1.20; length of postocular region 0.57, 0.54; width of head across eyes 1.67, 1.70; width of interocular space 0.95, 0.95; width of interocellar space 0.22, 0.30; length of eye in dorsal view 0.68, 0.68; width of eye in dorsal view 0.30, 0.30; lengths of antennal segments I–IV 2.47, 2.43 / 4.37, 4.50 / 4.96, 4.80 / 3.61, 4.00; length of visible labial segments I–III 1.06, 1.10 / 1.78, 1.74 / 0.66, 0.62; length of pronotum 3.99, 3.95; length of anterior pronotal lobe 2.66, 2.69; length of posterior pronotal lobe 1.25, 1.21; width of anterior pronotal lobe 3.23, 3.26; width of posterior pronotal lobe 3.85, 3.80; length of scutellum 1.59, 1.33; maximum width of scutellum 2.01, 1.50; length of hemelytron 10.14, 9.50; length of fore tibia 4.18, 4.10; length of fossula spongiosa on fore tibia 1.25, 1.52.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCAFFC8D6CCFCD9B548DC30" box="[199,628,798,825]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFCD9B548DC30" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,628,798,825]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFCD9B65DDC31" bold="true" box="[199,353,798,824]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="FAB7763CFFCAFFC8D76CFCD8B6F2DC30" box="[359,462,799,825]" name="Australia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4064F84EFFCAFFC8D7D6FCD8B554DC30" box="[477,616,799,825]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCAFFC8D6CCFC84B481DB18" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFC84B6E4DCAC" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFC84B672DC54" bold="true" box="[199,334,835,861]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The species is named after Dr. Francis G. Howarth (formerly Bishop Museum, Honolulu), the primary collector of the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCAFFC8D7ADFCA0B6EADC88" box="[422,470,871,897]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
series, and who provided the below biological information on the species based on his extensive field observations.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFC69B481DB18" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFC69B693DCC0" bold="true" box="[199,431,942,969]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Comparative notes.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
This species may be readily distinguished by the following combination of characters. The elongate antennal scape that is subequal to head length, the conspicuously narrowed hemelytron, the reduced eyes and ocelli, and the body generally covered with very short brushy setae.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCAFFC8D6CCFBDCB372DB3C" box="[199,1102,1051,1077]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFBDCB372DB3C" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1102,1051,1077]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFBDCB607DB3C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1051,1077]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
There is slight variation in general body colour within the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="5D1B880EFFCAFFC8D5C4FBDCB4C3DB3C" box="[975,1023,1051,1077]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
series.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="CABA6527FFCAFFC8D6CCFBF9B456D8D4" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFBF9B624DBE0" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCFBF9B61BDB51" bold="true" box="[199,295,1086,1112]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Biology.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCAFFC8D739FBF8B56BDB50" authorityName="Liu & Cai" authorityYear="2024" box="[306,599,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D739FBF8B56BDB50" box="[306,599,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D469FBF8B5FCDB50" bold="true" box="[610,704,1087,1113]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCAFFC8D469FBF8B5FCDB50" box="[610,704,1087,1113]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, reported as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCAFFC8D555FBF8B33CDB50" box="[862,1024,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Peirates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D555FBF8B487DB51" box="[862,955,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Peirates</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
sp.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D5F9FBF8B33CDB50" box="[1010,1024,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D227FBF8B245DB50" author="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G." box="[1068,1401,1087,1113]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref71608" refString="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G. (2021) Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Diversity, 13, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13070326" type="journal article" year="2021">Eberhard & Howarth (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, is morphologically and behaviourally adapted to live in caves and is regarded to be an obligate subterranean species. The species has been collected only within the deep zone of Bayliss Cave, a
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D5EBFB40B306DBA8" box="[992,1082,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="1300.0">1,300 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
long lava tube,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D2E2FB41B213DBA8" box="[1257,1327,1158,1185]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
southeast of Mt Surprise, North
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="4064F84EFFCAFFC8D79DFB6CB522DBCC" box="[406,542,1195,1221]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
. The average passage width and height is 8 by
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D232FB6DB359DBCC" box="[1081,1125,1194,1221]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
respectively (maximum 25 by
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D6B1FB09B637DBE0" box="[186,267,1230,1257]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="11.5">11.5 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCFB34B6CCD924" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
The deep zone in Bayliss Cave includes the passage beyond a constriction that isolates the interior environment from that in the outer portion of the cave. The constriction is
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D563FAD1B48EDA38" box="[872,946,1302,1329]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="350.0">350 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
downslope from the only known entrance (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D694FAFCB68ADA5C" author="Howarth, F. G. & Stone, F. D." box="[159,438,1339,1365]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="207 - 218" refId="ref72203" refString="Howarth, F. G. & Stone, F. D. (1990) Elevated carbon dioxide levels in Bayliss Cave, Australia: Implications for the evolution of obligate cave species. Pacific Science, 44, 207 - 218." type="journal article" year="1990">Howarth & Stone 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The deep zone environment is extreme, being perpetually dark and containing high concentrations of carbon dioxide, which ranges from 3% to more than 6% by volume (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D274FA98B2ACDA70" author="Howarth, F. G. & Stone, F. D." box="[1151,1424,1375,1401]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="207 - 218" refId="ref72203" refString="Howarth, F. G. & Stone, F. D. (1990) Elevated carbon dioxide levels in Bayliss Cave, Australia: Implications for the evolution of obligate cave species. Pacific Science, 44, 207 - 218." type="journal article" year="1990">Howarth & Stone 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The atmosphere remains at a nearly constant temperature of 27°C and is stagnant and saturated to supersaturated with water vapor. The ceiling, walls, and floor are wet from condensing vapor. The floor is mostly covered by a few centimetres thick layer of semi-fluid clay along with widely scattered small patches of bat guano. Large curtains of tree roots (most likely
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCAFFC8D79CFA28B551D900" box="[407,621,1519,1545]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D79CFA28B52FD900" box="[407,531,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
species
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) hang from the ceiling and occasionally extend to the floor (see figure
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D385FA29B791D924" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D6BFF9D4B6DFD924" author="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G." box="[180,483,1555,1581]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref71608" refString="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G. (2021) Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Diversity, 13, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13070326" type="journal article" year="2021">Eberhard & Howarth 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCF9F0B559D9B4" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
Bayliss Cave contains one of the most diverse obligate cave faunas in the world with 25 of the 51 resident species of arthropods obligately adapted to subterranean life (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D4FAF99CB31FD97C" author="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G." box="[753,1059,1627,1653]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref71608" refString="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G. (2021) Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Diversity, 13, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13070326" type="journal article" year="2021">Eberhard & Howarth 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Significantly, the distribution of each of the obligate cave species in Bayliss Cave is positively correlated with the concentration of carbon dioxide (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D694F964B678D9B4" author="Howarth, F. G." box="[159,324,1699,1725]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="76 - 84" refId="ref72067" refString="Howarth, F. G. (1988) Environmental ecology of north Queensland caves: or why there are so many troglobites in Australia. Preprints of papers for Tropicon, the 17 th Biennial Conference of the Australian Speleological Federation, Cairns, Australia, 1988, 76 - 84." type="journal article" year="1988">Howarth 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D744F964B564D9B4" author="Howarth, F. G. & Stone, F. D." box="[335,600,1699,1725]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="207 - 218" refId="ref72203" refString="Howarth, F. G. & Stone, F. D. (1990) Elevated carbon dioxide levels in Bayliss Cave, Australia: Implications for the evolution of obligate cave species. Pacific Science, 44, 207 - 218." type="journal article" year="1990">Howarth & Stone 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="821F36ACFFCAFFC8D6CCF900B456D8D4" blockId="60.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCAFFC8D6CCF900B6DAD9E8" authorityName="Liu & Cai" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,486,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D6CCF900B6DAD9E8" box="[199,486,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D7E7F900B578D9E8" bold="true" box="[492,580,1735,1761]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCAFFC8D7E7F900B578D9E8" box="[492,580,1735,1761]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
has been observed hunting on the wet muddy floor and lower walls, and adult was captured feeding on an advanced stage nymph of the obligate cave cockroach (
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCAFFC8D25DF92CB611D820" authority="Slaney, 2000" authorityName="Slaney" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Neotemnopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baylissensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D25DF92CB2A0D80C" box="[1110,1436,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Neotemnopteryx baylissensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Slaney, 2000
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) on the floor in the middle of the passage about
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D567F8C8B4A7D820" box="[876,923,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
from the wall (see figure
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="45589B49FFCAFFC8D2DBF8C8B3D0D820" box="[1232,1260,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="g" value="7.0">7g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D31DF8C8B607D844" author="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref71608" refString="Eberhard, S. M. & Howarth, F. G. (2021) Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots. Diversity, 13, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13070326" type="journal article" year="2021">Eberhard & Howarth 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Like other obligate cave species (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D4B0F8F4B4C8D844" author="Howarth, F. G. & Moldovan, O." box="[699,1012,1843,1869]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="41 - 67" refId="ref72120" refString="Howarth, F. G. & Moldovan, O. (2018) Chapter 4. The ecological classification of cave animals and their adaptations. In: Moldovan, O. T., Kovac, L. & Halse, S. (Eds.), Cave Ecology. Springer, Cham, pp. 41 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 98852 - 8 _ 4" type="book chapter" year="2018">Howarth & Moldovan 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), it moves very slowly, cautiously, and deliberately, moving one leg at a time when walking. It shows no reaction to light. As envisioned for the Hawaiian cave animals (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E6314B5DFFCAFFC8D73EF8BCB6E6D89C" author="Howarth, F. G." box="[309,474,1915,1941]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="365 - 389" refId="ref72028" refString="Howarth, F. G. (1983) Ecology of cave arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 365 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 28.010183.002053" type="journal article" year="1983">Howarth 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), the cave-adapted fauna in Bayliss Cave, including
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45A04D2FFFCAFFC8D215F8BCB202D89C" authorityName="Liu & Cai" authorityYear="2024" box="[1054,1342,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Brachysandalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D215F8BCB202D89C" box="[1054,1342,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Brachysandalus howarthi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B0D4EABEFFCAFFC8D34FF8BCB2A0D89C" bold="true" box="[1348,1436,1915,1941]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABE757C5FFCAFFC8D34FF8BCB2A0D89C" box="[1348,1436,1915,1941]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
could have colonized the voids and caves within the Undara lava flow from a neighbouring older flow. Thus, the age of the cave may not indicate a maximum age of cave adaptation.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|